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Apetroaei MM, Velescu BȘ, Nedea MI(I, Dinu-Pîrvu CE, Drăgănescu D, Fâcă AI, Udeanu DI, Arsene AL. The Phenomenon of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the Context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment: Dynamic and Ever Evolving Subject Matter. Biomedicines 2024; 12:915. [PMID: 38672269 PMCID: PMC11048092 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a significant global health issue that affects a substantial number of individuals across the globe, with a total of 39 million individuals living with HIV/AIDS. ART has resulted in a reduction in HIV-related mortality. Nevertheless, the issue of medication resistance is a significant obstacle in the management of HIV/AIDS. The unique genetic composition of HIV enables it to undergo rapid mutations and adapt, leading to the emergence of drug-resistant forms. The development of drug resistance can be attributed to various circumstances, including noncompliance with treatment regimens, insufficient dosage, interactions between drugs, viral mutations, preexposure prophylactics, and transmission from mother to child. It is therefore essential to comprehend the molecular components of HIV and the mechanisms of antiretroviral medications to devise efficacious treatment options for HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miruna-Maria Apetroaei
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Bruno Ștefan Velescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Marina Ionela (Ilie) Nedea
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Cristina Elena Dinu-Pîrvu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Doina Drăgănescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
| | - Anca Ionela Fâcă
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90 Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Ioana Udeanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90 Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Letiția Arsene
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania; (M.-M.A.); (M.I.N.); (C.E.D.-P.); (D.D.); (A.I.F.); (D.I.U.); (A.L.A.)
- Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, 90 Viilor Street, 050159 Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Klute S, Sparrer KMJ. Friends and Foes: The Ambivalent Role of Autophagy in HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:500. [PMID: 38675843 PMCID: PMC11054699 DOI: 10.3390/v16040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has emerged as an integral part of the antiviral innate immune defenses, targeting viruses or their components for lysosomal degradation. Thus, successful viruses, like pandemic human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), evolved strategies to counteract or even exploit autophagy for efficient replication. Here, we provide an overview of the intricate interplay between autophagy and HIV-1. We discuss the impact of autophagy on HIV-1 replication and report in detail how HIV-1 manipulates autophagy in infected cells and beyond. We also highlight tissue and cell-type specifics in the interplay between autophagy and HIV-1. In addition, we weigh exogenous modulation of autophagy as a putative double-edged sword against HIV-1 and discuss potential implications for future antiretroviral therapy and curative approaches. Taken together, we consider both antiviral and proviral roles of autophagy to illustrate the ambivalent role of autophagy in HIV-1 pathogenesis and therapy.
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3
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Haid S, Matthaei A, Winkler M, Sake SM, Gunesch AP, Milke V, Köhler NM, Rückert J, Vieyres G, Kühl D, Nguyen TT, Göhl M, Lasswitz L, Zapatero-Belinchón FJ, Brogden G, Gerold G, Wiegmann B, Bilitewski U, Brown RJP, Brönstrup M, Schulz TF, Pietschmann T. Repurposing screen identifies novel candidates for broad-spectrum coronavirus antivirals and druggable host targets. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0121023. [PMID: 38319076 PMCID: PMC10916382 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01210-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Libraries composed of licensed drugs represent a vast repertoire of molecules modulating physiological processes in humans, providing unique opportunities for the discovery of host-targeting antivirals. We screened the Repurposing, Focused Rescue, and Accelerated Medchem (ReFRAME) repurposing library with approximately 12,000 molecules for broad-spectrum coronavirus antivirals and discovered 134 compounds inhibiting an alphacoronavirus and mapping to 58 molecular target categories. Dominant targets included the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor, the dopamine receptor, and cyclin-dependent kinases. Gene knock-out of the drugs' host targets including cathepsin B and L (CTSB/L; VBY-825), the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR; Phortress), the farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1; P-3622), and the kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1; Omaveloxolone), significantly modulated HCoV-229E infection, providing evidence that these compounds inhibited the virus through acting on their respective host targets. Counter-screening of all 134 primary compound candidates with SARS-CoV-2 and validation in primary cells identified Phortress, an AHR activating ligand, P-3622-targeting FDFT1, and Omaveloxolone, which activates the NFE2-like bZIP transcription factor 2 (NFE2L2) by liberating it from its endogenous inhibitor KEAP1, as antiviral candidates for both an Alpha- and a Betacoronavirus. This study provides an overview of HCoV-229E repurposing candidates and reveals novel potentially druggable viral host dependency factors hijacked by diverse coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Haid
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alina Matthaei
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melina Winkler
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja M. Sake
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonia P. Gunesch
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Milke
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalie M. Köhler
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Rückert
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabrielle Vieyres
- Junior Research Group “Cell Biology of RNA Viruses”, Leibniz Institute of Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Integrative Analysis of Pathogen-Induced Compartments, Leibniz ScienceCampus InterACt, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Kühl
- Junior Research Group “Cell Biology of RNA Viruses”, Leibniz Institute of Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tu-Trinh Nguyen
- Calibr, a Division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matthias Göhl
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa Lasswitz
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Francisco J. Zapatero-Belinchón
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Graham Brogden
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, 901 87 Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), 901 87 Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Wiegmann
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Lower Saxony Center for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- BREATH (Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Richard J. P. Brown
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, Twincore - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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4
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von Delft A, Hall MD, Kwong AD, Purcell LA, Saikatendu KS, Schmitz U, Tallarico JA, Lee AA. Accelerating antiviral drug discovery: lessons from COVID-19. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:585-603. [PMID: 37173515 PMCID: PMC10176316 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a wave of rapid and collaborative drug discovery efforts took place in academia and industry, culminating in several therapeutics being discovered, approved and deployed in a 2-year time frame. This article summarizes the collective experience of several pharmaceutical companies and academic collaborations that were active in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antiviral discovery. We outline our opinions and experiences on key stages in the small-molecule drug discovery process: target selection, medicinal chemistry, antiviral assays, animal efficacy and attempts to pre-empt resistance. We propose strategies that could accelerate future efforts and argue that a key bottleneck is the lack of quality chemical probes around understudied viral targets, which would serve as a starting point for drug discovery. Considering the small size of the viral proteome, comprehensively building an arsenal of probes for proteins in viruses of pandemic concern is a worthwhile and tractable challenge for the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette von Delft
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alpha A Lee
- PostEra, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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5
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Lvov DK, Alkhovsky SV, Zhirnov OP. [130th anniversary of virology]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:357-384. [PMID: 36515283 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
130 years ago, in 1892, our great compatriot Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (18641920) discovered a new type of pathogen viruses. Viruses have existed since the birth of life on Earth and for more than three billion years, as the biosphere evolved, they are included in interpopulation interactions with representatives of all kingdoms of life: archaea, bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including the Homo sapiens (Hominidae, Homininae). Discovery of D.I. Ivanovsky laid the foundation for a new science virology. The rapid development of virology in the 20th century was associated with the fight against emerging and reemerging infections, epidemics (epizootics) and pandemics (panzootics) of which posed a threat to national and global biosecurity (tick-borne and other encephalitis, hemorrhagic fevers, influenza, smallpox, poliomyelitis, HIV, parenteral hepatitis, coronaviral and other infections). Fundamental research on viruses created the basis for the development of effective methods of diagnostics, vaccine prophylaxis, and antiviral drugs. Russian virologists continue to occupy leading positions in some priority areas of modern virology in vaccinology, environmental studies oz zoonotic viruses, studies of viral evolution in various ecosystems, and several other areas. A meaningful combination of theoretical approaches to studying the evolution of viruses with innovative methods for studying their molecular genetic properties and the creation of new generations of vaccines and antiviral drugs on this basis will significantly reduce the consequences of future pandemics or panzootics. The review presents the main stages in the formation and development of virology as a science in Russia with an emphasis on the most significant achievements of soviet and Russian virologists in the fight against viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Lvov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - S V Alkhovsky
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - O P Zhirnov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
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6
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Enhancement of CD4 Binding, Host Cell Entry, and Sensitivity to CD4bs Antibody Inhibition Conferred by a Natural but Rare Polymorphism in the HIV-1 Envelope. J Virol 2022; 96:e0185121. [PMID: 35862673 PMCID: PMC9327689 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01851-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A rare but natural polymorphism in the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein, lysine at position 425 was selected as a mutation conferring resistance to maraviroc (MVC) in vitro. N425K has not been identified in HIV-infected individuals failing an MVC-based treatment. This study reports that the rare K425 polymorphism in an HIV-1 subtype A Env has increased affinity for CD4, resulting in faster host cell entry kinetics and the ability to scavenge for low cell surface expression of CD4 to mediate entry. Whereas the subtype A wild-type isolate-74 Env (N425) is inhibited by soluble (s) CD4, HIV-1 with K425 A74 Env shows enhanced infection and the ability to infect CCR5+ cells when pretreated with sCD4. Upon adding K425 or N425 HIV-1 to CD4+/CCR5+ cells along with RANTES/CCL3, only K425 HIV-1 was able to infect cells when CCR5 recycled/returned to the cell surface at 12 h post-treatment. These findings suggest that upon binding to CD4, K425 Env may maintain a stable State 2 "open" conformation capable of engaging CCR5 for entry. Only K425 was significantly more sensitivity than wild-type N425 A74 to inhibition by the CD4 binding site (bs) compound, BMS-806, the CD4bs antibody, VRC01 and N6, and the single-chain CD4i antibody, SCm9. K425 A74 was also capable of activating B cells expressing the VRC01 surface immunoglobulin. In summary, despite increased replicative fitness, we propose that K425 HIV-1 may be counterselected within infected individuals if K425 HIV-1 is rapidly eliminated by CD4bs-neutralizing antibodies. IMPORTANCE Typically, a natural amino acid polymorphism is found as the wild-type sequence in the HIV-1 population if it provides a selective advantage to the virus. The natural K425 polymorphism in HIV-1 Env results in higher host cell entry efficiency and greater replicative fitness by virtue of its high binding affinity to CD4. The studies presented herein suggest that the rare K425 HIV-1, compared to the common N425 HIV-1, may be more sensitive to inhibition by CD4bs-neutralizing antibodies (i.e., antibodies that bind to the CD4 binding pocket on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein). If CD4bs antibodies did emerge in an infected individual, the K425 HIV-1 may be hypersensitive to inhibition, and thus this K425 virus variant may be removed from the HIV-1 swarm despite its higher replication fitness. Studies are now underway to determine whether addition of the K425 polymorphism into the Envelope-based HIV-1 vaccines could enhance protective immunity.
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7
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Wang Z, Cherukupalli S, Xie M, Wang W, Jiang X, Jia R, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Kang D, Zhan P, Liu X. Contemporary Medicinal Chemistry Strategies for the Discovery and Development of Novel HIV-1 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3729-3757. [PMID: 35175760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently, HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a major component of the highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) regimen. However, the occurrence of drug-resistant strains and adverse reactions after long-term usage have inevitably compromised the clinical application of NNRTIs. Therefore, the development of novel inhibitors with distinct anti-resistance profiles and better pharmacological properties is still an enormous challenge. Herein, we summarize state-of-the-art medicinal chemistry strategies for the discovery of potent NNRTIs, such as structure-based design strategies, contemporary computer-aided drug design, covalent-binding strategies, and the application of multi-target-directed ligands. The strategies described here will facilitate the identification of promising HIV-1 NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ruifang Jia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China.,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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8
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Cakir M, Obernier K, Forget A, Krogan NJ. Target Discovery for Host-Directed Antiviral Therapies: Application of Proteomics Approaches. mSystems 2021; 6:e0038821. [PMID: 34519533 PMCID: PMC8547474 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00388-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Current epidemics, such as AIDS or flu, and the emergence of new threatening pathogens, such as the one causing the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, represent major global health challenges. While vaccination is an important part of the arsenal to counter the spread of viral diseases, it presents limitations and needs to be complemented by efficient therapeutic solutions. Intricate knowledge of host-pathogen interactions is a powerful tool to identify host-dependent vulnerabilities that can be exploited to dampen viral replication. Such host-directed antiviral therapies are promising and are less prone to the development of drug-resistant viral strains. Here, we first describe proteomics-based strategies that allow the rapid characterization of host-pathogen interactions. We then discuss how such data can be exploited to help prioritize compounds with potential host-directed antiviral activity that can be tested in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Cakir
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Antoine Forget
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
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9
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Lewis ME, Simpson P, Mori J, Jubb B, Sullivan J, McFadyen L, van der Ryst E, Craig C, Robertson DL, Westby M. V3-Loop genotypes do not predict maraviroc susceptibility of CCR5-tropic virus or clinical response through week 48 in HIV-1-infected, treatment-experienced persons receiving optimized background regimens. Antivir Chem Chemother 2021; 29:20402066211030380. [PMID: 34343443 PMCID: PMC8369958 DOI: 10.1177/20402066211030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses from 15 of 35 maraviroc-treated participants with virologic failure and CCR5-tropic (R5) virus in the MOTIVATE studies at Week 24 had reduced maraviroc susceptibility. On-treatment amino acid changes were observed in the viral envelope glycoprotein 120 third variable (V3)-loop stems and tips and differed between viruses. No amino acid change reliably predicted reduced susceptibility, indicating that resistance was genetic context-dependent. Through Week 24, poor adherence was associated with maraviroc-susceptible virologic failure, whereas reduced maraviroc susceptibility was associated with suboptimal background regimen activity, highlighting the importance of overall regimen activity and good adherence. Predictive values of pretreatment V3-loop sequences containing these Week 24 mutations or other variants present at >3% in pretreatment viruses of participants with virologic failure at Week 48 were retrospectively assessed. Week 48 clinical outcomes were evaluated for correlates with pretreatment V3-loop CCR5-tropic sequences from 704 participants (366 responders; 338 virologic failures [83 with R5 virus with maraviroc susceptibility assessment]). Seventy-five amino acid variants with >3% prevalence were identified among 23 V3-loop residues. Previously identified variants associated with resistance in individual isolates were represented, but none were associated reliably with virologic failure alone or in combination. Univariate analysis showed virologic-failure associations with variants 4L, 11R, and 19S (P < 0.05). However, 11R is a marker for CXCR4 tropism, whereas neither 4L nor 19S was reliably associated with reduced maraviroc susceptibility in R5 failure. These findings from a large study of V3-loop sequences confirm lack of correlation between V3-loop genotype and clinical outcome in participants treated with maraviroc.Clinical trial registration numbers (ClinicalTrials.gov): NCT00098306 and NCT00098722.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Lewis
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Labs, Sandwich, Kent, UK.,The Research Network Ltd, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - P Simpson
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Labs, Sandwich, Kent, UK.,AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Mori
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Labs, Sandwich, Kent, UK.,hVIVO, Queen Mary BioEnterprise Innovation Centre, London, UK
| | - B Jubb
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Labs, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - J Sullivan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Labs, Sandwich, Kent, UK.,Cytel, London, UK
| | - L McFadyen
- Pfizer Inc, Pharmacometrics, Sandwich, UK
| | - E van der Ryst
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Labs, Sandwich, Kent, UK.,The Research Network Ltd, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - C Craig
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Labs, Sandwich, Kent, UK.,The Research Network Ltd, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - D L Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Westby
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Labs, Sandwich, Kent, UK.,Centauri Therapeutics Limited, Discovery Park, Kent, UK
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10
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Gartner MJ, Gorry PR, Tumpach C, Zhou J, Dantanarayana A, Chang JJ, Angelovich TA, Ellenberg P, Laumaea AE, Nonyane M, Moore PL, Lewin SR, Churchill MJ, Flynn JK, Roche M. Longitudinal analysis of subtype C envelope tropism for memory CD4 + T cell subsets over the first 3 years of untreated HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2020; 17:24. [PMID: 32762760 PMCID: PMC7409430 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 infects a wide range of CD4+ T cells with different phenotypic properties and differing expression levels of entry coreceptors. We sought to determine the viral tropism of subtype C (C-HIV) Envelope (Env) clones for different CD4+ T cell subsets and whether tropism changes during acute to chronic disease progression. HIV-1 envs were amplified from the plasma of five C-HIV infected women from three untreated time points; less than 2 months, 1-year and 3-years post-infection. Pseudoviruses were generated from Env clones, phenotyped for coreceptor usage and CD4+ T cell subset tropism was measured by flow cytometry. Results A total of 50 C-HIV envs were cloned and screened for functionality in pseudovirus infection assays. Phylogenetic and variable region characteristic analysis demonstrated evolution in envs between time points. We found 45 pseudoviruses were functional and all used CCR5 to mediate entry into NP2/CD4/CCR5 cells. In vitro infection assays showed transitional memory (TM) and effector memory (EM) CD4+ T cells were more frequently infected (median: 46% and 25% of total infected CD4+ T cells respectively) than naïve, stem cell memory, central memory and terminally differentiated cells. This was not due to these subsets contributing a higher proportion of the CD4+ T cell pool, rather these subsets were more susceptible to infection (median: 5.38% EM and 2.15% TM cells infected), consistent with heightened CCR5 expression on EM and TM cells. No inter- or intra-participant changes in CD4+ T cell subset tropism were observed across the three-time points. Conclusions CD4+ T cell subsets that express more CCR5 were more susceptible to infection with C-HIV Envs, suggesting that these may be the major cellular targets during the first 3 years of infection. Moreover, we found that viral tropism for different CD4+ T cell subsets in vitro did not change between Envs cloned from acute to chronic disease stages. Finally, central memory, naïve and stem cell memory CD4+ T cell subsets were susceptible to infection, albeit inefficiently by Envs from all time-points, suggesting that direct infection of these cells may help establish the latent reservoir early in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gartner
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jingling Zhou
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashanti Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J Judy Chang
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas A Angelovich
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paula Ellenberg
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Annemarie E Laumaea
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Molati Nonyane
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline K Flynn
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Abstract
Antiviral drugs have traditionally been developed by directly targeting essential viral components. However, this strategy often fails due to the rapid generation of drug-resistant viruses. Recent genome-wide approaches, such as those employing small interfering RNA (siRNA) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) or those using small molecule chemical inhibitors targeting the cellular "kinome," have been used successfully to identify cellular factors that can support virus replication. Since some of these cellular factors are critical for virus replication, but are dispensable for the host, they can serve as novel targets for antiviral drug development. In addition, potentiation of immune responses, regulation of cytokine storms, and modulation of epigenetic changes upon virus infections are also feasible approaches to control infections. Because it is less likely that viruses will mutate to replace missing cellular functions, the chance of generating drug-resistant mutants with host-targeted inhibitor approaches is minimized. However, drug resistance against some host-directed agents can, in fact, occur under certain circumstances, such as long-term selection pressure of a host-directed antiviral agent that can allow the virus the opportunity to adapt to use an alternate host factor or to alter its affinity toward the target that confers resistance. This review describes novel approaches for antiviral drug development with a focus on host-directed therapies and the potential mechanisms that may account for the acquisition of antiviral drug resistance against host-directed agents.
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12
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Helmold Hait S, Hogge CJ, Rahman MA, Ko EJ, Hunegnaw R, Mushtaq Z, Enyindah-Asonye G, Hoang T, Miller Jenkins LM, Appella E, Appella DH, Robert-Guroff M. An SAMT-247 Microbicide Provides Potent Protection against Intravaginal Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Rhesus Macaques, whereas an Added Vaccine Component Elicits Mixed Outcomes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3315-3328. [PMID: 32393514 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of microbicide noncompliance and lack of a durable, highly effective vaccine, a combined approach might improve HIV prophylaxis. We tested whether a vaccine-microbicide combination would enhance protection against SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Four macaque groups included vaccine only, vaccine-microbicide, microbicide only, and controls. Vaccine groups were primed twice mucosally with replicating adenovirus type 5 host range mutant SIV env/rev, gag, and nef recombinants and boosted twice i.m. with SIV gp120 proteins in alum. Controls and the microbicide-only group received adenovirus type 5 host range mutant empty vector and alum. The microbicide was SAMT-247, a 2-mercaptobenzamide thioester that targets the viral nucleocapsid protein NCp7, causing zinc ejection and preventing RNA encapsidation. Following vaccination, macaques were challenged intravaginally with repeated weekly low doses of SIVmac251 administered 3 h after application of 0.8% SAMT-247 gel (vaccine-microbicide and microbicide groups) or placebo gel (vaccine-only and control groups). The microbicide-only group exhibited potent protection; 10 of 12 macaques remained uninfected following 15 SIV challenges. The vaccine-only group developed strong mucosal and systemic humoral and cellular immunity but did not exhibit delayed acquisition compared with adjuvant controls. However, the vaccine-microbicide group exhibited significant acquisition delay compared with both control and vaccine-only groups, indicating further exploration of the combination strategy is warranted. Impaired protection in the vaccine-microbicide group compared with the microbicide-only group was not attributed to a vaccine-induced increase in SIV target cells. Possible Ab-dependent enhancement will be further investigated. The potent protection provided by SAMT-247 encourages its movement into human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Christopher James Hogge
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Zuena Mushtaq
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Gospel Enyindah-Asonye
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065
| | - Lisa M Miller Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4256; and
| | - Ettore Appella
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4256; and
| | - Daniel H Appella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0820
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5065;
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13
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Rico CA, Berchiche YA, Horioka M, Peeler JC, Lorenzen E, Tian H, Kazmi MA, Fürstenberg A, Gaertner H, Hartley O, Sakmar TP, Huber T. High-Affinity Binding of Chemokine Analogs that Display Ligand Bias at the HIV-1 Coreceptor CCR5. Biophys J 2019; 117:903-919. [PMID: 31421836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 is a drug target to prevent transmission of HIV/AIDS. We studied four analogs of the native chemokine regulated, on activation, normal T-cell-expressed, and secreted (RANTES) (CCL5) that have anti-HIV potencies of around 25 pM, which is more than four orders of magnitude higher than that of RANTES itself. It has been hypothesized that the ultrahigh potency of the analogs is due to their ability to bind populations of receptors not accessible to native chemokines. To test this hypothesis, we developed a homogeneous dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy assay for saturation- and competition-binding experiments. The fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy assay has the advantage that it does not rely on competition with radioactively labeled native chemokines used in conventional assays. We prepared site-specifically labeled fluorescent analogs using native chemical ligation of synthetic peptides, followed by bioorthogonal fluorescent labeling. We engineered a mammalian cell expression construct to provide fluorescently labeled CCR5, which was purified using a tandem immunoaffinity and size-exclusion chromatography approach to obtain monomeric fluorescent CCR5 in detergent solution. We found subnanomolar binding affinities for the two analogs 5P12-RANTES and 5P14-RANTES and about 20-fold reduced affinities for PSC-RANTES and 6P4-RANTES. Using homologous and heterologous competition experiments with unlabeled chemokine analogs, we conclude that the analogs all bind at the same binding site, whereas the native chemokines (RANTES and MIP-1α) fail to displace bound fluorescent analogs even at tens of micromolar concentrations. Our results can be rationalized with de novo structural models of the N-terminal tails of the synthetic chemokines that adopt a different binding mode as compared to the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Rico
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Yamina A Berchiche
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York; B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mizuho Horioka
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer C Peeler
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York; Deparment of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Emily Lorenzen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - He Tian
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Manija A Kazmi
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Alexandre Fürstenberg
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York; Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Gaertner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Hartley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas P Sakmar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Thomas Huber
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York.
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14
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Lewis M, Mori J, Toma J, Mosley M, Huang W, Simpson P, Mansfield R, Craig C, van der Ryst E, Robertson DL, Whitcomb JM, Westby M. Clonal analysis of HIV-1 genotype and function associated with virologic failure in treatment-experienced persons receiving maraviroc: Results from the MOTIVATE phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled trials. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204099. [PMID: 30586365 PMCID: PMC6306210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed clonal phenotypic/genotypic analyses explored viral-escape mechanisms during maraviroc-based therapy in highly treatment-experienced participants from the MOTIVATE trials. To allow real-time assessment of samples while maintaining a blind trial, the first 267 enrolled participants were selected for evaluation. At failure, plasma samples from 20/50 participants (16/20 maraviroc-treated) with CXCR4-using virus and all 38 (13 maraviroc-treated) with CCR5-tropic virus were evaluated. Of those maraviroc-treated participants with CXCR4-using virus at failure, genotypic and phenotypic clonal tropism determinations showed >90% correspondence in 14/16 at Day 1 and 14/16 at failure. Phylogenetic analysis of clonal sequences detected pre-treatment progenitor CXCR4-using virus, or on-treatment virus highly divergent from the Day 1 R5 virus, excluding possible co-receptor switch through maraviroc-mediated evolution. Re-analysis of pre-treatment samples using the enhanced-sensitivity Trofile® assay detected CXCR4-using virus pre-treatment in 16/20 participants failing with CXCR4-using virus. Post-maraviroc reversion of CXCR4-use to CCR5-tropic occurred in 7/8 participants with follow-up, suggesting selective maraviroc inhibition of CCR5-tropic variants in a mixed-tropic viral population, not emergence of de novo mutations in CCR5-tropic virus, as the main virologic escape mechanism. Maraviroc-resistant CCR5-tropic virus was observed in plasma from 5 treated participants with virus displaying reduced maximal percent inhibition (MPI) but no evidence of IC50 change. Env clones with reduced MPI showed 1-5 amino acid changes specific to each V3-loop region of env relative to Day 1. However, transferring on-treatment resistance-associated changes using site-directed mutagenesis did not always establish resistance in Day 1 virus, and key 'signature' mutation patterns associated with reduced susceptibility to maraviroc were not identified. Evolutionary divergence of the CXCR4-using viruses is confirmed, emphasizing natural selection not influenced directly by maraviroc; maraviroc simply unmasks pre-existing lineages by inhibiting the R5 virus. For R5-viral failure, resistance development through drug selection pressure was uncommon and manifested through reduced MPI and with virus strain-specific mutational patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Lewis
- The Research Network, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Mori
- hVIVO, Queen Mary BioEnterprise Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Toma
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mike Mosley
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Huang
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Roy Mansfield
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Labs, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Craig
- The Research Network, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | - David L. Robertson
- Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mike Westby
- Centauri Therapeutics Limited, Discovery Park, Kent, United Kingdom
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15
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Heredia JD, Park J, Brubaker RJ, Szymanski SK, Gill KS, Procko E. Mapping Interaction Sites on Human Chemokine Receptors by Deep Mutational Scanning. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3825-3839. [PMID: 29678950 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 regulate WBC trafficking and are engaged by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 during infection. We combine a selection of human CXCR4 and CCR5 libraries comprising nearly all of ∼7000 single amino acid substitutions with deep sequencing to define sequence-activity landscapes for surface expression and ligand interactions. After consideration of sequence constraints for surface expression, known interaction sites with HIV-1-blocking Abs were appropriately identified as conserved residues following library sorting for Ab binding, validating the use of deep mutational scanning to map functional interaction sites in G protein-coupled receptors. Chemokine CXCL12 was found to interact with residues extending asymmetrically into the CXCR4 ligand-binding cavity, similar to the binding surface of CXCR4 recognized by an antagonistic viral chemokine previously observed crystallographically. CXCR4 mutations distal from the chemokine binding site were identified that enhance chemokine recognition. This included disruptive mutations in the G protein-coupling site that diminished calcium mobilization, as well as conservative mutations to a membrane-exposed site (CXCR4 residues H792.45 and W1614.50) that increased ligand binding without loss of signaling. Compared with CXCR4-CXCL12 interactions, CCR5 residues conserved for gp120 (HIV-1 BaL strain) interactions map to a more expansive surface, mimicking how the cognate chemokine CCL5 makes contacts across the entire CCR5 binding cavity. Acidic substitutions in the CCR5 N terminus and extracellular loops enhanced gp120 binding. This study demonstrates how comprehensive mutational scanning can define functional interaction sites on receptors, and novel mutations that enhance receptor activities can be found simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D Heredia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Riley J Brubaker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Steven K Szymanski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Kevin S Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Erik Procko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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16
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Phenotypic co-receptor tropism and Maraviroc sensitivity in HIV-1 subtype C from East Africa. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2363. [PMID: 29403064 PMCID: PMC5799384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotypic tropism testing (GTT) for co-receptor usage is a recommended tool for clinical practice before administration of the CCR5-antagonist maraviroc. For some isolates, phenotypic tropism testing (PTT) revealed discordant results with GTT. In this study, we performed a comparative study between GTT and PTT in HIV-1C from East Africa (HIV-1CEA) and compared the data with HIV-1B and 01_AE and described the maraviroc susceptibility in the CCR5-tropic strains. Patient-derived HIV-1 envgp120 region was cloned into a modified pNL4-3 plasmid expressing the luciferase gene. rPhenotyping dissected single clones from 31 HIV-1CEA infected patients and four strains with known phenotype. Additionally, 68 clones from 18 patients (HIV-1B: 5, 01_AE: 7, HIV-1CEA: 6) were used to determine the PTT in GHOST cell line. The respective V3-sequences were used for GTT. R5-tropic strains from HIV-1CEA (n = 20) and non-C (n = 12) were tested for maraviroc sensitivity in TZMbl cell line. The GTT falsely called a higher proportion of X4-tropic strains in HIV-1CET compared to PTT by both rPhenotyping and the GHOST-cell assay. When multiple clones were tested in a subset of patients’ samples, both dual-tropic and R5-tropic strains were identified for HIV-1C. Relatively higher EC50 values were observed in HIV-1C strains than the non-C strains (p = 0.002).
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17
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Barber TJ, Imaz A, Boffito M, Niubó J, Pozniak A, Fortuny R, Alonso J, Davies N, Mandalia S, Podzamczer D, Gazzard B. CSF inflammatory markers and neurocognitive function after addition of maraviroc to monotherapy darunavir/ritonavir in stable HIV patients: the CINAMMON study. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:98-105. [PMID: 29280108 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CINAMMON is a phase IV, open-label, single-arm, pilot study assessing maraviroc (MVC) in the central nervous system (CNS) when added to darunavir/ritonavir monotherapy (DRV/r) in virologically suppressed HIV-infected subjects. CCR5 tropic participants on DRV/r were recruited. Participants remained on DRV/r for 12 week (w) (control phase). MVC 150 mg qd was added w12-w36 (intervention phase). Lumbar puncture (LP) and neurocognitive function (Cogstate) examinations scheduled at baseline, w12 and w36; MRI before w12, again at w36. Primary endpoint was CSF inflammatory marker changes during intervention phase. Secondary endpoints included changes in NC function and MRI parameters. CSF/plasma DRV/r concentrations measured at w12 and w36, MVC at w36. Nineteen patients recruited, 15 completed (17M, 2F). Dropouts: headache (2), knee problem (could not attend, 1), personal reasons (1). Mean age (range) 45.4 years (27.2-65.1), 13/19 white, 10/19 MSM. No changes in selected CSF markers were seen w12-w36. Overall NC function did not improve w12-w36: total age adjusted z score improved by 0.27 (weighted paired t test; p = 0.11); for executive function only, age adjusted z score improved by 0.54 (p = 0.03). MRI brain parameters unchanged. DRV plasma:CSF concentration ratio unchanged between w12 (132) and w36 (112; p = 0.577, Wilcoxon signed-rank). MVC plasma:CSF concentration ratio was 35 at w36. No changes in neuroinflammatory markers seen. In this small study, addition of 24w MVC 150 mg qd to stable DRV/r monotherapy showed possible improvement in executive function with no global NC effect. Learning effect cannot be excluded. This effect should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Barber
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and St Stephen's AIDS Trust, 4th Floor, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK. .,Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - A Imaz
- Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Boffito
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and St Stephen's AIDS Trust, 4th Floor, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Niubó
- Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Pozniak
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and St Stephen's AIDS Trust, 4th Floor, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - R Fortuny
- Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Alonso
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Davies
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and St Stephen's AIDS Trust, 4th Floor, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Mandalia
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and St Stephen's AIDS Trust, 4th Floor, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - B Gazzard
- Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust and St Stephen's AIDS Trust, 4th Floor, St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
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18
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Guan X, Chaffey PK, Chen H, Feng W, Wei X, Yang LM, Ruan Y, Wang X, Li Y, Barosh KB, Tran AH, Zhu J, Liang W, Zheng YT, Wang X, Tan Z. O-GalNAcylation of RANTES Improves Its Properties as a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry Inhibitor. Biochemistry 2017; 57:136-148. [PMID: 29202246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many human proteins have the potential to be developed as therapeutic agents. However, side effects caused by direct administration of natural proteins have significantly slowed expansion of protein therapeutics into the clinic. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can improve protein properties, but because of significant knowledge gaps, we are considerably limited in our ability to apply PTMs to generate better protein therapeutics. Here, we seek to fill the gaps by studying the PTMs of a small representative chemotactic cytokine, RANTES. RANTES can inhibit HIV-1 infection by competing with it for binding to receptor CCR5 and stimulating CCR5 endocytosis. Unfortunately, RANTES can induce strong signaling, leading to severe inflammatory side effects. We apply a chemical biology approach to explore the potential of post-translationally modified RANTES as safe inhibitors of HIV-1 infection. We synthesized and systematically tested a library of RANTES isoforms for their ability to inhibit inflammatory signaling and prevent HIV-1 infection of primary human cells. Through this research, we revealed that most of the glycosylated variants have decreased inflammation-associated properties and identified one particular glyco variant, a truncated RANTES containing a Galβ1-3GalNAc disaccharide α-linked to Ser4, which stands out as having the best overall properties: relatively high HIV-1 inhibition potency but also weak inflammatory properties. Moreover, our results provided a structural basis for the observed changes in the properties of RANTES. Taken together, this work highlights the potential importance of glycosylation as an alternative strategy for developing CCR5 inhibitors to treat HIV-1 infection and, more generally, for reducing or eliminating unwanted properties of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Patrick K Chaffey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Huan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650223, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Xiuli Wei
- Protein & Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liu-Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Yaohao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Kimberly B Barosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Amy H Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jaimie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Wei Liang
- Protein & Peptide Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Zhongping Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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19
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Flynn JK, Ellenberg P, Duncan R, Ellett A, Zhou J, Sterjovski J, Cashin K, Borm K, Gray LR, Lewis M, Jubb B, Westby M, Lee B, Lewin SR, Churchill M, Roche M, Gorry PR. Analysis of Clinical HIV-1 Strains with Resistance to Maraviroc Reveals Strain-Specific Resistance Mutations, Variable Degrees of Resistance, and Minimal Cross-Resistance to Other CCR5 Antagonists. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:1220-1235. [PMID: 28797170 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Maraviroc (MVC) is an allosteric inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry, and is the only CCR5 antagonist licensed for use as an anti-HIV-1 therapeutic. It acts by altering the conformation of the CCR5 extracellular loops, rendering CCR5 unrecognizable by the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins. This study aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying the development of MVC resistance in HIV-1-infected patients. To do this, we obtained longitudinal plasma samples from eight subjects who experienced treatment failure with phenotypically verified, CCR5-tropic MVC resistance. We then cloned and characterized HIV-1 Envs (n = 77) from plasma of pretreatment (n = 36) and treatment failure (n = 41) samples. Our results showed variation in the magnitude of MVC resistance as measured by reductions in maximal percent inhibition of Env-pseudotyped viruses, which was more pronounced in 293-Affinofile cells compared to other cells with similar levels of CCR5 expression. Amino acid determinants of MVC resistance localized to the V3 Env region and were strain specific. We also observed minimal cross-resistance to other CCR5 antagonists by MVC-resistant strains. We conclude that 293-Affinofile cells are highly sensitive for detecting and measuring MVC resistance through a mechanism that is CCR5-dependent yet independent of CCR5 expression levels. The strain-specific nature of resistance mutations suggests that sequence-based diagnostics and prognostics will need to be more sophisticated than simple position scoring to be useful for managing resistance in subjects taking MVC. Finally, the minimal levels of cross-resistance suggests that recognition of the MVC-modified form of CCR5 does not necessarily lead to recognition of other antagonist-modified forms of CCR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K. Flynn
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paula Ellenberg
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Renee Duncan
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Ellett
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jingling Zhou
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jasminka Sterjovski
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kieran Cashin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katharina Borm
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lachlan R Gray
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marilyn Lewis
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Becky Jubb
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Westby
- Centauri Therapeutics, Ltd., Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gorry
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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20
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How to win the HIV-1 drug resistance hurdle race: running faster or jumping higher? Biochem J 2017; 474:1559-1577. [PMID: 28446620 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infections by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), are still totaling an appalling 36.7 millions worldwide, with 1.1 million AIDS deaths/year and a similar number of yearly new infections. All this, in spite of the discovery of HIV-1 as the AIDS etiological agent more than 30 years ago and the introduction of an effective combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART), able to control disease progression, more than 20 years ago. Although very effective, current cART is plagued by the emergence of drug-resistant viral variants and most of the efforts in the development of novel direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) against HIV-1 have been devoted toward the fighting of resistance. In this review, rather than providing a detailed listing of all the drugs and the corresponding resistance mutations, we aim, through relevant examples, at presenting to the general reader the conceptual shift in the approaches that are being taken to overcome the viral resistance hurdle. From the classic 'running faster' strategy, based on the development of novel DAAs active against the mutant viruses selected by the previous drugs and/or presenting to the virus a high genetic barrier toward the development of resilience, to a 'jumping higher' approach, which looks at the cell, rather than the virus, as a source of valuable drug targets, in order to make the cellular environment non-permissive toward the replication of both wild-type and mutated viruses.
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21
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Harada S, Yoshimura K. Driving HIV-1 into a Vulnerable Corner by Taking Advantage of Viral Adaptation and Evolution. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:390. [PMID: 28360890 PMCID: PMC5352695 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for controlling human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. Recently, progress in identifying and characterizing highly potent broadly neutralizing antibodies has provided valuable templates for HIV-1 therapy and vaccine design. Nevertheless, HIV-1, like many RNA viruses, exhibits genetically diverse populations known as quasispecies. Evolution of quasispecies can occur rapidly in response to selective pressures, such as that exerted by ART and the immune system. Hence, rapid viral evolution leading to drug resistance and/or immune evasion is a significant barrier to the development of effective HIV-1 treatments and vaccines. Here, we describe our recent investigations into evolutionary pressure exerted by anti-retroviral drugs and monoclonal neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) on HIV-1 envelope sequences. We also discuss sensitivities of HIV-1 escape mutants to maraviroc, a CCR5 inhibitor, and HIV-1 sensitized to NAbs by small-molecule CD4-mimetic compounds. These studies help to develop an understanding of viral evolution and escape from both anti-retroviral drugs and the immune system, and also provide fundamental insights into the combined use of NAbs and entry inhibitors. These findings of the adaptation and evolution of HIV in response to drug and immune pressure will inform the development of more effective antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyoshi Harada
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Kim MB, Giesler KE, Tahirovic YA, Truax VM, Liotta DC, Wilson LJ. CCR5 receptor antagonists in preclinical to phase II clinical development for treatment of HIV. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1377-1392. [PMID: 27791451 PMCID: PMC5776690 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1254615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemokine receptor CCR5 has garnered significant attention in recent years as a target to treat HIV infection largely due to the approval and success of the drug Maraviroc. The side effects and inefficiencies with other first generation agents led to failed clinical trials, prompting the development of newer CCR5 antagonists. Areas covered: This review aims to survey the current status of 'next generation' CCR5 antagonists in the preclinical pipeline with an emphasis on emerging agents for the treatment of HIV infection. These efforts have culminated in the identification of advanced second-generation agents to reach the clinic and the dual CCR5/CCR2 antagonist Cenicriviroc as the most advanced currently in phase II clinical studies. Expert opinion: The clinical success of CCR5 inhibitors for treatment of HIV infection has rested largely on studies of Maraviroc and a second-generation dual CCR5/CCR2 antagonist Cenicriviroc. Although research efforts identified several promising preclinical candidates, these were dropped during early clinical studies. Despite patient access to Maraviroc, there is insufficient enthusiasm surrounding its use as front-line therapy for treatment of HIV. The non-HIV infection related development activities for Maraviroc and Cenicriviroc may help drive future interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Kim
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Kyle E Giesler
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | | | - Valarie M Truax
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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23
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Borm K, Jakobsen MR, Cashin K, Flynn JK, Ellenberg P, Ostergaard L, Lee B, Churchill MJ, Roche M, Gorry PR. Frequency and Env determinants of HIV-1 subtype C strains from antiretroviral therapy-naive subjects that display incomplete inhibition by maraviroc. Retrovirology 2016; 13:74. [PMID: 27809912 PMCID: PMC5093974 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into cells involves the interaction of the viral gp120 envelope glycoproteins (Env) with cellular CD4 and a secondary coreceptor, which is typically one of the chemokine receptors CCR5 or CXCR4. CCR5-using (R5) HIV-1 strains that display reduced sensitivity to CCR5 antagonists can use antagonist-bound CCR5 for entry. In this study, we investigated whether naturally occurring gp120 alterations in HIV-1 subtype C (C-HIV) variants exist in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve subjects that may influence their sensitivity to the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (MVC). RESULTS Using a longitudinal panel of 244 R5 Envs cloned from 20 ART-naïve subjects with progressive C-HIV infection, we show that 40% of subjects (n = 8) harbored viruses that displayed incomplete inhibition by MVC, as shown by plateau's of reduced maximal percent inhibitions (MPIs). Specifically, when pseudotyped onto luciferase reporter viruses, 16 Envs exhibited MPIs below 98% in NP2-CCR5 cells (range 79.7-97.3%), which were lower still in 293-Affinofile cells that were engineered to express high levels of CCR5 (range 15.8-72.5%). We further show that Envs exhibiting reduced MPIs to MVC utilized MVC-bound CCR5 less efficiently than MVC-free CCR5, which is consistent with the mechanism of resistance to CCR5 antagonists that can occur in patients failing therapy. Mutagenesis studies identified strain-specific mutations in the gp120 V3 loop that contributed to reduced MPIs to MVC. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest that some ART-naïve subjects with C-HIV infection harbor HIV-1 with reduced MPIs to MVC, and demonstrate that the gp120 V3 loop region contributes to this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Borm
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Kieran Cashin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Jacqueline K Flynn
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paula Ellenberg
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Lars Ostergaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Paul R Gorry
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
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24
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Abstract
Entry of HIV-1 into target cells involves the interaction of the HIV envelope (Env) with both a primary receptor (CD4) and a coreceptor (CXCR4 or CCR5). The relative efficiency with which a particular Env uses these receptors is a major component of cellular tropism in the context of entry and is related to a variety of pathological Env phenotypes (Chikere et al. Virology 435:81-91, 2013). The protocols outlined in this chapter describe the use of the Affinofile system, a 293-based dual-inducible cell line that expresses up to 25 distinct combinations of CD4 and CCR5, as well as the associated Viral Entry Receptor Sensitivity Assay (VERSA) metrics used to summarize the CD4/CCR5-dependent infectivity results. This system allows for high-resolution profiling of CD4 and CCR5 usage efficiency in the context of unique viral phenotypes.
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25
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Abstract
The HIV genome encodes a small number of viral proteins (i.e., 16), invariably establishing cooperative associations among HIV proteins and between HIV and host proteins, to invade host cells and hijack their internal machineries. As a known example, the HIV envelope glycoprotein GP120 is closely associated with GP41 for viral entry. From a genome-wide perspective, a hypothesis can be worked out to determine whether 16 HIV proteins could develop 120 possible pairwise associations either by physical interactions or by functional associations mediated via HIV or host molecules. Here, we present the first systematic review of experimental evidence on HIV genome-wide protein associations using a large body of publications accumulated over the past 3 decades. Of 120 possible pairwise associations between 16 HIV proteins, at least 34 physical interactions and 17 functional associations have been identified. To achieve efficient viral replication and infection, HIV protein associations play essential roles (e.g., cleavage, inhibition, and activation) during the HIV life cycle. In either a dispensable or an indispensable manner, each HIV protein collaborates with another viral protein to accomplish specific activities that precisely take place at the proper stages of the HIV life cycle. In addition, HIV genome-wide protein associations have an impact on anti-HIV inhibitors due to the extensive cross talk between drug-inhibited proteins and other HIV proteins. Overall, this study presents for the first time a comprehensive overview of HIV genome-wide protein associations, highlighting meticulous collaborations between all viral proteins during the HIV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Tebit DM, Patel H, Ratcliff A, Alessandri E, Liu J, Carpenter C, Plantier JC, Arts EJ. HIV-1 Group O Genotypes and Phenotypes: Relationship to Fitness and Susceptibility to Antiretroviral Drugs. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:676-88. [PMID: 26861573 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite only 30,000 group O HIV-1 infections, a similar genetic diversity is observed among the O subgroups H (head) and T (tail) (previously described as subtypes A, B) as in the 9 group M subtypes (A-K). Group O isolates bearing a cysteine at reverse transcriptase (RT) position 181, predominantly the H strains are intrinsically resistant to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). However, their susceptibility to newer antiretroviral drugs such as etravirine, maraviroc, raltegravir (RAL), and elvitegravir (EVG) remains relatively unknown. We tested a large collection of HIV-1 group O strains for their susceptibility to four classes of antiretroviral drugs namely nucleoside RT, non-nucleoside RT, integrase, and entry inhibitors knowing in advance the intrinsic resistance to NNRTIs. Drug target regions were sequenced to determine various polymorphisms and were phylogenetically analyzed. Replication kinetics and fitness assays were performed in U87-CD4(+)CCR5 and CXCR4 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. With all antiretroviral drugs, group O HIV-1 showed higher variability in IC50 values than group M HIV-1. The mean IC50 values for entry and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) were similar for group O and M HIV-1 isolates. Despite similar susceptibility to maraviroc, the various phenotypic algorithms failed to predict CXCR4 usage based on the V3 Env sequences of group O HIV-1 isolates. Decreased sensitivity of group O HIV-1 to integrase or NNRTIs had no relation to replicative fitness. Group O HIV-1 isolates were 10-fold less sensitive to EVG inhibition than group M HIV-1. These findings suggest that in regions where HIV-1 group O is endemic, first line treatment regimens combining two NRTIs with RAL may provide more sustained virologic responses than the standard regimens involving an NNRTI or protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis M. Tebit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hamish Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Annette Ratcliff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Joseph Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Crystal Carpenter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Eric J. Arts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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27
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HIV Genome-Wide Protein Associations: a Review of 30 Years of Research. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:679-731. [PMID: 27357278 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00065-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV genome encodes a small number of viral proteins (i.e., 16), invariably establishing cooperative associations among HIV proteins and between HIV and host proteins, to invade host cells and hijack their internal machineries. As a known example, the HIV envelope glycoprotein GP120 is closely associated with GP41 for viral entry. From a genome-wide perspective, a hypothesis can be worked out to determine whether 16 HIV proteins could develop 120 possible pairwise associations either by physical interactions or by functional associations mediated via HIV or host molecules. Here, we present the first systematic review of experimental evidence on HIV genome-wide protein associations using a large body of publications accumulated over the past 3 decades. Of 120 possible pairwise associations between 16 HIV proteins, at least 34 physical interactions and 17 functional associations have been identified. To achieve efficient viral replication and infection, HIV protein associations play essential roles (e.g., cleavage, inhibition, and activation) during the HIV life cycle. In either a dispensable or an indispensable manner, each HIV protein collaborates with another viral protein to accomplish specific activities that precisely take place at the proper stages of the HIV life cycle. In addition, HIV genome-wide protein associations have an impact on anti-HIV inhibitors due to the extensive cross talk between drug-inhibited proteins and other HIV proteins. Overall, this study presents for the first time a comprehensive overview of HIV genome-wide protein associations, highlighting meticulous collaborations between all viral proteins during the HIV life cycle.
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28
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Garg H, Lee RT, Maurer-Stroh S, Joshi A. HIV-1 adaptation to low levels of CCR5 results in V3 and V2 loop changes that increase envelope pathogenicity, CCR5 affinity and decrease susceptibility to Maraviroc. Virology 2016; 493:86-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Dalton N, Gordon CP, Boyle TP, Vandegraaf N, Deadman J, Rhodes DI, Coates JA, Pyne SG, Keller PA, Bremner JB. The discovery of allyltyrosine based tripeptides as selective inhibitors of the HIV-1 integrase strand-transfer reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6010-23. [PMID: 27225230 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00950f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
From library screening of synthetic antimicrobial peptides, an O-allyltyrosine-based tripeptide was identified to possess inhibitory activity against HIV-1 integrase (IN) exhibiting an IC50 value of 17.5 μM in a combination 3'-processing and strand transfer microtitre plate assay. The tripeptide was subjected to structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies with 28 peptides, incorporating an array of natural and non-natural amino acids. Resulting SAR analysis revealed the allyltyrosine residue was a key feature for IN inhibitory activity whilst incorporation of a lysine residue and extended hydrophilic chains bearing a terminal methyl ester was advantageous. Addition of hydrophobic aromatic moieties to the N-terminal of the scaffold afforded compounds with improved inhibitory activity. Consolidation of these functionalities lead to the development of the tripeptide 96 which specifically inhibited the IN strand-transfer reaction with an IC50 value of 2.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Dalton
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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30
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Maraviroc and reverse transcriptase inhibitors combinations as potential preexposure prophylaxis candidates. AIDS 2016; 30:1015-25. [PMID: 26854808 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Receptive anal intercourse in both men and women is associated with the highest probability for sexual acquisition of HIV infection. As part of a program to develop an effective prevention strategy, we performed an ex-vivo preclinical evaluation to determine the efficacy of multiple double combinations of maraviroc (MVC) and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs). DESIGN The entry inhibitor, MVC, a nucleotide RTI, tenofovir and two non-nucleoside RTIs, UC781 and TMC120 (dapivirine, DPV), were used in double, combinations against a panel of CCR5-using clade B and clade C HIV-1 isolates and against MVC-escape variants. A gel-formulated version of MVC-DPV combination was also tested. METHODS Indicator cells, cocultures of immature dendritic cells with CD4T cells, and colorectal tissue explants were used to assess antiviral activity of drug combinations. RESULTS All dual MVC-RTI combinations tested inhibited MVC-sensitive and resistant isolates in cellular and colorectal explants models. All the combinations were positive with no reduction in the activity of MVC. In tissue explants, the combinations against all viral isolates tested produced an increase in the activity of MVC. An initial gel-formulation of MVC-DPV combination showed greater and prolonged antiviral activity of MVC in mucosal tissue explants. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that combinations based on antiretroviral drugs inhibiting HIV transmission at viral entry and reverse transcription have potential as prevention strategies against colorectal transmission of HIV-1 including MVC-resistant isolates. Preclinical evaluation with colorectal tissue explants indicates that a gel-formulation of MVC-DPV is an effective candidate colorectal microbicide.
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Griffiths K, Dolezal O, Cao B, Nilsson SK, See HB, Pfleger KDG, Roche M, Gorry PR, Pow A, Viduka K, Lim K, Lu BGC, Chang DHC, Murray-Rust T, Kvansakul M, Perugini MA, Dogovski C, Doerflinger M, Zhang Y, Parisi K, Casey JL, Nuttall SD, Foley M. i-bodies, Human Single Domain Antibodies That Antagonize Chemokine Receptor CXCR4. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12641-12657. [PMID: 27036939 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 is a G protein-coupled receptor with excellent potential as a therapeutic target for a range of clinical conditions, including stem cell mobilization, cancer prognosis and treatment, fibrosis therapy, and HIV infection. We report here the development of a fully human single-domain antibody-like scaffold termed an "i-body," the engineering of which produces an i-body library possessing a long complementarity determining region binding loop, and the isolation and characterization of a panel of i-bodies with activity against human CXCR4. The CXCR4-specific i-bodies show antagonistic activity in a range of in vitro and in vivo assays, including inhibition of HIV infection, cell migration, and leukocyte recruitment but, importantly, not the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells. Epitope mapping of the three CXCR4 i-bodies AM3-114, AM4-272, and AM3-523 revealed binding deep in the binding pocket of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olan Dolezal
- Biomedical Manufacturing, CSIRO Manufacturing, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052
| | - Benjamin Cao
- the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800,; Biomedical Manufacturing, CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3168
| | - Susan K Nilsson
- the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800,; Biomedical Manufacturing, CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3168
| | - Heng B See
- the Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009,; the Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009
| | - Kevin D G Pfleger
- the Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009,; the Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009,; Dimerix Bioscience Ltd., Nedlands, Western Australia 6009
| | - Michael Roche
- the Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000,; the Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004
| | - Paul R Gorry
- the School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001
| | - Andrew Pow
- From AdAlta Pty. Ltd., 15/2 Park Dr., Bundoora, Victoria 3083
| | - Katerina Viduka
- From AdAlta Pty. Ltd., 15/2 Park Dr., Bundoora, Victoria 3083
| | - Kevin Lim
- From AdAlta Pty. Ltd., 15/2 Park Dr., Bundoora, Victoria 3083
| | | | | | | | - Marc Kvansakul
- the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, and
| | - Matthew A Perugini
- the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, and
| | - Con Dogovski
- the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, and
| | | | - Yuan Zhang
- the Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Kathy Parisi
- From AdAlta Pty. Ltd., 15/2 Park Dr., Bundoora, Victoria 3083,; the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, and
| | - Joanne L Casey
- From AdAlta Pty. Ltd., 15/2 Park Dr., Bundoora, Victoria 3083
| | - Stewart D Nuttall
- Biomedical Manufacturing, CSIRO Manufacturing, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052
| | - Michael Foley
- From AdAlta Pty. Ltd., 15/2 Park Dr., Bundoora, Victoria 3083,; the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, and.
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Incompatible Natures of the HIV-1 Envelope in Resistance to the CCR5 Antagonist Cenicriviroc and to Neutralizing Antibodies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:437-50. [PMID: 26525792 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02285-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cenicriviroc is a CCR5 antagonist which prevents human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from cellular entry. The CCR5-binding regions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein are important targets for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and mutations conferring cenicriviroc resistance may therefore affect sensitivity to NAbs. Here, we used the in vitro induction of HIV-1 variants resistant to cenicriviroc or NAbs to examine the relationship between resistance to cenicriviroc and resistance to NAbs. The cenicriviroc-resistant variant KK652-67 (strain KK passaged 67 times in the presence of increasing concentrations of cenicriviroc) was sensitive to neutralization by NAbs against the V3 loop, the CD4-induced (CD4i) region, and the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), whereas the wild-type (WT) parental HIV-1 strain KKWT from which cenicriviroc-resistant strain KK652-67 was obtained was resistant to these NAbs. The V3 region of KK652-67 was important for cenicriviroc resistance and critical to the high sensitivity of the V3, CD4i, and CD4bs epitopes to NAbs. Moreover, induction of variants resistant to anti-V3 NAb 0.5γ and anti-CD4i NAb 4E9C from cenicriviroc-resistant strain KK652-67 resulted in reversion to the cenicriviroc-sensitive phenotype comparable to that of the parental strain, KKWT. Resistance to 0.5γ and 4E9C was caused by the novel substitutions R315K, G324R, and E381K in the V3 and C3 regions near the substitutions conferring cenicriviroc resistance. Importantly, these amino acid changes in the CCR5-binding region were also responsible for reversion to the cenicriviroc-sensitive phenotype. These results suggest the presence of key amino acid residues where resistance to cenicriviroc is incompatible with resistance to NAbs. This implies that cenicriviroc and neutralizing antibodies may restrict the emergence of variants resistant to each other.
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Nankya IL, Tebit DM, Abraha A, Kyeyune F, Gibson R, Jegede O, Nickel G, Arts EJ. Defining the fitness of HIV-1 isolates with dual/mixed co-receptor usage. AIDS Res Ther 2015; 12:34. [PMID: 26435727 PMCID: PMC4592561 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-015-0066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CCR5-using (r5) HIV-1 predominates during asymptomatic disease followed by occasional emergence of CXCR4-using (x4) or dual tropic (r5x4) virus. We examined the contribution of the x4 and r5 components to replicative fitness of HIV-1 isolates. Methods Dual tropic r5x4 viruses were predicted from average HIV-1 env sequences of two primary subtype C HIV-1 isolates (C19 and C27) and from two patient plasma samples (B12 and B19). Chimeric Env viruses with an NL4-3 backbone were constructed from the B12 and B19 env sequences. To determine replicative fitness, these primary and chimeric dual tropic HIV-1 were then competed against HIV-1 reference isolates in U87.CD4 cells expressing CXCR4 or CCR5 or in PBMCs ± entry inhibitors. Contribution of the x4 and r5 clones within the quasispecies of these chimeric or primary HIV-1 isolates were then compared to the frequency of x4, r5, and dual tropic clones within the quasispecies as predicted by phenotypic assays, clonal sequencing, and 454 deep sequencing. Results In the primary HIV-1 isolates (C19 and C27), subtype C dual tropic clones dominated over x4 clones while pure r5 clones were absent. In two subtype B chimeric viruses (B12 and B19), r5 clones were >100-fold more abundant than x4 or r5/x4 clones. The dual tropic C19 and C27 HIV-1 isolates outcompeted r5 primary HIV-1 isolates, B2 and C3 in PBMCs. When AMD3100 was added or when only U87.CD4.CCR5 cells were used, the B2 and C3 reference viruses now out-competed the r5 component of the dual tropic C19 and C27. In contrast, the same replicative fitness was observed with dualtropic B12 and B19 HIV-1 isolates relative to x4 HIV-1 A8 and E6 or the r5 B2 and C3 viruses, even when the r5 or x4 component was inhibited by maraviroc (or AMD3100) or in U87.CD4.CXCR4 (or CCR5) cells. Conclusions In the dual tropic HIV-1 isolates, the x4 replicative fitness is higher than r5 clones but the x4 or x4/r5 clones are typically at low frequency in the intrapatient virus population. Ex vivo HIV propagation promotes outgrowth of the x4 clones and provides an over-estimate of x4 dominance in replicative fitness within dual tropic viruses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12981-015-0066-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Woollard SM, Kanmogne GD. Maraviroc: a review of its use in HIV infection and beyond. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:5447-68. [PMID: 26491256 PMCID: PMC4598208 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s90580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) enters target cells by binding its envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the CD4 receptor and/or coreceptors such as C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5; R5) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4; X4), and R5-tropic viruses predominate during the early stages of infection. CCR5 antagonists bind to CCR5 to prevent viral entry. Maraviroc (MVC) is the only CCR5 antagonist currently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, the European Commission, Health Canada, and several other countries for the treatment of patients infected with R5-tropic HIV-1. MVC has been shown to be effective at inhibiting HIV-1 entry into cells and is well tolerated. With expanding MVC use by HIV-1-infected humans, different clinical outcomes post-approval have been observed with MVC monotherapy or combination therapy with other antiretroviral drugs, with MVC use in humans infected with dual-R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1, infected with different HIV-1 genotype or infected with HIV-2. This review discuss the role of CCR5 in HIV-1 infection, the development of the CCR5 antagonist MVC, its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug–drug interactions, and the implications of these interactions on treatment outcomes, including viral mutations and drug resistance, and the mechanisms associated with the development of resistance to MVC. This review also discusses available studies investigating the use of MVC in the treatment of other diseases such as cancer, graft-versus-host disease, and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna M Woollard
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Georgette D Kanmogne
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Platt EJ, Durnin JP, Kabat D. Short Communication: HIV-1 Variants That Use Mouse CCR5 Reveal Critical Interactions of gp120's V3 Crown with CCR5 Extracellular Loop 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:992-8. [PMID: 26114311 PMCID: PMC4576943 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCR5 coreceptor amino terminus and extracellular (ECL) loops 1 and 2 have been implicated in HIV-1 infections, with species differences in these regions inhibiting zoonoses. Interactions of gp120 with CD4 and CCR5 reduce constraints on metastable envelope subunit gp41, enabling gp41 conformational changes needed for infection. We previously selected HIV-1JRCSF variants that efficiently use CCR5(Δ18) with a deleted amino terminus or CCR5(HHMH) with ECL2 from an NIH/Swiss mouse. Unexpectedly, the adaptive gp120 mutations were nearly identical, suggesting that they function by weakening gp120's grip on gp41 and/or by increasing interactions with ECL1. To analyze this and further wean HIV-1 from human CCR5, we selected variants using CCR5(HMMH) with murine ECL1 and 2 sequences. HIV-1JRCSF mutations adaptive for CCR5(Δ18) and CCR5(HHMH) were generally maladaptive for CCR5(HMMH), whereas the converse was true for CCR5(HMMH) adaptations. The HIV-1JRCSF variant adapted to CCR5(HMMH) also weakly used intact NIH/Swiss mouse CCR5. Our results strongly suggest that HIV-1JRCSF makes functionally critical contacts with human ECL1 and that adaptation to murine ECL1 requires multiple mutations in the crown of gp120's V3 loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Platt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James P. Durnin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David Kabat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Homogeneous sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins: synthetic approaches and applications to characterize the effects of tyrosine sulfation on biochemical function. Acc Chem Res 2015. [PMID: 26196117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins plays critical roles in regulating structure, stability, localization, and function. Sulfation of the phenolic side chain of tyrosine residues to form sulfotyrosine (sTyr) is a widespread modification of extracellular and integral membrane proteins, influencing the activities of these proteins in cellular adhesion, blood clotting, inflammatory responses, and pathogen infection. Tyrosine sulfation commonly occurs in sequences containing clusters of tyrosine residues and is incomplete at each site, resulting in heterogeneous mixtures of sulfoforms. Purification of individual sulfoforms is typically impractical. Therefore, the most promising approach to elucidate the influence of sulfation at each site is to prepare homogeneously sulfated proteins (or peptides) synthetically. This Account describes our recent progress in both development of such synthetic approaches and application of the resulting sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins to characterize the functional consequences of tyrosine sulfation. Initial synthetic studies used a cassette-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) approach in which the side chain sulfate ester was protected to enable it to withstand Fmoc-based SPPS conditions. Subsequently, to address the need for efficient access to multiple sulfoforms of the same peptide, we developed a divergent solid-phase synthetic approach utilizing orthogonally side chain protected tyrosine residues. Using this methodology, we have carried out orthogonal deprotection and sulfation of up to three tyrosine residues within a given sequence, allowing access to all eight sulfoforms of a given target from a single solid-phase synthesis. With homogeneously sulfated peptides in hand, we have been able to probe the influence of tyrosine sulfation on biochemical function. Several of these studies focused on sulfated fragments of chemokine receptors, key mediators of leukocyte trafficking and inflammation. For the receptor CCR3, we showed that tyrosine sulfation enhances affinity and selectivity for binding to chemokine ligands, and we determined the structural basis of these affinity enhancements by NMR spectroscopy. Using a library of CCR5 sulfopeptides, we demonstrated the critical importance of sulfation at one specific site for supporting HIV-1 infection. Demonstrating the feasibility of producing homogeneously tyrosine-sulfated proteins, in addition to smaller peptides, we have used SPPS and native chemical ligation methods to synthesize the leech-derived antithrombotic protein hirudin P6, containing both tyrosine sulfation and glycosylation. Sulfation greatly enhanced inhibitory activity against thrombin, whereas addition of glycans to the sulfated protein decreased inhibition, indicating functional interplay between different post-translational modifications. In addition, the success of the ligation approach suggests that larger sulfoproteins could potentially be obtained by ligation of synthetic sulfopeptides to expressed proteins, using intein-based technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Stone
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Boonchawalit S, Harada S, Shirai N, Gatanaga H, Oka S, Matsushita S, Yoshimura K. Impact of the Maraviroc-Resistant Mutation M434I in the C4 Region of HIV-1 gp120 on Sensitivity to Antibody-Mediated Neutralization. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 69:236-43. [PMID: 26166507 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that a maraviroc (MVC)-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1variant, generated using in vitro selection, exhibited high sensitivity to several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NMAbs) and autologous plasma IgGs. The MVC-resistant variant acquired 4 sequential mutations in gp120: T297I, M434I, V200I, and K305R. In this study, we examined the mutation most responsible for conferring enhanced neutralization sensitivity of the MVC-resistant variant to several NMAbs and autologous plasma IgGs. The virus with the first resistant mutation, T297I, was sensitive to all NMAbs, whereas the passage control virus was not. The neutralization sensitivity of the variant greatly increased following its acquisition of the second mutation, M434I, in the C4 region. The M434I mutation conferred the greatest neutralizing sensitivity among the 4 MVC-resistant mutations. Additionally, the single M434I mutation was sufficient for the enhanced neutralization of the virus by NMAbs, autologous plasma IgGs, and heterologous sera relative to that of the parental virus.
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Garcia-Perez J, Staropoli I, Azoulay S, Heinrich JT, Cascajero A, Colin P, Lortat-Jacob H, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Alcami J, Kellenberger E, Lagane B. A single-residue change in the HIV-1 V3 loop associated with maraviroc resistance impairs CCR5 binding affinity while increasing replicative capacity. Retrovirology 2015; 12:50. [PMID: 26081316 PMCID: PMC4470041 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maraviroc (MVC) is an allosteric CCR5 inhibitor used against HIV-1 infection. While MVC-resistant viruses have been identified in patients, it still remains incompletely known how they adjust their CD4 and CCR5 binding properties to resist MVC inhibition while preserving their replicative capacity. It is thought that they maintain high efficiency of receptor binding. To date however, information about the binding affinities to receptors for inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 remains limited. Results Here, we show by means of viral envelope (gp120) binding experiments and virus-cell fusion kinetics that a MVC-resistant virus (MVC-Res) that had emerged as a dominant viral quasispecies in a patient displays reduced affinities for CD4 and CCR5 either free or bound to MVC, as compared to its MVC-sensitive counterpart isolated before MVC therapy. An alanine insertion within the GPG motif (G310_P311insA) of the MVC-resistant gp120 V3 loop is responsible for the decreased CCR5 binding affinity, while impaired binding to CD4 is due to sequence changes outside V3. Molecular dynamics simulations of gp120 binding to CCR5 further emphasize that the Ala insertion alters the structure of the V3 tip and weakens interaction with CCR5 ECL2. Paradoxically, infection experiments on cells expressing high levels of CCR5 also showed that Ala allows MVC-Res to use CCR5 efficiently, thereby improving viral fusion and replication efficiencies. Actually, although we found that the V3 loop of MVC-Res is required for high levels of MVC resistance, other regions outside V3 are sufficient to confer a moderate level of resistance. These sequence changes outside V3, however, come with a replication cost, which is compensated for by the Ala insertion in V3. Conclusion These results indicate that changes in the V3 loop of MVC-resistant viruses can augment the efficiency of CCR5-dependent steps of viral entry other than gp120 binding, thereby compensating for their decreased affinity for entry receptors and improving their fusion and replication efficiencies. This study thus sheds light on unsuspected mechanisms whereby MVC-resistant HIV-1 could emerge and grow in treated patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0177-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Garcia-Perez
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Almudena Cascajero
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Philippe Colin
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38027, Grenoble, France. .,CNRS, IBS, 38027, Grenoble, France. .,CEA, DSV, IBS, 38027, Grenoble, France.
| | - Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Jose Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Bernard Lagane
- INSERM U1108, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
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Veljkovic N, Vucicevic J, Tassini S, Glisic S, Veljkovic V, Radi M. Preclinical discovery and development of maraviroc for the treatment of HIV. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:671-84. [PMID: 25927601 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1041497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maraviroc is a first-in-class antiretroviral (ARV) drug acting on a host cell target (CCR5), which blocks the entry of the HIV virus into the cell. Maraviroc is currently indicated for combination ARV treatment in adults infected only with CCR5-tropic HIV-1. AREAS COVERED This drug discovery case history focuses on the key studies that led to the discovery and approval of maraviroc, as well as on post-launch clinical reports. The article is based on the data reported in published preclinical and clinical studies, conference posters and on drug package data. EXPERT OPINION The profound understanding of HIV's entry mechanisms has provided a strong biological rationale for targeting the chemokine receptor CCR5. The CCR5-antagonist mariviroc, with its unique mode of action and excellent safety profile, is an important therapeutic option for HIV patients. In general, the authors believe that targeting host factors is a useful approach for combating new and re-emerging transmissible diseases, as well as pathogens that easily become resistant to common antiviral drugs. Maraviroc, offering a potent and safe cellular receptor-mediated pharmacological response to HIV, has paved the way for the development of a new generation of host-targeting antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Veljkovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA, Center for Multidisciplinary Research , P.O. Box 522, Belgrade , Serbia +381 11 3408154 ; + 381 11 7440100 ;
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Acharya P, Lusvarghi S, Bewley CA, Kwong PD. HIV-1 gp120 as a therapeutic target: navigating a moving labyrinth. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:765-83. [PMID: 25724219 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1010513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The HIV-1 gp120 envelope (Env) glycoprotein mediates attachment of virus to human target cells that display requisite receptors, CD4 and co-receptor, generally CCR5. Despite high-affinity interactions with host receptors and proof-of-principle by the drug maraviroc that interference with CCR5 provides therapeutic benefit, no licensed drug currently targets gp120. AREAS COVERED An overview of the role of gp120 in HIV-1 entry and of sites of potential gp120 vulnerability to therapeutic inhibition is presented. Viral defenses that protect these sites and turn gp120 into a moving labyrinth are discussed together with strategies for circumventing these defenses to allow therapeutic targeting of gp120 sites of vulnerability. EXPERT OPINION The gp120 envelope glycoprotein interacts with host proteins through multiple interfaces and has conserved structural features at these interaction sites. In spite of this, targeting gp120 for therapeutic purposes is challenging. Env mechanisms that have evolved to evade the humoral immune response also shield it from potential therapeutics. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made in understanding HIV-1 gp120 structure and its interactions with host receptors, and in developing therapeutic leads that potently neutralize diverse HIV-1 strains. Synergies between advances in understanding, needs for therapeutics against novel viral targets and characteristics of breadth and potency for a number of gp120-targetting lead molecules bodes well for gp120 as a HIV-1 therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Acharya
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Vaccine Research Center, Structural Biology Section , Room 4609B, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 , USA
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Raymond S, Maillard A, Amiel C, Peytavin G, Trabaud MA, Desbois D, Bellecave P, Delaugerre C, Soulie C, Marcelin AG, Descamps D, Izopet J, the ANRS ACll Resistance Study Group, Reigadas S, Bellecave P, Pinson-Recordon P, Fleury H, Masquelier B, Signori-Schmuck A, Morand P, Bocket L, Mouna L, Andre P, Tardy JC, Trabaud MA, Descamps D, Charpentier C, Peytavin G, Brun-Vezinet F, Haim-Boukobza S, Roques AM, Soulie C, Lambert-Niclot S, Malet I, Wirden M, Fourati S, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, Flandre P, Assoumou L, Costagliola D, Morand-Joubert L, Delaugerre C, Schneider V, Amiel C, Giraudeau G, Maillard A, Nicot F, Izopet J. Virological failure of patients on maraviroc-based antiretroviral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1858-64. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
ABSTRACT HIV resistance against currently approved entry inhibitors, the chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) antagonist maraviroc and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20), manifests in a complex manner that is distinct from the resistance patterns against other classes of antiretroviral drugs. Several attachment and fusion inhibitors are currently under various stages of development. Whereas CCR5 co-receptor antagonists have been widely studied until now, because patients who lack CCR5 are healthy and protected to some extent from HIV-infection, CXCR4-antagonist development has been slower, due to limited antiviral activity and potential toxicity given that CXCR4 may have essential cellular functions. Novel fusion inhibitor development is focusing on orally available small-molecule inhibitors that might replace T-20, which needs to be administered by subcutaneous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Kramer
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark A Wainberg
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Lazzarin A, Reynes J, Molina JM, Valluri S, Mukwaya G, Heera J, Craig C, van der Ryst E, Sierra-Madero JG. The maraviroc expanded access program - safety and efficacy data from an open-label study. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2015; 16:10-21. [PMID: 25777185 DOI: 10.1179/1528433614z.0000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The maraviroc (MVC) expanded access program (EAP) was initiated to increase MVC availability to patients with limited treatment options. Darunavir (DRV), raltegravir (RAL), and etravirine (ETV) were either recently approved or under regulatory review at study initiation and available for coadministration with MVC. Thus, the safety of MVC in combination with new antiretroviral therapies (ARVs) could be assessed. This open-label safety study of MVC was conducted at 262 sites worldwide in 1032 R5 HIV-positive treatment-experienced patients with limited/no therapeutic options. METHODS Study visits included screening, baseline, end of study or early discontinuation, and follow-up 30 days after last dose. Interim visits for HIV-1 RNA and CD4 cell counts occurred according to local HIV infection management guidelines. Safety data were analyzed overall and by subgroup based on ARV combination [MVC+optimized background therapy (OBT), MVC ± OBT+DRV/r, MVC ± OBT+RAL, MVC ± OBT+RAL+DRV/r, MVC ± OBT+RAL+ETV ± DRV/r]. RESULTS Most (90.3%) adverse events (AEs) were of mild or moderate severity with few grade 3/4 events, discontinuations, or temporary discontinuations/dose reductions due to AEs or serious AEs. Similar results were observed across subgroups. Of treated patients, 79.9% and 50% had HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/ml and < 50 copies/ml respectively, at the end of the study, early termination visits, or at last known status. Tropism changes and selection of MVC-resistant R5 virus, including high-level MVC dependence, were mechanisms of viral escape. CONCLUSION MVC was well tolerated with virologic suppression observed in most patients.
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The evolution of HIV-1 interactions with coreceptors and mannose C-type lectin receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 129:109-40. [PMID: 25595802 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) commonly evolves between and within infected individuals, at virus transmission, and during disease progression. This evolution includes altered interactions between the virus and its coreceptors, i.e., chemokine receptors, as well as mannose C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). Transmitted/founder viruses are predominantly restricted to CCR5, whereas the subsequent intrapatient evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor use during progressive disease can be subdivided into two distinct pathways. Accordingly, the CCR5-restricted virus population is either gradually replaced by virus variants able to use CXCR4 or evolves toward an altered, more flexible use of CCR5. Despite a strong dependency on these coreceptors for host cell entry, HIV-1 also interacts with other cell surface molecules during target cell attachment, including the CLRs. The virus interaction with the CLRs may result either in the efficient transfer of virus to CD4(+) T cells or in the degradation of the virus in endosomal compartments. The determinants of the diverse outcomes depend on which CLR is engaged and also on the glycan makeup of the envelope glycoproteins, which may evolve with the strength of the immune pressure during the disease course. With the current clinical introduction of CCR5 antagonists and the development of additional entry inhibitors, knowledge on the evolution and baseline characteristics of HIV-1 interactions with coreceptor and CLR interactions may play important roles for individualized and optimized treatment strategies. This review summarizes our current understanding of the evolution of HIV-1 interactions with these receptors.
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Jones LH, Narayanan A, Hett EC. Understanding and applying tyrosine biochemical diversity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:952-69. [PMID: 24623162 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00018h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights some of the recent advances made in our understanding of the diversity of tyrosine biochemistry and shows how this has inspired novel applications in numerous areas of molecular design and synthesis, including chemical biology and bioconjugation. The pathophysiological implications of tyrosine biochemistry will be presented from a molecular perspective and the opportunities for therapeutic intervention explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn H Jones
- Pfizer R&D, Chemical Biology Group, BioTherapeutics Chemistry, WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Liu X, Malins LR, Roche M, Sterjovski J, Duncan R, Garcia ML, Barnes NC, Anderson DA, Stone MJ, Gorry PR, Payne RJ. Site-selective solid-phase synthesis of a CCR5 sulfopeptide library to interrogate HIV binding and entry. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2074-81. [PMID: 24963694 PMCID: PMC4168781 DOI: 10.1021/cb500337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Tyrosine (Tyr) sulfation is a common
post-translational modification
that is implicated in a variety of important biological processes,
including the fusion and entry of human immunodeficiency virus type-1
(HIV-1). A number of sulfated Tyr (sTyr) residues on the N-terminus
of the CCR5 chemokine receptor are involved in a crucial binding interaction
with the gp120 HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Despite the established
importance of these sTyr residues, the exact structural and functional
role of this post-translational modification in HIV-1 infection is
not fully understood. Detailed biological studies are hindered in
part by the difficulty in accessing homogeneous sulfopeptides and
sulfoproteins through biological expression and established synthetic
techniques. Herein we describe an efficient approach to the synthesis
of sulfopeptides bearing discrete sulfation patterns through the divergent,
site-selective incorporation of sTyr residues on solid support. By
employing three orthogonally protected Tyr building blocks and a solid-phase
sulfation protocol, we demonstrate the synthesis of a library of target
N-terminal CCR5(2-22) sulfoforms bearing discrete and differential
sulfation at Tyr10, Tyr14, and Tyr15, from a single resin-bound intermediate.
We demonstrate the importance of distinct sites of Tyr sulfation in
binding gp120 through a competitive binding assay between the synthetic
CCR5 sulfopeptides and an anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody. These studies
revealed a critical role of sulfation at Tyr14 for binding and a possible
additional role for sulfation at Tyr10. N-terminal CCR5 variants bearing
a sTyr residue at position 14 were also found to complement viral
entry into cells expressing an N-terminally truncated CCR5 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Liu
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Lara R. Malins
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jasminka Sterjovski
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Renee Duncan
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Mary L. Garcia
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Nadine C. Barnes
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David A. Anderson
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gorry
- Centre
for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Richard J. Payne
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Combination of the CCL5-derived peptide R4.0 with different HIV-1 blockers reveals wide target compatibility and synergic cobinding to CCR5. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6215-23. [PMID: 25114130 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03559-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
R4.0, a synthetic CCL5/RANTES-derived peptide, exerts potent anti-HIV-1 activity via its nonactivating interaction with CCR5, the major HIV-1 coreceptor. CCR5 chronic activation may promote undesirable inflammatory effects and enhance viral infection; thus, receptor antagonism is a necessary requisite. HIV-1 gp120, CCL5, and maraviroc dock on CCR5 by sharing two receptor sites: the N terminus and the second extracellular loop. In combination studies, R4.0, CCL5, and maraviroc exhibited concomitant interactions with CCR5 and promoted synergic inhibition of HIV-1 in acute-infection assays. Furthermore, various degrees of additive/synergic HIV-1 inhibition were observed when R4.0 was tested in combination with drugs and lead compounds directed toward different viral targets (gp120, gp41, reverse transcriptase, and protease). In combination with tenofovir, R4.0 provides cross-clade synergic inhibition of primary HIV-1 isolates. Remarkably, an in vitro-generated maraviroc-resistant R5 HIV-1 strain was inhibited by R4.0 comparably to the wild-type strain, suggesting the presence of viral resistance barriers similar to those reported for CCL5. Overall, R4.0 appears to be a promising lead peptide with potential for combination in anti-HIV-1 therapy and in microbicide development to prevent sexual HIV-1 transmission.
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Chikere K, Webb NE, Chou T, Borm K, Sterjovski J, Gorry PR, Lee B. Distinct HIV-1 entry phenotypes are associated with transmission, subtype specificity, and resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies. Retrovirology 2014; 11:48. [PMID: 24957778 PMCID: PMC4230403 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficiency of CD4/CCR5 mediated HIV-1 entry has important implications for pathogenesis and transmission. The HIV-1 receptor affinity profiling (Affinofile) system analyzes and quantifies the infectivity of HIV-1 envelopes (Envs) across a spectrum of CD4/CCR5 expression levels and distills these data into a set of Affinofile metrics. The Affinofile system has shed light on how differential CD4/CCR5 usage efficiencies contributes to an array of Env phenotypes associated with cellular tropism, viral pathogenesis, and CCR5 inhibitor resistance. To facilitate more rapid, convenient, and robust analysis of HIV-1 entry phenotypes, we engineered a reporter Affinofile system containing a Tat- and Rev-dependent Gaussia luciferase-eGFP-Reporter (GGR) that is compatible with the use of pseudotyped or replication competent viruses with or without a virally encoded reporter gene. This GGR Affinofile system enabled a higher throughput characterization of CD4/CCR5 usage efficiencies associated with differential Env phenotypes. RESULTS We first validated our GGR Affinofile system on isogenic JR-CSF Env mutants that differ in their affinity for CD4 and/or CCR5. We established that their GGR Affinofile metrics reflected their differential entry phenotypes on primary PBMCs and CD4+ T-cell subsets. We then applied GGR Affinofile profiling to reveal distinct entry phenotypes associated with transmission, subtype specificity, and resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNAbs). First, we profiled a panel of reference subtype B transmitted/founder (T/F) and chronic Envs (n = 12) by analyzing the infectivity of each Env across 25 distinct combinations of CD4/CCR5 expression levels. Affinofile metrics revealed that at low CCR5 levels, our panel of subtype B T/F Envs was more dependent on high levels of CD4 for HIV-1 entry compared to chronic Envs. Next, we analyzed a reference panel of 28 acute/early subtype A-D Envs, and noted that subtype C Envs could be distinguished from the other subtypes based on their infectivity profiles and relevant Affinofile metrics. Lastly, mutations known to confer resistance to VRC01 or PG6/PG19 BNAbs, when engineered into subtypes A-D Envs, resulted in significantly decreased CD4/CCR5 usage efficiency. CONCLUSIONS GGR Affinofile profiling reveals pathophysiological phenotypes associated with varying HIV-1 entry efficiencies, and highlight the fitness costs associated with resistance to some broadly neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi Chikere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nicholas E Webb
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tom Chou
- Department of Biomathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Borm
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jasminka Sterjovski
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, #1124, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Asin-Milan O, Wei Y, Sylla M, Vaisheva F, Chamberland A, Tremblay CL. Performance of a clonal-based HIV-1 tropism phenotypic assay. J Virol Methods 2014; 204:53-61. [PMID: 24731927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adequate determination of HIV-1 tropism is important in clinical and research settings. Genotypic and phenotypic approaches to evaluate tropism have been described. Phenotypic assays are widely used to determine HIV-1 tropism because of their sensitivity to detect minor CXCR4-using variants (X4). However they cannot differentiate mixed quasi-species of R5 and X4 viruses from dual-tropic viruses. We describe here a clonal-based HIV-1 tropism phenotypic assay. Env-pseudo-typed viruses were produced by co-transfection of the env expression plasmid pcDNA3.1/V5HisTOPO and a backbone vector pNL4-3.Luc.E-R- that expresses the entire HIV-1 genome except for env and vpr in 293T cell cultures. Co-receptor use was tested by infecting U87.CD4.CCR5+ and U87.CD4.CXCR4+ cells in the presence or absence of co-receptor inhibitors, using 10 clones from each sample. The ability of the assay to detect minor variants in a viral population was assessed by mixing X4 and R5 clones using different ratios. Both R5 and X4 minority variants were detected when present at greater than 0.4% in a mixture of envelope populations. This assay can be useful in both clinical and research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odalis Asin-Milan
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Yi Wei
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Mohamed Sylla
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Annie Chamberland
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Cécile L Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada; Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Canada.
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50
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Gorry PR. Understanding mechanisms of HIV-1 entry into cells. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ma14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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