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Hu Q, Lou M, Wang R, Bai S, Guo H, Zhou J, Ma Q, Wang T, Zhu L, Zhang X. Complexation with Metal Ions Affects Chlorination Reactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter: Structural Reactomics of Emerging Disinfection Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13890-13903. [PMID: 39042037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Metal ions are liable to form metal-dissolved organic matter [dissolved organic matter (DOM)] complexes, changing the chemistry and chlorine reactivity of DOM. Herein, the impacts of iron and zinc ions (Fe3+ and Zn2+) on the formation of unknown chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs) were investigated in a chlorination system. Fe3+ preferentially complexed with hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, while Zn2+ favored the amine functional groups in DOM. As a consequence, electron-rich reaction centers were created by the C-O-metal bonding bridge, which facilitated the electrophilic attack of α-C in metal-DOM complexes. Size-reactivity continuum networks were constructed in the chlorination system, revealing that highly aromatic small molecules were generated during the oxidation and decarbonization of metal-DOM complexes. Molecular transformation related to C-R (R represents complex sites) loss was promoted via metal complexation, including decarboxylation and deamination. Consequently, complexation with Fe3+ and Zn2+ promoted hydroxylation by the C-O-metal bonding bridge, thereby increasing the abundances of unknown polychlorinated Cl-DBPs by 9.6 and 14.2%, respectively. The study provides new insights into the regulation of DOM chemistry and chlorine reactivity by metal ions in chlorination systems, emphasizing that metals increase the potential health risks of drinking water and more scientific control standards for metals are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Mingxuan Lou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Sai Bai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - He Guo
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Qiuling Ma
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300385, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 00000, PR China
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Li Y, Neema P, Andrews S. Adsorption Behavior and Mechanisms of Trihalomethanes onto Virgin and Weathered Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics. TOXICS 2024; 12:450. [PMID: 39058102 PMCID: PMC11281136 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics that adsorb various toxic contaminants in water may be transported into cells and organs, possibly posing toxicological risks in the aquatic environment. Disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which are ubiquitous in chlorinated drinking water and wastewater, may have some potential to sorb onto microplastics (MPs) through hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions. However, DBP adsorption on microplastics has not yet been closely examined. This work investigated the adsorption behavior of trihalomethanes (THMs)-a regulated and ubiquitous DBP class in chlorinated water-onto virgin and weathered polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics, the most widely used plastic material in drinking water distribution and sewer systems. A comparative analysis of kinetic and isotherm test results indicated that the adsorption mechanisms mainly involved hydrophobic interactions from a combination of weak and strong physisorption behavior and possibly chemisorption. The adsorption coefficients from all the models examined suggested that the adsorption of THMs, and perhaps chemically similar DBPs, onto virgin PVC microplastics can be 10-20 µg g-1. However, the weathered PVC microplastics contained more polar functional groups, which led to a decreased hydrophobicity and reduced THM adsorption capacity by approximately 10%. These findings offer novel insights into the possible adsorption characteristics of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) onto microplastics and will assist in targeting more toxic DBPs for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada; (P.N.); (S.A.)
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Shi J, Zhang K, Xiao T, Yang J, Sun Y, Yang C, Dai H, Yang W. Exposure to disinfection by-products and risk of cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115925. [PMID: 38183752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), have attracted attention due to their carcinogenic properties, leading to varying conclusions. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the dose-response relationship and the dose-dependent effect of DBPs on cancer risk. We performed a selective search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases for articles published up to September 15th, 2023. Our meta-analysis eventually included 25 articles, encompassing 8 cohort studies with 6038,525 participants and 10,668 cases, and 17 case-control studies with 10,847 cases and 20,702 controls. We observed a positive correlation between increased cancer risk and higher concentrations of total trihalomethanes (TTHM) in water, longer exposure durations, and higher cumulative TTHM intake. These associations showed a linear trend, with relative risks (RRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) being 1.02 (1.01-1.03), 1.04 (1.02-1.06), and 1.02 (1.00-1.03), respectively. Gender-specific analyses revealed slightly U-shaped relationships in both males and females, with males exhibiting higher risks. The threshold dose for TTHM in relation to cancer risk was determined to be 55 µg/L for females and 40 µg/L for males. A linear association was also identified between bladder cancer risk and TTHM exposure, with an RR and 95 % CI of 1.08 (1.05-1.11). Positive linear associations were observed between cancer risk and exposure to chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), and HAA5, with RRs and 95 % CIs of 1.02 (1.01-1.03), 1.33 (1.18-1.50), and 1.07 (1.03-1.12), respectively. Positive dose-dependent effects were noted for brominated THMs above 35 µg/L and chloroform above 75 µg/L. While heterogeneity was observed in the studies for quantitative synthesis, no publication bias was detected. Exposure to TTHM, chloroform, BDCM, or HAA5 may contribute to carcinogenesis, and the risk of cancer appears to be dose-dependent on DBP exposure levels. A cumulative effect is suggested by the positive correlation between TTHM exposure and cancer risk. Bladder cancer and endocrine-related cancers show dose-dependent and positive associations with TTHM exposure. Males may be more susceptible to TTHM compared to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Shi
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshu Xiao
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxuan Yang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Yang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Dai
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Yang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Helte E, Säve-Söderbergh M, Larsson SC, Martling A, Åkesson A. Disinfection by-products in drinking water and risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2023; 115:1597-1604. [PMID: 37551954 PMCID: PMC10699800 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide and is strongly linked to lifestyle and environmental risk factors. Although several drinking-water disinfection by-products are confirmed rodent carcinogens, the evidence in humans for carcinogenicity associated with these by-products, including colorectal cancer, is still inconclusive. METHODS We assessed the association of long-term exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs), the most prevalent disinfection by-products in chlorinated drinking water, with incidence of colorectal cancer in 58 672 men and women in 2 population-based cohorts. Exposure was assessed by combining long-term information of residential history with drinking water-monitoring data. Participants were categorized according to no exposure, low exposure (<15 µg/L), and high exposure (≥15 µg/L). Incident cases of colorectal cancer were ascertained by use of the Swedish National Cancer Register. RESULTS During an average follow-up of 16.8 years (988 144 person-years), 1913 cases of colorectal cancer were ascertained (1176 cases in men and 746 in women, respectively). High THM concentrations in drinking water (≥15 µg/L) were associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer in men (hazard ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval = 1.05-1.51) compared with no exposure. When subsites were assessed, the association was statistically significant for proximal colon cancer (hazard ratio = 1.59, 95% confidence interval = 1.11 to 2.27) but not for distal colon cancer or rectal cancer. In women, we observed overall no association of THMs with colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION These results add further evidence that disinfection by-products in drinking water may be a possible risk factor for proximal colon cancer in men. This observation was made at THM concentrations lower than those in most previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Helte
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melle Säve-Söderbergh
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science Division, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Martling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pelvic Cancer, GI Oncology and Colorectal Surgery Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gao M, Guo H, Han J, Liu J, Hou Y, Wang Z, Yang Z, Wang Q. Bromoform exposure is associated with non-melanoma skin cancer: evidence from NHANES 2011-2020. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1191881. [PMID: 37927885 PMCID: PMC10624123 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1191881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is a prevalent skin malignancy. It has been indicated in many studies that trihalomethanes (THMs) exposure has a strong association with tumors but has not been associated with NMSC. Our investigation aims to explore the association between THMs exposure and NMSC. Methods Cross-sectional data from the 2011 to 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was collected. Poisson regression and subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the association between individual THMs components and NMSC. Fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models were also used. Results This study involved 5,715 individuals, 98 (1.7%) of whom self-reported NMSC. After adjusting for covariates, Poisson regression showed that higher blood TBM levels were associated with an increased likelihood of NMSC (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05, p = 0.002). However, the correlation between the blood levels of TCM, DBCM, and BDCM and the likelihood of NMSC was not statistically significant (all p > 0.05). Subgroup analysis and interaction tests showed no significant differences between blood TBM concentration and the likelihood of NMSC, indicating that age, gender, and race were significantly independent of this positive association (all p < 0.05). Conclusions Our results implied that among adults older than 65 years old in the U.S., elevated blood TBM concentrations were positively associated with NMSC. More prospective investigations are required to validate this relationship with the early prevention of NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiying Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Qadafi M, Rosmalina RT, Pitoi MM, Wulan DR. Chlorination disinfection by-products in Southeast Asia: A review on potential precursor, formation, toxicity assessment, and removal technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137817. [PMID: 36640978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses disinfection by-products' (DBPs) potential precursors, formation, and toxicity, alongside available research on the treatment of DBPs in Southeast Asian countries' water sources. Although natural organic matter (NOM) in the form of humic and fulvic acids is the major precursor of DBPs formation, the presence of anthropogenic organic matter (AOM) also plays essential roles during disinfection using chlorine. NOM has been observed in water sources in Southeast Asian countries, with a relatively high concentration in peat-influenced water sources and a relatively low concentration in non-peat-influenced water sources. Similarly, AOMs, such as microplastics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), have also been detected in water sources in Southeast Asian countries. Although studies regarding DBPs in Southeast Asian countries are available, they focus on regulated DBPs. Here, the formation potential of unregulated DBPs is also discussed. In addition, the toxicity associated with extreme DBPs' formation potential, as well as the effectiveness of treatments such as conventional coagulation, filtration, adsorption, and ozonation in reducing DBPs' formation potential in Southeast Asian sources of water, is also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muammar Qadafi
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
| | - Raden Tina Rosmalina
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Mariska M Pitoi
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Diana Rahayuning Wulan
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
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Liu Z, Shen Z, Xiang S, Sun Y, Cui J, Jia J. Evaluation of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives as antibacterial agents: activity and mechanistic studies. FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 17:31. [PMID: 36313056 PMCID: PMC9589524 DOI: 10.1007/s11783-023-1631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The diverse and large-scale application of disinfectants posed potential health risks and caused ecological damage during the 2019-nCoV pandemic, thereby increasing the demands for the development of disinfectants based on natural products, with low health risks and low aquatic toxicity. In the present study, a few natural naphthoquinones and their derivatives bearing the 1,4-naphthoquinone skeleton were synthesized, and their antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains was evaluated. In vitro antibacterial activities of the compounds were investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Under the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ⩽ 0.125 µmol/L for juglone (1a), 5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (1f), and 7-methyl-5-acetoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (3c), a strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus was observed. All 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives exhibited a strong antibacterial activity, with MIC values ranging between 15.625 and 500 µmol/L and EC50 values ranging between 10.56 and 248.42 µmol/L. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited strong antibacterial activities against S. aureus. Among these compounds, juglone (1a) showed the strongest antibacterial activity. The results from mechanistic investigations indicated that juglone, a natural naphthoquinone, caused cell death by inducing reactive oxygen species production in bacterial cells, leading to DNA damage. In addition, juglone could reduce the self-repair ability of bacterial DNA by inhibiting RecA expression. In addition to having a potent antibacterial activity, juglone exhibited low cytotoxicity in cell-based investigations. In conclusion, juglone is a strong antibacterial agent with low toxicity, indicating that its application as a bactericidal agent may be associated with low health risks and aquatic toxicity. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11783-023-1631-2 and is accessible for authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhuo Liu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Shouyan Xiang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Yang Sun
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Jiahua Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Jinping Jia
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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Allen JM, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Wei X, Bokenkamp K, Hur K, Jia A, Liberatore HK, Lee CFT, Shirkhani R, Krasner SW, Richardson SD. Feel the Burn: Disinfection Byproduct Formation and Cytotoxicity during Chlorine Burn Events. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8245-8254. [PMID: 35638116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification and biofilm growth within distribution systems remain major issues for drinking water treatment plants utilizing chloramine disinfection. Many chloraminated plants periodically switch to chlorine disinfection for several weeks to mitigate these issues, known as "chlorine burns". The evaluation of disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation during chlorine burns beyond regulated DBPs is scarce. Here, we quantified an extensive suite of 80 regulated and emerging, unregulated DBPs from 10 DBP classes in drinking water from two U.S. drinking water plants during chlorine burn and chloramination treatments. Total organic halogen (TOX), including total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic iodine, was also quantified, and mammalian cell cytotoxicity of whole water mixtures was assessed in chlorine burn waters for the first time. TOX and most DBPs increased in concentration during chlorine burns, and one emerging DBP, trichloroacetaldehyde, reached 99 μg/L. THMs and HAAs reached concentrations of 249 and 271 μg/L, respectively. Two highly cytotoxic nitrogenous DBP classes, haloacetamides and haloacetonitriles, increased during chlorine burns, reaching up to 14.2 and 19.3 μg/L, respectively. Cytotoxicity did not always increase from chloramine treatment to chlorine burn, but a 100% increase in cytotoxicity was observed for one plant. These data highlight that consumer DBP exposure during chlorine burns can be substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Katherine Bokenkamp
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyu Hur
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ai Jia
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Chih-Fen T Lee
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Raha Shirkhani
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Wang C, Li Q, Ge F, Hu Z, He P, Chen D, Xu D, Wang P, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wu Z, Zhou Q. Responses of aquatic organisms downstream from WWTPs to disinfectants and their by-products during the COVID-19 pandemic, Wuhan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151711. [PMID: 34800457 PMCID: PMC8598251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to the large-scale usage of chlorinated disinfectants in cities. Disinfectants and disinfection by-products (DBPs) enter rivers through urban drainage and surface runoff. We investigated the variations in residual chlorine, DBPs, and different aquatic organisms in the Hanjiang, Fuhe, and Qinglinghe Rivers in Wuhan during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sampling sites were from the wastewater treatment plant outlets to the downstream drinking water treatment plant intakes. Total residual chlorine and DBPs (dichloromethane and trichloromethane) detected in the river water ranged from 0 to 0.84 mg/L and 0 to 0.034 mg/L, respectively. The residual chlorine and DBPs showed a gradual reduction pattern related to water flow, and the concentration at intakes did not exceed the Chinese drinking water source quality standards. Phytoplankton and zooplankton densities were not significantly correlated with residual chlorine and DBPs. The fluctuations in phytoplankton resource use efficiency (RUE) and zooplankton RUE in the Fuhe River, with the highest residual chlorine, and the Qinglinghe River with the highest DBPs, were higher than those in the Hanjiang River. For benthic macroinvertebrates, the number of functional feeding groups in the Hanjiang River was higher than that in the Fuhe and Qinglinghe Rivers. The water and sediment bacterial communities in the Hanjiang River differed significantly from those in the Fuhe and Qingling Rivers. The denitrification function involved in N metabolism was stronger in the Fuhe and Qinglinghe Rivers. Structural equation modelling revealed that residual chlorine and DBPs impacted the diversity of benthos through direct and indirect effects on plankton. Although large-scale chlorine-containing disinfectants use occurred during the investigation, it did not harm the density of the detected aquatic organisms in water sources. With the regular use of chlorinated disinfectants for indoor and outdoor environments in response to the SARS-CoV-2 globally, it is still necessary to study the long-term and accumulated responses of water ecosystems exposed to chlorine-containing disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China; Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qianzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangjie Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ze Hu
- China University of Geosciences, No. 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peng He
- China University of Geosciences, No. 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Disong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhenbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiaohong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Lou J, Wang W, Lu H, Wang L, Zhu L. Increased disinfection byproducts in the air resulting from intensified disinfection during the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126249. [PMID: 34119971 PMCID: PMC8158349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Intensified use of disinfectants to control COVID-19 could unintentionally increase the disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in the environment. In indoor spaces, it is critical to determine the optimal disinfection practice to prevent the spread of the virus while keeping DBPs at relatively low levels in the air. The formation of DBPs exceed 0.1 μg/mg while hypochlorite dosed at >10 mg/m3. The total DBP concentrations in highly disinfected places (100-200 mg/m3 hypochlorite) were as high as 66.8 μg/m3, and the Hazard Index (HI) was up to 0.84, and both values were much higher than those in less disinfected places (<10 mg/m3 hypochlorite). Taking into account the HI, formation yields and the origin of the DBPs, we recommended 10 mg/m3 as the suggested hypochlorite dose to minimize DBPs generation during routine disinfection for controlling the coronavirus. DBPs in indoor air could be eliminated by ventilation, reducing the usage of personal care products, and wiping the solid surface with water before or after disinfection. These results highlighted the necessity to control air-borne DBPs and their associated health risks arising from intensified disinfection, and will guide the further development of evidence-based regulation on DBP exposure during disinfection and improve public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Lou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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11
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Sun Y, Chen C, Mustieles V, Wang L, Zhang Y, Wang YX, Messerlian C. Association of Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations with Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in U.S. Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9043-9051. [PMID: 34152769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water chlorination can lead to the formation of disinfection byproducts, including trihalomethanes (THMs). However, few epidemiologic studies have explored associations between THM exposure and mortality. This study included 6720 adults aged ≥40 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2012 who had blood THM concentrations quantified. A higher risk of all-cause mortality was found across increasing quartile concentrations of blood chloroform (TCM) and total THMs (TTHMs; sum of all four THMs) (both p for trend = 0.02). Adults in the highest quartile of TCM and TTHM concentrations had hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.35 (95% confidence intervals: 1.05-1.74) and 1.37 (1.05-1.79), respectively, for all-cause mortality, compared with adults in the lowest quartile. When cause-specific mortality was evaluated, a positive relationship was found between blood bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), bromoform (TBM), total brominated THMs (Br-THMs; sum of BDCM, DBCM, and TBM), and TTHM concentrations and risk of cancer death and between blood TCM and TTHMs and risk of other cause (noncancer/nonheart disease) mortality. Our findings suggest that higher exposure to Br-THMs was associated with increased cancer mortality risk, whereas TCM was associated with a greater risk of noncancer/nonheart disease mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), 18010 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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12
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Tang H, Zhong H, Pan Y, Zhou Q, Huo Z, Chu W, Xu B. A New Group of Heterocyclic Nitrogenous Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) in Drinking Water: Role of Extraction pH in Unknown DBP Exploration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6764-6772. [PMID: 33928775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
pH adjustment prior to extraction is an important step in water sample pretreatment processes for exploration of new/unknown disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. To achieve a better extraction efficiency, the pH of a water sample is usually adjusted to a low level (e.g., < 0.5) to ensure that target DBPs are in their neutral forms. However, such a practice may elude some amphoteric DBPs (especially those nitrogenous DBPs with multiple functional groups), which can accept protons at a low pH and lose protons at a high pH. In this study, with careful extraction pH selection and optimization, we first report the detection and identification of a new group of heterocyclic nitrogenous DBPs, halogenated pyridinols, in simulated drinking water using ultra performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, including 5-chloro-3-pyridinol, 2-bromo-3-pyridinol, 2,6-dichloro-4-pyridinol, 2,6-dibromo-3-pyridinol, 3-bromo-2-chloro-5-pyridinol, 5-bromo-2-chloro-3-pyridinol, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, and 2,4,6-tribromo-3-pyridinol. On the basis of the speciation of dissociated chemical species and recovery tests at different extraction pH values, it was found that, only at a pH of 3.0, all the eight new DBPs could achieve recoveries of >50%. With subsequent instrumental parameter optimization, the method detection and quantitation limits of the eight new DBPs were determined to be 0.04-1.58 and 0.15-4.11 ng/L, respectively. The optimized method enabled an accurate detection of the eight new DBPs in two real drinking water samples. Further aided with in vivo developmental and acute toxicity assays using zebrafish embryos, the developmental and acute toxicity of the new DBPs were found to be slightly lower than those of halogenated benzoquinones but dozens of times higher than those of commonly known DBPs such as tribromomethane and iodoacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongli Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongli Huo
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.172 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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13
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Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds: An Overview on Their Occurrence in the Aquatic Environment and Human Exposure. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) as emerging contaminants have accumulated in the aquatic environment at concentration levels that have been determined to be significant to humans and animals. Several compounds belong to this family, from natural substances (hormones such as estrone, 17-estradiol, and estriol) to synthetic chemicals, especially pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and plastic-derived compounds (phthalates, bisphenol A). In this review, we discuss recent works regarding EDC occurrence in the aquatic compartment, strengths and limitations of current analytical methods used for their detection, treatment technologies for their removal from water, and the health issues that they can trigger in humans. Nowadays, many EDCs have been identified in significant amounts in different water matrices including drinking water, thus increasing the possibility of entering the food chain. Several studies correlate human exposure to high concentrations of EDCs with serious effects such as infertility, thyroid dysfunction, early puberty, endometriosis, diabetes, and obesity. Although our intention is not to explain all disorders related to EDCs exposure, this review aims to guide future research towards a deeper knowledge of EDCs’ contamination and accumulation in water, highlighting their toxicity and exposure risks to humans.
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14
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Zhang D, Bond T, Li M, Dong S, Pan Y, Du E, Xiao R, Chu W. Ozonation Treatment Increases Chlorophenylacetonitrile Formation in Downstream Chlorination or Chloramination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3747-3755. [PMID: 33595294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenylacetonitriles (CPANs) are an emerging group of aromatic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (DBPs). However, their dominant precursors and formation pathways remain unclear, which hinders the further development of effective control strategies. For the first time, CPAN precursors were screened by conducting formation potential (FP) tests on real water samples from six drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The average overall removal of CPAN precursors across all six DWTPs was only 10%. Moreover, ozonation increased CPAN precursors by 140% on average. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed a dramatic reduction in aromatic proteins, tyrosine-like proteins, and tryptophan-like proteins following ozonation. Low-apparent-molecular-weight (AMW) (<1 kDa) substances were correlated with the CPAN FP in these samples. We therefore hypothesized that protein fragments with low AMW, such as amino acids, are important CPAN precursors during downstream chlor(am)ination. Two aromatic free amino acids, tyrosine and tryptophan, were selected to investigate the formation of CPANs during chlor(am)ination. Both amino acids were found to act as CPAN precursors for the first time. CPAN formation pathways from these model precursors were proposed based on the frontier molecular orbital theory and intermediate products identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry. This study provides a powerful theoretical foundation for controlling CPAN formation in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Mingli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shengkun Dong
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Erdeng Du
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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15
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Zhang D, Wang F, Duan Y, Chen S, Zhang A, Chu W. Removal of trihalomethanes and haloacetamides from drinking water during tea brewing: Removal mechanism and kinetic analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116148. [PMID: 32698091 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are associated with various adverse health effects. Diversiform advanced treatment processes have been applied for the control of DBPs, but DBPs can still be frequently detected in tap water. Tea-leaves can be made into popular beverage and is itself a porous bio-adsorbent. By simulating tea brewing process, this study evaluated the removal of DBPs from drinking water during the tea brewing process. Removal of four trihalomethanes (THMs) and four haloacetamides (HAMs) by different fermentation degree tea-leaves was investigated. Little DBPs were removed by unfermented and semi-fermented tea-leaves (i.e., Meitan turquoise bud and Dahongpao tea) with less than 5% removal of HAMs, whereas 40% HAMs can be removed by fermented tea (i.e., Jinjunmei tea and Shuixian tea). Tea soup is neutral and slightly acidic, so little DBP hydrolysis was observed under typical tea-leaf brewing process. DBPs were mainly removed by volatilization and adsorption during tea brewing. Removal difference caused by DBP volatilization is very small. The DBP removal difference of four kinds of tea-leaves may be caused by fermentation degree. The surface of unfermented Meitan turquoise bud had a smooth and regular morphology, whereas a rough, irregular, hollow and spongy surface of fermented tea (i.e., Jinjunmei and Shuixian tea) was observed. Generally, the higher the degree of tea fermentation, the more adsorption sites, and the more removal of DBPs. Finally, the model, which takes the DBP initial concentration, tea-leaf dose and brewing time into account, was established under the experimental conditions to predict the variation of DBP concentration during tea brewing, and suggestions for DBP removal were provided to reduce DBP exposure risk. The integrated toxic risk during tea brewing was also investigated, and about 30% integrated cytotoxicity and 26% genotoxicity was reduced during Jinjunmei and Shuixian tea-leaf brewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Youli Duan
- Shanghai Leeya Ecological Engineering Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201108, PR China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- Shanghai Investigation, Design &Research Institute Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Aihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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16
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Quarles CD, Toms AD, Smith R, Sullivan P, Bass D, Leone J. Automated ICP-MS method to measure bromine, chlorine, and iodine species and total metals content in drinking water. TALANTA OPEN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2020.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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17
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Bibliometric review of research trends on disinfection by-products in drinking water during 1975–2018. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Endocrine Disruptors in Water and Their Effects on the Reproductive System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061929. [PMID: 32178293 PMCID: PMC7139484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic contaminants in water can impose risks to reproductive health. Most of these compounds are known to be endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs can impact the endocrine system and subsequently impair the development and fertility of non-human animals and humans. The source of chemical contamination in water is diverse, originating from byproducts formed during water disinfection processes, release from industry and livestock activity, or therapeutic drugs released into sewage. This review discusses the occurrence of EDCs in water such as disinfection byproducts, fluorinated compounds, bisphenol A, phthalates, pesticides, and estrogens, and it outlines their adverse reproductive effects in non-human animals and humans.
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19
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Mashau F, Ncube EJ, Voyi K. Maternal urinary levels of trichloroacetic acid and association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:884-895. [PMID: 31850896 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to determine the association between trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes among third-trimester pregnant women who were exposed to chlorinated drinking water. A total of 205 pregnant women who participated in the disinfection by-products exposure and adverse pregnancy outcome study in South Africa were randomly asked to participate in this study by providing their morning urine sample voids. Samples were analysed for urinary creatinine and TCAA. Furthermore, participants gave individual data using a structured questionnaire. The mean (median) concentration of creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA was 2.34 (1.95) μg/g creatinine. Elevated levels of creatinine-adjusted TCAA concentrations showed an increased risk of premature birth, small for gestational age (SGA) and low birth weight. There was no significant statistical correlation observed between creatinine-adjusted TCAA concentrations and the total volume of cold water ingested among the study population. No statistically significant association was observed between creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA and premature birth, SGA and low birth weight newborns among the study subjects. However, the urinary TCAA concentrations identified in this study suggest potential health risks towards women and foetus. Therefore, further studies are warranted to prevent further adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funanani Mashau
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Pretoria 0002, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Esper Jacobeth Ncube
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Pretoria 0002, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Kuku Voyi
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Pretoria 0002, South Africa E-mail:
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20
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Furst KE, Coyte RM, Wood M, Vengosh A, Mitch WA. Disinfection Byproducts in Rajasthan, India: Are Trihalomethanes a Sufficient Indicator of Disinfection Byproduct Exposure in Low-Income Countries? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12007-12017. [PMID: 31549828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of chlorine disinfection in low-income countries reduces the risk of waterborne illness but initiates exposure to disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Like high-income countries, low-income countries typically are adopting regulations focusing on trihalomethanes (THM4) as an indicator of overall DBP exposure. However, the use of impaired water sources can decouple the formation of THM4 from other DBP classes that are more potent toxins. The documentation of DBP species other than THM4 is rare in low-income countries, where water sources may be degraded by inadequate sanitation infrastructure and other uncontrolled wastewater discharges. We measured THM4 and 21 unregulated DBPs in tap waters and laboratory-treated source waters from two cities in northwestern India. The contribution of each DBP class to the cumulative toxicity was estimated by weighting each species by metrics of toxic potency; haloacetonitriles typically were the dominant contributor, while the contribution of THM4 was negligible. THM4 concentrations did not correlate with the total toxic potency-weighted DBP concentrations. Although THM4 rarely exceeded international guidelines, DBPs of greater toxicological concern were observed in high concentrations. The total toxic potency-weighted DBP concentrations in some waters were elevated compared to conventional drinking waters in high-income countries and more closely resembled chlorine-disinfected wastewater effluents. Artificial sweeteners confirmed widespread contamination of both surface and groundwaters by domestic sewage. The results suggest that THM4 may not be an adequate indicator of overall DBP exposure in impaired water supplies prevalent in some low-income nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirin E Furst
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Rachel M Coyte
- Nicholas School of the Environment , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Margaret Wood
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Avner Vengosh
- Nicholas School of the Environment , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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21
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Jones RR, DellaValle CT, Weyer PJ, Robien K, Cantor KP, Krasner S, Beane Freeman LE, Ward MH. Ingested nitrate, disinfection by-products, and risk of colon and rectal cancers in the Iowa Women's Health Study cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:242-251. [PMID: 30822653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-nitroso compounds (NOC) formed endogenously after nitrate/nitrite ingestion and disinfection by-products (DBPs) are suspected colorectal carcinogens, but epidemiologic evidence of these associations is limited. OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship between drinking water exposures and incident colorectal cancers in a cohort of postmenopausal women. METHODS Using historical nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) measurements and estimates of total trihalomethanes (TTHM), the sum of 5 or 6 haloacetic acids (HAAs), and individual DBPs in public water supplies (PWS), we computed average exposures and years of exposure above one-half the U.S. maximum contaminant level (>1/2-MCL; >5 mg/L NO3-N and >40 μg/L TTHM). Nitrate/nitrite intakes from dietary sources were estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from Cox regression models. We assessed NO3-N interactions with DBPs and with factors influencing endogenous NOC formation. RESULTS We identified 624 colon and 158 rectal cancers (1986-2010) among 15,910 women reporting PWS use >10 years. Ingestion of NO3-N from drinking water was not associated with risk. Colon cancer risks were non-significantly associated with the average TTHM levels >17.7 μg/L (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.13, CI = 0.89-1.44; ptrend = 0.11) and were elevated for any duration of exposure >1/2-MCL. Rectal cancer risks were associated with the highest TTHM levels (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.71, CI = 1.00-2.92; ptrend = 0.22) but not with years >1/2-MCL. Bromodichloromethane (HRQ4vsQ1 = 1.89, CI = 1.17-3.00; ptrend = 0.09) and trichloroacetic acid (HRQ4vsQ1 = 1.92, CI = 1.20-3.09; ptrend = 0.18) levels were also associated with risk of rectal cancer. We found no evidence of interaction between TTHM and NO3-N on the risk of either cancer. Dietary analyses yielded a positive colon cancer association with red meat, but not with processed meat intake or estimated nitrate/nitrite from specific dietary sources. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that exposure to TTHM in drinking water is associated with increased risk of rectal cancer. Positive findings for individual THMs and HAAs for both colon and rectal cancers require replication in other studies. We found no associations for nitrate overall or in subgroups with presumed higher NOC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States.
| | - Curt T DellaValle
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Peter J Weyer
- Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Kim Robien
- George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kenneth P Cantor
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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22
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Zhang D, Bond T, Krasner SW, Chu W, Pan Y, Xu B, Yin D. Trace determination and occurrence of eight chlorophenylacetonitriles: An emerging class of aromatic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts in drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:858-865. [PMID: 33395807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two chlorophenylacetonitriles (CPANs) (2-chloro- and 3,4-dichlorophenylacetonitrile), representatives of an emerging class of aromatic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts, were recently identified in chlor(am)inated drinking water with liquid/liquid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Due to their high cytotoxicity, they are potentially significant drinking water contaminants. The detection limit for these two CPANs with the previous method was 100 ng L-1. To search for additional CPAN isomers, a more sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of eight CPANs was developed using solid-phase extraction (SPE)-GC/MS. GC/MS parameters and SPE pre-concentration conditions, including SPE cartridge, eluent type, eluent volume, and sample pH, were optimized. Under optimized conditions, the new method had method detection limits, method quantification limits, and precision ranging from 0.15 to 0.37 ng L-1, 0.50-0.95 ng L-1, and 5.8%-11%, respectively. The recoveries of the eight CPANs ranged from 92% to 102%. The concentrations of the eight CPANs in nine finished drinking waters were determined to be at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 155 ng L-1. Seven CPANs were detectable in all samples. CPANs were detected at concentrations between 0.8 and 155 ng L-1 in chlorinated waters, and from 0.5 to 15 ng L-1 in chloraminated waters. Across all waters, the sum of all CPANs in chloraminated waters was 13% of that in chlorinated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tom Bond
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | | | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
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23
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Delpla I, Florea M, Pelletier G, Rodriguez MJ. Optimizing disinfection by-product monitoring points in a distribution system using cluster analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:512-521. [PMID: 29890489 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs) and Haloacetic Acids (HAAs) are the main groups detected in drinking water and are consequently strictly regulated. However, the increasing quantity of data for disinfection byproducts (DBPs) produced from research projects and regulatory programs remains largely unexploited, despite a great potential for its use in optimizing drinking water quality monitoring to meet specific objectives. In this work, we developed a procedure to optimize locations and periods for DBPs monitoring based on a set of monitoring scenarios using the cluster analysis technique. The optimization procedure used a robust set of spatio-temporal monitoring results on DBPs (THMs and HAAs) generated from intensive sampling campaigns conducted in a residential sector of a water distribution system. Results shows that cluster analysis allows for the classification of water quality in different groups of THMs and HAAs according to their similarities, and the identification of locations presenting water quality concerns. By using cluster analysis with different monitoring objectives, this work provides a set of monitoring solutions and a comparison between various monitoring scenarios for decision-making purposes. Finally, it was demonstrated that the data from intensive monitoring of free chlorine residual and water temperature as DBP proxy parameters, when processed using cluster analysis, could also help identify the optimal sampling points and periods for regulatory THMs and HAAs monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianis Delpla
- École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional (ESAD), Université Laval, Pavillon F-A. Savard, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, local 1612 Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Mihai Florea
- Thales Canada, Defence & Security, Thales Research & Technology (TRT) Canada, 1405, boul. du Parc Technologique, Québec, QC, G1P 4P5, Canada
| | - Geneviève Pelletier
- Département de génie civil et de génie des eaux, 1065, rue de la Médecine Pavillon Adrien-Pouliot, local 2986, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional (ESAD), Université Laval, Pavillon F-A. Savard, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, local 1612 Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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24
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Dong S, Page MA, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Thiol Reactivity Analyses To Predict Mammalian Cell Cytotoxicity of Water Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8822-8829. [PMID: 29965743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An in chemico high throughput assay based on N-acetylcysteine was developed and used in conjunction with previous and new mammalian cell cytotoxicity data. Our objective was to derive an empirical equation with confidence levels for mammalian cell cytotoxicity prediction. Modeling data included 16 unique sources of waters and wastewaters of distinct water qualities to encompass a wide range of real environmental samples. This approach provides a quick screen to identify those water and wastewaters that could be prioritized for in depth analytical biological analyses and toxicity. The resulting model can serve as a preliminary convenient tool to screen for potential mammalian cell cytotoxicity in organic extracts of a wide variety of water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin A Page
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center , 2902 Newmark Drive , Champaign , Illinois 61822 , United States
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Benmarhnia T, Delpla I, Schwarz L, Rodriguez MJ, Levallois P. Heterogeneity in the Relationship between Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water and Cancer: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15050979. [PMID: 29757939 PMCID: PMC5982018 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological evidence demonstrating the effect of disinfection by-products (DBPs) from drinking water on colon and rectal cancers is well documented. However, no systematic assessment has been conducted to assess the potential effect measure modification (EMM) in the relationship between DBPs and cancer. The objective of this paper is to conduct a systematic literature review to determine the extent to which EMM has been assessed in the relationship between DBPs in drinking water in past epidemiological studies. Selected articles (n = 19) were reviewed, and effect estimates and covariates that could have been used in an EMM assessment were gathered. Approximately half of the studies assess EMM (n = 10), but the majority of studies only estimate it relative to sex subgroups (n = 6 for bladder cancer and n = 2 both for rectal and colon cancers). Although EMM is rarely assessed, several variables that could have a potential modification effect are routinely collected in these studies, such as socioeconomic status or age. The role of environmental exposures through drinking water can play an important role and contribute to cancer disparities. We encourage a systematic use of subgroup analysis to understand which populations or territories are more vulnerable to the health impacts of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Benmarhnia
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health & Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ianis Delpla
- École Supérieure D'aménagement du Territoire et de Développement Régional (ESAD), Université Laval, 1624 Pavillon Savard, Québec, QC G1K-7P4, Canada.
| | - Lara Schwarz
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health & Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- École Supérieure D'aménagement du Territoire et de Développement Régional (ESAD), Université Laval, 1624 Pavillon Savard, Québec, QC G1K-7P4, Canada.
| | - Patrick Levallois
- Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Toxicologie, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada.
- Axe Santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en Santé, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 2M2, Canada.
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26
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Espín-Pérez A, Font-Ribera L, van Veldhoven K, Krauskopf J, Portengen L, Chadeau-Hyam M, Vermeulen R, Grimalt JO, Villanueva CM, Vineis P, Kogevinas M, Kleinjans JC, de Kok TM. Blood transcriptional and microRNA responses to short-term exposure to disinfection by-products in a swimming pool. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 110:42-50. [PMID: 29122314 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swimming in a chlorinated pool results in high exposure levels to disinfection by-products (DBPs), which have been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. OBJECTIVES By studying molecular responses at the blood transcriptome level we examined the biological processes associated with exposure to these compounds. METHODS Whole-genome gene expression and microRNA analysis was performed on blood samples collected from 43 volunteers before and 2h after 40min swimming in an indoor chlorinated pool (PISCINAII study). Exposure to THMs was measured in exhaled breath. Heart rate and kcal expenditure were measured as proxies for physical activity. Associations between exposure levels and gene expression were assessed using multivariate normal models (MVN), correcting for age, body mass index and sex. A Bonferroni threshold at 5% was applied. RESULTS MVN-models for the individual exposures identified 1778 genes and 23 microRNAs that were significantly associated with exposure to at least one DBP. Due to co-linearity it was not possible to statistically disentangle responses to DBP exposure from those related to physical activity. However, after eliminating previously reported transcripts associated with physical activity a large number of hits remained associated with DBP exposure. Among those, 9 were linked with bladder and 31 with colon cancer. Concordant microRNA/mRNA expressions were identified in association with DBP exposure for hsa-mir-22-3p and hsa-miR-146a-5p and their targets RCOR1 and TLR4, both related to colon cancer in association with DBP exposure. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to low levels of DBPs shows genomics responses that may be indicative of increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Espín-Pérez
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Laia Font-Ribera
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karin van Veldhoven
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julian Krauskopf
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lutzen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jos C Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Mohd Zainudin F, Abu Hasan H, Sheikh Abdullah SR. An overview of the technology used to remove trihalomethane (THM), trihalomethane precursors, and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) from water and wastewater. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. CHO cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analyses of disinfection by-products: An updated review. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:64-76. [PMID: 28774627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection of drinking water is an important public health service that generates high quality, safe and palatable tap water. The disinfection of drinking water to reduce waterborne disease was an outstanding public health achievement of the 20th century. An unintended consequence is the reaction of disinfectants with natural organic matter, anthropogenic contaminants and bromide/iodide to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). A large number of DBPs are cytotoxic, neurotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Epidemiological studies demonstrated low but significant associations between disinfected drinking water and adverse health effects. The distribution of DBPs in disinfected waters has been well defined by advances in high precision analytical chemistry. Progress in the analytical biology and toxicology of DBPs has been forthcoming. The objective of this review was to provide a detailed presentation of the methodology for the quantitative, comparative analyses on the induction of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of 103 DBPs using an identical analytical biological platform and endpoints. A single Chinese hamster ovary cell line was employed in the assays. The data presented are derived from papers published in the literature as well as additional new data and represent the largest direct quantitative comparison on the toxic potency of both regulated and emerging DBPs. These data may form the foundation of novel research to define the major forcing agents of DBP-mediated toxicity in disinfected water and may play an important role in achieving the goal of making safe drinking water better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Wagner
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 W Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 W Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 W Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1101 W Peabody Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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29
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Y Kimura S, Zheng W, N Hipp T, M Allen J, D Richardson S. Total organic halogen (TOX) in human urine: A halogen-specific method for human exposure studies. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:285-295. [PMID: 28774619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are a complex mixture of compounds unintentionally formed as a result of disinfection processes used to treat drinking water. Effects of long-term exposure to DBPs are mostly unknown and were the subject of recent epidemiological studies. However, most bioanalytical methods focus on a select few DBPs. In this study, a new comprehensive bioanalytical method has been developed that can quantify mixtures of organic halogenated compounds, including DBPs, in human urine as total organic chlorine (TOCl), total organic bromine (TOBr), and total organic iodine (TOI). The optimized method consists of urine dilution, adsorption to activated carbon, pyrolysis of activated carbon, absorption of gases in an aqueous solution, and halide analysis with ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Spike recoveries for TOCl, TOBr, and TOI measurements ranged between 78% and 99%. Average TOCl, TOBr, and TOI concentrations in five urine samples from volunteers who consumed tap water were 1850, 82, and 21.0μg/L as X-, respectively. Volunteers who consumed spring water (control) had TOCl, TOBr, and TOI average concentrations in urine of 1090, 88, and 10.3μg/L as X-, respectively. TOCl and TOI in the urine samples from tap water consumers were higher than the control. However, TOBr was slightly lower in tap water urine samples compared to mineral water urine samples, indicating other sources of environmental exposure other than drinking water. A larger sample population that consumes tap water from different cities and mineral water is needed to determine TOCl, TOBr, and TOI exposure from drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Y Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Taylor N Hipp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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30
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Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Richardson SD. TIC-Tox: A preliminary discussion on identifying the forcing agents of DBP-mediated toxicity of disinfected water. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 58:208-216. [PMID: 28774611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection of drinking water is a major public health achievement; however, an unintended consequence of disinfection is the generation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). Many of the identified DBPs exhibit in vitro and in vivo toxicity, generate a diversity of adverse biological effects, and may be hazards to the public health and the environment. Only a few DBPs are regulated by several national and international agencies and it is not clear if these regulated DBPs are the forcing agents that drive the observed toxicity and their associated health effects. In this study, we combine analytical chemical and biological data to resolve the forcing agents associated with mammalian cell cytotoxicity of drinking water samples from three cities. These data suggest that the trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids may be a small component of the overall cytotoxicity of the organic material isolated from disinfected drinking water. Chemical classes of nitrogen-containing DBPs, such as the haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides, appear to be the major forcing agents of toxicity in these samples. These findings may have important implications for the design of epidemiological studies that primarily rely on the levels of THMs to define DBP exposure among populations. The TIC-Tox approach constitutes a beginning step in the process of identifying the forcing agents of toxicity in disinfected water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Plewa
- Safe Global Water Institute, and the Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Safe Global Water Institute, and the Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
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31
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Villanueva CM, Gracia-Lavedan E, Bosetti C, Righi E, Molina AJ, Martín V, Boldo E, Aragonés N, Perez-Gomez B, Pollan M, Acebo IG, Altzibar JM, Zabala AJ, Ardanaz E, Peiró R, Tardón A, Chirlaque MD, Tavani A, Polesel J, Serraino D, Pisa F, Castaño-Vinyals G, Espinosa A, Espejo-Herrera N, Palau M, Moreno V, La Vecchia C, Aggazzotti G, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Kogevinas M. Colorectal Cancer and Long-Term Exposure to Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water: A Multicenter Case-Control Study in Spain and Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:56-65. [PMID: 27383820 PMCID: PMC5226692 DOI: 10.1289/ehp155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the association between colorectal cancer and exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water is inconsistent. OBJECTIVES We assessed long-term exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs), the most prevalent group of chlorination by-products, to evaluate the association with colorectal cancer. METHODS A multicenter case-control study was conducted in Spain and Italy in 2008-2013. Hospital-based incident cases and population-based (Spain) and hospital-based (Italy) controls were interviewed to ascertain residential histories, type of water consumed in each residence, frequency and duration of showering/bathing, and major recognized risk factors for colorectal cancer. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) for colorectal cancer in association with quartiles of estimated average lifetime THM concentrations in each participant's residential tap water (micrograms/liter; from age 18 to 2 years before the interview) and estimated average lifetime THM ingestion from drinking residential tap water (micrograms/day). RESULTS We analyzed 2,047 cases and 3,718 controls. Median values (ranges) for average lifetime residential tap water concentrations of total THMs, chloroform, and brominated THMs were 30 (0-174), 17 (0-63), and 9 (0-145) μg/L, respectively. Total THM concentration in residential tap water was not associated with colorectal cancer (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.28 for highest vs. lowest quartile), but chloroform concentrations were inversely associated (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.41 for highest vs. lowest quartile). Brominated THM concentrations showed a positive association among men in the highest versus the lowest quartile (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.83, 2.46). Patterns of association were similar for estimated average THM ingestion through residential water consumption. CONCLUSIONS We did not find clear evidence of an association between detailed estimates of lifetime total THM exposure and colorectal cancer in our large case-control study population. Negative associations with chloroform concentrations and ingestion suggest differences among specific THMs, but these findings should be confirmed in other study populations. Citation: Villanueva CM, Gracia-Lavedan E, Bosetti C, Righi E, Molina AJ, Martín V, Boldo E, Aragonés N, Perez-Gomez B, Pollan M, Gomez Acebo I, Altzibar JM, Jiménez Zabala A, Ardanaz E, Peiró R, Tardón A, Chirlaque MD, Tavani A, Polesel J, Serraino D, Pisa F, Castaño-Vinyals G, Espinosa A, Espejo-Herrera N, Palau M, Moreno V, La Vecchia C, Aggazzotti G, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Kogevinas M. 2017. Colorectal cancer and long-term exposure to trihalomethanes in drinking water: a multicenter case---control study in Spain and Italy. Environ Health Perspect 125:56-65; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Villanueva
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Address correspondence to C.M. Villanueva, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Telephone: 34 93 214 73 44. E-mail:
| | - Esther Gracia-Lavedan
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bosetti
- Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri), Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Righi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio José Molina
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Vicente Martín
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Elena Boldo
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria) Puerta De Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Aragonés
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria) Puerta De Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Perez-Gomez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria) Puerta De Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Pollan
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria) Puerta De Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ines Gomez Acebo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- IDIVAL (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla), Santander, Spain
- Centre for Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jone M. Altzibar
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ana Jiménez Zabala
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rosana Peiró
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardón
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Oncology Institute IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Chirlaque
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca (Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alessandra Tavani
- Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS (Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri), Milan, Italy
| | - Jerry Polesel
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CRO (Centro di Riferimento Oncologico) Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Diego Serraino
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CRO (Centro di Riferimento Oncologico) Aviano National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Federica Pisa
- Institute of Hygiene and Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Espejo-Herrera
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Palau
- General Division of Public Health, Quality and Innovation, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equity, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Moreno
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aggazzotti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Faustino-Rocha AI, Rodrigues D, da Costa RG, Diniz C, Aragão S, Talhada D, Botelho M, Colaço A, Pires MJ, Peixoto F, Oliveira PA. Trihalomethanes in liver pathology: Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the mouse. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1009-1016. [PMID: 25640707 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs) are disinfection byproducts found in chlorinated water, and are associated with several different kinds of cancer in human populations and experimental animal models. Metabolism of THMs proceeds through enzymes such as GSTT1 and CYP2E1 and gives rise to reactive intermediates, which form the basis for their toxic activities. The aim of this study was to assess the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by THMs at low levels, and the resulting hepatic histological and biochemical changes in the mouse. Male ICR mice were administered with two THMs: dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM); once daily, by gavage, to a total of four administrations. Animals were sacrificed four weeks after DBCM and BDCM administrations. Blood biochemistry was performed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), creatinine, and urea. Animals exposed to DBCM and BDCM showed elevated ALT and TB levels (p < 0.05) as compared with controls. Histological analysis confirmed the presence of vacuolar degenerescence and a multifocal necrotizing hepatitis in 33% of animals (n = 2). Mitochondrial analysis showed that THMs reduced mitochondrial bioenergetic activity (succinate dehydrogenase (SQR), cytochrome c oxidase (COX), and ATP synthase) and increased oxidative stress (glutathione S-transferase (GST)) in hepatic tissues (p < 0.05). These results add detail to the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying THM-induced toxicity, supporting the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in liver toxicity caused by DBCM and BDCM. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1009-1016, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - D Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - R Gil da Costa
- Faculty of Engineering, Laboratory for Process, Environment and Energy Engineering (LEPAE), University of Porto, UP, 4099-002, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Diniz
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - S Aragão
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - D Talhada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M Botelho
- Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Health (INSA), 4000-055, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Colaço
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M J Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - F Peixoto
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - P A Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal
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Zeliger HI. Predicting disease onset in clinically healthy people. Interdiscip Toxicol 2016; 9:39-54. [PMID: 28652846 PMCID: PMC5458104 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually all human disease is induced by oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, which is caused by toxic environmental exposure, the presence of disease, lifestyle choices, stress, chronic inflammation or combinations of these, is responsible for most disease. Oxidative stress from all sources is additive and it is the total oxidative stress from all sources that induces the onset of most disease. Oxidative stress leads to lipid peroxidation, which in turn produces Malondialdehyde. Serum malondialdehyde level is an additive parameter resulting from all sources of oxidative stress and, therefore, is a reliable indicator of total oxidative stress which can be used to predict the onset of disease in clinically asymptomatic individuals and to suggest the need for treatment that can prevent much human disease.
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Chen MJ, Duh JM, Shie RH, Weng JH, Hsu HT. Dynamic real-time monitoring of chloroform in an indoor swimming pool air using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:457-467. [PMID: 25916255 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study used open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopy to continuously assess the variation in chloroform concentrations in the air of an indoor swimming pool. Variables affecting the concentrations of chloroform in air were also monitored. The results showed that chloroform concentrations in air varied significantly during the time of operation of the swimming pool and that there were two peaks in chloroform concentration during the time of operation of the pool. The highest concentration was at 17:30, which is coincident with the time with the highest number of swimmers in the pool in a day. The swimmer load was one of the most important factors influencing the chloroform concentration in the air. When the number of swimmers surpassed 40, the concentrations of chloroform were on average 4.4 times higher than the concentration measured without swimmers in the pool. According to the results of this study, we suggest that those who swim regularly should avoid times with highest number of swimmers, in order to decrease the risk of exposure to high concentrations of chloroform. It is also recommended that an automatic mechanical ventilation system is installed to increase the ventilation rate during times of high swimmer load.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Chen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Hygiene, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - J-M Duh
- Department of Occupational Safety and Hygiene, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - R-H Shie
- Advanced Monitoring and Analytical Department, Energy and Environmental Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - J-H Weng
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - H-T Hsu
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Min JY, Min KB. Blood trihalomethane levels and the risk of total cancer mortality in US adults. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:90-96. [PMID: 26840521 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although animal data have suggested the carcinogenic activity of trihalomethanes (THMs), there is inconsistent evidence supporting the link between THM exposure and cancers in humans. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between specific and total blood THM levels with the risk of total cancer mortality in adults. METHODS We analyzed data from the 1999-2004 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Linked Mortality File of the United States. A total of 933 adults (20-59 years of age) with available blood THM levels and no missing data for other variables were included. Four different THM species (chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform) were included, and the codes associated with cancer (malignant neoplasm) were C00 through C97, based on the underlying causes of death listed in the International Classification of Disease 10the Revision. RESULTS Compared with adults in the lowest DBCM, bromoform, and total brominated THM tertiles, those in the highest DBCM, bromoform, and total brominated THM tertiles exhibited adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of total cancer mortality of 4.97 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.59-15.50), 4.94 (95% CI = 1.56-15.61), and 3.42 (95% CI = 1.21-15.43) respectively. The risk of total cancer mortality was not associated with increases in blood chloroform and total THM levels. CONCLUSIONS We found that the baseline blood THM species, particularly brominated THMs, were significantly associated with total cancer mortality in adults. Although this study should be confirm by other studies, our findings suggest a possible link between THM exposures and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Min
- Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Bok Min
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Domínguez-Tello A, Arias-Borrego A, García-Barrera T, Gómez-Ariza JL. Seasonal and spatial evolution of trihalomethanes in a drinking water distribution system according to the treatment process. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:662. [PMID: 26431706 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper comparatively shows the influence of four water treatment processes on the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) in a water distribution system. The study was performed from February 2005 to January 2012 with analytical data of 600 samples taken in Aljaraque water treatment plant (WTP) and 16 locations along the water distribution system (WDS) in the region of Andévalo and the coast of Huelva (southwest Spain), a region with significant seasonal and population changes. The comparison of results in the four different processes studied indicated a clear link of the treatment process with the formation of THM along the WDS. The most effective treatment process is preozonation and activated carbon filtration (P3), which is also the most stable under summer temperatures. Experiments also show low levels of THMs with the conventional process of preoxidation with potassium permanganate (P4), delaying the chlorination to the end of the WTP; however, this simple and economical treatment process is less effective and less stable than P3. In this study, strong seasonal variations were obtained (increase of THM from winter to summer of 1.17 to 1.85 times) and a strong spatial variation (1.1 to 1.7 times from WTP to end points of WDS) which largely depends on the treatment process applied. There was also a strong correlation between THM levels and water temperature, contact time and pH. On the other hand, it was found that THM formation is not proportional to the applied chlorine dose in the treatment process, but there is a direct relationship with the accumulated dose of chlorine. Finally, predictive models based on multiple linear regressions are proposed for each treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Domínguez-Tello
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
- International Agrofood Campus of Excellence International CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - A Arias-Borrego
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
- International Agrofood Campus of Excellence International CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Tamara García-Barrera
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain.
- International Agrofood Campus of Excellence International CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
- Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain.
| | - J L Gómez-Ariza
- Department of Chemistry and CC.MM, Faculty of Experimental Science, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
- International Agrofood Campus of Excellence International CeiA3, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
- Research Center of Health and Environment (CYSMA), University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen, 21007, Huelva, Spain
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Plewa MJ, Wagner ED. Charting a New Path To Resolve the Adverse Health Effects of DBPs. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1190.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences and the Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Elizabeth D. Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences and the Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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38
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Yang Y, Komaki Y, Kimura SY, Hu HY, Wagner ED, Mariñas BJ, Plewa MJ. Toxic impact of bromide and iodide on drinking water disinfected with chlorine or chloramines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12362-9. [PMID: 25222908 DOI: 10.1021/es503621e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Disinfectants inactivate pathogens in source water; however, they also react with organic matter and bromide/iodide to form disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Although only a few DBP classes have been systematically analyzed for toxicity, iodinated and brominated DBPs tend to be the most toxic. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine if monochloramine (NH2Cl) disinfection generated drinking water with less toxicity than water disinfected with free chlorine (HOCl) and (2) to determine the impact of added bromide and iodide in conjunction with HOCl or NH2Cl disinfection on mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genomic DNA damage induction. Water disinfected with chlorine was less cytotoxic but more genotoxic than water disinfected with chloramine. For both disinfectants, the addition of Br(-) and I(-) increased cytotoxicity and genotoxicity with a greater response observed with NH2Cl disinfection. Both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were highly correlated with TOBr and TOI. However, toxicity was weakly and inversely correlated with TOCl. Thus, the forcing agents for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were the generation of brominated and iodinated DBPs rather than the formation of chlorinated DBPs. Disinfection practices need careful consideration especially when using source waters containing elevated bromide and iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing, P.R. China
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Gomez Camponovo M, Seoane Muniz G, Rothenberg SJ, Umpiérrez Vazquez E, Achkar Borras M. Predictive model for chloroform during disinfection of water for consumption, city of Montevideo. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:6711-6719. [PMID: 24981876 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to predict chloroform formation resulting from the process of disinfecting water, particularly trihalomethane which is most frequently produced. A statistical model was used which included repeated measurements of water parameters used for monitoring water quality at 51 sites covering the municipal water system of Montevideo. Samples were taken considering different seasons from June 2009 to July 2011 in Montevideo. Total samples (n = 330) were analytically studied using the headspace-gas chromatography method coupled with mass spectrometry. Chloroform was the dependent variable and the covariables were pH, temperature, free chlorine, and total chlorine. A Tobit analysis with an unstructured correlation matrix was performed, and a significant interaction was found between pH and free chlorine for the prediction of chloroform formation. We concluded that parameters for the continuous control of water quality for consumption can be used to predict the levels of chloroform that may be present. Given the large measurement to variability found in the repeated measurements, the use of averages that include more than one season is not recommended to determine the degree of compliance with acceptable levels established by norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gomez Camponovo
- Social Medicine, Paysandú Center, Universidad de la República, Florida 1051, CP 60000, Paysandú, Uruguay
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40
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Zeng Q, Zhou B, Cao WC, Wang YX, You L, Huang YH, Yang P, Liu AL, Lu WQ. Predictors of urinary trichloroacetic acid and baseline blood trihalomethanes concentrations among men in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:806-811. [PMID: 25000576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Urinary trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and baseline blood trihalomethanes (THMs) have been measured as biomarkers of exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs) that have been associated with increased risk of cancers and adverse reproductive outcomes. This study aimed to identify predictors of urinary TCAA and baseline blood THMs among men in China. Urine samples, blood samples, and information on socio-demographic factors and water-use activities were collected from 2216 men who participated in a cross-sectional study of exposure to drinking water DBPs and reproductive health during 2011 to 2012. Urinary TCAA and baseline blood THMs including chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM) were analyzed. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate predictors of urinary TCAA and baseline blood THM concentrations. Tap water consumption was significantly associated with creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA concentration (β = 0.23 μg/g creatinine per log10 unit; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.35). Men with surface water source had 0.13 (95% CI: 0.00, 0.27) higher mean creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA concentrations than those with ground water source. Smoking was associated with lower concentration of creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA. Age was significantly associated with baseline blood Br-THM (sum of BDCM, DBCM, and TBM) concentration (β = 0.01 ng/L per unit; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.02). Increased household income was associated with decreased concentrations of baseline blood BDCM and Br-THMs. Our results suggest that tap water consumption, water source, smoking, age, and household income as the primary determinants of exposure to drinking water DBPs should be considered in exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Public Health University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wen-Cheng Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ling You
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yue-Hui Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Pan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Rahman MB, Cowie C, Driscoll T, Summerhayes RJ, Armstrong BK, Clements MS. Colon and rectal cancer incidence and water trihalomethane concentrations in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:445. [PMID: 24938491 PMCID: PMC4088985 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence, although inconsistent, that long term exposure to disinfection by products (DBPs) increases the risk of bowel cancer. No study has been conducted in Australia to examine this association and due to difference in the methods of disinfection the risk can vary across geographical regions and. This study was conducted to analyse the association of trihalomethanes (THMs) in water with colon and rectal cancer in NSW Australia. Methods Average yearly concentrations of total and individual species of THMs were obtained for 50 local government areas (LGAs). Indirectly-standardized incidence rates of colon and rectal cancers in LGAs for the period 1995 to 2001 were regressed against mean THM concentrations lagged five years, adjusting for socioeconomic status, high risk drinking, smoking status, usual source of water and year of diagnosis, including local and global random effects within a Bayesian framework. The incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in THMs were estimated. Results Using five year lag of exposure there was a positive association between bromoform concentration and CRC in men (IRR = 1.025, 95% CI 1.010, 1.040) but not in women (IRR = 1.003, 95% CI 0.987, 1.018). The association in men was mainly found in colon cancer with bromoform (IRR = 1.035, 95% CI 1.017, 1.053). There was no appreciable association of colorectal cancer with other species of THMs. Sensitivity analyses did not materially change the associations observed. Conclusion A positive association was observed between colon cancer and water bromoform concentrations in men. Given the potential population impact of such an association, further research into the relationship between THMs, particularly brominated species, and colorectal cancer is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Bayzidur Rahman
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Australia, Room 215, Samuels building (F25), Botany Street, Randwick NSW 2052, Australia.
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Lyon BA, Milsk RY, DeAngelo AB, Simmons JE, Moyer MP, Weinberg HS. Integrated chemical and toxicological investigation of UV-chlorine/chloramine drinking water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6743-53. [PMID: 24840005 DOI: 10.1021/es501412n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
As the use of alternative drinking water treatment increases, it is important to understand potential public health implications associated with these processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and cytotoxicity of natural organic matter (NOM) concentrates treated with chlorine, chloramine, and medium pressure ultraviolet (UV) irradiation followed by chlorine or chloramine, with and without nitrate or iodide spiking. The use of concentrated NOM conserved volatile DBPs and allowed for direct analysis of the treated water. Treatment with UV prior to chlorine in ambient (unspiked) samples did not affect cytotoxicity as measured using an in vitro normal human colon cell (NCM460) assay, compared to chlorination alone when toxicity is expressed on the basis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Nitrate-spiked UV+chlorine treatment produced greater cytotoxicity than nitrate-spiked chlorine alone or ambient UV+chlorine samples, on both a DOC and total organic halogen basis. Samples treated with UV+chloramine were more cytotoxic than those treated with only chloramine using either dose metric. This study demonstrated the combination of cytotoxicity and DBP measurements for process evaluation in drinking water treatment. The results highlight the importance of dose metric when considering the relative toxicity of complex DBP mixtures formed under different disinfection scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie A Lyon
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 146A Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Villanueva CM, Kogevinas M, Cordier S, Templeton MR, Vermeulen R, Nuckols JR, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Levallois P. Assessing exposure and health consequences of chemicals in drinking water: current state of knowledge and research needs. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:213-21. [PMID: 24380896 PMCID: PMC3948022 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safe drinking water is essential for well-being. Although microbiological contamination remains the largest cause of water-related morbidity and mortality globally, chemicals in water supplies may also cause disease, and evidence of the human health consequences is limited or lacking for many of them. OBJECTIVES We aimed to summarize the state of knowledge, identify gaps in understanding, and provide recommendations for epidemiological research relating to chemicals occurring in drinking water. DISCUSSION Assessing exposure and the health consequences of chemicals in drinking water is challenging. Exposures are typically at low concentrations, measurements in water are frequently insufficient, chemicals are present in mixtures, exposure periods are usually long, multiple exposure routes may be involved, and valid biomarkers reflecting the relevant exposure period are scarce. In addition, the magnitude of the relative risks tends to be small. CONCLUSIONS Research should include well-designed epidemiological studies covering regions with contrasting contaminant levels and sufficient sample size; comprehensive evaluation of contaminant occurrence in combination with bioassays integrating the effect of complex mixtures; sufficient numbers of measurements in water to evaluate geographical and temporal variability; detailed information on personal habits resulting in exposure (e.g., ingestion, showering, swimming, diet); collection of biological samples to measure relevant biomarkers; and advanced statistical models to estimate exposure and relative risks, considering methods to address measurement error. Last, the incorporation of molecular markers of early biological effects and genetic susceptibility is essential to understand the mechanisms of action. There is a particular knowledge gap and need to evaluate human exposure and the risks of a wide range of emerging contaminants. CITATION Villanueva CM, Kogevinas M, Cordier S, Templeton MR, Vermeulen R, Nuckols JR, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Levallois P. 2014. Assessing exposure and health consequences of chemicals in drinking water: current state of knowledge and research needs. Environ Health Perspect 122:213–221; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206229
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Liu X, Wei X, Zheng W, Jiang S, Templeton MR, He G, Qu W. An optimized analytical method for the simultaneous detection of iodoform, iodoacetic acid, and other trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in drinking water. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60858. [PMID: 23613747 PMCID: PMC3628783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimized method is presented using liquid-liquid extraction and derivatization for the extraction of iodoacetic acid (IAA) and other haloacetic acids (HAA9) and direct extraction of iodoform (IF) and other trihalomethanes (THM4) from drinking water, followed by detection by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). A Doehlert experimental design was performed to determine the optimum conditions for the five most significant factors in the derivatization step: namely, the volume and concentration of acidic methanol (optimized values = 15%, 1 mL), the volume and concentration of Na2SO4 solution (129 g/L, 8.5 mL), and the volume of saturated NaHCO3 solution (1 mL). Also, derivatization time and temperature were optimized by a two-variable Doehlert design, resulting in the following optimized parameters: an extraction time of 11 minutes for IF and THM4 and 14 minutes for IAA and HAA9; mass of anhydrous Na2SO4 of 4 g for IF and THM4 and 16 g for IAA and HAA9; derivatization time of 160 min and temperature at 40°C. Under optimal conditions, the optimized procedure achieves excellent linearity (R(2) ranges 0.9990-0.9998), low detection limits (0.0008-0.2 µg/L), low quantification limits (0.008-0.4 µg/L), and good recovery (86.6%-106.3%). Intra- and inter-day precision were less than 8.9% and 8.8%, respectively. The method was validated by applying it to the analysis of raw, flocculated, settled, and finished waters collected from a water treatment plant in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songhui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael R. Templeton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gengsheng He
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environment Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Wei X, Chen X, Wang X, Zheng W, Zhang D, Tian D, Jiang S, Ong CN, He G, Qu W. Occurrence of regulated and emerging iodinated DBPs in the Shanghai drinking water. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59677. [PMID: 23555742 PMCID: PMC3608560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drinking water chlorination plays a pivotal role in preventing pathogen contamination against water-borne disease. However, chemical disinfection leads to the formation of halogenated disinfection by products (DBPs). Many DBPs are highly toxic and are of health concern. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive measurements of DBPs, including iodoacetic acid (IAA), iodoform (IF), nine haloacetic acids and four trihalomethanes in drinking waters from 13 water plants in Shanghai, China. The results suggested that IAA and IF were found in all the water treatment plants, with maximum levels of 1.66 µg/L and 1.25 µg/L for IAA and IF, respectively. Owing to deterioration of water quality, the Huangpu River has higher IAA and IF than the Yangtze River. Our results also demonstrated that low pH, high natural organic matter, ammonia nitrogen, and iodide in source waters increased IAA and IF formation. Compared to chlorine, chloramines resulted in higher concentration of iodinated DBP, but reduced the levels of trihalomethanes. This is the first study to reveal the widespread occurrence of IAA and IF in drinking water in China. The data provide a better understanding on the formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts and the findings should be useful for treatment process improvement and disinfection byproducts controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Spatial Analysis of Human Health Risk Associated with Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water: A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/805682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to spatially analyze total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and health risk associated with TTHMs in drinking water of different densely populated towns of Karachi city. Lifetime cancer risk and hazard index of THMs through oral ingestion and dermal absorption were calculated and mapped using kriging as an interpolation method to evaluate the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk to human health in the study area. Lifetime cancer risk value due to the oral ingestion of TTHMs in different towns of the city was exceeded from1.0×10−6, showing that residents of these towns were expected to be at higher cancer risk. The hazard index for different towns was found to be lower than unity, indicating that no adverse health effects are expected as a result of exposure to THMs.
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Nitrate in drinking water and bladder cancer: A meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:912-918. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-1057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lack of human tissue-specific correlations for rodent pancreatic and colorectal carcinogens. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:442-58. [PMID: 23069141 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the relationships between chemical exposures and human cancer causation, incidence data for human cancer types were identified and pancreatic and colorectal cancers were studied in-depth to assess whether data supporting the causation of pancreatic or colorectal tumors by chemicals in rodents is predictive of causation by the same chemicals of the same tumors in humans. A search of the Carcinogenic Potency Database, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) technical report database, and the published literature identified 38 and 39 chemicals reported to cause pancreatic and colorectal tumors, respectively, in mice or rats. For each of these chemicals, searches were conducted of the International Agency for Research on Cancer monographs, the NTP Report on Carcinogens, and the published literature for evidence of induction of the same tumors in humans. Based on this evaluation, no conclusive evidence was identified to suggest that chemicals reported to cause pancreatic or colorectal tumors in rodents also cause these tumors in humans. These findings suggest that pancreatic tumor data from mouse and rat bioassays are of limited utility with regard to predicting similar tumor induction in humans. For colorectal cancer, a lack of correlation was noted for the vast majority of chemicals.
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Subacute Toxicity Assessment of Water Disinfection Byproducts on Zebrafish. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 18:579-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-011-9479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Xie SH, Li YF, Tan YF, Zheng D, Liu AL, Xie H, Lu WQ. Urinary trichloroacetic acid levels and semen quality: a hospital-based cross-sectional study in Wuhan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:295-300. [PMID: 21238955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological studies indicate an association between exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) and impaired male reproductive health in animals. However, epidemiological evidence in humans is still limited. We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study to investigate the effect of exposure to DBPs on semen quality in humans. Between May 2008 and July 2008, we recruited 418 male partners in sub-fertile couples seeking infertility medical instruction or assisted reproduction services from the Tongji Hospital in Wuhan, China. Major semen parameters analyzed included sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Exposure to DBPs was estimated by their urinary creatinine-adjusted trichloroacetic (TCAA) concentrations that were measured with the gas chromatography/electron capture detection method. We used linear regression to assess the relationship between exposure to DBPs and semen quality. According to the World Health Organization criteria (<20 million/mL for sperm concentration and <50% motile for sperm motility) and threshold value recommended by Guzick (<9% for sperm morphology), there were 265 men with all parameters at or above the reference values, 33 men below the reference sperm concentration, 151 men below the reference sperm motility, and 6 men below the reference sperm morphology. The mean (median) urinary creatinine-adjusted TCAA concentration was 9.2 (5.1) μg/g creatinine. Linear regression analyses indicated no significant association of sperm concentration, sperm count, and sperm morphology with urinary TCAA levels. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of creatinine-adjusted urinary TCAA concentrations, subjects in the second and third quartiles had a decrease of 5.1% (95% CI: 0.6%, 9.7%) and 4.7% (95% CI: 0.2%, 9.2%) in percent motility, respectively. However, these associations were not significant after adjustment for age, abstinence time, and smoking status. The present study provides suggestive but inconclusive evidence of the relationship between decreased sperm motility and increased urinary TCAA levels. The effect of exposure to DBPs on human male reproductive health in Chinese populations still warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Xie
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, 430030 Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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