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Carter S, Hill AM, Yandell C, Buckley JD, Coates AM. Study protocol for a 15-week randomised controlled trial assessing the independent effects of high-cholesterol and high-saturated fat diets on LDL cholesterol. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e081664. [PMID: 38272555 PMCID: PMC10823933 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has associated high dietary cholesterol intake with raised low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and thus increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Emerging research suggests that it is saturated fat, not dietary cholesterol, associated with increased CVD risk. Despite being high in cholesterol, eggs, low in saturated fat, are not adversely associated with blood lipids or CVD risk. This paper describes a randomised controlled counter-balanced, cross-over trial assessing the effects of a high-cholesterol/low-saturated fat (egg) diet and a low-cholesterol/high-saturated fat diet (egg free) on blood lipids and lipoproteins, while accounting for physical activity levels which can also influence these parameters. The primary aim is to demonstrate that high cholesterol intake (from eggs) within a healthy, low-saturated fat diet does not adversely affect blood lipid levels and lipoprotein profiles. Instead, we propose that adverse effects on these parameters are mediated by saturated fat intake. The secondary aim is to explore relationships between changes in blood lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations and alterations in physical activity, examining whether changes in physical activity mediate effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Fifty-two adults aged 18-60 years with LDL-C less than 3.5 mmol/L will be randomly allocated to three isocaloric diets for 5 weeks each: a high-cholesterol (600 mg)/low-saturated fat (6%) (egg) diet, a low-cholesterol (300 mg)/high-saturated fat (12%) (egg free) diet and a control diet that is high in both cholesterol (600 mg) and saturated fat (12%). Lipid and lipoprotein levels, lipoprotein size and concentrations, blood pressure, blood glucose, physical activity levels, and plasma lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations will be measured. Treatment effects will be analysed using linear mixed effects models. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval was obtained from the University of South Australia Human Research Ethics Committee no. 204 327. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and national and international presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05267522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharayah Carter
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alison M Hill
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Clinical Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Yandell
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alison M Coates
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Field R, Field T, Pourkazemi F, Rooney K. Low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets: a scoping review of neurological and inflammatory outcomes in human studies and their relevance to chronic pain. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:295-319. [PMID: 35438071 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction of carbohydrate has been demonstrated to be beneficial for nervous system dysfunction in animal models and may be beneficial for human chronic pain. The purpose of this review is to assess the impact of a low-carbohydrate/ketogenic diet on the adult nervous system function and inflammatory biomarkers to inform nutritional research for chronic pain. An electronic database search was carried out in May 2021. Publications were screened for prospective research with dietary carbohydrate intake <130 g per day and duration of ≥2 weeks. Studies were categorised into those reporting adult neurological outcomes to be extracted for analysis and those reporting other adult research outcomes. Both groups were screened again for reported inflammatory biomarkers. From 1548 studies, there were 847 studies included. Sixty-four reported neurological outcomes with 83% showing improvement. Five hundred and twenty-three studies had a different research focus (metabolic n = 394, sport/performance n = 51, cancer n = 33, general n = 30, neurological with non-neuro outcomes n = 12, or gastrointestinal n = 4). The second screen identified sixty-three studies reporting on inflammatory biomarkers, with 71% reporting a reduction in inflammation. The overall results suggest a favourable outcome on the nervous system and inflammatory biomarkers from a reduction in dietary carbohydrates. Both nervous system sensitisation and inflammation occur in chronic pain, and the results from this review indicate it may be improved by low-carbohydrate nutritional therapy. More clinical trials within this population are required to build on the few human trials that have been done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Field
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tara Field
- The New South Wales Ministry of Health (NSW Health), Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Kieron Rooney
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Coheley LM, Yu M, Chen X, O'Connor PJ, Kealey KS, Laing EM, Oshri A, Marand AK, Lance JM, Kindler JM, Lewis RD. The Impact of Whole Egg Consumption on Bone Accrual in Healthy Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1809-1821. [PMID: 37950643 PMCID: PMC11037861 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Dietary interventions designed to examine the role of nutrition on childhood bone accrual have often focused on the role of individual micronutrients (eg, calcium, vitamin D, and zinc) and macronutrients (eg, protein). The osteogenic benefits of whole foods, such as eggs, are not well understood despite eggs being a source of high-quality nutrients and bioactive compounds known to positively influence bone. A significant positive cross-sectional association between whole egg consumption and tibia cortical bone mass has recently been shown in young children; however, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have not been conducted. This study is a double-blind RCT in male and female children ages 9-13 years of different ancestries, designed to determine if consuming food products with whole eggs (equivalent to 8-10 eggs/wk) versus foods with milk or gelatin (placebo) over a 9-month period will improve measures of bone strength. Total body less head (TBLH) and lumbar spine bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA Z-scores were computed using published pediatric growth charts and were adjusted for height-for-age Z-score (HAZ). Mid-tibia cortical volumetric BMD, BMC, cortical area, total bone area, cortical thickness, and strength strain index were measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Overall, there were no significant intervention effects for any bone outcomes. The increase in spine BMCHAZ Z-score in the egg group versus the gelatin group approached significance (p = 0.07). Significant time effects in TBLH aBMDHAZ Z-score occurred as all groups decreased over 9 months (p < 0.03). Most tibia cortical bone outcomes increased over time (all p < 0.02), but changes did not differ across intervention groups. Whole eggs provide important nutritional benefits for children, but the bone responses to consumption of 8-10 eggs/wk over a period of 9 months in children entering the early stages of puberty were small. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Coheley
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mengyun Yu
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xianyan Chen
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Kirk S Kealey
- Food Product Innovation & Commercialization Center, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Emma M Laing
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Assaf Oshri
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alicia K Marand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Julia M Lance
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Joseph M Kindler
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Lewis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Andersen CJ, Huang L, Zhai F, Esposito CP, Greco JM, Zhang R, Woodruff R, Sloan A, Van Dyke AR. Consumption of Different Egg-Based Diets Alters Clinical Metabolic and Hematological Parameters in Young, Healthy Men and Women. Nutrients 2023; 15:3747. [PMID: 37686779 PMCID: PMC10490185 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggs-particularly egg yolks-are a rich source of bioactive nutrients and dietary compounds that influence metabolic health, lipid metabolism, immune function, and hematopoiesis. We investigated the effects of consuming an egg-free diet, three egg whites per day, and three whole eggs per day for 4 weeks on comprehensive clinical metabolic, immune, and hematologic profiles in young, healthy adults (18-35 y, BMI < 30 kg/m2 or <30% body fat for men and <40% body fat for women, n = 26) in a 16-week randomized, crossover intervention trial. We observed that average daily macro- and micronutrient intake significantly differed across egg diet periods, including greater intake of choline during the whole egg diet period, which corresponded to increased serum choline and betaine without altering trimethylamine N-oxide. Egg white and whole egg intake increased serum isoleucine while whole egg intake reduced serum glycine-markers of increased and decreased risk of insulin resistance, respectively-without altering other markers of glucose sensitivity or inflammation. Whole egg intake increased a subset of large HDL particles (H6P, 10.8 nm) and decreased the total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio and % monocytes in female participants using combined oral contraceptive (COC) medication (n = 11) as compared to female non-users (n = 10). Whole egg intake further increased blood hematocrit whereas egg white and whole egg intake reduced blood platelet counts. Changes in clinical immune cell counts between egg white and whole egg diet periods were negatively correlated with several HDL parameters yet positively correlated with measures of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and insulin sensitivity. Overall, the intake of whole eggs led to greater overall improvements in micronutrient diet quality, choline status, and HDL and hematologic profiles while minimally-yet potentially less adversely-affecting markers of insulin resistance as compared to egg whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J. Andersen
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA; (J.M.G.); (A.S.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.H.); (F.Z.); (R.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Lindsey Huang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.H.); (F.Z.); (R.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Fangyi Zhai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.H.); (F.Z.); (R.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Christa Palancia Esposito
- Marion Peckham Egan School of Nursing and Health Studies, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA;
| | - Julia M. Greco
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA; (J.M.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.H.); (F.Z.); (R.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Rachael Woodruff
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (L.H.); (F.Z.); (R.Z.); (R.W.)
| | - Allison Sloan
- Department of Biology, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA; (J.M.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Aaron R. Van Dyke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA;
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Choudhary D, Rideout TC, Cameron CE, Lehman HK, Oken E, Rifas-Shiman SL, Wen X. Egg Introduction during Infancy is Associated with Lower Fat Mass Index in Females at Early Adolescence. J Nutr 2023; 153:158-166. [PMID: 36913449 PMCID: PMC10196582 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egg consumption may play an important role in early-life growth given their high-quality protein, essential fatty acids, and micronutrients. OBJECTIVES Study objectives were to examine the longitudinal associations of infant age at egg introduction with obesity outcomes in early childhood, middle childhood (mid-childhood), and early adolescence. METHODS We used existing data from 1089 mother-child dyads from Project Viva to estimate age at egg introduction through a questionnaire completed by mothers at ∼1 y postpartum (mean ± SD, 13.3 ± 1.2 mo). Outcome measures included height and weight (early childhood, mid-childhood, and early adolescence), body composition including total fat mass, trunk fat mass, and lean mass (mid-childhood and early adolescence), and plasma adiponectin and leptin (early and mid-childhood and early adolescence). We defined childhood obesity as sex- and age-specific BMI ≥ 95th percentile. We estimated the associations of infant age at egg introduction with risk of obesity using multivariable logistic regression and multivariable linear regression models for BMI-z-score, body composition measures, and adiposity hormones; adjusted for maternal prepregnancy BMI and sociodemographics. RESULTS Among females, those introduced to egg by the 1-y survey had a lower total fat mass index (confounder-adjusted mean difference, -1.23 kg/m2; 95% CI: -2.14, -0.31), and trunk fat mass index (confounder-adjusted mean difference, -0.57 kg/m2; 95% CI: -1.01, -0.12) in early adolescence compared to those not introduced (reference group). However, no associations between infant age at egg introduction and risk of obesity were observed among males (confounder-adjusted odd ratio [aOR], 1.97; 95% CI: 0.90, 4.30) or females (aOR, 0.68; 95% CI: 0.38, 1.24) across all ages. Egg introduction in infancy was associated with lower plasma adiponectin among females (confounder-adjusted mean difference, -1.93 μg/mL; 95% CI: -3.70, -0.16) in early childhood only. CONCLUSIONS Egg introduction during infancy among females is associated with lower total fat mass index in early adolescence and plasma adiponectin in early childhood. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02820402.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Choudhary
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Claire E Cameron
- Department of Learning & Instruction, Graduate School of Education, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Heather K Lehman
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaozhong Wen
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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6
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Díez-Ricote L, San-Cristobal R, Concejo MJ, Martínez-González MÁ, Corella D, Salas-Salvadó J, Goday A, Martínez JA, Alonso-Gómez ÁM, Wärnberg J, Vioque J, Romaguera D, López-Miranda J, Estruch R, Tinahones FJ, Lapetra J, Serra-Majem L, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Tur JA, Martín Sánchez V, Pintó X, Gaforio JJ, Matía-Martín P, Vidal J, Mas Fontao S, Ros E, Vázquez-Ruiz Z, Ortega-Azorín C, García-Gavilán JF, Malcampo M, Martínez-Urbistondo D, Tojal-Sierra L, García Rodríguez A, Gómez-Bellvert N, Chaplin A, García-Ríos A, Bernal-López RM, Santos-Lozano JM, Basterra-Gortari J, Sorlí JV, Murphy M, Gasulla G, Micó V, Salaverria-Lete I, Goñi Ochandorena E, Babio N, Herraiz X, Ordovás JM, Daimiel L. One-year longitudinal association between changes in dietary choline or betaine intake and cardiometabolic variables in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea-Plus (PREDIMED-Plus) trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1565-1579. [PMID: 36124652 PMCID: PMC9761742 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline and betaine intakes have been related to cardiovascular health. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the relation between 1-y changes in dietary intake of choline or betaine and 1-y changes in cardiometabolic and renal function traits within the frame of the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea)-Plus trial. METHODS We used baseline and 1-y follow-up data from 5613 participants (48.2% female and 51.8% male; mean ± SD age: 65.01 ± 4.91 y) to assess cardiometabolic traits, and 3367 participants to assess renal function, of the Spanish PREDIMED-Plus trial. Participants met ≥3 criteria of metabolic syndrome and had overweight or obesity [BMI (in kg/m2) ≥27 and ≤40]. These criteria were similar to those of the PREDIMED parent study. Dietary intakes of choline and betaine were estimated from the FFQ. RESULTS The greatest 1-y increase in dietary choline or betaine intake (quartile 4) was associated with improved serum glucose concentrations (-3.39 and -2.72 mg/dL for choline and betaine, respectively) and HbA1c levels (-0.10% for quartile 4 of either choline or betaine intake increase). Other significant changes associated with the greatest increase in choline or betaine intake were reduced body weight (-2.93 and -2.78 kg, respectively), BMI (-1.05 and -0.99, respectively), waist circumference (-3.37 and -3.26 cm, respectively), total cholesterol (-4.74 and -4.52 mg/dL, respectively), and LDL cholesterol (-4.30 and -4.16 mg/dL, respectively). Urine creatinine was reduced in quartile 4 of 1-y increase in choline or betaine intake (-5.42 and -5.74 mg/dL, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Increases in dietary choline or betaine intakes were longitudinally related to improvements in cardiometabolic parameters. Markers of renal function were also slightly improved, and they require further investigation.This trial was registered at https://www.isrctn.com/ as ISRCTN89898870.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Díez-Ricote
- Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, Precision Nutrition and Obesity Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo San-Cristobal
- Cardiometabolic Health Group, Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Á Martínez-González
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Navarra Institute of Health Research (IdISNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dolores Corella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
- Unit of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Albert Goday
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar d`Investigació Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Cardiometabolic Health Group, Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ángel M Alonso-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Area, Bioaraba Health Research Institute; Araba University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Julia Wärnberg
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nursing, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Vioque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante, Miguel Hernández University (ISABIAL-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Dora Romaguera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Nutritional Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José López-Miranda
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Lapetra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit, Department of Family Medicine, Sevilla Primary Care Health District, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lluís Serra-Majem
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Maternal and Child Insular University Hospital Center (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josep A Tur
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Vicente Martín Sánchez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José J Gaforio
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, University Institute for Research on Olives and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Pilar Matía-Martín
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, San Carlos Clinical Hospital Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal
- CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Institut d` Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Mas Fontao
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Jimenez Díaz Foundation Hospital Biomedical Research Institute (IISFJD), Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zenaida Vázquez-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Navarra Institute of Health Research (IdISNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Endocrinology Service, Navarra Hospital Complex, Osasunbidea, Navarro Health Service, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carolina Ortega-Azorín
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús F García-Gavilán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Mireia Malcampo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar d`Investigació Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lucas Tojal-Sierra
- Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Area, Bioaraba Health Research Institute; Araba University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Antonio García Rodríguez
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Malaga, Institute of Biomedical Research in Málaga (IBIMA-University of Malaga), Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Alice Chaplin
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Nutritional Epidemiology & Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Ríos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rosa M Bernal-López
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, Málaga Biomedical Research Institute (IBIMA), University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José M Santos-Lozano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Unit, Department of Family Medicine, Sevilla Primary Care Health District, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Basterra-Gortari
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Navarra Institute of Health Research (IdISNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Endocrinology Service, Navarra Hospital Complex, Osasunbidea, Navarro Health Service, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José V Sorlí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michelle Murphy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Griselda Gasulla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar d`Investigació Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Micó
- Cardiometabolic Health Group, Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Salaverria-Lete
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Metabolic Area, Bioaraba Health Research Institute; Araba University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Goñi Ochandorena
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Navarra Institute of Health Research (IdISNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nancy Babio
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Human Nutrition Unit, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Xavier Herraiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar d`Investigació Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Ordovás
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Nutritional Genomics and Epigenomics Group, Precision Nutrition and Obesity Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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7
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Zhang F, Li J, Chang C, Gu L, Xiong W, Su Y, Yang Y. The Association of Dietary Cholesterol from Egg Consumption on Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Varies from Person to Person. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14977-14988. [PMID: 36416372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The public and scientists remain skeptical about egg consumption, given that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death in worldwide. This review mainly explained the recurrence of contradictory conclusions about relationships between egg consumption and CVD risk and discussed effects of egg cholesterol intake on cholesterol homeostasis. Factors including individual health status and cholesterol sensitivity, dietary pattern, region, and race should be distinguished when understanding generalized conclusions. Identified compensatory mechanisms in response to dietary cholesterol and the resulting balance in cholesterol biosynthesis, absorption, and efflux supported the view that moderate egg consumption had no substantial overall impacts on cholesterol homeostasis in healthy people. Excessive cholesterol intake is not recommended in individuals with distempered metabolism. More than cholesterol metabolism, impacts of egg consumption as a part of overall diet on CVD risk should be considered from aspects of nutrient intake, lipid metabolism, and energy supply in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Cuihua Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Luping Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Wen Xiong
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Flavors and Flavorings, Jinshi, Hunan 415400, PR China
| | - Yujie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
| | - Yanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, PR China
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8
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Thomas MS, Puglisi M, Malysheva O, Caudill MA, Sholola M, Cooperstone JL, Fernandez ML. Eggs Improve Plasma Biomarkers in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome Following a Plant-Based Diet-A Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102138. [PMID: 35631279 PMCID: PMC9147178 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based (PB) diets are considered a healthy dietary pattern; however, eggs are not always included in this dietary regime. We hypothesized that the addition of two eggs per day would increase HDL cholesterol as well as plasma lutein, zeaxanthin and choline in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this randomized controlled crossover intervention, we recruited 30 participants (49.3 ± 8 y) with MetS who followed a PB diet for 13 weeks. A registered dietitian advised all subjects on food selection and followed them through the intervention to ensure compliance. Participants underwent a 2-week washout with no eggs or spinach (a source of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin) and were randomly allocated to consume spinach (70 g) with either two eggs (EGG) or the equivalent amount of egg substitute (SUB) for breakfast for 4 weeks. After a 3-week washout, they were allocated the alternate breakfast. A total of 24 participants (13 women/11 men) finished the intervention. Plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, anthropometrics, plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, choline and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) were assessed at baseline and the end of each intervention. When we compared individuals consuming the EGG versus the SUB breakfast, we observed a lower body weight (p < 0.02) and a higher HDL cholesterol (p < 0.025) after the EGG diet. There were no differences in plasma LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, or blood pressure. The number of large HDL particles measured by NMR was higher after EGG (p < 0.01) as compared to SUB. Plasma choline was higher in both treatments (p < 0.01) compared to baseline (8.3 ± 2.1 μmol/L). However, plasma choline values were higher in EGG (10.54 ± 2.8 μmol/L) compared to SUB (9.47 ± 2.7 μmol/L) p < 0.025. Both breakfasts increased plasma lutein compared to baseline (p < 0.01), while plasma zeaxanthin was only increased in the egg intervention (p < 0.01). These results indicate that consuming a plant-based diet in combination with whole eggs increases plasma HDL cholesterol, choline and zeaxanthin, important biomarkers in subjects with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu S. Thomas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (M.S.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Michael Puglisi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (M.S.T.); (M.P.)
| | - Olga Malysheva
- Department of Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14860, USA; (O.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Marie A. Caudill
- Department of Human Nutrition, Division of Nutritional Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14860, USA; (O.M.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Maria Sholola
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.S.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Jessica L. Cooperstone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (M.S.); (J.L.C.)
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (M.S.T.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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The Effect of Whole Egg Intake on Muscle Mass: Are the Yolk and Its Nutrients Important? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:514-521. [PMID: 34504041 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Whole egg may have potential benefits for enhancing muscle mass, independent of its protein content. The yolk comprises ∼40% of the total protein in an egg, as well as containing several nonprotein nutrients that could possess anabolic properties (e.g., microRNAs, vitamins, minerals, lipids, phosphatidic acid and other phospholipids). Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the current evidence as to the possible effects of egg yolk compounds on skeletal muscle accretion beyond those of egg whites alone. The intake of whole egg seems to promote greater myofibrillar protein synthesis than egg white intake in young men. However, limited evidence shows no difference in muscle hypertrophy when comparing the consumption of whole egg versus an isonitrogenous quantity of egg white in young men performing resistance training. Although egg yolk intake seems to promote additional acute increases on myofibrillar protein synthesis, it does not seem to further enhance muscle mass when compared to egg whites when consumed as part of a high-protein dietary patterns, at least in young men. This conclusion is based on very limited evidence and more studies are needed to evaluate the effects of egg yolk (or whole eggs) intake on muscle mass not only in young men, but also in other populations such as women, older adults, and individuals with muscle wasting diseases.
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10
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Choline Intake as Supplement or as a Component of Eggs Increases Plasma Choline and Reduces Interleukin-6 without Modifying Plasma Cholesterol in Participants with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103120. [PMID: 33066009 PMCID: PMC7600433 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance, which increase the risk of heart disease. Eggs have numerous nutrients including choline, carotenoids, and fat-soluble vitamins that may protect against these conditions. Egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a major contributor of dietary choline in the American diet. However, uncertainty remains regarding eggs due to their high concentration of cholesterol. In this study, we evaluated the effect of two sources of choline, whole eggs (a source of PC) and a choline supplement (choline bitartrate, CB), on plasma lipids, glucose, insulin resistance, and inflammatory biomarkers. We recruited 23 subjects with MetS to participate in this randomized cross-over intervention. After a 2-week washout, with no choline intake, participants were randomly allocated to consume three eggs/day or CB (~400 mg choline/d for both) for 4 weeks. After a 3-week washout period, they were allocated to the alternate treatment. Dietary records indicated higher concentrations of vitamin E and selenium during the egg period (p < 0.01). Interestingly, there were no changes in plasma total, low density lipoprotein (LDL)- or high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, or glucose, compared either to baseline or between treatments. In contrast, interleukin-6 was reduced, with both sources of choline compared to baseline, while eggs also had an effect on lowering C-reactive protein, insulin, and insulin resistance compared to baseline. This study demonstrates that in a MetS population, intake of three eggs per day does not increase plasma LDL cholesterol, and has additional benefits on biomarkers of disease compared to a choline supplement, possibly due to the presence of other antioxidants in eggs.
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11
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Jochems PGM, Garssen J, Rietveld PCS, Govers C, Tomassen MMM, Wichers HJ, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Masereeuw R. Novel Dietary Proteins Selectively Affect Intestinal Health In Vitro after Clostridium difficile-Secreted Toxin A Exposure. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2782. [PMID: 32932980 PMCID: PMC7551268 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial gastroenteritis forms a burden on a global scale, both socially and economically. The Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile is an inducer of gastrointestinal bacterial infections, often triggered following disruption of the microbiota by broad-spectrum antibiotics to treat other conditions. The clinical manifestatiaons, e.g., diarrhea, are driven by its toxins secretion, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Current therapies are focused on discontinuing patient medication, including antibiotics. However, relapse rates upon therapy are high (20-25%). Here, eighteen dietary proteins were evaluated for their capacity to restore gut health upon C. difficile-derived TcdA exposure. We used bioengineered intestinal tubules to assess proteins for their beneficial effects by examining the epithelial barrier, cell viability, brush-border enzyme activity, IL-6 secretion, IL-8 secretion and nitric oxide (NO) levels upon TcdA challenge. TcdA effectively disrupted the epithelial barrier, increased mitochondrial activity, but did not affect alkaline phosphatase activity, IL-6, IL-8 and NO levels. Intervention with dietary proteins did not show a protective effect on epithelial barrier integrity or mitochondrial activity. However, bovine plasma and potato protein increased alkaline phosphatase activity, egg-white protein increased IL-6 and IL-8 release and wheat, lesser mealworm and yeast protein increased NO levels after TcdA exposure. Hence, dietary proteins can influence parameters involved in intestinal physiology and immune activation suggesting that supplementation with specific dietary proteins may be of benefit during C. difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus G. M. Jochems
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.G.M.J.); (J.G.); (P.C.S.R.); (J.v.B.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.G.M.J.); (J.G.); (P.C.S.R.); (J.v.B.)
- Nutricia Research, Global Center of Excellence Immunology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascale C. S. Rietveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.G.M.J.); (J.G.); (P.C.S.R.); (J.v.B.)
| | - Coen Govers
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.M.M.T.); (H.J.W.)
| | - Monic M. M. Tomassen
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.M.M.T.); (H.J.W.)
| | - Harry J. Wichers
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (C.G.); (M.M.M.T.); (H.J.W.)
| | - Jeroen van Bergenhenegouwen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.G.M.J.); (J.G.); (P.C.S.R.); (J.v.B.)
- Nutricia Research, Global Center of Excellence Immunology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (P.G.M.J.); (J.G.); (P.C.S.R.); (J.v.B.)
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12
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Dehghan M, Mente A, Yusuf S. Eggs and diabetes: 1 daily egg a safe bet? Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:503-504. [PMID: 32869067 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Dehghan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Mente
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Drouin-Chartier JP, Schwab AL, Chen S, Li Y, Sacks FM, Rosner B, Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Bhupathiraju SN. Egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: findings from 3 large US cohort studies of men and women and a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:619-630. [PMID: 32453379 PMCID: PMC7458776 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether egg consumption is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unsettled. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the association between egg consumption and T2D risk in 3 large US prospective cohorts, and performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. METHODS We followed 82,750 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1980-2012), 89,636 women from the NHS II (1991-2017), and 41,412 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS; 1986-2016) who were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Egg consumption was assessed every 2-4 y using a validated FFQ. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate HRs and 95% CIs. RESULTS During a total of 5,529,959 person-years of follow-up, we documented 20,514 incident cases of T2D in the NHS, NHS II, and HPFS. In the pooled multivariable model adjusted for updated BMI, lifestyle, and dietary confounders, a 1-egg/d increase was associated with a 14% (95% CI: 7%, 20%) higher T2D risk. In random-effects meta-analysis of 16 prospective cohort studies (589,559 participants; 41,248 incident T2D cases), for each 1 egg/d, the pooled RR of T2D was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.15; I2 = 69.8%). There were, however, significant differences by geographic region (P for interaction = 0.01). Each 1 egg/d was associated with higher T2D risk among US studies (RR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.27; I2 = 51.3%), but not among European (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.15; I2 = 73.5%) or Asian (RR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.09; I2 = 59.1%) studies. CONCLUSIONS Results from the updated meta-analysis show no overall association between moderate egg consumption and risk of T2D. Whether the heterogeneity of the associations among US, European, and Asian cohorts reflects differences in egg consumption habits warrants further investigation.This systematic review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero as CRD42019127860.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Nutrition, Health and Society (NUTRISS), Laval University, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Institute on Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amanda L Schwab
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank M Sacks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bernard Rosner
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shilpa N Bhupathiraju
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Kong Z, Sun S, Shi Q, Zhang H, Tong TK, Nie J. Short-Term Ketogenic Diet Improves Abdominal Obesity in Overweight/Obese Chinese Young Females. Front Physiol 2020; 11:856. [PMID: 32848830 PMCID: PMC7399204 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a short-term ketogenic diet (KD) on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in overweight/obese Chinese females. Twenty young females [age: 21.0 ± 3.7 years, weight: 65.5 ± 7.7 kg, body mass index (BMI): 24.9 ± 2.7 kg⋅m–2] consumed 4 weeks of a normal diet (ND) as a baseline and then switched to a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, and adequate protein KD for another 4 weeks. With the same daily caloric intake, the proportions of energy intake derived from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were changed from 44.0 ± 7.6%, 15.4 ± 3.3%, 39.6 ± 5.8% in ND to 9.2 ± 4.8%, 21.9 ± 3.4%, and 69.0 ± 5.4% in KD. The results showed that, without impairing the CRF level, the 4-week KD intervention significantly reduced body weight (−2.9 kg), BMI (−1.1 kg⋅m–2), waist circumference (−4.0 cm), hip circumference (−2.5 cm), and body fat percentage (−2.0%). Moreover, fasting leptin level was lowered significantly, and serum levels of inflammatory markers (i.e., TNF-α and MCP-1) were unchanged following KD. These findings suggest that KD can be used as a rapid and effective approach to lose weight and reduce abdominal adiposity in overweight/obese Chinese females without exacerbating their CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shengyan Sun
- Institute of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Qingde Shi
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tomas K Tong
- Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China
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Hezaveh ZS, Sikaroudi MK, Vafa M, Clayton ZS, Soltani S. Effect of egg consumption on inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6663-6670. [PMID: 31259415 PMCID: PMC7189602 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is little evidence about whether eggs affect inflammation. The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore the effects of egg consumption on inflammation. A systematic search of online databases (Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Scopus, Ovid, PubMed, Cochrane) was used to gather clinical trials that assessed the effect of egg consumption on circulating inflammatory biomarkers. Using a random-effects model, pooled weighted mean differences (WMD) and corresponding standard deviations (SD) were calculated. Of the 21 eligible studies found, nine trials were eligible for analysis. Eight trials assessed high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), four trials assessed interleukin-6 (IL-6), and five trials assessed tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Egg consumption did not affect hs-CRP (WMD 0.24 mg/L; 95% CI: -0.43, 0.90; I2 = 53.8; P = 0.48), IL-6 (WMD 0.20 pg/mL; 95% CI: -0.71, 1.11; I2 = 69.3; P = 0.50), and TNF-α (WMD: -0.38 pg/mL; 95% CI: -0.87, 0.10; I2 = 0.00; P = 0.12) relative to controls. Overall, this meta-analysis revealed that egg consumption had no significant effect on serum biomarkers of inflammation in adults. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Sajadi Hezaveh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sepideh Soltani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Correspondence to: S Soltani, Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University ofMedical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Hruby A, Jacques PF. Dietary Protein and Changes in Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz019. [PMID: 31037277 PMCID: PMC6483052 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation is thought to be a major characteristic of aging, which may increase need for substrates, specifically protein, to support anti-inflammatory processes. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess associations between dietary protein and changes in biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress over the long term in a community-dwelling population. METHODS In 2061 participants of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort who attended exams 7 (1998-2001; mean ± SD age 60.0 ± 8.8 y, 56% female) and 8 (2005-2008), total, animal, and plant protein intakes were assessed by food-frequency questionnaire at each exam, energy adjusted, and averaged. We defined an inflammation and oxidative stress score as the sum of rank-normalized values of 9 circulating biomarkers (C-reactive protein, osteoprotegerin, P-selectin, tumor necrosis factor receptor II, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin 6, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and lipoprotein phospholipase A2 mass and activity), and urinary isoprostanes, along with 2 subscores. Adjusted least-square means of changes in the scores and log individual biomarkers in quartile categories of intake were estimated with the use of linear regression models, across mean ± SD 6.6 ± 0.7 y of follow-up. RESULTS Protein intake was inversely associated with changes in the inflammation and oxidative stress score (mean ± SE in Q1 compared with Q4: 0.77 ± 0.17 compared with 0.31 ± 0.19; P-trend = 0.02), indicating overall inflammation/oxidative stress increased less in those with the highest intake than in those with the lowest. Favorable associations were observed for plant protein (Q1 compared with Q4: 0.89 ± 0.25 compared with 0.14 ± 0.25; P-trend = 0.001), but only trended toward significance for animal protein (Q1 compared with Q4: 0.70 ± 0.26 compared with 0.31 ± 0.26; P-trend = 0.05). Total protein and plant protein intakes were also inversely associated with changes in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (total: Q1 compared with Q4: 0.19 ± 0.01 compared with 0.15 ± 0.01 log-pg/mL; P-trend = 0.03; plant: Q1 compared with Q4: 0.21 ± 0.01 compared with 0.16 ± 0.01 log-pg/mL; P-trend = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Dietary protein, particularly from plant sources, may be associated with beneficial changes in the inflammatory burden in aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Hruby
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, and Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, and Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA
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The consumption of 12 Eggs per week for 1 year does not alter fasting serum markers of cardiovascular disease in older adults with early macular degeneration. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Comparison of long-term effects of egg yolk consumption under normal and high fat diet on lipid metabolism and fatty acids profile in mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1195-1206. [PMID: 31275720 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-00545-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the long-term effects of EY consumption under two diet conditions: normal (ND + EY) and high fat diet (HFD + EY), on lipid metabolism in mice. ND + EY did not increase serum triglycerides, total cholesterol hepatic triglyceride concentrations, adipose tissue accumulation and glucose impairment, not leading to fatty liver. HFD + EY markedly decreased adipose tissue accumulation, the triglyceride and total cholesterol, and improved serum HDL-C and blood glucose impairment compared with HFD. PLS-DA analyzes showed both ND + EY and HFD + EY could decrease serum C18:1 and MUFA. HFD + EY could further decrease hepatic C18:2 and PUFA and increase C18:1 and MUFA excretion, which were associated with lower expression of Elovl6 and higher expression of Scd1 in liver. These results suggest that HFD + EY significantly improved dyslipidemia caused by HFD through modifying lipid metabolism, and ND + EY did not adversely affect the biomarkers associated with dyslipidemia risk, but showed less obvious regulation of lipid metabolism than HFD + EY.
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Assessment of Dietary Patterns Represents a Potential, Yet Variable, Measure of Inflammatory Status: A Review and Update. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:3102870. [PMID: 30805036 PMCID: PMC6360584 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade, systemic inflammation is a well-characterized risk factor in the development of chronic metabolic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Diet could be an effective strategy for reducing inflammation associated with chronic disease. While anti-inflammatory properties of isolated dietary bioactive and functional foods have been routinely studied, the evaluation of dietary patterns on inflammation warrants further review-especially given the recent inclusion of dietary pattern recommendations into dietary guidelines and policies. Therefore, the objective of this narrative review is to examine current evidence linking diet to low-grade, systemic inflammation within the context of chronic disease. Specifically, we provide an update on the findings from human trials that have characterized anti-inflammatory properties of dietary patterns, defined by various methods and indexes. Given the complexity of interpreting results from dietary pattern analysis, we further present recent evidence on the anti-inflammatory roles of isolated bioactive nutrients and functional foods that are common components of distinct dietary patterns, in addition to considerations for interpreting dietary pattern research, population-specific dietary recommendations, and future studies. Overall, we observe a vast range of variability in the evidence from observational studies that have evaluated the relationships between healthy dietary patterns and inflammatory markers. These studies highlight the need for additional intervention studies with study designs that account for metabolic status, diversity in populations, breadth of inflammatory measurements, fasting vs. postprandial effects of diet, and control of confounding factors (e.g., genotype, microbiome profiles, and dietary adherence) in order to better understand the effect that diet has, as a whole, on inflammation. These strategies will help to strengthen diet recommendations aimed at reducing inflammation and chronic disease risk.
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Effects of a High-Protein Diet Including Whole Eggs on Muscle Composition and Indices of Cardiometabolic Health and Systemic Inflammation in Older Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070946. [PMID: 30041437 PMCID: PMC6073477 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related increases in intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) impair muscle quality, decrease functional capacity, and promote several cardiometabolic and inflammatory disorders. Whether these age-related alterations in muscle composition improve by consuming a high-protein (HP) diet with whole eggs are unclear. This parallel-design, randomized-controlled trial assessed the effects of a 12-week eucaloric HP diet with three whole eggs per day (1.4 g protein kg−1 day−1) versus a normal-protein diet void of eggs (NP, 0.8 g protein kg−1 day−1) on muscle composition (IMAT), cardiometabolic health, and systemic inflammation in older adults with overweight or obesity (12 men and 10 women; age 70 ± 5 years, BMI 31.3 ± 3.2 kg/m2, mean ± SD). No changes in muscle composition were observed over time, independent of protein intake. Total body weight was reduced in both groups (−3.3 ± 1.2%) and lean mass was preserved only with the HP diet. LDL concentration and hip circumference decreased only with the NP diet, while MCP-1 and HsCRP concentrations increased over time in both groups. A HP diet with whole eggs promotes lean mass retention with modest weight loss, but does not positively influence muscle composition, cardiometabolic health or systemic inflammation, compared to a NP diet void of eggs.
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21
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Dietary Cholesterol and the Lack of Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060780. [PMID: 29914176 PMCID: PMC6024687 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. For years, dietary cholesterol was implicated in increasing blood cholesterol levels leading to the elevated risk of CVD. To date, extensive research did not show evidence to support a role of dietary cholesterol in the development of CVD. As a result, the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans removed the recommendations of restricting dietary cholesterol to 300 mg/day. This review summarizes the current literature regarding dietary cholesterol intake and CVD. It is worth noting that most foods that are rich in cholesterol are also high in saturated fatty acids and thus may increase the risk of CVD due to the saturated fatty acid content. The exceptions are eggs and shrimp. Considering that eggs are affordable and nutrient-dense food items, containing high-quality protein with minimal saturated fatty acids (1.56 gm/egg) and are rich in several micronutrients including vitamins and minerals, it would be worthwhile to include eggs in moderation as a part of a healthy eating pattern. This recommendation is particularly relevant when individual’s intakes of nutrients are suboptimal, or with limited income and food access, and to help ensure dietary intake of sufficient nutrients in growing children and older adults.
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22
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Andersen CJ. Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on the Pathophysiology of Infectious and Autoimmune Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:E764. [PMID: 29899295 PMCID: PMC6024721 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular cholesterol metabolism, lipid raft formation, and lipoprotein interactions contribute to the regulation of immune-mediated inflammation and response to pathogens. Lipid pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of bacterial and viral infections, whereas altered lipid metabolism may contribute to immune dysfunction in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, dietary cholesterol may exert protective or detrimental effects on risk, progression, and treatment of different infectious and autoimmune diseases, although current findings suggest that these effects are variable across populations and different diseases. Research evaluating the effects of dietary cholesterol, often provided by eggs or as a component of Western-style diets, demonstrates that cholesterol-rich dietary patterns affect markers of immune inflammation and cellular cholesterol metabolism, while additionally modulating lipoprotein profiles and functional properties of HDL. Further, cholesterol-rich diets appear to differentially impact immunomodulatory lipid pathways across human populations of variable metabolic status, suggesting that these complex mechanisms may underlie the relationship between dietary cholesterol and immunity. Given the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015⁻2020 revision to no longer include limitations on dietary cholesterol, evaluation of dietary cholesterol recommendations beyond the context of cardiovascular disease risk is particularly timely. This review provides a comprehensive and comparative analysis of significant and controversial studies on the role of dietary cholesterol and lipid metabolism in the pathophysiology of infectious disease and autoimmune disorders, highlighting the need for further investigation in this developing area of research.
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23
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Park SJ, Jung JH, Choi SW, Lee HJ. Association between Egg Consumption and Metabolic Disease. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2018; 38:209-223. [PMID: 29805272 PMCID: PMC5960820 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.38.2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of high egg intake on metabolic syndrome (MetS), a major risk factor
for cardiovascular disease (CVD), has not been clearly elucidated. This study
was conducted to review the literature related to egg consumption and the risk
of metabolic disease as well as to examine the association between high egg
intake and MetS in Korean adults. A literature review was conducted using
published papers in PubMed and EMBASE through December 2017. We have reviewed 26
articles, which were associated with egg consumption and metabolic diseases, and
found that the results were controversial. Therefore, we analyzed data from
23,993 Korean adults aged 19 yrs and older. MetS was defined based on criteria
from the Adult Treatment Panel III. Egg consumption of 4-6 times/wk and 1
time/day were significantly associated with reduced prevalence of MetS (Odds
ratio (OR)=0.82; 95% Confidence interval (CI)=0.71-0.95 for 4-6 times/wk,
OR=0.83; 95% CI=0.69-0.99 for 1 time/day) compared to those who consumed eggs
less than once monthly. However, consuming two or more eggs per day was not
associated with MetS. As for the components of MetS, an egg intake of once daily
decreased the prevalence of abdominal obesity and an intake of 2-7 eggs weekly
was shown to prevent a reduction in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
levels. This study suggests that while consuming eggs 4-7 times weekly is
associated with a lower prevalence of MetS, consuming two or more eggs daily is
not associated with a reduced risk for MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Joo Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Jung
- Institute for Clinical Nutrition, Inje University, Seoul 04551, Korea
| | - Sang-Woon Choi
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul 06062, Korea.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Medford 02155, USA
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
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24
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Lordan R, Tsoupras A, Zabetakis I. Phospholipids of Animal and Marine Origin: Structure, Function, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Molecules 2017; 22:E1964. [PMID: 29135918 PMCID: PMC6150200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review paper, the latest literature on the functional properties of phospholipids in relation to inflammation and inflammation-related disorders has been critically appraised and evaluated. The paper is divided into three sections: Section 1 presents an overview of the relationship between structures and biological activities (pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory) of several phospholipids with respect to inflammation. Section 2 and Section 3 are dedicated to the structures, functions, compositions and anti-inflammatory properties of dietary phospholipids from animal and marine sources. Most of the dietary phospholipids of animal origin come from meat, egg and dairy products. To date, there is very limited work published on meat phospholipids, undoubtedly due to the negative perception that meat consumption is an unhealthy option because of its putative associations with several chronic diseases. These assumptions are addressed with respect to the phospholipid composition of meat products. Recent research trends indicate that dairy phospholipids possess anti-inflammatory properties, which has led to an increased interest into their molecular structures and reputed health benefits. Finally, the structural composition of phospholipids of marine origin is discussed. Extensive research has been published in relation to ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and inflammation, however this research has recently come under scrutiny and has proved to be unreliable and controversial in terms of the therapeutic effects of ω-3 PUFA, which are generally in the form of triglycerides and esters. Therefore, this review focuses on recent publications concerning marine phospholipids and their structural composition and related health benefits. Finally, the strong nutritional value of dietary phospholipids are highlighted with respect to marine and animal origin and avenues for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland.
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25
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Ali AH, Zou X, Abed SM, Korma SA, Jin Q, Wang X. Natural phospholipids: Occurrence, biosynthesis, separation, identification, and beneficial health aspects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:253-275. [PMID: 28820277 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1363714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During the last years, phospholipids (PLs) have attracted great attention because of their crucial roles in providing nutritional values, technological and medical applications. There are considerable proofs that PLs have unique nutritional benefits on human health, such as reducing cholesterol absorption, improving liver functions, and decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. PLs are the main structural lipid components of cell and organelle membranes in all living organisms, and therefore, they occur in all organisms and the derived food products. PLs are distinguished by the presence of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, consequently they possess amphiphilic features. Due to their unique characteristics, the extraction, separation, and identification of PLs are critical issues to be concerned. This review is focused on the content of PLs classes in several sources (including milk, vegetable oils, egg yolk, and mitochondria). As well, it highlights PLs biosynthesis, and the methodologies applied for PLs extraction and separation, such as solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction. In addition, the determination and quantification of PLs classes by using thin layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmoneim H Ali
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi , Jiangsu , PR China.,b Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt
| | - Xiaoqiang Zou
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi , Jiangsu , PR China
| | - Sherif M Abed
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi , Jiangsu , PR China.,c Food and Dairy Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Science , El Arish University , El Arish , Egypt
| | - Sameh A Korma
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi , Jiangsu , PR China.,b Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi , Jiangsu , PR China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi , Jiangsu , PR China
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26
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Amini P, Maghsoudi Z, Feizi A, Ghiasvand R, Askari G. Effects of High Protein and Balanced Diets on Lipid Profiles and Inflammation Biomarkers in Obese and Overweight Women at Aerobic Clubs: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Prev Med 2016; 7:110. [PMID: 27833724 PMCID: PMC5036282 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.190608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied the effects of high protein (HP) and balanced diets (BDs) on lipid profiles, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in obese and overweight women. METHODS In a parallel designed randomized controlled clinical trial, 60 healthy women with body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, aged 20-46 years, enrolled in an 8-week investigation at aerobic clubs. They were categorized into two groups (HP and BDs), randomly. Fasting lipid profile and hs-CRP levels were evaluated at the beginning and end of the trial. We assessed dietary intake by 3-day records and also used SPSS (version 18; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for data analyzing. RESULTS Fifty-six participants completed the intervention. Concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.001 in BD group vs. P =0.023 in HP group) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.001 in BD group vs. P =0.002 in HP group) increased significantly in both groups. Circulating triglycerides levels increased in both intervention grows, but the change in the HP group was not significant compared with the other group (P = 0.007 in BD group vs. P =0.099 in HP group). Whereas total cholesterol concentration decreased but not significantly so (P = 0.53 in BD group vs. P =0.73 in HP group). There were marginally significant decreases in the hs-CRP levels due to both diets (P = 0.057 in BD group vs. P =0.086 in HP group); however, there were no significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Administration of HP and BD in overweight and obese women with regular aerobic exercise showed improvement in lipid profiles and hs-CRP levels within the groups, but there were no significant differences between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Amini
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Maghsoudi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghiasvand
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Lipidomic investigation of eggs' yolk: Changes in lipid profile of eggs from different conditions. Food Res Int 2016; 89:177-185. [PMID: 28460903 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eggs are one of the main foods eaten worldwide. Nutritionally they are one of the main sources of dietary lipids, impacting human health. Egg yolk lipid composition changes depending on different conditions associated with hens raising. Therefore, the purpose of our work was to use a lipidomic approach as a tool to evaluate if different diets (vegetable versus animal) and raising environments (free range versus indoor) interfere in the triacylglycerol (TAG) and phospholipid (PL) profiles of eggs' yolks and to use such differences to differentiate eggs according to their origin. To achieve that goal, total lipid extracts were obtained and then fractionated by solid-phase chromatography. TAGs fraction was analysed by ESI-MS and PLs fraction by HILIC-LC-MS/MS. TAG and five PL classes were identified, namely PC, LPC, PE, LPE and SM. Fatty acids (FA) esterified to the glycerol backbone of PL ranged between C16:0 and C22:6. On the other hand, FA esterified to TAG ranged from C14:0 to C20:0. Major differences on the PL profile were observed regarding eggs from free-range hens and fed with vegetable origin food and eggs from the remaining conditions, once the former presented higher levels of PC (O-34:0), PC (34:1) and PE (34:1). Eggs from hens fed with animal origin food contained PL and TAG molecular species richer in n-6 FA, according to GC-MS and to LC-MS/MS data. The lipidomic approach used herein proved to be promising in differentiating eggs from hens with different raising conditions.
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28
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Egg consumption and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:2212-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451600146x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExperimental data suggest that egg intake could have a beneficial impact on several risk factors for type 2 diabetes. In contrast, some recent epidemiological studies have concluded that egg consumption may increase diabetes risk. We performed a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohorts on the relation of egg consumption with incident type 2 diabetes. We searched for cohort studies that assessed egg consumption and diabetes risk up to June 2015. We identified 416 articles and extracted data independently and in duplicate from ten eligible studies. We used random-effects generalised least squares models for pooled dose–response estimation based on thirteen estimates. Our study included 251 213 individuals and 12 156 incident type 2 diabetes cases. Egg intake was associated with incident type 2 diabetes (risk ratio (RR)/egg per d 1·13; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·22). We identified study location as a major source of heterogeneity. For studies conducted in the USA, we observed a stronger association (RR 1·47; 95 % CI 1·32, 1·64), whereas results were null for studies conducted elsewhere. Studies considered to be of high quality yielded null findings (RR 0·94; 95 % CI 0·74, 1·19). The association of egg intake with increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes may be restricted to US cohort studies. There are limited data to support a biological mechanism that could underlie this association; thus, the possibility that these results may be due to residual confounding by dietary behaviours restricted to certain populations cannot be excluded.
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Virtanen JK, Mursu J, Virtanen HE, Fogelholm M, Salonen JT, Koskinen TT, Voutilainen S, Tuomainen TP. Associations of egg and cholesterol intakes with carotid intima-media thickness and risk of incident coronary artery disease according to apolipoprotein E phenotype in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:895-901. [PMID: 26864369 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.122317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In general populations, the effects of dietary cholesterol on blood cholesterol concentrations are modest. However, the relation is stronger in those with an ɛ4 allele in the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE). There is little information on the association between cholesterol intake and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) among those with the ApoE4 phenotype. OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations of intakes of cholesterol and eggs, a major source of dietary cholesterol, with carotid intima-media thickness and the risk of incident CAD in middle-aged and older men from eastern Finland. DESIGN The study included 1032 men aged 42-60 y in 1984-1989 at the baseline examinations of the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Data on common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) were available for 846 men. Dietary intakes were assessed with 4-d food records. Associations with incident CAD and baseline CCA-IMT were analyzed by using Cox regression and ANCOVA, respectively. RESULTS The ApoE4 phenotype was found in 32.5% of the men. During the average follow-up of 20.8 y, 230 CAD events occurred. Egg or cholesterol intakes were not associated with the risk of CAD. Each 1 additional egg (55 g)/d was associated with a multivariable-adjusted HR of 1.17 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.61) in the ApoE4 noncarriers and an HR of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.50, 1.72) in the ApoE4 carriers (P-interaction = 0.34). Each 100-mg/d higher cholesterol intake was associated with an HR of 1.04 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.22) in the ApoE4 noncarriers and an HR of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.25) in the ApoE4 carriers (P-interaction = 0.81). Egg or cholesterol intakes were also not associated with increased CCA-IMT. CONCLUSION Egg or cholesterol intakes were not associated with increased CAD risk, even in ApoE4 carriers (i.e., in highly susceptible individuals).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and
| | - Jaakko Mursu
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and
| | - Heli Ek Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and
| | - Mikael Fogelholm
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, and
| | - Jukka T Salonen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo T Koskinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and
| | - Sari Voutilainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; and
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Bioactive Egg Components and Inflammation. Nutrients 2015; 7:7889-913. [PMID: 26389951 PMCID: PMC4586567 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a normal acute response of the immune system to pathogens and tissue injury. However, chronic inflammation is known to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of numerous chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cancer. Thus, the impact of dietary factors on inflammation may provide key insight into mitigating chronic disease risk. Eggs are recognized as a functional food that contain a variety of bioactive compounds that can influence pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways. Interestingly, the effects of egg consumption on inflammation varies across different populations, including those that are classified as healthy, overweight, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetic. The following review will discuss the pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of egg components, with a focus on egg phospholipids, cholesterol, the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, and bioactive proteins. The effects of egg consumption of inflammation across human populations will additionally be presented. Together, these findings have implications for population-specific dietary recommendations and chronic disease risk.
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Ballesteros MN, Valenzuela F, Robles AE, Artalejo E, Aguilar D, Andersen CJ, Valdez H, Fernandez ML. One Egg per Day Improves Inflammation when Compared to an Oatmeal-Based Breakfast without Increasing Other Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Diabetic Patients. Nutrients 2015; 7:3449-63. [PMID: 25970149 PMCID: PMC4446761 DOI: 10.3390/nu7053449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is concern that egg intake may increase blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, we have previously shown that eggs reduce inflammation in patients at risk for T2DM, including obese subjects and those with metabolic syndrome. Thus, we hypothesized that egg intake would not alter plasma glucose in T2DM patients when compared to oatmeal intake. Our primary endpoints for this clinical intervention were plasma glucose and the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin 6 (IL-6). As secondary endpoints, we evaluated additional parameters of glucose metabolism, dyslipidemias, oxidative stress and inflammation. Twenty-nine subjects, 35–65 years with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values <9% were recruited and randomly allocated to consume isocaloric breakfasts containing either one egg/day or 40 g of oatmeal with 472 mL of lactose-free milk/day for five weeks. Following a three-week washout period, subjects were assigned to the alternate breakfast. At the end of each period, we measured all primary and secondary endpoints. Subjects completed four-day dietary recalls and one exercise questionnaire for each breakfast period. There were no significant differences in plasma glucose, our primary endpoint, plasma lipids, lipoprotein size or subfraction concentrations, insulin, HbA1c, apolipoprotein B, oxidized LDL or C-reactive protein. However, after adjusting for gender, age and body mass index, aspartate amino-transferase (AST) (p < 0.05) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (p < 0.01), one of our primary endpoints were significantly reduced during the egg period. These results suggest that compared to an oatmeal-based breakfast, eggs do not have any detrimental effects on lipoprotein or glucose metabolism in T2DM. In contrast, eggs reduce AST and TNF-α in this population characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico.
| | - Alma E Robles
- Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Artalejo
- Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo (CIAD), Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico.
| | - David Aguilar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Catherine J Andersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | | | - Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Virtanen JK, Mursu J, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen HE, Voutilainen S. Egg consumption and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:1088-96. [PMID: 25832339 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.104109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing around the world. Eggs are a major source of cholesterol, which has been associated with elevated blood glucose and an increased risk of T2D. However, there are limited and conflicting data from prospective population studies on the association between egg consumption and risk of T2D. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between egg consumption and risk of incident T2D in middle-aged and older men from eastern Finland. DESIGN The study included 2332 men aged 42-60 y in 1984-1989 at the baseline examinations of the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Dietary intakes were assessed with 4-d food records at baseline. Incident T2D was assessed by self-administered questionnaires; by fasting and 2-h oral-glucose-tolerance-test blood glucose measurement at re-examination rounds 4, 11, and 20 y after baseline; and by record linkage to a hospital discharge registry and reimbursement register of diabetes medication expenses. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate associations with the risk of incident T2D. Associations with the metabolic risk markers at baseline and at the 4-y examinations were analyzed by ANCOVA. RESULTS During an average follow-up of 19.3 y, 432 men developed T2D. After adjustment for potential confounders, those in the highest compared with the lowest egg intake quartile had a 38% (95% CI: 18%, 53%; P-trend across quartiles <0.001) lower risk of incident T2D. Analyses with metabolic risk markers also suggested an inverse association with fasting plasma glucose and serum C-reactive protein but not with serum insulin. The associations between cholesterol intake and risk of T2D, plasma glucose, serum insulin, and C-reactive protein were mainly nonsignificant, especially after accounting for egg consumption. CONCLUSION Higher egg intake was associated with a lower risk of T2D in this cohort of middle-aged and older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki K Virtanen
- From the Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Mursu
- From the Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- From the Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heli Ek Virtanen
- From the Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Voutilainen
- From the Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Egg phospholipids and cardiovascular health. Nutrients 2015; 7:2731-47. [PMID: 25871489 PMCID: PMC4425170 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggs are a major source of phospholipids (PL) in the Western diet. Dietary PL have emerged as a potential source of bioactive lipids that may have widespread effects on pathways related to inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function. Based on pre-clinical studies, egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin appear to regulate cholesterol absorption and inflammation. In clinical studies, egg PL intake is associated with beneficial changes in biomarkers related to HDL reverse cholesterol transport. Recently, egg PC was shown to be a substrate for the generation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-dependent metabolite associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. More research is warranted to examine potential serum TMAO responses with chronic egg ingestion and in different populations, such as diabetics. In this review, the recent basic science, clinical, and epidemiological findings examining egg PL intake and risk of CVD are summarized.
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Effect of dietary lipids on circulating adiponectin: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1235-50. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Different dietary interventions have been identified as potential modifiers of adiponectin concentrations, and they may be influenced by lipid intake. We identified studies investigating the effect of dietary lipids (type/amount) on adiponectin concentrations in a systematic review with meta-analysis. A literature search was conducted until July 2013 using databases such as Medline, Embase and Scopus (MeSH terms: ‘adiponectin’, ‘dietary lipid’, ‘randomized controlled trials (RCT)’). Inclusion criteria were RCT in adults analysing adiponectin concentrations with modification of dietary lipids. Among the 4930 studies retrieved, fifty-three fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were grouped as follows: (1) total dietary lipid intake; (2) dietary/supplementary n-3 PUFA; (3) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation; (4) other dietary lipid interventions. Diets with a low fat content in comparison to diets with a high-fat content were not associated with positive changes in adiponectin concentrations (twelve studies; pooled estimate of the difference in means: − 0·04 (95 % CI − 0·82, 0·74) μg/ml). A modest increase in adiponectin concentrations with n-3 PUFA supplementation was observed (thirteen studies; 0·27 (95 % CI 0·07, 0·47) μg/ml). Publication bias was found by using Egger's test (P= 0·01) and funnel plot asymmetry. In contrast, CLA supplementation reduced the circulating concentrations of adiponectin compared with unsaturated fat supplementation (seven studies; − 0·74 (95 % CI − 1·38, − 0·10) μg/ml). However, important sources of heterogeneity were found as revealed by the meta-regression analyses of both n-3 PUFA and CLA supplementation. Results of new RCT would be necessary to confirm these findings.
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Egg intake during carbohydrate restriction alters peripheral blood mononuclear cell inflammation and cholesterol homeostasis in metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 2014; 6:2650-67. [PMID: 25045936 PMCID: PMC4113762 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Egg yolk contains bioactive components that improve plasma inflammatory markers and HDL profiles in metabolic syndrome (MetS) under carbohydrate restriction. We further sought to determine whether egg yolk intake affects peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) inflammation and cholesterol homeostasis in MetS, as HDL and its associated lipid transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) reduce the inflammatory potential of leukocytes through modulation of cellular cholesterol content and distribution. Thirty-seven men and women classified with MetS consumed a moderate carbohydrate-restricted diet (25%–30% of energy) for 12 weeks, in addition to consuming either three whole eggs per day (EGG) or the equivalent amount of yolk-free egg substitute (SUB). Interestingly, lipopolysaccharide-induced PBMC IL-1β and TNFα secretion increased from baseline to week 12 in the SUB group only, despite increases in PBMC toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA expression in the EGG group. Compared to baseline, ABCA1 and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase mRNA expression increased by week 12 in the EGG group only, whereas changes in PBMC total cholesterol positively correlated with changes in lipid raft content. Together, these findings suggest that intake of whole eggs during carbohydrate restriction alters PBMC inflammation and cholesterol homeostasis in MetS.
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36
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Effects of carbohydrate restriction and dietary cholesterol provided by eggs on clinical risk factors in metabolic syndrome. J Clin Lipidol 2013; 7:463-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Izadi V, Farabad E, Azadbakht L. Epidemiologic evidence on serum adiponectin level and lipid profile. Int J Prev Med 2013; 4:133-40. [PMID: 23543874 PMCID: PMC3604843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of adiponectin, a hormone which is secreted from adipose tissue, is inversely correlated with body fat mass. This hormone has anti inflammatory and anti atherogenic properties. Its concentration reduces in metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This study reviews the evidence on the relationship between serum adiponectin concentration and lipid profile. In this study former clinical trials, cross sectional and prospective studies have been reviewed. The PubMed search engine has been used to find related research for the topic by considering dyslipidemia, total cholesterol (TC), high and low density protein (HDL and LDL), triglyceride (TG), lipid profile (LP) and adiponectin as the key words. Finally, 25 articles were recruited to review in the present article. Serum adiponectin level was positively correlated with plasma HDL cholestrol concentrations. There was a significant inverse relationship between plasma triglyceride and serum adiponectin. An inverse correlation between very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL levels and adiponectin was reported from the studies. So, Adiponectin has an important role in the metabolism of lipid profile including HDLc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajihe Izadi
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Farabad
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Correspondence to: Associate. Prof. Leila Azadbakht, Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
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The Effect of Egg Consumption in Hyperlipidemic Subjects during Treatment with Lipid-Lowering Drugs. J Lipids 2012; 2012:672720. [PMID: 22778967 PMCID: PMC3388582 DOI: 10.1155/2012/672720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Limiting egg consumption to avoid high cholesterolemia is recommended to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. However, recent evidences suggest that cholesterol from diet has limited influence on serum cholesterol. Objective. To assess the effect of egg consumption on lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic adults treated with lipid-lowering drugs. Material and Method. Sixty hyperlipidemic subjects, mean age of 61 years, who had been treated with lipid-lowering drugs. Every subject was assigned to consume additional 3 eggs per day with their regular diet for 12 weeks. Measurements for lipid profiles and body compositions were performed. Results. An additional consumption of 3 eggs per day for 12 weeks increased HDL-cholesterol by 2.46 ± 6.81 mg/dL (P < 0.01) and decreased LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio by 0.13 ± 0.46 (P < 0.05). No significant changes were found in other lipid profiles. Body weight and body mass index were significantly increased at 12th week by 0.52 ± 1.83 kg and 0.31 ± 0.99 kg/m2, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion. In hyperlipidemic adults who were treated with lipid-lowering drugs, the consumption of additional 3 eggs per day to their regular diet will increase the level of HDL-cholesterol and decrease the ratio of LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol.
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Fernandez ML, Calle M. Revisiting dietary cholesterol recommendations: does the evidence support a limit of 300 mg/d? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 12:377-83. [PMID: 20683785 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-010-0130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The perceived association between dietary cholesterol (DC) and risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) has resulted in recommendations of no more than 300 mg/d for healthy persons in the United States. These dietary recommendations proposed in the 1960s had little scientific evidence other than the known association between saturated fat and cholesterol and animal studies where cholesterol was fed in amounts far exceeding normal intakes. In contrast, European countries, Asian countries, and Canada do not have an upper limit for DC. Further, current epidemiologic data have clearly demonstrated that increasing concentrations of DC are not correlated with increased risk for CHD. Clinical studies have shown that even if DC may increase plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in certain individuals (hyper-responders), this is always accompanied by increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, so the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio is maintained. More importantly, DC reduces circulating levels of small, dense LDL particles, a well-defined risk factor for CHD. This article presents recent evidence from human studies documenting the lack of effect of DC on CHD risk, suggesting that guidelines for DC should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, the University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Fernandez ML, Jones JJ, Ackerman D, Barona J, Calle M, Comperatore MV, Kim JE, Andersen C, Leite JO, Volek JS, McIntosh M, Kalynych C, Najm W, Lerman RH. Low HDL cholesterol is associated with increased atherogenic lipoproteins and insulin resistance in women classified with metabolic syndrome. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4:492-8. [PMID: 21286407 PMCID: PMC3029790 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.6.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Both metabolic syndrome (MetS) and elevated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) would further increase CVD risk in women having both conditions. To assess this, we recruited 89 women with MetS (25-72 y) and LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L. To determine whether plasma HDL-C concentrations were associated with dietary components, circulating atherogenic particles, and other risk factors for CVD, we divided the subjects into two groups: high HDL-C (H-HDL) (≥ 1.3 mmol/L, n = 32) and low HDL-C (L-HDL) (< 1.3 mmol/L, n = 57). Plasma lipids, insulin, adiponectin, apolipoproteins, oxidized LDL, Lipoprotein(a), and lipoprotein size and subfractions were measured, and 3-d dietary records were used to assess macronutrient intake. Women with L-HDL had higher sugar intake and glycemic load (P < 0.05), higher plasma insulin (P < 0.01), lower adiponectin (P < 0.05), and higher numbers of atherogenic lipoproteins such as large VLDL (P < 0.01) and small LDL (P < 0.001) than the H-HDL group. Women with L-HDL also had larger VLDL and both smaller LDL and HDL particle diameters (P < 0.001). HDL-C was positively correlated with LDL size (r = 0.691, P < 0.0001) and HDL size (r = 0.606, P < 0.001), and inversely correlated with VLDL size (r = -0.327, P < 0.01). We concluded that L-HDL could be used as a marker for increased numbers of circulating atherogenic lipoproteins as well as increased insulin resistance in women who are already at risk for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road Ext, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Ratliff J, Leite JO, de Ogburn R, Puglisi MJ, VanHeest J, Fernandez ML. Consuming eggs for breakfast influences plasma glucose and ghrelin, while reducing energy intake during the next 24 hours in adult men. Nutr Res 2010; 30:96-103. [PMID: 20226994 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that consuming eggs for breakfast would significantly lower postprandial satiety and energy intake throughout the day. Using a crossover design, 21 men, 20 to 70 years old, consumed 2 isoenergetic test breakfasts, in a random order separated by 1 week. The macronutrient composition of the test breakfasts were as follows: (EGG, % CHO/fat/protein = 22:55:23) and (BAGEL, % CHO/fat/protein = 72:12:16). Fasting blood samples were drawn at baseline before the test breakfast and at 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after breakfast. After 180 minutes, subjects were given a buffet lunch and asked to eat until satisfied. Subjects filled out Visual Analog Scales (VAS) during each blood draw and recorded food intake the days before and after the test breakfasts. Plasma glucose, insulin, and appetite hormones were analyzed at each time point. Subjects consumed fewer kilocalories after the EGG breakfast compared with the BAGEL breakfast (P< .01). In addition, subjects consumed more kilocalories in the 24-hour period after the BAGEL compared with the EGG breakfast (P < .05). Based on VAS, subjects were hungrier and less satisfied 3 hours after the BAGEL breakfast compared with the EGG breakfast (P < .01). Participants had higher plasma glucose area under the curve (P < .05) as well as an increased ghrelin and insulin area under the curve with BAGEL (P < .05). These findings suggest that consumption of eggs for breakfast results in less variation of plasma glucose and insulin, a suppressed ghrelin response, and reduced energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ratliff
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Mohamed HE, El-Swefy SE, Rashed LA, Abd El-Latif SK. Biochemical effect of a ketogenic diet on the brains of obese adult rats. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:899-904. [PMID: 20395146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Excess weight, particularly abdominal obesity, can cause or exacerbate cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Obesity is also a proven risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Various studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of a ketogenic diet (KD) in weight reduction and in modifying the disease activity of neurodegenerative disorders, including AD. Therefore, in this study we examined the metabolic and neurodegenerative changes associated with obesity and the possible neuroprotective effects of a KD in obese adult rats. Compared with obese rats fed a control diet, obese rats fed a KD showed significant weight loss, improvement in lipid profiles and insulin resistance, and upregulation of adiponectin mRNA expression in adipose tissue. In addition, the KD triggered significant downregulation of brain amyloid protein precursor, apolipoprotein E and caspase-3 mRNA expression, and improvement of brain oxidative stress responses. These findings suggest that a KD has anti-obesity and neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda E Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Sharkia Gov., Zagazig, Egypt
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Effects of lifestyle measures, antiobesity agents, and bariatric surgery on serological markers of inflammation in obese patients. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:364957. [PMID: 20224654 PMCID: PMC2833317 DOI: 10.1155/2010/364957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are highly prevalent in developed countries and are also becoming more frequent in the developing world. Overweight and obese patients have elevated levels of several inflammatory markers and this inflammatory state might contribute to their increased vascular risk. We summarize the effects of lifestyle changes, antiobesity agents, and bariatric surgery on serological inflammatory markers in overweight and obese patients. Most studies showed a decrease in inflammation with all 3 interventions. However, it remains to be established whether the decrease in inflammatory markers induced by lifestyle changes or (where indicated) with antiobesity agents or bariatric surgery will translate into reduced vascular morbidity and mortality in overweight and obese patients.
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Al-Sarraj T, Saadi H, Calle MC, Volek JS, Fernandez ML. Carbohydrate restriction, as a first-line dietary intervention, effectively reduces biomarkers of metabolic syndrome in Emirati adults. J Nutr 2009; 139:1667-76. [PMID: 19587123 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the United Arab Emirates is among the highest world-wide. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) predisposes individuals to DM; therefore, dietary interventions targeting MetS biomarkers are a high priority. We evaluated whether a carbohydrate-restricted diet (CRD) could effectively be used as a first-line therapy intervention in adult Emirati to improve the characteristics of MetS. A total of 39 participants (14 men, 25 women) 18-50 y, classified with MetS, followed a CRD (20-25% carbohydrate, 50-55% fat, 25-30% protein energy distribution). After 6 wk, 19 participants were randomly switched to the AHA diet (55% carbohydrate, 25-30% fat, 15-20% protein) whereas 20 participants continued with the CRD diet for an additional 6 wk. Fasting plasma lipids, 24-h dietary recalls, body composition, anthropometrics, blood pressure (BP), glucose, insulin, and plasma markers of inflammation were measured at baseline, wk 6, and wk 12. Dietary analysis indicated high compliance. At wk 6, the CRD (n = 39) resulted in decreased body weight (-13%), waist circumference (-4.5%), body fat (-10.6%), and plasma triglycerides (TG) (-38.7%) (P < 0.001). Significant decreases in LDL cholesterol, BP, glucose, insulin, and inflammatory markers and increases in adiponectin (P < 0.05) also occurred. After 12 wk, positive changes persisted for all participants, independent of diet. However, body weight and plasma TG and insulin were lower in the CRD (P < 0.05) group than in the CRD + AHA group. Results from this study suggest that a 6-wk CRD can effectively be used as a first-line diet therapy to rapidly improve features of MetS and cardiovascular risk in adult Emirati.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taif Al-Sarraj
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and 4Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Ratliff J, Mutungi G, Puglisi MJ, Volek JS, Fernandez ML. Carbohydrate restriction (with or without additional dietary cholesterol provided by eggs) reduces insulin resistance and plasma leptin without modifying appetite hormones in adult men. Nutr Res 2009; 29:262-8. [PMID: 19410978 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-restricted diets (CRDs) have been shown to reduce body weight, whereas whole egg intake has been associated with increased satiety. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of additional dietary cholesterol and protein provided by whole eggs while following a CRD on insulin resistance and appetite hormones. Using a randomized blind parallel design, subjects were allocated to an egg (640 mg/d additional dietary cholesterol) or placebo (0 mg/d additional dietary cholesterol) group for 12 weeks while following a CRD. There were significant reductions in fasting insulin (P < .025) and fasting leptin concentrations (P < .01) for both groups, which were correlated with the reductions in body weight and body fat (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). Both groups reduced insulin resistance as measured by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (P < .025). There was a significant decrease in serum glucose levels observed after the intervention. We did not observe the expected increases in plasma ghrelin levels associated with weight loss, suggesting a mechanism by which subjects do not increase appetite with CRD. To confirm these results, the subjective measures of satiety using visual analog scale showed that both groups felt more "full" (P < .05), "satisfied" (P < .001), and "wanted to eat less" (P < .001) after the intervention. These results indicate that inclusion of eggs in the diet (additional dietary cholesterol) did not modify the multiple beneficial effects of CRD on insulin resistance and appetite hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ratliff
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Curran Celentano J. Where Do Eggs Fit in a Heart-Healthy Diet? Am J Lifestyle Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827609335460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggs make up a relatively small contribution to the energy consumption of the average American, in part because of the perception that the cholesterol content makes them a forbidden food for a heart-healthy diet. The relationship between egg cholesterol, blood cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease risk is complex and not clearly understood. In addition, eggs provide many valuable and bioavailable nutrients. Thus, the place of eggs in meal planning should be reconsidered while keeping in mind the diet and lifestyle recommendations of the American Heart Association.
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Wood RJ, Fernandez ML. Carbohydrate-restricted versus low-glycemic-index diets for the treatment of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Nutr Rev 2009; 67:179-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Puglisi MJ, Fernandez ML. Modulation of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and adiponectin by diet, exercise, and weight loss. J Nutr 2008; 138:2293-6. [PMID: 19022947 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.097188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic disease has been strongly correlated with inflammation resulting from the body's release of inflammatory cytokines as a result of injury or infection. Specific interventions promoting weight loss, exercise, or intake of antioxidants have been used by several investigators in an effort to decrease inflammatory cytokines. C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced by the liver and its role in the development of inflammation has been well established. However, the strong association between CRP and risk for heart disease is a more recent discovery. During the inflammation process, the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor kappaB leads to the increased production of inflammatory cytokines associated with atherosclerosis, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). Increased concentrations of TNFalpha have been reported in obese patients; thus, weight loss is considered a key intervention to reduce the concentrations of this cytokine. In contrast to CRP and TNFalpha, adiponectin increases during weight loss and insulin sensitivity. Additionally, lower concentrations of this cytokine have been reported in cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes. Recent epidemiological studies and clinical interventions have reported contradictory findings related to dietary or exercise interventions and the resulting alterations in plasma cytokines. Part of the discrepancies may be due to the population studied, the time of the treatment, and the lack of weight loss in some studies. Although it is clear from the literature that these cytokines play a major role in the development of chronic disease, the best strategy to favorably alter the inflammatory response is still debatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Puglisi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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