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Nuñez LFN, Chacón RD, Charlys da Costa A, Santander-Parra SH, da Costa Pereira Innocentini R, Sánchez-Llatas CJ, Cea-Callejo P, Ichillumpa SV, Astolfi Ferreira CS, de Sá LRM, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Detection and molecular characterization of chicken parvovirus and chicken megrivirus in layer breeders affected by intestinal dilatation syndrome. Avian Pathol 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38916258 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2372486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS IDS presented pathognomonic dilatation of the jejunum up to Meckel's diverticulum.IDS caused weight loss, decreased egg production, and increased culling and mortality.Chicken parvovirus (ChPV) was consistently detected through PCR assays.Chicken megrivirus (ChMV) was consistently detected through viral metagenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fabian N Nuñez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ruy D Chacón
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvana H Santander-Parra
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Christian J Sánchez-Llatas
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cea-Callejo
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefhany Valdeiglesias Ichillumpa
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Amazonas, Peru
| | - Claudete S Astolfi Ferreira
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Rose Marques de Sá
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Environmental Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Schmitt SE, das Neves GB, Withoeft JA, Costa LS, Biezus G, Pagani RS, Miletti LC, Costa UM, Casagrande RA. PARROT BORNAVIRUSES IN PSITTACINES KEPT IN CAPTIVITY IN THE STATE OF SANTA CATARINA, BRAZIL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:341-354. [PMID: 38875191 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Parrot bornaviruses are responsible for proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in psittacines. This study aimed to determine the occurrence and factors associated with Parrot bornaviruses infection in psittacines kept in captivity in a state in the southern region of Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 192 birds from two facilities (A and B) in 2019, using choanal, esophageal, and cloacal swabs and feathers, totaling 768 samples subjected to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), for the matrix (M) protein gene with a final product of 350 base pairs (bp). Genetic sequencing of three positive samples was performed by the Sanger method. In the study, the overall virus occurrence was 35.9% (69/192), with 40.4% (42/104) in Facility A and 30.7% (27/88) in Facility B. Sequencing analysis of the samples revealed the presence of Parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2) in both facilities. Swab samples from the choanal (40/69), esophageal (30/69), cloacal (35/69), and feather (15/69) tested positive, facilitating the molecular diagnosis of Parrot bornaviruses. The results indicated that there is no single ideal sample type for antemortem molecular diagnosis of this virus. Simultaneously testing all four samples at the same time point yielded more diagnoses than testing any single sample among the four. Most of the 29 sampled psittacine species were native, and 46.9% of the birds (90/192) consisted of endangered species. Among the psittacines that tested positive, 88.4% (61/69) were clinically healthy, and 8.7% (6/69) exhibited clinical or behavioral signs, including behavioral changes, alterations in feathering, and changes in body score at the time of collection. This study showcases the application of minimally invasive sampling for diagnosing Parrot bornaviruses, enabling sample collection when the birds are restrained for clinical evaluation. This approach facilitates a prompt and effective antemortem diagnosis, thereby serving as an efficient screening method for parrots kept in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Schmitt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Avenida Luís de Camões, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela B das Neves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Avenida Luís de Camões, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A Withoeft
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Avenida Luís de Camões, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Avenida Luís de Camões, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Giovana Biezus
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Avenida Luís de Camões, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Pagani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Avenida Luís de Camões, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Miletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Avenida Luís de Camões, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Ubirajara M Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Avenida Luís de Camões, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Renata A Casagrande
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Avenida Luís de Camões, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil,
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3
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Antonio ES, Fraga RE, Silva JG. Viral Diagnosis in Psittacine Birds: A Scientometric and Systematic Review of 47 Years. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1546. [PMID: 38891593 PMCID: PMC11171333 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The first reports of viruses in psittacine birds date back to the early 1970s. Here, we elucidate the differences among these previous studies and the advances achieved. The objective of this study was to carry out a comprehensive review using both scientometric and systematic methods to analyze the evolution of published studies on viruses in psittacine birds up to 2022. The search descriptors "virus", "diagnosis", and "Psittaciformes" were used to find the articles of interest for this study. A total of 118 articles were manually selected, and the scientometric data were organized using the software VOSviewer® version 1.6.18. The present review revealed that: (i) on average, 2.5 articles/year on the diagnosis of viral infection in psittacine birds were published since 1975; (ii) the most productive research groups are concentrated in three countries: Australia, the United States, and Germany; (iii) the most important virus in psittacine birds is the Circovirus, which causes psittacine beak and feather disease; (iv) the diagnostic method of choice is polymerase chain reaction (PCR); and (v) the most studied psittacine birds were those in the Psittacidae family that were kept in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edma Santos Antonio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Evangelista Fraga
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, BA, Brazil;
| | - Janisete Gomes Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil;
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Villanueva BHA, Chen JY, Lin PJ, Minh H, Le VP, Tyan YC, Chuang JP, Chuang KP. Surveillance of Parrot Bornavirus in Taiwan Captive Psittaciformes. Viruses 2024; 16:805. [PMID: 38793686 PMCID: PMC11125704 DOI: 10.3390/v16050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) is an infectious disease linked with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) with severe digestive and neurological symptoms affecting psittacine birds. Despite its detection in 2008, PaBV prevalence in Taiwan remains unexplored. Taiwan is one of the leading psittacine bird breeders; hence, understanding the distribution of PaBV aids preventive measures in controlling spread, early disease recognition, epidemiology, and transmission dynamics. Here, we aimed to detect the prevalence rate of PaBV and assess its genetic variation in Taiwan. Among 124 psittacine birds tested, fifty-seven were PaBV-positive, a prevalence rate of 45.97%. Most of the PaBV infections were adult psittacine birds, with five birds surviving the infection, resulting in a low survival rate (8.77%). A year of parrot bornavirus surveillance presented a seasonal pattern, with peak PaBV infection rates occurring in the spring season (68%) and the least in the summer season (25%), indicating the occurrence of PaBV infections linked to seasonal factors. Histopathology reveals severe meningoencephalitis in the cerebellum and dilated cardiomyopathy of the heart in psittacine birds who suffered from PDD. Three brain samples underwent X/P gene sequencing, revealing PaBV-2 and PaBV-4 viral genotypes through phylogenetic analyses. This underscores the necessity for ongoing PaBV surveillance and further investigation into its pathophysiology and transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Harvey Avanceña Villanueva
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
| | - Jin-Yang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Lin
- Livestock Disease Control Center of Chiayi County, Chiayi 612, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Hoang Minh
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Van Phan Le
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Pin Chuang
- Chiayi Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Pin Chuang
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Companion Animal Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
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5
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Szotowska I, Ledwoń A. Antiviral Chemotherapy in Avian Medicine-A Review. Viruses 2024; 16:593. [PMID: 38675934 PMCID: PMC11054683 DOI: 10.3390/v16040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article describes the current knowledge about the use of antiviral chemotherapeutics in avian species, such as farm poultry and companion birds. Specific therapeutics are described in alphabetical order including classic antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, abacavir, adefovir, amantadine, didanosine, entecavir, ganciclovir, interferon, lamivudine, penciclovir, famciclovir, oseltamivir, ribavirin, and zidovudine, repurposed drugs, such as ivermectin and nitazoxanide, which were originally used as antiparasitic drugs, and some others substances showing antiviral activity, such as ampligen, azo derivates, docosanol, fluoroarabinosylpyrimidine nucleosides, and novel peptides. Most of them have only been used for research purposes and are not widely used in clinical practice because of a lack of essential pharmacokinetic and safety data. Suggested future research directions are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Szotowska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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6
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HONG SS, KIM S, SEO MK, HAN MN, KIM J, LEE SM, NA KJ. Genetic trends in parrot Bornavirus: a clinical analysis. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:239-246. [PMID: 38171882 PMCID: PMC10898989 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Parrot Bornavirus (PaBV) has been reported to cause indigestion and other wasting symptoms such as weight loss and lethargy. The pathogenesis of PaBV has yet to be fully elucidated. This study reports PaBV infections in South Korea and suggests a trend in the genetic information gathered from clinical cases. A total of 487 birds with or without clinical symptoms were tested for bornavirus. Twelve of 361 asymptomatic birds tested positive for bornavirus, while 15 of 126 birds with various symptoms tested positive. A segment of approximately 1,540 bps including the N, X, P and M proteins were obtained from 23 of the positive strains and analyzed with other strains found on GenBank that had clinical information. PaBV was type 2 and 4 in South Korea, and certain amino acid sequences showed a difference between symptom presenting animals and asymptomatic animals in the X protein and P protein. When considering that some asymptomatic cases may have been latent infections at the time of examination, it is plausible these trends may grow stronger with time. Majority of PaBV was type 4 in South Korea. If these trends are confirmed, diagnosis of potentially pathogenic PaBVs in a clinical manner will be possible during the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyun S HONG
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National
University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Cheongju Zoo, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sungryong KIM
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National
University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | | | - Mi-Na HAN
- Institute of Chungbuk Provincial Veterinary Service and
Research, Cheongju, South Korea
| | | | - Sang-Myeong LEE
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National
University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong NA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National
University, Cheongju, South Korea
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Aguilera-Sepúlveda P, Llorente F, Rosenstierne MW, Bravo-Barriga D, Frontera E, Fomsgaard A, Fernández-Pinero J, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. Detection of a new avian bornavirus in barn owl (Tyto alba) by pan-viral microarray. Vet Microbiol 2024; 289:109959. [PMID: 38134487 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A barn owl (Tyto alba) died with neurological signs compatible with a viral infection. After discarding other possible infections caused by circulating viruses in the area, analysis of the central nervous system using a pan-viral microarray revealed hybridization to canary bornavirus 2 (CnBV-2). Subsequent sequence analysis confirmed the presence of a virus sharing more than 83% identity with CnBV-2. Surprisingly, the new sequence corresponds to a new virus, here named Barn owl Bornavirus 1 (BoBV-1), within the Orthobornavirus serini species. Moreover, it is the first member of this species that has been detected in a non-passerine bird, indicating that Orthobornavirus serini species comprises viruses with a wider range of hosts than previously presumed. The use of this microarray has proven to be an excellent tool for viral detection in clinical samples, with capacity to detect new viral variants. This allows the diagnosis of a great range of viruses, which can cause similar disease symptoms and which identification by PCR methods might be tedious, probably unsuccessful and, in the long run, expensive. This platform is highly useful for a fast and precise viral detection, contributing to the improvement of diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Maiken Worsoe Rosenstierne
- QlifeAps, Industriparken 39-41, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark; Virus Research & Development Laboratory Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Salud Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eva Frontera
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Chacón RD, Sánchez-Llatas CJ, Diaz Forero AJ, Guimarães MB, Pajuelo SL, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Ferreira AJP. Evolutionary Analysis of a Parrot Bornavirus 2 Detected in a Sulphur-Crested Cockatoo ( Cacatua galerita) Suggests a South American Ancestor. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:47. [PMID: 38200778 PMCID: PMC10778322 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) is an RNA virus that causes Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD), neurological disorders, and death in Psittaciformes. Its diversity in South America is poorly known. We examined a Cacatua galerita presenting neuropathies, PDD, and oculopathies as the main signs. We detected PaBV through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and partial sequencing of the nucleoprotein (N) and matrix (M) genes. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inferences classified it as PaBV-2. The nucleotide identity of the sequenced strain ranged from 88.3% to 90.3% against genotype PaBV-2 and from 80.2% to 84.4% against other genotypes. Selective pressure analysis detected signs of episodic diversifying selection in both the N and M genes. No recombination events were detected. Phylodynamic analysis estimated the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) as the year 1758 for genotype PaBV-2 and the year 1049 for the Orthobornavirus alphapsittaciforme species. Substitution rates were estimated at 2.73 × 10-4 and 4.08 × 10-4 substitutions per year per site for N and M, respectively. The analysis of population dynamics showed a progressive decline in the effective population size during the last century. Timescale phylogeographic analysis revealed a potential South American ancestor as the origin of genotypes 1, 2, and 8. These results contribute to our knowledge of the evolutionary origin, diversity, and dynamics of PaBVs in South America and the world. Additionally, it highlights the importance of further studies in captive Psittaciformes and the potential impact on endangered wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy D. Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (A.J.D.F.); (M.B.G.); (C.S.A.-F.)
| | - Christian J. Sánchez-Llatas
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Andrea J. Diaz Forero
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (A.J.D.F.); (M.B.G.); (C.S.A.-F.)
| | - Marta B. Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (A.J.D.F.); (M.B.G.); (C.S.A.-F.)
| | - Sarah L. Pajuelo
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo 13001, La Libertad, Peru;
| | - Claudete S. Astolfi-Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (A.J.D.F.); (M.B.G.); (C.S.A.-F.)
| | - Antonio J. Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (A.J.D.F.); (M.B.G.); (C.S.A.-F.)
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Zhang LN, Huang YH, Liu H, Li LX, Bai X, Yang GD. Molecular detection of bornavirus in parrots imported to China in 2022. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:259. [PMID: 38057808 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian bornavirus (ABV) is a neurotropic virus, it has been established as the primary causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). However, substantial international trade and transnational trafficking of wild birds occur, potentially enabling these birds to harbor and transmit pathogens to domestic poultry, adversely affecting their well-being. Real-time RT-PCR was employed to detect the presence of PaBV-4 in parrots imported to China in 2022. RESULTS In 2022, a total of 47 cloacal swabs from 9 distinct species of parrots were collected at the Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center in Guangdong, China. The purpose of this collection was to detect the presence of PaBV-4. Using real-time PCR techniques, it was determined that the positive rate of PaBV-4 was 2.12% (1 out of 47) in parrots. The PaBV-4 virus was detected in a Amazona aestiva that had been adopted for one month. Conversely, all other species tested negative for the virus. Subsequently, the whole genome of the PaBV-4 GD2207 strains was sequenced, and the homology and genetic evolution between these strains and previously published PaBV-4 strains on GenBank were analyzed using DNAStar and MEGA7.0 software. The findings revealed that the full-length genome of PaBV-4 consisted of 8915 nucleotides and encoded six proteins. Additionally, it exhibited the highest nucleotide similarity (99.9%) to the GZ2019 strain, which causes death and severe clinical symptoms in Aratinga solstitialis. Furthermore, when compared to other strains of PaBV-4, the GD2207 strain demonstrated the highest amino acid homology with GZ2019. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the GD2207 strain clustered with various strains found in Japanese, American, and German parrots, indicating a close genetic relationship with PaBV-4, but it revealed a distant relationship with PaBV-5 Cockg5 from America. Notably, the GD2207 was closely associated with the GZ2019 strain from Aratinga solstitialis in China. CONCLUSION This study presents the preliminary identification of PaBV-4 in Amazona aestiva parrots, emphasizing its importance as the predominant viral genotype linked to parrot infections resulting from trade into China. Through genetic evolution analysis, it was determined that the GD2207 strain of PaBV-4 exhibits the closest genetic relationship with GZ 2019 (Aratinga solstitialis, China), M14 (Ara macao, USA), AG5 (Psittacus erithacus, USA) and 6758 (Ara ararauna, Germany) suggesting a shared ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Eco-Engineering Department, Guangdong, Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Han Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guang-Da Yang
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Ampuero F, Leacy A, Pham PH, Che S, Jardine C, Nagy E, Delnatte P, Lillie BN, Susta L. Experimental pathogenesis of aquatic bird bornavirus 1 in Pekin ducks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18094. [PMID: 37872359 PMCID: PMC10593797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic bird bornavirus 1 (ABBV-1) is a neurotropic virus that causes persistent infection in the nervous system of wild waterfowl. This study evaluated whether Pekin ducks, the most common waterfowl raised worldwide, are susceptible to ABBV-1 infection and associated disease. Groups of Pekin ducks were inoculated with ABBV-1 through the intracranial (IC; n, 32), intramuscular (IM; n, 30), and choanal (CH; n, 30) routes. Controls (CO; n, 29) received carrier only. At 1, 12, and 21 weeks postinfection (wpi), 7-14 birds were euthanized to assess virus distribution and lesions. Infection rates in the IC and IM groups were over 70%, while only 4 ducks in the CH group became infected. Neurological signs were observed in 8 ducks only, while over 25% of IC and IM birds had encephalitis and/or myelitis. Seroconversion was highest in the IC and IM groups, and mucosal ABBV-1 RNA shedding was most frequent in the IC group (53%). None of the fertile eggs laid during the experiment tested positive for ABBV-1 RNA. This study shows that Pekin ducks are permissive to ABBV-1 infection and partly susceptible to associated disease. While mucosal shedding may be an important route of transmission, congenital infection appears unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ampuero
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexander Leacy
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sunoh Che
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Claire Jardine
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Eva Nagy
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Pauline Delnatte
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Pathobiology Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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11
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Williams RAJ, Sánchez-Llatas CJ, Doménech A, Madrid R, Fandiño S, Cea-Callejo P, Gomez-Lucia E, Benítez L. Emerging and Novel Viruses in Passerine Birds. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2355. [PMID: 37764199 PMCID: PMC10536639 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in emerging viruses that can cause serious or lethal disease in humans and animals. The proliferation of cloacal virome studies, mainly focused on poultry and other domestic birds, reveals a wide variety of viruses, although their pathogenic significance is currently uncertain. Analysis of viruses detected in wild birds is complex and often biased towards waterfowl because of the obvious interest in avian influenza or other zoonotic viruses. Less is known about the viruses present in the order Passeriformes, which comprises approximately 60% of extant bird species. This review aims to compile the most significant contributions on the DNA/RNA viruses affecting passerines, from traditional and metagenomic studies. It highlights that most passerine species have never been sampled. Especially the RNA viruses from Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Togaviridae are considered emerging because of increased incidence or avian mortality/morbidity, spread to new geographical areas or hosts and their zoonotic risk. Arguably poxvirus, and perhaps other virus groups, could also be considered "emerging viruses". However, many of these viruses have only recently been described in passerines using metagenomics and their role in the ecosystem is unknown. Finally, it is noteworthy that only one third of the viruses affecting passerines have been officially recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. J. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), C. de José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.J.S.-L.); (R.M.); (P.C.-C.); (L.B.)
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
| | - Christian J. Sánchez-Llatas
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), C. de José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.J.S.-L.); (R.M.); (P.C.-C.); (L.B.)
| | - Ana Doménech
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
- Deparment of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Madrid
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), C. de José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.J.S.-L.); (R.M.); (P.C.-C.); (L.B.)
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
| | - Sergio Fandiño
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
- Deparment of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cea-Callejo
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), C. de José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.J.S.-L.); (R.M.); (P.C.-C.); (L.B.)
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
| | - Esperanza Gomez-Lucia
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
- Deparment of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Benítez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), C. de José Antonio Nováis, 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.J.S.-L.); (R.M.); (P.C.-C.); (L.B.)
- “Animal Viruses” Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.D.); (S.F.); (E.G.-L.)
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12
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Komorizono R, Fujino K, Kessler S, Runge S, Kanda T, Horie M, Makino A, Rubbenstroth D, Tomonaga K. Reverse genetics of parrot bornavirus 4 reveals a unique splicing of the glycoprotein gene that affects viral propagation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0050923. [PMID: 37578232 PMCID: PMC10506466 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00509-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses can utilize host splicing machinery to enable the expression of multiple genes from a limited-sized genome. Orthobornaviruses use alternative splicing to regulate the expression level of viral proteins and achieve efficient viral replication in the nucleus. Although more than 20 orthobornaviruses have been identified belonging to eight different viral species, virus-specific splicing has not been demonstrated. Here, we demonstrate that the glycoprotein (G) transcript of parrot bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4; species Orthobornavirus alphapsittaciforme), a highly virulent virus in psittacines, undergoes mRNA splicing and expresses a soluble isoform termed sGP. Interestingly, the splicing donor for sGP is not conserved in other orthobornaviruses, including those belonging to the same orthobornavirus species, suggesting that this splicing has evolved as a PaBV-4-specific event. We have also shown that exogenous expression of sGP does not affect PaBV-4 replication or de novo virion infectivity. In this study, to investigate the role of sGP in viral replication, we established a reverse genetics system for PaBV-4 by using avian cell lines and generated a recombinant virus lacking the spliced mRNA for sGP. Using the recombinant viruses, we show that the replication of the sGP-deficient virus is significantly slower than that of the wild-type virus and that the exogenous expression of sGP cannot restore its propagation efficiency. These results suggest that autologous or controlled expression of sGP by splicing may be important for PaBV-4 propagation. The reverse genetics system for avian bornaviruses developed here will be a powerful tool for understanding the replication strategies and pathogenesis of avian orthobornaviruses. IMPORTANCE Parrot bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4) is the dominant cause of proventricular dilatation disease, a severe gastrointestinal and central nervous system disease among avian bornaviruses. In this study, we discovered that PaBV-4 expresses a soluble isoform of glycoprotein (G), called sGP, through alternative splicing of the G mRNA, which is unique to this virus. To understand the role of sGP in viral replication, we generated recombinant PaBV-4 lacking the newly identified splicing donor site for sGP using a reverse genetics system and found that its propagation was significantly slower than that of the wild-type virus, suggesting that sGP plays an essential role in PaBV-4 infection. Our results provide important insights not only into the replication strategy but also into the pathogenesis of PaBV-4, which is the most prevalent bornavirus in captive psittacines worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Komorizono
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kan Fujino
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kessler
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Solveig Runge
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Takehiro Kanda
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Makino
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Szotowska I, Ledwoń A, Dolka I, Bonecka J, Szeleszczuk P. Bornaviral infections in Atlantic canaries ( Serinus canaria) in Poland. Avian Pathol 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37097771 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2206801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe presence of canary bornavirus (Orthobornavirus serini) genetic material was tested in organ samples from 157 Atlantic canaries (Serinus canaria) and four hybrids of Atlantic canary and European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis). The subject of the research were samples collected in the years 2006-2022. A positive result was obtained in 16 canaries and one hybrid (10,5%). Eleven positive canaries had neurological signs prior to death. Four of them also had atrophic changes in the forebrain, which have not been described so far in canaries and other species of birds infected with avian bornavirus. In one canary computed tomography without contrast was performed. This study showed no changes, despite advanced forebrain atrophy found on post-mortem examination of the bird. The organs of the studied birds were also tested with PCR tests for the presence of polyomaviruses and circoviruses. There was no correlation between the bornavirus infection and the presence of the other two viruses in the tested canaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Szotowska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ledwoń
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabella Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Bonecka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Szeleszczuk
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Link J, Herzog S, Gartner AM, Bücking B, König M, Lierz M. Factors Influencing Vertical Transmission of Psittacine Bornavirus in Cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus). Viruses 2022; 14:v14122721. [PMID: 36560725 PMCID: PMC9785454 DOI: 10.3390/v14122721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of parrot bornavirus is still not fully understood. Although horizontal transmission through wounds can be one route, vertical transmission is still discussed. PaBV RNA and PaBV antigen were detected in psittacine embryos, but isolation of the virus failed, raising doubts about this route. In this study, cockatiels were infected either as adults (adult group) or during the first 6 days after hatching (juvenile group) and raised until sexual maturity to breed and lay eggs. A total of 92 eggs (adult group: 49, juvenile group: 43) were laid and incubated until day 17. The embryos and yolk samples were examined by RT-PCR for PaBV RNA and by infectivity assay for infectious virus. In the adult group, 14/31 embryos (45.2%) and 20/39 (51%) of the yolk samples demonstrated PaBV RNA in the PCR. Isolation of PaBV was not possible in any embryo of this group, but it was achieved in six yolk samples from one female. Anti-PaBV antibodies were detected in the yolk samples after seroconversion of all female parents. In the juvenile group, 22/29 embryos (74.9%) were positive for PaBV RNA. In 9/21 embryos (42.9%), PaBV isolation was possible. PaBV RNA was detected in 100% and infectious virus in 41% of the yolk samples. Anti-PaBV antibodies were detected in all yolk samples. For the first time, successful vertical transmission of PaBV was proven, but it seems to depend on the age when the parent birds are infected. Therefore, the age of the bird at time of infection may be an important factor in the occurrence of vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Link
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 114, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Gartner
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 114, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Bianca Bücking
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 114, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthias König
- Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 114, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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15
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Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Oh DY, Herzog S, Liebermann H, Osterrieder N, Nowotny N. Vaccination against Borna Disease: Overview, Vaccine Virus Characterization and Investigation of Live and Inactivated Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122706. [PMID: 36560710 PMCID: PMC9788498 DOI: 10.3390/v14122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Vaccination of horses and sheep against Borna disease (BD) was common in endemic areas of Germany in the 20th century but was abandoned in the early 1990s. The recent occurrence of fatal cases of human encephalitis due to Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) has rekindled the interest in vaccination. (2) Methods: The full genomes of the BD live vaccine viruses "Dessau" and "Giessen" were sequenced and analyzed for the first time. All vaccination experiments followed a proof-of-concept approach. Dose-titration infection experiments were performed in rabbits, based on both cell culture- and brain-derived viruses at various doses. Inactivated vaccines against BD were produced from concentrated cell culture supernatants and investigated in rabbits and horses. The BoDV-1 live vaccine "Dessau" was administered to horses and antibody profiles were determined. (3) Results: The BD live vaccine viruses "Dessau" and "Giessen" belong to clusters 3 and 4 of BoDV-1. Whereas the "Giessen" virus does not differ substantially from field viruses, the "Dessau" virus shows striking differences in the M gene and the N-terminal part of the G gene. Rabbits infected with high doses of cell-cultured virus developed neutralizing antibodies and were protected from disease, whereas rabbits infected with low doses of cell-cultured virus, or with brain-derived virus did not. Inactivated vaccines were administered to rabbits and horses, following pre-defined vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses of either adjuvanted or nonadjuvanted inactivated virus. Their immunogenicity and protective efficacy were compared to the BD live vaccine "Dessau". Seventy per cent of horses vaccinated with the BD live vaccine "Dessau" developed neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. (4) Conclusion: Despite a complex evasion of immunological responses by bornaviruses, some vaccination approaches can protect against clinical disease. For optimal effectiveness, vaccines should be administered at high doses, following vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses as basic immunization. Further investigations are necessary in order to investigate and improve protection against infection and to avoid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dürrwald
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18754-2456
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Djin-Ye Oh
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Liebermann
- retd., former Institute of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
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16
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Kanda T, Tomonaga K. Reverse Genetics and Artificial Replication Systems of Borna Disease Virus 1. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102236. [PMID: 36298790 PMCID: PMC9612284 DOI: 10.3390/v14102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a neurotropic RNA virus belonging to the family Bornaviridae within the order Mononegavirales. Whereas BoDV-1 causes neurological and behavioral disorders, called Borna disease (BD), in a wide range of mammals, its virulence in humans has been debated for several decades. However, a series of case reports in recent years have established the nature of BoDV-1 as a zoonotic pathogen that causes fatal encephalitis in humans. Although many virological properties of BoDV-1 have been revealed to date, the mechanism by which it causes fatal encephalitis in humans remains unclear. In addition, there are no effective vaccines or antiviral drugs that can be used in clinical practice. A reverse genetics approach to generating replication-competent recombinant viruses from full-length cDNA clones is a powerful tool that can be used to not only understand viral properties but also to develop vaccines and antiviral drugs. The rescue of recombinant BoDV-1 (rBoDV-1) was first reported in 2005. However, due to the slow nature of the replication of this virus, the rescue of high-titer rBoDV-1 required several months, limiting the use of this system. This review summarizes the history of the reverse genetics and artificial replication systems for orthobornaviruses and explores the recent progress in efforts to rescue rBoDV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Kanda
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Correspondence:
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17
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Rinder M, Baas N, Hagen E, Drasch K, Korbel R. Canary Bornavirus ( Orthobornavirus serini) Infections Are Associated with Clinical Symptoms in Common Canaries ( Serinus canaria dom.). Viruses 2022; 14:v14102187. [PMID: 36298742 PMCID: PMC9607494 DOI: 10.3390/v14102187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
While parrot bornaviruses are accepted as the cause of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in psittacine birds, the pathogenic role of bornaviruses in common canaries is still unclear. To answer the question of whether canary bornaviruses (species Orthobornavirus serini) are associated with a PDD-like disease in common canaries (Serinus canaria f. dom.), the clinical data of 201 canary bird patients tested for bornaviruses using RT-PCR assays, were analyzed for the presence of PDD-like gastrointestinal or central nervous system signs and for other viruses (mainly circovirus and polyomavirus), yeasts and trichomonads. Canary bornavirus RNA was detected in the clinical samples of 40 out of 201 canaries (19.9%) coming from 28 of 140 flocks (20%). All nucleotide sequences obtained could unequivocally be determined as canary bornavirus 1, 2, or 3 supporting the current taxonomy of the species Orthobornavirus serini. PDD-like signs were found associated with canary bornavirus detection, and to a lesser extent, with circoviruses detection, but not with the detection of polyomaviruses, yeasts or trichomonads. The data indicate that canary bornaviruses contribute to a PDD-like disease in naturally infected canaries, and suggest a promoting effect of circoviruses for the development of PDD-like signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rinder
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Noreen Baas
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hagen
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Drasch
- Institute of Sociology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Korbel
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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18
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Tissue Distribution of Parrot Bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4) in Experimentally Infected Young and Adult Cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus). Viruses 2022; 14:v14102181. [PMID: 36298736 PMCID: PMC9611548 DOI: 10.3390/v14102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) caused by parrot bornavirus (PaBV) infection is an often-fatal disease known to infect Psittaciformes. The impact of age at the time of PaBV infection on organ lesions and tissue distribution of virus antigen and RNA remains largely unclear. For this purpose, tissue sections of 11 cockatiels intravenously infected with PaBV-4 as adults or juveniles, respectively, were examined via histology, immunohistochemistry applying a phosphoprotein (P) antibody directed against the bornaviral phosphoprotein and in situ hybridisation to detect viral RNA in tissues. In both groups of adult- and juvenile-infected cockatiels, widespread tissue distribution of bornaviral antigen and RNA as well as histologic inflammatory lesions were demonstrated. The latter appeared more severe in the central nervous system in adults and in the proventriculus of juveniles, respectively. During the study, central nervous symptoms and signs of gastrointestinal affection were only demonstrated in adult birds. Our findings indicate a great role of the age at the time of infection in the development of histopathological lesions and clinical signs, and thus provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis, possible virus transmission routes, and the development of carrier birds posing a risk to psittacine collections.
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19
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Iverson M, Leacy A, Pham PH, Che S, Brouwer E, Nagy E, Lillie BN, Susta L. Experimental infection of aquatic bird bornavirus in Muscovy ducks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16398. [PMID: 36180525 PMCID: PMC9525603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic bird bornavirus (ABBV-1), an avian bornavirus, has been reported in wild waterfowl from North America and Europe that presented with neurological signs and inflammation of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The potential of ABBV-1to infect and cause lesions in commercial waterfowl species is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of ABBV-1 to infect and cause disease in day-old Muscovy ducks (n = 174), selected as a representative domestic waterfowl. Ducklings became infected with ABBV-1 through both intracranial and intramuscular, but not oral, infection routes. Upon intramuscular infection, the virus spread centripetally to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), while intracranial infection led to virus spread to the spinal cord, kidneys, proventriculus, and gonads (centrifugal spread). Infected birds developed both encephalitis and myelitis by 4 weeks post infection (wpi), which progressively subsided by 8 and 12 wpi. Despite development of microscopic lesions, clinical signs were not observed. Only five birds had choanal and/or cloacal swabs positive for ABBV-1, suggesting a low potential of Muscovy ducks to shed the virus. This is the first study to document the pathogenesis of ABBV-1 in poultry species, and confirms the ability of ABBV-1 to infect commercial waterfowl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phuc H Pham
- Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Sunoh Che
- Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Emily Brouwer
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Eva Nagy
- Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | | | - Leonardo Susta
- Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada.
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20
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Wuest E, Malberg S, Petzold J, Enderlein D, Heffels-Redmann U, Herzog S, Herden C, Lierz M. Experimental Infection of Embryonic Cells and Embryonated Eggs of Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) with Two Parrot Bornavirus Isolates (PaBV-4 and PaBV-2). Viruses 2022; 14:v14091984. [PMID: 36146790 PMCID: PMC9505640 DOI: 10.3390/v14091984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) might be transmitted vertically. Cockatiel embryonic brain cells and embryonated eggs of cockatiels (ECE) were infected with PaBV-2 and PaBV-4. In embryonic brain cells, PaBV-2 and PaBV-4 showed no differences in viral spread despite the slower growth of PaBV-2 compared with PaBV-4 in CEC-32 cells. ECE were inoculated with PaBV-4 and 13–14 dpi, organs were sampled for RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry/histology, and virus isolation. In 28.1% of the embryos PaBV-4-RNA and in 81.3% PaBV-4-antigen was detected in the brain. Virus isolation failed. Division of organ samples and uneven tissue distribution of the virus limited the results. Therefore, 25 ECE were inoculated with PaBV-4 (group 1) and 15 ECE with PaBV-2 (group 3) in the yolk sac, and 25 ECE were inoculated with PaBV-4 (group 2) and 15 eggs with PaBV-2 (group 4) in the chorioallantoic membrane to use the complete organs from each embryo for each examination method. PaBV-RNA was detected in the brain of 80% of the embryos in groups 1, 2, 3 and in 100% of the embryos in group 4. In 90% of the infected embryos of group 1, and 100% of group 2, 3 and 4, PaBV antigen was detected in the brain. PaBV antigen–positive brain cells were negative for anti-neuronal nuclear protein, anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein, and anti S-100 staining. Virus was not re-isolated. These results demonstrated a specific distribution pattern and spread of PaBV-4 and PaBV-2 in the brain when inoculated in ECE. These findings support a potential for vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Wuest
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah Malberg
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jana Petzold
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dirk Enderlein
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ursula Heffels-Redmann
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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21
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Schmidt V, Köhler H, Heenemann K, Möbius P. Mycobacteriosis in Various Pet and Wild Birds from Germany: Pathological Findings, Coinfections, and Characterization of Causative Mycobacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0045222. [PMID: 35852339 PMCID: PMC9430480 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00452-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 50 birds diagnosed with mycobacteriosis were examined for pathomorphological lesions, coinfections, and causative agents. Mycobacterial species were identified and isolates differentiated using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit variable-number of tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analysis. Possible associations between mycobacterial species, pathomorphological findings, coinfections, bird orders, and husbandry conditions were evaluated statistically. Mycobacteria were isolated from 34 birds (13 of 22 Psittaciformes, 12 of 18 Passeriformes, five of six Columbiformes, and four other orders) belonging to 26 species in total. Mycobacterium genavense (Mg) was cultured from 15 birds, Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Maa) from 20 birds, and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (Mah) from three birds; hence, four birds had mixed infections. About equal numbers of psittacines and passerines were infected with Ma and Mg. The genetic diversity differed; Mg isolates belonged to one MLST type, Maa to six, and Mah to three combined genotypes. Several coinfections were detected; viruses and/or endoparasites affected 44%, fungi 38%, and bacteria 29% of the birds. Pathological findings and mycobacteriosis-affected organs were independent of coinfections. Overall, gross pathological findings were more often seen in mycobacteriosis caused by Ma (95%) compared with Mg (66%). Organ distribution of mycobacteriosis was independent of the mycobacterial species. Pathomorphological changes were seen in the small intestine of 71% and the lung of 65% of the birds, suggesting oral or pulmonal ingestion of mycobacteria. There were no associations between mycobacterial species and bird orders or bird husbandry conditions. Not only Mg, but also Maa and Mah, were clearly identified as primary cause of mycobacteriosis in pet birds. IMPORTANCE In this study, the causative agents and confounding factors of mycobacteriosis in a set of pet and some wild birds from Germany were examined. Not only Mycobacterium genavense, but also M. avium subsp. avium and M. avium subsp. hominissuis, contributed to mycobacteriosis in these birds. Various coinfections did not affect the manifestation of mycobacteriosis. Due to different gross necropsy findings, however, a different pathogenicity of the two species was assumed. New strains of M. avium subsp. hominissuis originating from birds were identified and characterized, which is important for epidemiological studies and for understanding the zoonotic role of this pathogen, as the subsp. hominissuis represents an increasing public health concern. The study provides some evidence of correlation between M. avium subsp. avium genotypes and virulence which will have to be confirmed by broader studies.
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Grants
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University of Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Anmial Health), Jena, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | | | - Petra Möbius
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
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22
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Rubbenstroth D. Avian Bornavirus Research—A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071513. [PMID: 35891493 PMCID: PMC9321243 DOI: 10.3390/v14071513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses constitute a genetically diverse group of at least 15 viruses belonging to the genus Orthobornavirus within the family Bornaviridae. After the discovery of the first avian bornaviruses in diseased psittacines in 2008, further viruses have been detected in passerines and aquatic birds. Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) possess the highest veterinary relevance amongst the avian bornaviruses as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is a chronic and often fatal disease that may engulf a broad range of clinical presentations, typically including neurologic signs as well as impaired gastrointestinal motility, leading to proventricular dilatation. It occurs worldwide in captive psittacine populations and threatens private bird collections, zoological gardens and rehabilitation projects of endangered species. In contrast, only little is known about the pathogenic roles of passerine and waterbird bornaviruses. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge on avian bornavirus infections, including their taxonomy, pathogenesis of associated diseases, epidemiology, diagnostic strategies and recent developments on prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
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23
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Leal de Araújo J, Rech RR. Seeing beyond a Dilated Proventriculus: Diagnostic Tools for Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Psittacine Birds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123558. [PMID: 34944332 PMCID: PMC8697990 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a life-threatening neurological disease caused by parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) that affects several species worldwide. PDD can be clinically manifested as either a central nervous system condition or a gastrointestinal condition if the nerves and ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract are compromised. We intend to provide a concise review for veterinary clinicians and diagnosticians with focus on the main tools available for PDD diagnosis, including gross and histopathology, immunohistochemistry, molecular techniques and serology. We suggest that a combination of different strategies can increase the success of diagnostic outcomes, as tools such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be implemented for identification of bornaviral infections in live patients, and gross pathology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR can provide reliable results for postmortem diagnosis of PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeann Leal de Araújo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia 58397000, Paraiba, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Raquel Rubia Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA;
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24
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Monitored therapy of sporadic mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium genavense in Atlantic canaries (Serinus canaria) and Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata). J Vet Res 2021; 65:415-423. [PMID: 35111994 PMCID: PMC8775737 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Mycobacteriosis is a significant disease of companion and wild birds which causes emaciation and widely distributed lesions, as well as being a potential zoonosis. Its primary aetiological agents in birds are Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and the fastidious Mycobacterium genavense. This study monitored the therapy of birds naturally infected with Mycobacterium genavense to gain understanding of its effectiveness and the interrelation of co-infections with the disease course and pharmacotherapy.
Material and Methods
Five Atlantic canaries (Serinus canaria) and one Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata) with tentative diagnoses of mycobacteriosis resulting from M. genavense infection were treated twice daily with clarithromycin at 40 mg/kg, ethambutol at 30 mg/kg, and moxifloxacin at 10 mg/kg for 6 months. Two canaries were also found to be carriers of Cryptosporidium galli. Mycobacteria in faecal samples of all birds were investigated by bacterioscopy and quantitative PCR.
Results
Molecular tests yielded positive results for up to four months after treatment initiation for M. genavense and Cryptosporidium, but microscopy failed to detect the latter after four weeks in specimens from one canary. Co-infections with polyomavirus (in all birds) and circovirus and bornavirus (in canaries) were diagnosed. Two birds died during treatment and one was euthanised because of other disease, 1 month after treatment completion. Three canaries were in relatively good health a year after treatment.
Conclusion
Canary circovirus and polyomavirus co-infection may suppress the immune system and this may facilitate the development of mycobacteriosis. The set of drugs used led to the complete cure of mycobacteriosis in three canaries. In one bird the disease returned. Clarithromycin was the active drug against C. galli. Molecular methods serve well to monitor mycobacteriosis therapy and identify M. genavense and C. galli carriage.
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25
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Schmidt V, Cramer K, Böttcher D, Heenemann K, Rückner A, Harzer M, Ziegler U, Vahlenkamp T, Sieg M. Usutu virus infection in aviary birds during the cold season. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:427-435. [PMID: 34351827 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1962003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito-borne flavivirus Usutu virus (USUV) is responsible for countless deaths in both resident populations and birds kept in outdoor aviaries. Since 2001, USUV outbreaks attract increased attention due to the rapid geographical spread of the virus and its close relation to West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging pathogen in humans and animals. Similar to WNV, the USUV enzootic transmission cycle predominantly involves Culex spp. as vectors, whereas birds serve as amplifying reservoir hosts. In Europe, USUV-associated disease outbreaks in birds are nearly exclusively described during late spring and early autumn (early April to late October). Contagiousness of virus particles excreted by infected animals has not yet been proven, so that the role of non-vector-borne transmission, as it is known for the closely related WNV, remains unclear. Here we report the diagnosis of USUV infection in 15 of 24 birds from mortality outbreaks in eight different aviaries located in Germany, that occured during the cold season between late October 2018 and early April 2019. Detection of USUV was performed using standardized molecular biological methods and immunohistochemistry for verification of the infection. USUV infection in a parrot species, a tropical finch and two estrildid finches are reported for the first time. Further research on the occurrence of USUV infection during the cold season is key to understanding the dynamics of viral transmission as well as for a profound health risk assessment for aviary birds as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 17, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Cramer
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 17, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denny Böttcher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Heenemann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Rückner
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maxi Harzer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Sieg
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Garcia BCB, Horie M, Kojima S, Makino A, Tomonaga K. BUD23-TRMT112 interacts with the L protein of Borna disease virus and mediates the chromosomal tethering of viral ribonucleoproteins. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:492-504. [PMID: 34324219 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Persistent intranuclear infection is an uncommon infection strategy among RNA viruses. However, Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus, maintains viral infection in the cell nucleus by forming structured aggregates of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs), and by tethering these vRNPs onto the host chromosomes. To better understand the nuclear infection strategy of BoDV-1, we determined the host protein interactors of the BoDV-1 large (L) protein. By proximity-dependent biotinylation, we identified several nuclear host proteins interacting with BoDV-1 L, one of which is TRMT112, a partner of several RNA methyltransferases (MTase). TRMT112 binds with BoDV-1 L at the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain, together with BUD23, an 18S rRNA MTase and 40S ribosomal maturation factor. We then discovered that BUD23-TRMT112 mediates the chromosomal tethering of BoDV-1 vRNPs, and that the MTase activity is necessary in the tethering process. These findings provide us a better understanding on how nuclear host proteins assist the chromosomal tethering of BoDV-1, as well as new prospects of host-viral interactions for intranuclear infection strategy of orthobornaviruses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bea Clarise B Garcia
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFRONT), Kyoto University, Kyoto.,Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFRONT), Kyoto University, Kyoto.,Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Shohei Kojima
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFRONT), Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Akiko Makino
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFRONT), Kyoto University, Kyoto.,Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFRONT), Kyoto University, Kyoto.,Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto.,Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Sigrist B, Geers J, Albini S, Rubbenstroth D, Wolfrum N. A New Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Avian Bornaviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071358. [PMID: 34372564 PMCID: PMC8310230 DOI: 10.3390/v13071358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses were first described in 2008 as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in parrots and their relatives (Psittaciformes). To date, 15 genetically highly diverse avian bornaviruses covering at least five viral species have been discovered in different bird orders. Currently, the primary diagnostic tool is the detection of viral RNA by conventional or real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). One of the drawbacks of this is the usage of either specific assays, allowing the detection of one particular virus, or of assays with a broad detection spectrum, which, however, do not allow for the simultaneous specification of the detected virus. To facilitate the simultaneous detection and specification of avian bornaviruses, a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay was developed. Whole-genome sequences of various bornaviruses were aligned. Primers were designed to recognize conserved regions within the overlapping X/P gene and probes were selected to detect virus species-specific regions within the target region. The optimization of the assay resulted in the sensitive and specific detection of bornaviruses of Psittaciformes, Passeriformes, and aquatic birds. Finally, the new rRT-PCR was successfully employed to detect avian bornaviruses in field samples from various avian species. This assay will serve as powerful tool in epidemiological studies and will improve avian bornavirus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Sigrist
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Jessica Geers
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (J.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Sarah Albini
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (J.G.); (D.R.)
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Wolfrum
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.S.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-635-86-36
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28
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Heckmann J, Enderlein D, Gartner AM, Bücking B, Herzog S, Heffels-Redmann U, Malberg S, Herden C, Lierz M. Wounds as the Portal of Entrance for Parrot Bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4) and Retrograde Axonal Transport in Experimentally Infected Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Avian Dis 2021; 64:247-253. [PMID: 33205181 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the natural route of infection of psittacine bornavirus (PaBV), which is the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in psittacines. We inoculated two infection groups through wounds with a PaBV-4 isolate. In nine cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) we applied a virus suspension with a titer of 103 50% tissue culture infection dose (TCID50) via palatal lesions (Group P, P1-9). In a second group of three cockatiels, we applied a virus suspension with a titer of 104 TCID50 to footpad lesions (Group F, F1-3). In two cockatiels, the control (or "mock") group, we applied a virus-free cell suspension (Group M, M1-2) via palatal lesions. The observation period was 6 mo (Groups P and M) or 7 mo (Group F). We monitored PaBV-4 RNA shedding and seroconversion. At the end of the study, we examined the birds for the presence of inflammatory lesions, PaBV-4 RNA, and antigen in tissues, as well as virus reisolation of brain and crop material. We did not observe any clinical signs typical of PDD during this study. We also did not see seroconversion or PaBV RNA shedding in any bird during the entire investigation period, and virus reisolation was not successful. We only found PaBV-4 RNA in sciatic nerves, footpad tissue, skin, and in one sample from the intestine of Group F. In this group, the histopathology revealed mononuclear infiltrations mainly in skin and footpad tissue; immunohistochemistry showed positive reactions in spinal ganglia and in the spinal cord, and slightly in skin, footpad tissues, and sciatic nerves. In Groups P and M we found no viral antigen or specific inflammations. In summary, only the virus application on the footpad lesion led to detectable PaBV RNA, mononuclear infiltrations, and positive immunohistochemical reactions in tissues of the experimental birds. This could suggest that PaBV spreads via nervous tissue, with skin wounds as the primary entry route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Heckmann
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 144, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dirk Enderlein
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 144, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Gartner
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 144, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Bianca Bücking
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 144, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ursula Heffels-Redmann
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 144, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sara Malberg
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 144, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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29
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Detection of Immunoreactivity to Psittaciform Bornavirus in the Serum of a Wild Cacatuid in Victoria, Australia. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:471-473. [PMID: 33822170 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An indirect immunofluorescence serologic assay, PCR assay, and histopathology were used to screen for psittaciform orthobornaviruses (PaBV) in wild Cacatuidae in Victoria, Australia. Anti-PaBV antibodies were detected, but PCR and histopathology did not detect PaBV. This study presents the first evidence of PaBV in wild birds in Australia.
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Wu XY, Liu ZQ, Wang Y, Chen WF, Gao PT, Li QL, Zhou PH. The etiology of achalasia: An immune-dominant disease. J Dig Dis 2021; 22:126-135. [PMID: 33583137 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence suggesting that an autoimmune component is involved in esophageal achalasia. An increase in immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, and autoimmune antibodies in serum and infiltration of immune cells in tissues support the view that immune-mediated inflammation is a crucial pathogenesis of inhibitory neuron degeneration in the lower esophageal sphincter. Infection of viruses such as the herpes virus family has been suspected of provoking the autoimmune reaction. Meanwhile, previous reports on immunogenetics have proposed that specific risk alleles on the human leukocyte antigen complex define the susceptible population to achalasia. In this study we reviewed current knowledge regarding the immune-related factors of achalasia, including immunology, viral infection and immunogenetic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yue Wu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zu Qiang Liu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Feng Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ting Gao
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Lin Li
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Hong Zhou
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Malbon AJ, Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Kobera R, Pöhle D, Muluneh A, Dervas E, Cebra C, Steffen F, Paternoster G, Gerspach C, Hilbe M. New World camelids are sentinels for the presence of Borna disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:451-464. [PMID: 33501762 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease (BD), a frequently fatal neurologic disorder caused by Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), has been observed for decades in horses, sheep, and other mammals in certain regions of Europe. The bicoloured white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) was identified as a persistently infected species involved in virus transmission. Recently, BoDV-1 attracted attention as a cause of fatal encephalitis in humans. Here, we report investigations on BoDV-1-infected llamas from a farm in a BD endemic area of Switzerland, and alpacas from holdings in a region of Germany where BD was last seen in the 1960s but not thereafter. All New World camelids showed apathy and abnormal behaviour, necessitating euthanasia. Histologically, severe non-suppurative meningoencephalitis with neuronal Joest-Degen inclusion bodies was observed. BoDV-1 was confirmed by immunohistology, RT-qPCR, and sequencing in selected animals. Analysis of the llama herd over 20 years showed that losses due to clinically suspected BD increased within the last decade. BoDV-1 whole-genome sequences from one Swiss llama and one German alpaca and-for comparison-from one Swiss horse and one German shrew were established. They represent the first published whole-genome sequences of BoDV-1 clusters 1B and 3, respectively. Our analysis suggests that New World camelids may have a role as a sentinel species for BoDV-1 infection, even when symptomatic cases are lacking in other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Malbon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Dietrich Pöhle
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aemero Muluneh
- Landesuntersuchungsanstalt für das Gesundheits- und Veterinärwesen Sachsen, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva Dervas
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Cebra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Frank Steffen
- Section of Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Paternoster
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerspach
- Farm Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Komorizono R, Sassa Y, Horie M, Makino A, Tomonaga K. Evolutionary Selection of the Nuclear Localization Signal in the Viral Nucleoprotein Leads to Host Adaptation of the Genus Orthobornavirus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111291. [PMID: 33187187 PMCID: PMC7698282 DOI: 10.3390/v12111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of the viral life cycle to host cells is necessary for efficient viral infection and replication. This evolutionary process has contributed to the mechanism for determining the host range of viruses. Orthobornaviruses, members of the family Bornaviridae, are non-segmented, negative-strand RNA viruses, and several genotypes have been isolated from different vertebrate species. Previous studies revealed that some genotypes isolated from avian species can replicate in mammalian cell lines, suggesting the zoonotic potential of avian orthobornaviruses. However, the mechanism by which the host specificity of orthobornaviruses is determined has not yet been identified. In this study, we found that the infectivity of orthobornaviruses is not determined at the viral entry step, mediated by the viral glycoprotein and matrix protein. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence in the viral nucleoprotein (N) has evolved under natural selection and determines the host-specific viral polymerase activity. A chimeric mammalian orthobornavirus, which has the NLS sequence of avian orthobornavirus N, exhibited a reduced propagation efficiency in mammalian cells. Our findings indicated that nuclear transport of the viral N is a determinant of the host range of orthobornaviruses, providing insights into the evolution and host adaptation of orthobornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Komorizono
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sassa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akiko Makino
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (K.T.)
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Nobach D, Müller J, Tappe D, Herden C. Update on immunopathology of bornavirus infections in humans and animals. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:159-222. [PMID: 32711729 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on bornaviruses has expanded tremendously during the last decade through detection of novel bornaviruses and endogenous bornavirus-like elements in many eukaryote genomes, as well as by confirmation of insectivores as reservoir species for classical Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). The most intriguing finding was the demonstration of the zoonotic potential of lethal human bornavirus infections caused by a novel bornavirus of different squirrel species (variegated squirrel 1 bornavirus, VSBV-1) and by BoDV-1 known as the causative agent for the classical Borna disease in horses and sheep. Whereas a T cell-mediated immunopathology has already been confirmed as key disease mechanism for infection with BoDV-1 by experimental studies in rodents, the underlying pathomechanisms remain less clear for human bornavirus infections, infection with other bornaviruses or infection of reservoir species. Thus, an overview of current knowledge on the pathogenesis of bornavirus infections focusing on immunopathology is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nobach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jana Müller
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Center for Brain, Mind and Behavior, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Silva ASG, Raso TF, Costa EA, Gómez SYM, Martins NRDS. Parrot bornavirus in naturally infected Brazilian captive parrots: Challenges in viral spread control. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232342. [PMID: 32579594 PMCID: PMC7313744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittaciform orthobornaviruses are currently considered to be a major threat to the psittacine bird population worldwide. Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) was identified recently in Brazil and, since then, few studies have been conducted to understand the epidemiology of PaBV in captive psittacine birds. In the present study, natural infections by PaBV in South American parrots were investigated in two breeding facilities: commercial (A) and conservationist (B). Thirty-eight psittacine of 21 different species were presented for postmortem examination. Tissue samples were collected and investigated for the presence of PaBV-RNA using RT-PCR. In addition, clinical information about these birds was used when available. PaBV infection was detected in 73.7% of all birds investigated, indicating a wide dissemination of this virus in both facilities. From birds investigated in aviary A, 66.7% showed clinical signs, 100% had typical lesions of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), 100% had mild to severe proventricular dilatation and 88.9% were PaBV-positive. In birds from aviary B, 27.6% showed clinical signs, 65.5% had typical lesions of PDD, 62% had mild to severe proventricular dilatation and 69% were PaBV-positive. Neurological disease was observed more frequently than gastrointestinal disease. Sequencing analysis of the matrix gene fragment revealed the occurrence of genotype 4 (PaBV-4) in both places. About 15.8% of birds in this study are threatened species. We discussed the difficulties and challenges for controlling viral spread in these aviaries and implications for South American psittacine conservation. These results emphasize the urgent need to develop a national regulatory and health standard for breeding psittacine birds in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aila Solimar Gonçalves Silva
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tânia Freitas Raso
- Avian Ecopathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erica Azevedo Costa
- Animal Virology Research Laboratory, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandra Yuliet Marin Gómez
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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35
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Philadelpho NA, Davies YM, Guimarães MB, Nuñez LF, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Parra SHS, Rubbenstroth D, Ferreira AJP. Detection of Avian Bornavirus in Wild and Captive Passeriformes in Brazil. Avian Dis 2020; 63:294-297. [PMID: 31251529 DOI: 10.1637/11847-041718-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses (ABVs) are the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a fatal neurologic disease considered to be a major threat to psittacine bird populations. We performed a reverse transcription PCR survey to detect the presence of canary avian bornavirus (CnBV) in birds of order Passeriformes related to different clinical manifestations, such as sudden death, neurologic signs, apathy, anorexia, excessive beak growth, and PDD. A total of 227 samples from captive and wild canaries were included, of which 80 samples were captive birds, comprising saffron finches (n = 71) and common canary (n = 9), and 147 samples were wild birds distributed among a variety of several species. Two samples from captive birds (2/80) were positive for ABV, and in wild birds, only one sample was positive for ABV. The positive samples were subjected to DNA sequencing, and only the CnBV-1 serotype was found, which was the first time it was detected outside of Germany (Austria/Hungary), where it was first detected in 2009. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that avian bornavirus serotype CnBV-1 is present in order Passeriformes in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Philadelpho
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yamê M Davies
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta B Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis F Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudete S Astolfi-Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana H Santander Parra
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,
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Avian Bornaviral Ganglioneuritis: Current Debates and Unanswered Questions. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:6563723. [PMID: 32411340 PMCID: PMC7212328 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6563723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviral ganglioneuritis, often referred to as parrot wasting disease, is associated with a newly discovered avian virus from the taxonomic family Bornaviridae. Research regarding the pathogenesis and treatment for this disease is ongoing, with implications for understanding other emerging human and nonhuman diseases, as well as the health and ecology of wildlife. At this time, numerous questions remain unanswered regarding the transmission of the disease, best practices for diagnostic sampling and testing, and whether currently used drug therapies are effective or harmful for afflicted birds. The pathogenesis of the disease also remains unclear with many birds showing resistance to the effects of the virus and being able to remain clinically unaffected for years, while other birds succumb to its effects. New research findings regarding avian bornaviral ganglioneuritis are discussed and important as yet unanswered questions are identified.
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Escandon P, Heatley JJ, Tizard I, Guo J, Shivaprasad HL, Musser JM. Treatment With Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Fails To Ameliorate Pathology In Cockatiels Experimentally Infected With Parrot Bornavirus-2. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:185-195. [PMID: 31819861 PMCID: PMC6878917 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s229936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Parrot bornavirus is the etiological agent of Parrot bornavirus syndrome, also referred to and comprising proventricular dilatation disease or PDD, macaw wasting disease, enteric ganglioneuritis and encephalitis, and avian ganglioneuritis. It has been suggested that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be able to ameliorate this disease. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of two commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, celecoxib and meloxicam, on cockatiels experimentally inoculated with Parrot bornavirus-2 (PaBV-2). Materials and methods Twenty-seven cockatiels were randomized into 3 groups of 9 birds, matched with respect to historical PaBV shedding, weight, and sex. The cockatiels were inoculated with cell culture-derived PaBV-2 by the intranasal and intramuscular routes. Beginning at 23 days post-inoculation, birds in each group received oral treatment once daily with placebo, meloxicam (1.0 mg/kg), or celecoxib (10.0 mg/kg). Results Within 33–79 days post-inoculation, 2 birds died and 6 birds were euthanized based on neurological or gastrointestinal signs consistent with Parrot bornavirus syndrome: 2 birds were euthanized in the placebo group, 1 bird died and 1 bird was euthanized in the meloxicam-treated group, and 1 bird died and 3 birds were euthanized in the celecoxib-treated group. Of these 8 birds, black intestinal contents were found upon necropsy in 2 birds of the meloxicam-treated group and 2 birds of the celecoxib-treated group. At day 173 (±2) post-inoculation, the remaining 19 birds were euthanized. Necropsy and histopathology showed lesions characteristic of Parrot bornavirus syndrome in 23 cockatiels. Histopathologic lesions were present in birds of all 3 groups. There was no statistical difference between the groups nor was there a statistical difference among the 3 treatment groups in the detection of PaBV RNA and PaBV nucleoprotein using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Conclusion Meloxicam and celecoxib treatments do not appear to alter the clinical presentation, viral shedding, gross lesions, histopathology, or viral distribution. Treatment with NSAIDs may cause gastrointestinal toxicity in cockatiels experimentally inoculated with PaBV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Escandon
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - J Jill Heatley
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System-Tulare, University of California, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mb Musser
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Escandon P, Heatley JJ, Berghman LR, Tizard I, Musser JM. Comparison Of Four Anti-Avian IgY Secondary Antibodies Used In Western Blot And Dot-Blot ELISA To Detect Avian Bornavirus Antibodies In Four Different Bird Species. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:141-150. [PMID: 31815098 PMCID: PMC6858837 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s227616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study evaluated the specificity of different avian secondary antibodies used in Western blot and dot-blot ELISA to detect avian bornavirus antibodies in bird plasma. Methods Plasma samples were collected from: two Blue and gold macaws, one positive and one negative for avian bornavirus by RT-PCR; a Cockatiel and a Monk parakeet prior to and following experimental infection; and, two Mallards, one positive and one negative for avian bornavirus by RT-PCR Samples were analyzed by Western blot and dot-blot ELISA that incorporated recombinant avian bornavirus nucleoprotein as the target analyte. Four species-specific anti-IgY secondary antibodies were used in the assays: goat anti-macaw IgY, goat anti-bird IgY, goat anti-duck IgY, and rabbit anti-chicken IgY. Results In the Western blot, anti-macaw IgY secondary antibody produced strong signals with Blue and gold macaw and Cockatiel positive plasma, but no signal with Mallard positive plasma. Anti-bird IgY secondary antibody produced strong signals with Blue and gold macaw, Cockatiel, and Mallard positive plasma. Anti-duck and anti-chicken IgY secondary antibody produced a strong and moderate signal, respectively, only with Mallard positive plasma. In the dot-blot ELISA, there was a distinct and significant difference (P<0.05) in the signal intensity between the different secondary antibodies within a bird species. Anti-macaw IgY secondary antibody produced significantly (P<0.05) stronger signals than the other secondary antibodies in Blue and gold macaw, Cockatiel, and Monk parakeet positive plasma, while anti-duck IgY secondary antibody produced significantly (P<0.05) stronger signals than the other secondary antibodies in Mallard positive plasma. Conclusion In testing psittacines with immunoassays, and especially in assays that incorporate short incubation reaction times such as a dot-blot ELISA, species-specific anti-IgY secondary antibodies provided more accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Escandon
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - J Jill Heatley
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Luc R Berghman
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mb Musser
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Kessler S, Heenemann K, Krause T, Twietmeyer S, Fuchs J, Lierz M, Corman VM, Vahlenkamp TM, Rubbenstroth D. Monitoring of free-ranging and captive Psittacula populations in Western Europe for avian bornaviruses, circoviruses and polyomaviruses. Avian Pathol 2019; 49:119-130. [PMID: 31617746 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1681359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Avian pathogens such as bornaviruses, circoviruses and polyomaviruses are widely distributed in captive collections of psittacine birds worldwide and can cause fatal diseases. In contrast, only little is known about their presence in free-ranging psittacines and their impact on these populations. Rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) and Alexandrine parakeets (Psittacula eupatria) are non-native to Europe, but have established stable populations in parts of Western Europe. From 2012-2017, we surveyed free-ranging populations in Germany and France as well as captive Psittacula individuals from Germany and Spain for avian bornavirus, circovirus and polyomavirus infections. Samples from two out of 469 tested free-ranging birds (0.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI-95]: 0.1-1.5%) were positive for beak and feather disease virus (BeFDV), whereas avian bornaviruses and polyomaviruses were not detected in the free-ranging populations. In contrast, avian bornaviruses and polyomaviruses, but not circoviruses were detected in captive populations. Parrot bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4) infection was detected by RT-PCR in four out of 210 captive parakeets (1.9%; CI-95: 0.7-4.8%) from four different holdings in Germany and Spain and confirmed by detection of bornavirus-reactive antibodies in two of these birds. Three out of 160 tested birds (1.9%; CI-95: 0.5-5.4%) possessed serum antibodies directed against budgerigar fledgling disease virus (BuFDV). PaBV-4 and BuFDV were also detected in several psittacines of a mixed holding in Germany, which had been in contact with free-ranging parakeets. Our results demonstrate that Psittacula parakeets are susceptible to common psittacine pathogens and their populations in Western Europe are exposed to these viruses. Nevertheless, the prevalence of avian bornaviruses, circoviruses and polyomaviruses in those populations is very low.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Psittacula parakeets are susceptible to bornavirus, circovirus and polyomavirus infection.Introduced Psittacula populations in Europe have been exposed to these viruses.Nevertheless, they may be absent or present at only low levels in free-ranging Psittacula populations.Free-ranging populations in Europe pose a minor threat of transmitting these viruses to captive Psittaciformes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kessler
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Heenemann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Krause
- City administration Düsseldorf - environmental authority, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sönke Twietmeyer
- Department of Research and Documentation, Eifel National Park, Schleiden-Gemünd, Germany
| | - Jérôme Fuchs
- ISYEB UMR 7205 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Free University, Humboldt-University and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas M Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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40
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Development of a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of parrot bornavirus 4. J Virol Methods 2019; 275:113749. [PMID: 31622637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian bornavirus (ABV) is the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease, which is fatal in psittacine birds. ABVs have spread worldwide, and outbreaks have led to mass deaths of captive birds in commercial and breeding facilities. The segregation of infected birds is a countermeasure to prevent ABV spread in aviaries. However, this approach requires a highly sensitive detection method for the screening of infected birds before virus transmission. In this study, we developed a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the diagnosis of parrot bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4), a dominant ABV genotype. Using this assay, we successfully detected PaBV-4 RNA in cell cultures, brain tissues, and feces. We also developed methods for simple RNA extraction and visual detection without electrophoresis. The sensitivity of the newly established RT-LAMP assay was 100-fold higher than that of the real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay. Accordingly, the RT-LAMP assay developed in this study is suitable for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of PaBV-4 without specialized equipment and will contribute to virus control in aviaries.
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41
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INVESTIGATIONS INTO CAUSES OF NEUROLOGIC SIGNS AND MORTALITY AND THE FIRST IDENTIFICATION OF SARCOCYSTIS CALCHASI IN FREE-RANGING WOODPECKERS IN GERMANY. J Zoo Wildl Med 2019. [PMID: 29517425 DOI: 10.1638/2017-0087r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Between June and November 2015, 25 woodpeckers (Picidae) with neurologic signs or unknown cause of death were admitted to a veterinary clinic. Alive birds were clinically examined. Birds that were found dead or died despite intensive care treatment were forwarded to a pathologic examination. Necropsy and subsequent tests included screening for several infectious agents and toxins. Three birds tested positive for Sarcocystis calchasi. Toxoplasma gondii was detected in one bird demonstrating intracerebral cysts. Mycoplasma gypis was detected in one woodpecker in the absence of respiratory signs. Several microbial pathogens (eg, Aspergillus fumigatus, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli) were isolated from single individuals. However, there was no consistent finding in all birds that could explain nervous signs and mortality of the woodpeckers examined. To the authors' knowledge, M. gypis and S. calchasi were detected in a woodpecker for the first time in this study.
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Horie M. Parrot bornavirus infection: correlation with neurological signs and feather picking? Vet Rec 2019; 184:473-475. [PMID: 30975843 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Horie
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research/Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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43
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Fluck A, Enderlein D, Piepenbring A, Heffels-Redmann U, Herzog S, Pieper K, Herden C, Lierz M. Correlation of avian bornavirus-specific antibodies and viral ribonucleic acid shedding with neurological signs and feather-damaging behaviour in psittacine birds. Vet Rec 2019; 184:476. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fluck
- Clinic for Birds Dr. Kay Pieper and Dr. Alexandra Fluck Leverkusen; Leverkusen Germany
| | - Dirk Enderlein
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish; Justus-Liebig University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Anne Piepenbring
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish; Justus-Liebig University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Ursula Heffels-Redmann
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish; Justus-Liebig University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Sybille Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Kay Pieper
- Clinic for Birds Dr. Kay Pieper and Dr. Alexandra Fluck Leverkusen; Leverkusen Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish; Justus-Liebig University Giessen; Giessen Germany
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44
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Bornavirus. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2019; 62:519-532. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-019-02904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Intranasal Borna Disease Virus (BoDV-1) Infection: Insights into Initial Steps and Potential Contagiosity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061318. [PMID: 30875911 PMCID: PMC6470550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Bornavirus (BoDV-1) typically causes a fatal neurologic disorder in horses and sheep, and was recently shown to cause fatal encephalitis in humans with and without transplant reception. It has been suggested that BoDV-1 enters the central nervous system (CNS) via the olfactory pathway. However, (I) susceptible cell types that replicate the virus for successful spread, and (II) the role of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), remained unclear. To address this, we studied the intranasal infection of adult rats with BoDV-1 in vivo and in vitro, using olfactory mucosal (OM) cell cultures and the cultures of purified OECs. Strikingly, in vitro and in vivo, viral antigen and mRNA were present from four days post infection (dpi) onwards in the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), but also in all other cell types of the OM, and constantly in the OECs. In contrast, in vivo, BoDV-1 genomic RNA was only detectable in adult and juvenile ORNs, nerve fibers, and in OECs from 7 dpi on. In vitro, the rate of infection of OECs was significantly higher than that of the OM cells, pointing to a crucial role of OECs for infection via the olfactory pathway. Thus, this study provides important insights into the transmission of neurotropic viral infections with a zoonotic potential.
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46
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Sa-Ardta P, Rinder M, Sanyathitiseree P, Weerakhun S, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Lorsunyaluck B, Schmitz A, Korbel R. First detection and characterization of Psittaciform bornaviruses in naturally infected and diseased birds in Thailand. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:62-71. [PMID: 30827406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In Thailand a proventricular dilation disease (PDD)-like syndrome commonly occurs in captive psittacine birds. The etiology, however, has been unknown to date and studies to detect parrot bornaviruses have never been performed in Southeastern Asia. Therefore, 111 psittacines (22 different species) including birds with suspected PDD based on clinical examination results (n = 65), cage mates of PDD suspected parrots without any clinical signs (n = 39) and dead birds with previous clinic suspicious for PDD (n = 7) were tested for bornaviruses using various reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and realtime RT-PCR protocols, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, and genome sequencing. Bornaviral infections, indicated by the presence of RNA or antibody positive reactions were detected in 60 birds (54.1%) belonging to 15 psittaciform species and originating from 41 owners. Occurrence of Psittaciform 1 orthobornavirus was confirmed by sequencing of PCR products in 24 of these birds. Parrot bornavirus (PaBV)-5, belonging to the species Psittaciform 2 orthobornavirus and found only in single birds in the United States of America, Japan and Hungary until now, was identified in a macaw. Full genome sequencing revealed features shared with other strains of this virus. PaBV-4 was the prevalent virus type and the viruses grouped in two of the five genetic PaBV-4 subclusters known so far while PaBV-2 was found in a single patient. Forty-five psittacines of the group of PDD-suspected birds (69.2%), 4 dead birds and 11 clinically healthy cage mates were positive in at least one test the latter suggesting inefficient horizontal transmission in natural infections. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrations (non-purulent inflammation, ganglioneuritis) and bornavirus antigen were detected in diverse tissues confirming PDD as the disease involved. These results may have a major impact on conservation projects including the five near-threatened parrot species living in the wild in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phirawich Sa-Ardta
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
| | - Monika Rinder
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Pornchai Sanyathitiseree
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sompoth Weerakhun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Preeda Lertwatcharasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Benchapol Lorsunyaluck
- Exotic Pet Clinic, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Anna Schmitz
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Korbel
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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47
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Matsunaga H, Fukumori A, Mori K, Honda T, Uema T, Tomonaga K. Two Neuropsychiatric Cases Seropositive for Bornavirus Improved by Ribavirin. Jpn J Infect Dis 2018; 71:338-342. [PMID: 29848841 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2017.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While we previously detected anti-bornavirus antibodies via radioligand assay in psychiatric patients, we did not examine the viral pathogenicity in these individuals. Herein, we present 2 psychiatric patients who were seropositive for bornavirus and whose treatment-resistant symptoms improved after oral administration of ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis indicated that ribavirin affected the central nervous system of these patients. Ribavirin ameliorated intermittent involuntary head shaking, which is reminiscent of a symptom observed in bornavirus-infected animals. Using radioligand assays to examine the serial sera of these patients, we found a relationship between the titers of anti-bornavirus antibodies and the change in the patients' symptoms. Our findings suggest there is a relationship between bornavirus infection and human symptoms and that ribavirin may be useful in suppressing chronic bornavirus infection in some neuropsychiatric patients. However, the possibility remains that some other known or unknown virus other than bornavirus that is sensitive to ribavirin may have caused the symptoms. Additional evidence that directly indicates the causative relationship between bornavirus infection and human symptoms is needed before establishing the pathogenesis and treatment for human bornavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akio Fukumori
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, Center for Development for Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Kohji Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFront), Kyoto University
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48
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de Araujo JL, Rodrigues-Hoffmann A, Giaretta PR, Guo J, Heatley J, Tizard I, Rech RR. Distribution of Viral Antigen and Inflammatory Lesions in the Central Nervous System of Cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus) Experimentally Infected with Parrot Bornavirus 2. Vet Pathol 2018; 56:106-117. [PMID: 30235986 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818798112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurotropism is a striking characteristic of bornaviruses, including parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2). Our study evaluated the distribution of inflammatory foci and viral nucleoprotein (N) antigen in the brain and spinal cord of 27 cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus) following experimental infection with PaBV-2 by injection into the pectoral muscle. Tissue samples were taken at 12 timepoints between 5 and 114 days post-inoculation (dpi). Each experimental group had approximately 3 cockatiels per group and usually 1 negative control. Immunolabeling was first observed within the ventral horns of the thoracic spinal cord at 20 dpi and in the brain (thalamic nuclei and hindbrain) at 25 dpi. Both inflammation and viral antigen were restricted to the central core of the brain until 40 dpi. The virus then spread quickly at 60 dpi to both gray and white matter of all analyzed sections of the central nervous system (CNS). Encephalitis was most severe in the thalamus and hindbrain, while myelitis was most prominent in the gray matter and equally distributed in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral spinal cord. Our results demonstrate a caudal to rostral spread of virus in the CNS following experimental inoculation of PABV-2 into the pectoral muscle, with the presence of viral antigen and inflammatory lesions first in the spinal cord and progressing to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeann Leal de Araujo
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Paula R Giaretta
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jianhua Guo
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jill Heatley
- 2 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Raquel R Rech
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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49
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Schmitz A, Rinder M, Thiel S, Peschel A, Moser K, Reese S, Korbel R. Retrospective Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Gross Pathologic Findings in Birds Infected WithMycobacterium genavense. J Avian Med Surg 2018; 32:194-204. [DOI: 10.1647/2017-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Yilmaz H, Gurel A, Aktas M, Yildirim F, Bamac OE, Haktanir D, Tekelioglu BK, Gur E, Altan Tarakci E, Helps C, Richt JA, Turan N. Clinical Virological and Pathological Investigations on Horses With Neurologic Disorders in Turkey. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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