Protective effects of Spirulina maxima on hyperlipidemia and oxidative-stress induced by lead acetate in the liver and kidney

Phytochemicals Involved in Mitigating Silent Toxicity Induced by Heavy Metals

Heavy metals (HMs) are natural elements present in the Earth's crust, characterised by a high atomic mass and a density more than five times higher than water. Despite their origin from natural sources, extensive usage and processing of raw materials and their presence as silent poisons in our daily products and diets have drastically altered their biochemical balance, making them a threat to the environment and human health. Particularly, the food chain polluted with toxic metals represents a crucial route of human exposure. Therefore, the impact of HMs on human health has become a matter of concern because of the severe chronic effects induced by their excessive levels in the human body. Chelation therapy is an approved valid treatment for HM poisoning; however, despite the efficacy demonstrated by chelating agents, various dramatic side effects may occur. Numerous data demonstrate that dietary components and phytoantioxidants play a significant role in preventing or reducing the damage induced by HMs. This review summarises the role of various phytochemicals, plant and herbal extracts or probiotics in promoting human health by mitigating the toxic effects of different HMs.

Hepatoprotective Effect Assessment of C-Phycocyanin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Rat Model by Using Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary neoplasia of the liver with elevated mortality. Experimental treatment with antioxidants has a beneficial effect on the experimental models of HCC. Arthrospira maxima (spirulina) and its phycocyanin have antitumoral action on different tumoral cells. However, it is unknown whether phycocyanin is the responsible molecule for the antitumoral effect on HCC. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) stands out among other spectroscopy techniques for its versatility of samples analyzed. This technique makes it possible to obtain the optical absorption spectrum of solid or liquid, dark or transparent samples. Previous studies report that assessing liver damage in rats produced by the modified resistant hepatocyte model (MRHM) is possible by analyzing their blood optical absorption spectrum. This study aimed to investigate, by PAS, the effect of phycocyanin obtained from spirulina on hepatic dysfunction. The optical absorption spectra analysis of the rat blood indicates the damage level induced by the MRHM group, being in concordance with the carried out biological conventional studies results, indicating an increase in the activity of hepatic enzymes, oxidative stress, Bax/Bcl2 ratio, cdk2, and AKT2 expression results, with a reduction in p53 expression. Also, PAS results suggest that phycocyanin decreases induced damage, due to the prevention of the Bax, AKT2, and p53 altered expression and the tumor progression in a HCC rat model.

Folic acid alleviates lead acetate-mediated cardiotoxicity by down-regulating the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, GRP78, and CHOP proteins

The purpose of this study was to explore the interventional effects of folic acid on the heart damage caused by lead acetate exposure. Twenty-four 60-day-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 rats in each group. The control group (C group) was normal rats; the lead exposure group (L group) rats drank 0.2% lead acetate solution freely for 14 days. The rats in the intervention group (T group) were given 0.2% lead acetate solution for 14 days, respectively, and 0.4 mg/kg BW folic acid solution was given to the rats by gavage on the 7th day of lead administration. The rats in the folic acid group (group E) were given 0.4 mg/kg BW folic acid solution by gavage. To weigh rat body weight and heart weight, calculate heart index, and observe the expression level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1(HO-1), glucose-regulated protein 78/binding immunoglobulin protein (GRP78), and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) by immunofluorescence method. The results showed that compared with group C, serum lead levels in group L and T were significantly increased (P < 0.05); superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) levels in group L were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly higher increased (P < 0.05), and the GSH-PX content in group T were significantly increased in group L (P < 0.05), and the MDA content in group T was significantly lower than that in group L (P < 0.05). Compared with group C, the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, GRP78, and CHOP in group L increased significantly, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the L group, the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, GRP78, and CHOP in the T group was reduced. Therefore, folic acid has a certain protective effect on the oxidative damage of lead-exposed rat heart tissue. Lead exposure will increase ROS, NO, MDA, and other oxidizing substances and reduce the level of GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx, and other antioxidant factors, which will lead to cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac index increase, oxidative stress, Nrf2, and HO-1. The expression of stress-related proteins such as GRP78 and CHOP also increased, leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis. After a folic acid intervention, these changes can be significantly reversed.

Ethanol Metabolism in the Liver, the Induction of Oxidant Stress, and the Antioxidant Defense System

The liver metabolizes ethanol through three enzymatic pathways: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), cytochrome p450 (also called MEOS), and catalase. Alcohol dehydrogenase class I (ADH1) is considered the most important enzyme for the metabolism of ethanol, MEOS and catalase (CAT) are considered minor alternative pathways. However, contradicting experiments suggest that the non-ADH1 pathway may have a greater relevance for the metabolism of ethanol than previously thought. In some conditions, ethanol is predominately metabolized to acetaldehyde via cytochrome P450 family 2 (CYP2E1), which is involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly through electron leakage to oxygen to form the superoxide (O₂^•−) radical or in catalyzed lipid peroxidation. The CAT activity can also participate in the ethanol metabolism that produces ROS via ethanol directly reacting with the CAT-H₂O₂ complex, producing acetaldehyde and water and depending on the H₂O₂ availability, which is the rate-limiting component in ethanol peroxidation. We have shown that CAT actively participates in lactate-stimulated liver ethanol oxidation, where the addition of lactate generates H₂O₂, which is used by CAT to oxidize ethanol to acetaldehyde. Therefore, besides its known role as a catalytic antioxidant component, the primary role of CAT could be to function in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the liver.

Comparative efficacy of silibinin and nano-silibinin on lead poisoning in Male Wistar rats

Lead (Pb) is an environmental neurotoxin that can lead to toxicity. It has shown that tissues can be exposed to oxidative stress in lead poisoning. Since silymarin is a natural agent with antioxidant effects, this study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and chelation effects of silibinin and nano-silibinin on the oxidative stress status in lead-poisoned rats. Sixty male Wistar rats randomly divided into ten groups (n = 6). Control and Pb groups treated with or without silibinin and nano-silibinin for six days. Following measuring of weight and blood lead levels, biochemical antioxidant parameters evaluated. Finally, a histopathological examination of the liver performed. In this experiment, silibinin and more efficiently nano-silibinin prevented weight loss and blood lead level elevation induced by lead. Also, they increased the attenuated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT), total thiol molecules (TTM), glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Lead-induced elevation of lipid peroxidation products (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) normalized to the standard level in silibinin and especially nano-silibinin groups. These data suggested that silibinin and especially nano-silibinin can decrease blood lead levels and prevent weight loss and oxidative stress in the lead-poisoned rat's model.

Wide Range Applications of Spirulina: From Earth to Space Missions

Spirulina is the most studied cyanobacterium species for both pharmacological applications and the food industry. The aim of the present review is to summarize the potential benefits of the use of Spirulina for improving healthcare both in space and on Earth. Regarding the first field of application, Spirulina could represent a new technology for the sustainment of long-duration manned missions to planets beyond the Lower Earth Orbit (e.g., Mars); furthermore, it could help astronauts stay healthy while exposed to a variety of stress factors that can have negative consequences even after years. As far as the second field of application, Spirulina could have an active role in various aspects of medicine, such as metabolism, oncology, ophthalmology, central and peripheral nervous systems, and nephrology. The recent findings of the capacity of Spirulina to improve stem cells mobility and to increase immune response have opened new intriguing scenarios in oncological and infectious diseases, respectively.

Biotechnological Enhancement of Probiotics through Co-Cultivation with Algae: Future or a Trend?

The diversity of algal species is a rich source of many different bioactive metabolites. The compounds extracted from algal biomass have various beneficial effects on health. Recently, co-culture systems between microalgae and bacteria have emerged as an interesting solution that can reduce the high contamination risk associated with axenic cultures and, consequently, increase biomass yield and synthesis of active compounds. Probiotic microorganisms also have numerous positive effects on various aspects of health and represent potent co-culture partners. Most studies consider algae as prebiotics that serve as enhancers of probiotics performance. However, the extreme diversity of algal organisms and their ability to produce a plethora of metabolites are leading to new experimental designs in which these organisms are cultivated together to derive maximum benefit from their synergistic interactions. The future success of these studies depends on the precise experimental design of these complex systems. In the last decade, the development of high-throughput approaches has enabled a deeper understanding of global changes in response to interspecies interactions. Several studies have shown that the addition of algae, along with probiotics, can influence the microbiota, and improve gut health and overall yield in fish, shrimp, and mussels aquaculture. In the future, such findings can be further explored and implemented for use as dietary supplements for humans.

Protective Effects of Spirulina maxima against Blue Light-Induced Retinal Damages in A2E-Laden ARPE-19 Cells and Balb/c Mice

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a significant visual impairment in older people, and there is no treatment for dry AMD. Spirulina maxima (S. maxima), a cyanobacterium, has inhibitory effects against oxidative stress. However, the protective effects of S. maxima and its underlying mechanisms on blue light (BL)-caused macular degeneration are unknown. We aimed to investigate the protective effects of S. maxima on blue light-caused retinal damage and demonstrate its underlying mechanisms in human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells and Balb/c retinas. Additionally, the active component of S. maxima was examined in the RPE cells. In vitro, S. maxima decreased BL-induced RPE cell death by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. S. maxima inhibited BL-induced inflammation via regulating the NF-κB pathway, inflammatory-related gene expression, and the apoptosis pathway in RPE cells. In vivo, administration of S. maxima inhibited BL-induced retinal degeneration by restoring the thicknesses of whole retina, ONL (outer nuclear layer), INL (inner nuclear layer), and PL (photoreceptor layer) by BL exposure. Phycocyanin exerted protective effects in the pre-and post-treatment system. Therefore, S. maxima could be a potential nutraceutical approach to intercept the patho-physiological processes leading to dry AMD and advancement to wet AMD. Moreover, phycocyanin was a major active compound of S. maxima. These findings need to be investigated in human studies, particularly through a clinical trial.

Protective Effects of Dietary Supplement Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) against Toxically Impacts of Monosodium Glutamate in Blood and Behavior of Swiss mouse

(1) Background: Well-known monosodium glutamate (E-621, MSG), originally used as a food flavor enhancer, was approved approximately in all countries, but the toxicity versus the safety of (MSG) are still unclear due to variable scientific toxicological reports. Moreover, it was reported to trigger elevated frequencies of nausea and headaches in humans and provide deleterious effects on laboratory animals. The objectives of the present study were to (i) estimate the possible toxic effects of the food additive MSG (ii) and the ameliorating protective effects of the dietary supplement spirulina (Spirulina platensis) on the biochemical parameters of blood and the damage produced in organs of Swiss mice after applying a supplementary daily dose of MSG for 4 weeks. (2) Methods: The present study was conducted on 20 mature Swiss mice, which were randomly organized into four groups of five Swiss mice. The treatments were (I) the control group, in which Swiss mice were fed only animal feed and drinking water; group II MSG1, which received 1 mL of MSG; group III MSG0.5, which was treated with 0.5 mL of MSG; and (IV) the group MSGS, which was treated with 1 mL of monosodium glutamate and 1 mL of spirulina (aiming to reduce the MSG toxicity). (3) Results: At the end of the experiment, Swiss mice treated with MSG demonstrated a passiveness regarding behavioral aspects. As we hypothesized, the parameters of the spirulina group reached similar values to the control group, and no histopathological observations have been found. Altogether, our findings evidenced that monosodium glutamate leads to histopathological changes in Swiss mice kidneys and caused important modifications for all biochemical parameters of the blood serum. Noticeably, the potential protective effect of Spirulina platensis was proved and was described by using the FTIR spectroscopy technique. (4) Conclusions: A diet rich in antioxidants and other plant-derived bioactive compounds may provide healthy nutrition, alleviating the potential side effects of some food additives.

Protective effects of olive leaf extract against reproductive toxicity of the lead acetate in rats

Lead acetate (PbAc) is one of the toxic metals in the environment which causes many effects on different organs of the body. And due to the importance of the olive tree, with its healthy and protective elements against many diseases, the leaf extract of this tree was chosen in our study. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of olive leaf (Olea europea L.) extract (OLE) against PbAc-induced sperm toxicity, sex hormone changes, oxidative stress, and histopathological changes in rats. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (group 1, as control; group 2, OLE; group 3, PbAc; group 4, PbAc+OLE). In the PbAc group, the body weight, testis and epididymis weights, sexual hormones, sperm characteristics, GR, GPx, GST, GSH, SOD, and CAT were significantly decreased, and the sperm abnormality and TBARS level were significant increase when compared with control and OLE groups. Also, numerous damages to testicular tissue were observed in the PbAc group when compared to the control group, while the treatment with OLE in the fourth group led to improvement of sex hormones, semen characteristics, oxidative stress, and testicular tissue damage caused by PbAc. It can be concluded that OLE has a protective and ameliorative effects against PbAc-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and alterations in testicular tissue, and sperm quality in rats.

Accumulation of Astaxanthin by Co-fermentation of Spirulina platensis and Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This study aimed to explore an effective, simple, and time-saving method for astaxanthin accumulation. Wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a bioreactor, the SpcrtR gene was first ligated with the signal peptide S to construct pYES2/NT-A-S-SpcrtR plasmid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The detection of SDS-PAGE and Western blotting protein proved that SpCRTR was successfully extracellular expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The target product astaxanthin was produced by co-fermentation of Spirulina platensis and recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The test results showed that after 18 h of fermentation, the astaxanthin concentration was highest in the mixed fermentation broth with 4% Spirulina platensis and recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the content of astaxanthin was 0.25 ± 0.02 μg/mL. In addition, the source of astaxanthin was explored. During the fermentation process of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, SpCRTR enzyme catalyzed the Spirulina platensis canthaxanthin, which almost completely converted into astaxanthin, providing a simple method for astaxanthin synthesis. Compared with culture of Haematococcus pluvialis, this culture route not only shortens culture time, but also eliminates the limitation of the conditions in the culture process.

The Aging Kidney-As Influenced by Heavy Metal Exposure and Selenium Supplementation

The aging process in the kidneys has been well studied. It is known that the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines with age in subjects older than 50–60 years. However, there is still insufficient knowledge regarding the response of the aged kidney to environmental toxicants such as mercury, cadmium, and lead. Here, we present a review on the functional decline and proposed mechanisms in the aging kidney as influenced by metal pollutants. Due to the prevalence of these toxicants in the environment, human exposure is nearly unavoidable. Further, it is well known that acute and chronic exposures to toxic metals may be detrimental to kidneys of normal adults, thus it may be hypothesized that exposure of individuals with reduced GFR will result in additional reductions in renal function. Individuals with compromised renal function, either from aging or from a combination of aging and disease, may be particularly susceptible to environmental toxicants. The available data appear to show an association between exposure to mercury, cadmium and/or lead and an increase in incidence and severity of renal disease in elderly individuals. Furthermore, some physiological thiols, as well as adequate selenium status, appear to exert a protective action. Further studies providing improved insight into the mechanisms by which nephrotoxic metals are handled by aging kidneys, as well as possibilities of therapeutic protection, are of utmost importance.

Arthrospira platensis accelerates the formation of an endothelial cell monolayer and protects against endothelial cell detachment after bacterial contamination

Within the last years a comprehensive number of scientific studies demonstrated beneficial effect of Arthropira platensis (AP) as dietary supplement due to a high content of proteins, minerals and vitamins. Positive effects like promoting the immune system, reducing inflammation and an anti-oxidant capacity are reported. In this study, the effect of an aqueous AP extract on primary human venous endothelial cells (HUVEC) was investigated. In addition, the effect of AP on HUVEC treated with a bacterial toxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPA), inducing an activation of HUVEC and cellular detachment, was analyzed. Depending on the concentration of AP extract a significantly accelerated formation of an endothelial cell monolayer was observed. Furthermore, the detachment of HUVEC after LPA addition was dramatically reduced by AP. In conclusion, the data are promising and indicatory for an application of Arthrospira platensis in the clinical field.

Isosteviol Sodium Attenuates High Fat/High Cholesterol-Induced Kidney Dysfunction by Inhibiting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis

The sodium salt of isosteviol (STVNa) is a beyerane diterpene synthesized through acid hydrolysis of stevioside. STVNa improves multiple types of tissue injuries. However, it is not known how isosteviol sodium affects high-fat and high cholesterol diet (HFD)-induced kidney. Therefore, in this study we examined the potential molecular mechanism underlying STVNa mediated protective effect against high fat/high cholesterol-induced kidney dysfunction in HFD-induced kidney injury. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were allocated into six groups: the normal group, HFD group and HFD treated with three doses of STVNa, fenofibrate treatment group. The results indicated that HFD induced kidney injury evident by a 60% increase in serum creatinine (CRE) leves. In addition, there was a significant accumulation of triglycerides (approx. 60%), fatty acids (approx. 50%) and total cholesterol (approx. 2.5 fold) in the kidneys. STVNa inhibited HFD-induced kidney injury evident by reducing the increased levels of serum CRE. Specifically, STVNa attenuated HFD-induced kidney injury by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. These findings indicate that STVNa has a therapeutic potential for HFD-induced kidney dysfunction. The mechanisms of this pharmacological effect are through the inhibition of inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Marine cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima as an alternate to the animal cell culture medium supplement

Serum is a stable medium supplement for in vitro cell culture. Live cells are used in stem cell research, drug toxicity and safety testing, disease diagnosis and prevention, and development of antibiotics, drugs, and vaccines. However, use of serum in culture involves concerns such as an ethical debate regarding the collection process, lack of standardized ingredients, and high cost. Herein, therefore, we evaluated the possibility of using edible cyanobacterium (Spirulina maxima), which is a nutrient-rich, sustainable, and ethically acceptable source, as a novel substitute for fetal bovine serum (FBS). H460 cells were cultured to the 10th generation by adding a mixture of spirulina animal cell culture solution (SACCS) and FBS to the culture medium. Cell morphology and viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, proteomes, and transcriptomes were assessed. We observed that SACCS had better growth-promoting capabilities than FBS. Cell proliferation was promoted even when FBS was replaced by 50-70% SACCS; there was no significant difference in cell shape or viability. There were only slight differences in the cell cycle, apoptosis, proteomes, and transcriptomes of the cells grown in presence of SACCS. Therefore, SACCS has the potential to be an effective, low-cost, and eco-friendly alternative to FBS in in vitro culture.

Spirulina maxima reduces inflammation and alveolar bone loss in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis

BACKGROUND

Periodontitis is a common oral disease characterized as inflammation on gingival tissue and alveolar bone resorption. Spirulina maxima has been reported to have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on gastric ulcers. However, its effects on gingival inflammation and alveolar bone resorption of periodontitis have not been studied.

PURPOSE

This study was designed to investigate the effects of S. maxima on the P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis and to elucidate its mechanism.

METHODS

The phycocyanin contents in S. maxima were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. 8-week old SD rats were induced periodontitis by inoculation with P. gingivalis for 14 days. The rats were then orally treated with S. maxima 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, or indomethacin (IND, positive control) 5 mg/kg for an additional 14 days. Inflammatory responses, expressions of collagenases in gingival tissue, osteoclast formation and activation, alveolar bone resorption, osteogenesis-related markers, and BMP2/Smad signaling in alveolar bone were measured.

RESULTS

Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB were decreased in gingival tissue by S. maxima administration. Also, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) expression were decreased by S. maxima administration. Conversely, S. maxima increased IL-4, anti-inflammatory cytokine from Th2 cells. The osteoprotegerin (OPG) / receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression ratio, which represents osteoclast-osteoblast balance, was increased in S. maxima-treated groups. The alveolar bone loss and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclast cells were also declined in S. maxima-treated groups while the osteoblasts count was increased. Besides, in S. maxima-treated groups, the osteogenesis-related factors were promoted and BMP-2/Smad pathway was up-regulated in a periodontitis condition.

CONCLUSION

S. maxima reduces periodontitis induced by P. gingivalis through anti-inflammatory effect and resultant reduction in bone loss, suggesting that S. maxima might be a potential agent for treating periodontitis.

In vitro and in vivo hypolipidemic properties of the aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis, cultivated in colored flasks under artificial illumination

Background

Spirulina is blue-green algae that grows mainly in tropical and subtropical lakes and is commonly used due to its nutritional features including high concentrations of protein, vitamins, mineral salts, carotenoids and antioxidants. This study aimed to investigate the anti-hypercholesterolemic potential of aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis cultivated in different colored flasks under artificial illumination; in vitro and in the diet induced hypercholesterolemic Swiss albino mice.

Methods

Spirulina platensis was cultivated in red, blue, green and colorless Erlenmeyer flasks containing Zarrouk’s medium under aerobic conditions, with incessant illumination by artificial cool white fluorescent with light intensity of 2500 lux (35 µmol photon m⁻² s⁻¹). Chlorophyll a and total carotenoid contents were estimated using colorimetric methods, fatty acids composition was determined by GC-Mass, in vitro and in vivo anti-cholesterol assays were used in assessing the anti-hypercholesterolemia potential of obtained Spirulina cells.

Results

The results showed that the highest cell dry weight, chlorophyl a, and carotenoid of S. platensis were observed in colorless flasks and that the lowest values were recorded with the green colored flasks. Also, the hot water extract of S. platensis obtained from colorless flasks at a concentration of 15 mg/mL after 60 min of incubation exhibited the greatest reduction of cholesterol level. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of S. platensis methanolic extract showed 15 bioactive compounds were identified and grouped according to their chemical structures. An experimental model of hypercholesterolemic mice had been examined for impact of S. platensis individually and combined with atorvastatin drug. All S. platensis groups resulted in a remarkable decrease in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein; and increase in high density lipoprotein.

Conclusion

The present study concluded that the hot aqueous extract of S. platensis developed in colorless flasks is recommended as a natural source for bioactive compounds, with anti-cholesterol and antioxidant potentialities.

Nano spirulina dietary supplementation augments growth, antioxidative and immunological reactions, digestion, and protection of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, against Aeromonas veronii and some physical stressors

The current study evaluated the effects of nano delivery of Spirulina platensis on growth performance, digestive enzymes, and biochemical, immunological, and antioxidative status, as well as resistance to Aeromonas veronii and some physical stressor challenges in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Three experimental fish groups (n = 270) with mean weights of 26 ± 0.30 g and mean lengths of 10 ± 0.5 cm were used; the first additive-free basal diet served as the control group, whereas the following two groups were supplemented with spirulina nanoparticles (SPNP) at 0 (control), 0.25, and 0.5%/kg diet for 4 weeks. Following the feeding trial, fish were challenged with hypoxia, cold stresses, and pathogenic bacteria (A. veronii) infection (9 × 10⁸ CFU/ml). SPNP supplementation, especially 0.5%, (p < 0.05) significantly increased growth performance (specific growth rate % day^-1, feed conversion ratio, and length gain rate %), immunological (plasma lysozyme and liver nitrous oxide) antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in liver), biochemical (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, glucose, and cortisol concentrations in plasma) assays, and digestive enzymes (lipase and amylase in plasma). The expression of liver's heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and interleukin 1, beta (IL-1β) genes showed a significant upregulation outline of 0.5% SPNP > 0.25% SPNP > 0% SPNP compared with the control. Protection in the incorporated fish groups exposed to A. veronii was 100% compared with the control group, which showed 50% cumulative mortalities. In conclusion, dietary SPNP supplementation improved growth performance, antioxidant activity, immune response, digestive enzymes, related gene expression, and resistance of Nile Tilapia to hypoxia, cold, and A. veronii infection. Thus, SPNP could be used as a natural therapy for controlling those stressors.

Hepatoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera leaves aquatic extract against lead acetate-induced liver injury in male Wistar rats

Current research was performed to explore the hepatoprotective potential of Moringa oleifera leaves extract on lead acetate-induced hepatic injury. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided equally into 4 groups. The first group was control, while the second, third, and fourth groups were given 200 mg/kg aqueous Moringa extract only, 100 mg/kg lead only, and 100 mg/kg lead plus 200 mg/kg aqueous Moringa leaves extract, respectively, via oral gavage for 4 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were recorded. Serum lipid profiles, liver enzyme activities, and proteins beside hepatic superoxide dismutase activity, reduced glutathione, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation were assessed. Liver histopathological examination and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) immunohistochemistry were performed. Administration of lead lowered (P < 0.05) weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, and perturbed lipid profile than control. Lead increased liver enzyme activities and TNF-α, while reduced serum proteins and hepatic antioxidant markers compared to control. Lead aggravated hepatic DNA fragmentation beside the presence of histopathological lesions. Co-administration of aqueous Moringa extract with lead significantly alleviated lead-induced adverse effects. The administration of aqueous Moringa extract with its antioxidant significantly restored the lead perturbations through reduction of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage via amelioration of NF-kB and TNF-α which kept hepatocyte integrity and reduced serum hepatic enzyme activities.

Oxy+ (arthrospira) and its medicinal importance: an appraisal

Oxy+ is a natural source of arthrospira found in nature, used as a dietary supplement and manufactured in Aruba for lifefactors. Arthrospira contains good quality of proteins, sulfated polysaccharides, γ-linoleic acid, along with an array of carotene and phytopigments, vitamins, and minerals which are reported to be antioxidant, immunomodulator, antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiviral, anticancerous, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuroprotective and renoprotective activities. Several studies have shown arthrospira, and active ingredients of it revealed various pharmacological activities. It can be used for the management of various ailments such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, cancer, arthritis, osteoarthritis, autoimmune disorders, etc. This review attempts to explore the hidden benefits of Oxy+ (arthrospira).

Oxy+ (arthrospira) and its medicinal importance: an appraisal

Oxy+ is a natural source of arthrospira found in nature, used as a dietary supplement and manufactured in Aruba for lifefactors. Arthrospira contains good quality of proteins, sulfated polysaccharides, γ-linoleic acid, along with an array of carotene and phytopigments, vitamins, and minerals which are reported to be antioxidant, immunomodulator, antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiviral, anticancerous, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuroprotective and renoprotective activities. Several studies have shown arthrospira, and active ingredients of it revealed various pharmacological activities. It can be used for the management of various ailments such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, cancer, arthritis, osteoarthritis, autoimmune disorders, etc. This review attempts to explore the hidden benefits of Oxy+ (arthrospira).

Using Cordyceps militaris extracellular polysaccharides to prevent Pb2+-induced liver and kidney toxicity by activating Nrf2 signals and modulating gut microbiota

In this study, we investigated the protective efficacy of extracellular polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris (CEP-I) in liver and kidney and their regulating effect on gut microbiota against Pb-induced toxicity in vivo. The results indicated that CEP-I could reduce the Pb2+ content and organ index of liver and kidney in mice. Besides, biochemical analysis showed that CEP-I could improve the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum and organs, restore the physiological indexes of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) in serum and decrease the enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the liver and kidney of mice poisoned by Pb2+. This indicated that CEP-I has a protective effect on organs against damage in mice. In addition, CEP-I could regulate the expression of key proteins in the Nrf2 signaling pathway, including NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1), Heme oxygenase (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Furthermore, the intestinal flora analysis results indicated that CEP-I also has the capacity to regulate the intestinal flora imbalance caused by Pb2+ in poisoned mice. In conclusion, we hope that this study can provide theoretical basis for the treatment of tissue damage induced by Pb2+.

Zinc ameliorates lead toxicity by reducing body Pb burden and restoring Pb-induced haematological and biochemical derangements

Background:

Studies on nutritional factors, including zinc in ameliorating the deleterious effects of potentially toxic elements have been scarce and the findings have been inconsistent.

Aim:

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ameliorative potential of zinc against lead-induced toxicity in rats.

Materials and methods:

Male albino rats (n = 24) assigned into four groups of six/group: normal control (NC), zinc control (ZnC; 20 mg/kg ZnCl2), lead control (PbC; 50 mg/kg PbCl2) and lead plus zinc (Pb + Zn; 50 mg/kg PbCl2plus 20 mg/kg ZnCl2), respectively were investigated. All administrations were through oral route and lasted for 42 days after which blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical analyses using standard techniques.

Results:

Results showed that packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HBC), red blood cell count (RBC) were significant (p < 0.05) reduced while total white blood cell count (TWBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and platelets were significantly elevated in PbC group in comparison with NC and ZnC. Also liver and renal function parameters as well as the liver and kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) were elevated while antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in PbC group in comparison with NC and ZnC. Concentrations of lead were in the order: blood > liver > kidney in the PbC group. In addition to restoration of the altered parameters, administration of zinc in Pb + Zn group significantly reduced the raised lead concentrations in the plasma and organs.

Conclusion:

Reduction in body Pb burden and restoration of Pb-induced derangements in haematological and biochemical parameters by Zn strongly support the ameliorative property of Zn against Pb-induced toxicity.

Alleviated Actions of Plantago albicans Extract on Lead Acetate-Produced Hepatic Damage in Rats Through Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Capacities

The aim of this study was to explore the possible protective mechanisms and to determine the antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds extracted from Plantago albicans against lead acetate-induced hepatic injury. High performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS) assay was used to identify the P. albicans extract phenolic compounds. Animals received 100 mg of lead acetate/kg of body weight (bw) in the drinking water for a period of 30 days. The other groups of rats were orally administered with silymarin (300 mg/kg bw) or the P. albicans extract at two doses (100 and 300 mg/kg of bw), once daily, by gastric gavage for the same time. The P. albicans exhibited high total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. The antioxidant in vitro activity demonstrated that the P. albicans exhibits an important effect against deleterious reactive species. The in vivo results showed that P. albicans prevented the lead acetate-induced significant changes on serum and liver lipid levels. In contrast, P. albicans succeeded in improving the biochemical parameters of serum and liver bringing them closer to the normal values of the control group. It also significantly promoted (P < .05) pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-κB) in the liver of the experimental animals. The evaluated sample with HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS method showed to contain 10 dominant polyphenols, 2 hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acids), 4 flavones (Apigenin, Luteolin, Cirsiliol, and Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside), and an anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside). Hence, it can be concluded that P. albicans could be a potent source of health-beneficial phytochemicals providing a novel therapy to protect liver against lead exposure.

Protective effects of spirulina against hemato-biochemical alterations, nephrotoxicity, and DNA damage upon lead exposition

The current study was aimed at exploring the protective efficacy of spirulina against the hemato-biochemical alterations and nephrotoxicity induced by lead (Pb). Female rats aged 12 weeks were treated for 4 weeks with Pb (0.344 g kg^-1 bw) associated or not with spirulina (5.3 g kg^-1 bw). Renal damage induced by Pb was related to a severe anemia, increases of oxidative stress-related parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (+29%), protein carbonyl (PCO) (+66.3%), and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) (+110%)), plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (+80%), creatinine and urea levels in plasma, and uric acid concentration in urine, as well as genotoxic changes (+89.3% and +60% for DNA and mRNA levels, respectively). Conversely, LDH and antioxidant enzyme activities in kidney were decreased, as well as the levels of plasma uric acid, and urinary creatinine and urea levels. Spirulina-supplemented rats exhibited normal peripheral blood and renal parameters and renal histology. It can be suggested that Arthrospira platensis alleviates damages induced by Pb, thanks to its high phenolic content and antioxidant capacity.

Omega-3-rich Isochrysis sp. biomass enhances brain docosahexaenoic acid levels and improves serum lipid profile and antioxidant status in Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

Isochrysis sp. is a marine microalga, rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The potential use of its biomass as an alternative source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has not been studied in animal models. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into three groups and treated for 28 days. The rats were fed with (1) standard chow (control group), (2) microalgal biomass rich in EPA and DHA along with standard chow (microalga group), and (3) fish oil that contains equivalent amounts of EPA and DHA along with standard chow (fish oil group). After intervention, biochemical indices, histopathological indices, relative mRNA expression of PUFA genes, antioxidant genes, inflammatory markers, and the fatty acid profile of major tissues were studied.

RESULTS

Animals treated with microalgal biomass showed significantly increased serum HDL levels (P < 0.05) and reduced oxidative stress markers with a concomitant decrease in urea and creatinine levels. Oral supplementation of microalgal biomass did not show any toxicity or damage in any major organs. The mRNA expression of PUFA genes was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05) and antioxidant genes were upregulated. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory markers was significantly downregulated (P < 0.05) and anti-inflammatory markers were upregulated. Oral supplementation of microalgal biomass improved DHA status in brain and liver.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrated that Isochrysis sp. can be used as a safe, alternative food supplement for ω-3 fatty acids. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Averrhoa Carambola Extract in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats

The present study explored the antihyperlipidemic potential of a standardized methanolic extract of Averrhoa carambola (A. carambola) leaf (MEACL) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. The standardized MEACL was orally administered at different doses (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) to HFD-induced hyperlipidemic rats for five weeks. Serum lipid profile, body weight changes, body mass index (BMI), daily food intake, relative organ weight, and histology of the liver were evaluated. In addition, the effect of MEACL on HMG-CoA reductase and pancreatic lipase activities as well as hepatic and fecal lipids was demonstrated. MEACL supplementation reduced serum lipids in HFD-fed rats in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological scores revealed that 1000 mg/kg MEACL restored the damage to liver tissue in hyperlipidemic rats. MEACL decreased the body mass index (BMI), atherogenic index, and hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides and increased fecal cholesterol and bile acids in HFD-fed rats. Also, MEACL ameliorated lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant defenses in the liver of HFD-fed rats. Furthermore, HMG-CoA reductase and lipase were suppressed by MEACL. In conclusion, this study shows the potential effect of MEACL to ameliorate hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in HFD-fed rats. It prevented hepatic lipid accumulation and exerted an inhibitory effect on HMG-CoA reductase and lipase.

Spirulina effect on modulation of toxins provided by food, impact on hepatic and renal functions

Spirulina platensis, is an alga rich in phycocyanin (potent antioxidant), is effective in regulating the balance of oxidative stress. The objective of this study is to observe the impact of ingestion of a highly oxidised vegetable oil, by rats of Wistar strain. Finally, we observe the effect of Spirulina used as an antioxidant treatment, on rats having ingested a diet rich in highly oxidised oil. Physiological, biochemical and histological studies have been carried out; the oxidative stress parameters evaluated and a dosing of Cytochrome P450 2E1 was finally carried out. Following the introduction of highly oxidised vegetable oil, rats showed deterioration in their metabolic state, an imbalance in the balance of oxidative stress, an increase in serum concentrations of Cytochrome P450 2E1 and significant hepatic lesions. The administration of a daily dose of Spirulina reduces the deleterious effect of oxidative stress induced by a diet enriched with lipid peroxides.

Modulation of caspase-3 gene expression and protective effects of garlic and spirulina against CNS neurotoxicity induced by lead exposure in male rats

Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant with worldwide health problems. The present study was designed to investigate the neurotoxic effects of Pb in albino rats and to evaluate the ameliorative role of garlic as well as Spirulina maxima against such toxic effects. Forty adult male rats were used in this investigation (10 rats/group). Group I: served as control, Group II: rats received lead acetate (100 mg/kg), Group III: rats received both lead acetate (100 mg/kg) and garlic (600 mg/kg) and Group IV: rats received both lead acetate (100 mg/kg) and spirulina (500 mg/kg) daily by oral gavage for one month. Exposure to Pb acetate adversely affected the measured acetyl cholinesterase enzyme activity, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation parameters as well as caspase-3 gene expression in brain tissue (cerebrum and cerebellum). Light and electron microscopical examination of the cerebrum and cerebellum showed various lesions after exposure to Pb which were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. On the other hand, administration of garlic and spirulina concomitantly with lead acetate ameliorated most of the undesirable effects. It could be concluded that, the adverse effects induced by lead acetate, were markedly ameliorated by co-treatment with S. maxima more than garlic.

Potential immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of walnut Juglans regia vegetable oil against lead-mediated hepatic damage and their interaction with lipase activity in rats

Environmental pollutants, particularly lead, pose a serious threat to human and animal health that causes disturbances of several functions, including hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the search for a new treatment that could safely and effectively block or reverse liver injuries remains a challenge. This study was carried out to investigate the protective efficacy of Juglans regia vegetable oil (JRVO) against the hepatotoxicity induced by lead. To achieve this aim, adults male rats were treated for 10 days with Pb (0.344 g/kg bw) associated or not with JRVO (0.9 g/kg bw). The rats intoxicated by lead exhibited oxidative stress determined by TBARS, protein carbonyls, liver tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), caspase-3, and antioxidant status: SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH. Administration of lead increased the levels of plasma hepatic markers (AST, ALT, LDH) and bilirubin, the lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL-Ch, LDL-Ch levels, TBARS, NOx, and PCO), the plasmatic lipase activity and the inflammatory markers, while the plasmatic ALP decreased. Coadministration of JRVO restored all the hepatic markers, the lipid profiles and the antioxidants to near-normal values and lowered the plasmatic lipase activity as well as the elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Hepatic histological studies confirmed the beneficial role of JRVO through the amelioration of all biochemical parameters. Our results suggest that Juglans regia vegetable oil contains promising substances to counteract the lead intoxication and may be efficient in the prevention of hepatotoxicity complications.

Protective effects of a Lachnum polysaccharide against liver and kidney injury induced by lead exposure in mice

This study was designed to investigate the liver and kidney protective efficacy of a Lachnum polysaccharide (LEP) against Pb-induced toxicity in mice. The results showed that LEP decreased the Pb-induced bodyweight loss and organ index. Moreover, biochemical analysis showed that treatment of LEP could improve antioxidant status (CAT, GSH-Px and MDA) and the injury of tissues (liver and kidney). In addition, the histopathological observations indicated that LEP could attenuate liver and kidney cell injury induced by Pb. For further studies, key proteins involved in hepatic and kidney apoptosis, including cleaved caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, TGF-β1 and α-SMA, were quantified. The present findings demonstrated that LEP is strongly effective in protecting against the liver and kidney injury induced by Pb. We hope this research can offer a theoretical base for development of polysaccharide based on nutraceutical food in future.

Effects of a medicinal plant Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.formulation (MUF) on obesity-associated oxidative stress-induced liver injury

Obesity is a global health burden due to lifestyle modifications that have a strong association with a high incidence of diseases, such as dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease and cancer. The aim of the present study is to investigate the protective effects of a Macrotyloma uniflurom formulation (MUF) against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in obese rats. Male albino Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet for 6 weeks to facilitate fat-induced oxidative stress and were simultaneously treated with MUF (400 mg/kg b.w.) through oral gavage from the third week onwards during the treatment phase. At the end of the experimental period, hepatic and oxidative stress markers were examined. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory marker genes [Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6)] were also determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in liver tissue. Hepatic marker enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transferase) and lipid peroxidation markers (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and LOOH) were significantly increased in HFD-fed rats, and administration of MUF resulted in remarkable suppression of these markers. Administration of MUF to HFD rats enhanced the activity of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and non-enzymatic (vitamin E, vitamin C and glutathione) antioxidants compared to HFD-fed rats. An anti-inflammatory effect of MUF was demonstrated by attenuating gene expression of TNF-α and IL-6. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that MUF could be a strong herbal therapeutic alternative for the protection of the liver as well as prevention and treatment of high-fat-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.

Spirulina platensis attenuates the associated neurobehavioral and inflammatory response impairments in rats exposed to lead acetate

Heavy metals are well known as environmental pollutants with hazardous impacts on human and animal health because of their wide industrial usage. In the present study, the role of Spirulina platensis in reversing the oxidative stress-mediated brain injury elicited by lead acetate exposure was evaluated. In order to accomplish this aim, rats were orally administered with 300 mg/kg bw Spirulina for 15 d, before and simultaneously with an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg bw lead acetate [6 injections through the two weeks]. As a result, the co-administration of Spirulina with lead acetate reversed the most impaired open field behavioral indices; however, this did not happen for swimming performance, inclined plane, and grip strength tests. In addition, it was observed that Spirulina diminished the lead content that accumulated in both the blood and the brain tissue of the exposed rats, and reduced the elevated levels of oxidative damage indices, and brain proinflammatory markers. Also, because of the Spirulina administration, the levels of the depleted biomarkers of antioxidant status and interleukin-10 in the lead-exposed rats were improved. Moreover, Spirulina protected the brain tissue (cerebrum and cerebellum) against the changes elicited by lead exposure, and also decreased the reactivity of HSP70 and Caspase-3 in both cerebrum and cerebellum tissues. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that Spirulina has a potential use as a food supplement in the regions highly polluted with heavy metals.

Toxicodynamics of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Arsenic- induced kidney toxicity and treatment strategy: A mini review

Environmental pollution has become a concerning matter to human beings. Flint water crisis in the USA pointed out that pollution by heavy metal is getting worse day by day, predominantly by Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Arsenic. Despite of not having any biological role in flora and fauna, they exhibit detrimental effect following exposure (acute or chronic). Even at low dose, they affect brain, kidney and heart. Oxidative stress has been termed as cause and effect in heavy metal-induced kidney toxicity. In treatment strategy, different chelating agent, vitamins and minerals are included, though chelating agents has been showed different fatal drawbacks. Interestingly, plants and plants derived compounds had shown possible effectiveness against heavy metals induced kidney toxicity. This review will provide detail information on toxicodynamics of Pb, Cd, Hg and As, treatment strategy along with the possible beneficiary role of plant derived compound to protect kidney.

Antioxidant and nephro-protective effect of Juglans regia vegetable oil against lead-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and its characterization by GC-MS

Lead (Pb) intoxication remains a major health hazard causing various deleterious effects especially on renal and hematologic system. The current study elucidated the potential protective effect of JRVO against nephrotoxicity induced by lead. Male rats were randomly divided into three groups: group one (control) received ad libitum distilled water and 1 mL of saline solution (0.9 %) given by intra-peritoneal (i.p) injection, group two (Pb) was kept on tap distilled water and animals were i.p, injected daily with lead every two days from day five until day ten, namely the sacrifice day, and group three (Pb+J) was administered by intra-peritoneal injection of Pb with the same dose and same way with Group two, while JRVO extract was administered daily by gavage during ten days. The exposure of lead reduced the number of red and white blood cells. Besides, plasma biomarkers (urea, uric acid, creatinine, LDH and ALP) levels were reduced. Lipid and protein per-oxidations increased and objectified by high TBARS and PCOs levels, while glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities showed a significant decline after ten-day treatment. Conversely, the JRVO prevented kidney biomarker changes by improving hepatotoxicity induced by lead as evidenced by restoring the biochemical markers cited above to near normal levels. Kidney histoarchitecture confirmed the biochemical parameters and the beneficial role of JRVO. It can be concluded that the administration of JRVO alleviates Pb-induced toxicity, thus demonstrating its potent antioxidant efficacy.

Spirulina maxima extract prevents cell death through BDNF activation against amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42) induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells

Spirulina maxima is a blue-green micro alga that contains abundant amounts of proteins (60-70%), vitamins, chlorophyll a, and C-phycocyanin (C-PC). It has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, and prevent diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, it is unclear whether Spirulina maxima 70% ethanol extract (SM70EE), chlorophyll a, and C-PC prevent Aβ_1-42-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-PC prevent Aβ_1-42-induced cell death. SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-PC suppressed the Aβ_1-42-induced increase in poly-ADP ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage and reduced Aβ_1-42-induced decreases in glutathione and its associated factors. The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which plays a critical role in neuronal survival and neuroprotection, was increased by SM70EE, chlorophyll a, and C-PC in Aβ_1-42-treated cells. SM70EE treatment decreased oxidative stress and cell death in response to Aβ_1-42 treatment, while simultaneously suppressing PARP cleavage and increasing the levels of glutathione (GSH) and its associated factors. Moreover, SM70EE lowered the levels of APP and BACE1, two major factors involved in APP processing, and increased BDNF expression during Aβ_1-42-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. We suggest that SM70EE prevents cell death caused by Aβ_1-42 -induced neurotoxicity via the activation of BDNF signaling.

Evaluation of Dietary Palygorskite Supplementation on Growth Performance, Mineral Accumulations, Antioxidant Capacities, and Meat Quality of Broilers Fed Lead-Contaminated Diet

The objective of this study was to evaluate influence of dietary palygorskite (Pal) supplementation on growth performance, mineral accumulations in the tissues (livers, kidneys, and muscles), antioxidant capacities, and meat quality of broilers fed lead (Pb)-contaminated diet. One-hundred forty-four male broiler chicks were randomly divided into three treatment groups, receiving a corn-soybean meal basal diet (the control group), the basal diet contaminated with 10 mg/kg Pb (the Pb group), and the basal diet with 10-g/kg Pal supplementation and 10-mg/kg Pb contamination (the Pal/Pb group) from 1 to 42 days of age, respectively. Treatments did not affect growth performance of broilers in the 42-day study (P > 0.05). Compared with the control group, Pb contamination increased Pb accumulation in the livers, kidneys, and muscles (P < 0.05); elevated malondialdehyde accumulation in the livers, kidneys, and breast muscles; glutathione peroxidase activity in the livers and superoxide dismutase activity in the kidneys (P < 0.05); exacerbated drip loss in the pectoralis muscles (P < 0.05); and reduced glutathione peroxidase activity in the pectoralis muscles (P < 0.05) of broilers at 42 days of age. The values of these parameters were reversed in the Pal/Pb group to levels comparable with those in the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, Pal supplementation reduced redness value in the pectoralis muscles (P < 0.05), and decreased Cu concentration in the pectoralis muscles and livers at 42 days of age as well as its accumulation in the kidneys at both 21 and 42 days of age compared with the other two groups (P < 0.05). The results suggested that dietary Pal supplementation would decrease Pb residue in the tissues, alleviate oxidative stress, and affect meat quality of broilers exposed to Pb.

Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation improves growth performance, feed utilization, immune response, and relieves oxidative stress in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) challenged with Pseudomonas fluorescens

One hundred and eighty Nile tilapia fish were used in eighty-three-day growth trial. Fish were divided into three treatment groups. The first group T0 was given the basal diet without any supplementation and served as the control group. The second group T1 was given the basal diet supplemented by 1% Spirulina. The third group T2 was given the basal diet supplemented by 2% Spirulina. At the end of the growth performance trial, a challenge trial was conducted using virulent strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Clinical signs, mortalities, postmortem lesions and histopathological alterations were recorded. Hematological, biochemical, oxidative stress and immunological parameters were measured after challenge with Pseudomonas fluorescens. Growth performance was non significantly improved in tilapia fed the diet with 1% Spirulina supplementation (T1). There were neither signs nor mortalities among fishes belonging to 1% Spirulina challenged group. The results showed that Spirulina has a positive effect on hematological, biochemical parameters, MDA, SOD and CAT at T1 (1% spirulia) rather than T2 (2%spirulia). Moreover, the results indicate that Spirulina 1% enhanced bactericidal, phagocytic and lysozyme activities conferring protection against infection. Our results demonstrated a significant up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and TNF-α) and a down-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). We concluded that 1% Spirulina supplementation significantly improved immunity of Nile tilapia against Pseudomonas fluorescence than 2% Spirulina supplementation.

Anti-obesity effects of Spirulina maxima in high fat diet induced obese rats via the activation of AMPK pathway and SIRT1

Spirulina maxima improved the obese phenotype in high fat diet induced rats by activating AMPK and SIRT1.

Spirulina Extract Enhanced a Protective Effect in Type 1 Diabetes by Anti-Apoptosis and Anti-ROS Production

Interest in the nutritional value and pharmacological activities of blue-green algae has gradually increased. Spirulina extracts show protective effects against apoptosis and inflammatory damage in various cell types. Here, we investigated the protective effects of extracts from Spirulina maxima in a cytokine-mediated type 1 diabetes model in vitro and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats in vivo. Interleukin-1β and interferon-gamma induced substantial cytotoxicity to RINm5F rat insulinoma cells, increasing nitric oxide (NO) production, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and key genes related apoptosis. However, the cytotoxicity of cytokines was significantly attenuated by Spirulina extract, which effectively prevented NO production by inhibiting the synthesis of cytokine-activated NO synthase (iNOS), and apoptosis was suppressed. These results suggest that Spirulina extract might be effective to preserve the viability and function of pancreatic β-cells against cytotoxic conditions. Moreover, diabetic mice orally administered Spirulina extract showed decreased glucose levels, increased insulin, and improvement in liver enzyme markers. The antioxidant effect of Spirulina extract may be helpful in treating type 1 diabetes by enhancing the survival, and reducing or delaying cytokine-mediated β-cells destruction.

Therapeutic Potentials of Microalgae in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Current research is geared towards the discovery of new compounds with strong neuroprotective potential and few or no side effects compared to synthetic drugs. This review focuses on the potentials of extracts and biologically active compounds derived from microalgal biomass for the treatment and management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Microalgal research has gained much attention recently due to its contribution to the production of renewable fuels and the ability of alga cells to produce several secondary metabolites such as carotenoids, polyphenols, sterols, polyunsaturated fatty acids and polysaccharides. These compounds exhibit several pharmacological activities and possess neuroprotective potential. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves complex mechanisms that are associated with oxidative stress, cholinergic dysfunction, neuronal damage, protein misfolding and aggregation. The antioxidant, anticholinesterase activities as well as the inhibitory effects of some bioactive compounds from microalgae extracts on β-amyloid aggregation and neuronal death are discussed extensively. Phytochemical compounds from microalgae are used as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and food supplements, and may possess neuroprotective potentials that are relevant to the management and/or treatment of AD.

Indigofera oblongifolia Ameliorates Lead Acetate-Induced Testicular Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis in a Rat Model

Lead (Pb) enhances the production of reactive oxygen species and depletes the antioxidant molecules that cause tissue damage. In the current study, we investigated the protective effect of Indigofera oblongifolia (hasr in Arabic) against lead acetate-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Exposure of rats to lead acetate (PbAc; 20 mg/kg body weight; intraperitoneal injection) induced a significant change in both of body weight loss and the relative testis weight. Furthermore, a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide and a marked depletion of glutathione were evident in the testis of the PbAc group compared to the control group. Also, PbAc significantly reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Pre-administration of I. oblongifolia leaves extract (IOLE; 100 mg/kg body weight) to the PbAc-treated rats restored most of the parameters mentioned above to near-normal levels. Additionally, pretreatment of animals with IOLE accompanied with a significant decrease in the toxic effects of PbAc as shown by caspase-3 and Bax expressions and prevented the histological injury in the testis. On the basis of the above results, I. oblongifolia appeared to be a promising agent for protection against lead-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in the testis of rat.

Antioxidant effects of Spirulina supplement against lead acetate-induced hepatic injury in rats

Lead is a toxic metal that induces a wide range of behavioral, biochemical and physiological effects in humans. Oxidative damage has been proposed as a possible mechanism involved in lead toxicity. The current study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activities of Spirulina supplement against lead acetate -induced hepatic injury in rats. Five groups of rats were used in this study, Control, Lead acetate (100 mg/kg), Lead acetate (100 mg/kg) + 0.5 g/kg Spirulina, Lead acetate (100 mg/kg) + 1 g/kg Spirulina and Lead acetate + 25 mg/100 g Vitamin C (reference drug). All experimental groups received the oral treatment by stomach tube once daily for 4 weeks. Lead intoxication resulted in a significant increase in serum alanine transaminae (ALT), aspartate transaminae (AST) activities, liver homogenate tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), caspase-3, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) levels and a significant decline of total serum protein, liver homogenate reduced glutathione (GSH) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Both doses of Spirulina supplement as well as Vitamin C succeeded to improve the biochemical parameters of serum and liver and prevented the lead acetate-induced significant changes on plasma and antioxidant status of the liver. Both doses of Spirulina supplement had the same anti-apoptotic activity and high dose exhibited more antioxidant activity than that of low dose. In conclusion, the results of the present work revealed that Spirulina supplement had protective, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects on lead acetate-induced hepatic damage.

Preclinical antitoxic properties of Spirulina (Arthrospira)

CONTEXT

Spirulina (Arthrospira) exerts a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities which are mainly attributed to its antioxidant effect. However, Spirulina has also been reported (both in preclinical and in clinical scenarios) to exhibit other bioactive effects, including an antitoxic potential.

OBJECTIVE

We performed a systematic review of the literature, conducted in TOXNET, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Science Direct-Scopus; all available years were included. Searching criteria included the effects of Spirulina on experimental poisonings from arsenic, cadmium, carbon tetrachloride, deltamethrin, fluoride, hexachlorocyclohexane, iron, lead, lindane, and mercury.

RESULTS

In all cases, it was established that the blue-green alga, and its isolated compounds, effectively counteracted these pollutants toxic effects on the exposed organisms. Some molecular mechanisms are proposed, although they have not been fully elucidated yet.

CONCLUSION

Spirulina could be a useful coadjuvant agent within clinical practice for treatment of these or other pollutants poisonings.