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Mattelaer N, Van der Schueren B, Van Oudenhove L, Weltens N, Vangoitsenhoven R. The circulating and central endocannabinoid system in obesity and weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:1363-1382. [PMID: 38834796 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Major advances have been made in obesity treatment, focusing on restoring disturbances along the gut-brain axis. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a neuromodulatory signaling system, present along the entire gut-brain axis, that plays a critical role in central and peripheral regulation of food intake and body weight. Evidence on the impact of weight loss on the ECS is, however, more limited. Therefore, we set out to review the existing literature for changes in central and circulating endocannabinoid levels after bariatric surgery and other weight loss strategies in humans. The PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant articles. Fifty-six human studies were identified. Most studies measuring circulating 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) found no difference between normal weight and obesity, or no correlation with BMI. In contrast, studies measuring circulating arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) found an increase or positive correlation with BMI. Two studies found a negative correlation between BMI and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor availability in the brain. Only one study investigated the effect of pharmacological weight management on circulating endocannabinoid concentrations and found no effect on AEA concentrations. So far, six studies investigated potential changes in circulating endocannabinoids after bariatric surgery and reported conflicting results. Available evidence does not univocally support that circulating endocannabinoids are upregulated in individuals with obesity, which may be explained by variability across studies in several potential confounding factors (e.g. age and sex) as well as heterogeneity within the obesity population (e.g. BMI only vs. intra-abdominal adiposity). While several studies investigated the effect of lifestyle interventions on the circulating ECS, more studies are warranted that focus on pharmacologically and surgically induced weight loss. In addition, we identified several research needs which should be fulfilled to better understand the role of the ECS in obesity and its treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Mattelaer
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Weltens
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roman Vangoitsenhoven
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Myers MN, Chirivi M, Gandy JC, Tam J, Zachut M, Contreras GA. Lipolysis pathways modulate lipid mediator release and endocannabinoid system signaling in dairy cows' adipocytes. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:103. [PMID: 39095900 PMCID: PMC11297689 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As cows transition from pregnancy to lactation, free fatty acids (FFA) are mobilized from adipose tissues (AT) through lipolysis to counter energy deficits. In clinically healthy cows, lipolysis intensity is reduced throughout lactation; however, if FFA release exceeds tissue demands or the liver's metabolic capacity, lipid byproducts accumulate, increasing cows' risk of metabolic and infectious disease. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) and their congeners, N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), are lipid-based compounds that modulate metabolism and inflammation. Their synthesis and release depend upon the availability of FFA precursors and the abundance of synthesizing and degrading enzymes and transporters. Therefore, we hypothesized that eCB production and transcription of endocannabinoid system components are modulated by lipolysis pathways in adipocytes. To test this hypothesis, we stimulated canonical (isoproterenol, 1 µmol/L; ISO) and inflammatory (lipopolysaccharide, 1 µg/mL; LPS) lipolysis pathways in adipocytes isolated from the AT of 5 Holstein dairy cows. Following, we assessed lipolysis intensity, adipocytes' release of eCBs, and transcription of endocannabinoid system components. RESULTS We found that ISO and LPS stimulated lipolysis at comparable intensities. Exposure to either treatment tended to elevate the release of eCBs and NAEs by cultured adipocytes; however, specific eCBs and NAEs and the transcriptional profiles differed by treatment. On one hand, ISO enhanced adipocytes' release of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) but reduced NAE production. Notably, ISO enhanced the cells' expression of enzymes associated with 2-AG biosynthesis (INPP5F, GDPD5, GPAT4), transport (CD36), and adipogenesis (PPARG). Conversely, LPS enhanced adipocytes' synthesis and release of N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA). This change coincided with enhanced transcription of the NAE-biosynthesizing enzyme, PTPN22, and adipocytes' transcription of genes related to eCB degradation (PTGS2, MGLL, CYP27B1). Furthermore, LPS enhanced adipocytes' transcription of eCB and NAE transporters (HSPA1A, SCP2) and the expression of the anti-adipogenic ion channel, TRPV3. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence for distinct modulatory roles of canonical and inflammatory lipolysis pathways over eCB release and transcriptional regulation of biosynthesis, degradation, transport, and ECS signaling in cows' adipocytes. Based on our findings, we conclude that, within adipocytes, eCB production and ECS component expression are, at least in part, mediated by lipolysis in a pathway-dependent manner. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic regulation in dairy cows' AT, with potential implications for prevention and treatment of inflammatory and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison N Myers
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Miguel Chirivi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jeff C Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9112001, Israel
| | - Maya Zachut
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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van Hooijdonk CFM, Balvers MGJ, van der Pluijm M, Smith CLC, de Haan L, Schrantee A, Yaqub M, Witkamp RF, van de Giessen E, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Booij J, Selten JP. Endocannabinoid levels in plasma and neurotransmitters in the brain: a preliminary report on patients with a psychotic disorder and healthy individuals. Psychol Med 2024; 54:2189-2199. [PMID: 38389452 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and neurotransmitter systems might mediate the risk of developing a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). Consequently, we investigated in patients with SSD and healthy controls (HC) the relations between (1) plasma concentrations of two prototypical endocannabinoids (N-arachidonoylethanolamine [anandamide] and 2-arachidonoylglycerol [2-AG]) and (2) striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (DSC), and glutamate and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). As anandamide and 2-AG might reduce the activity of these neurotransmitters, we hypothesized negative correlations between their plasma levels and the abovementioned neurotransmitters in both groups. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 18 patients and 16 HC to measure anandamide and 2-AG plasma concentrations. For all subjects, we acquired proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans to assess Glx (i.e. glutamate plus glutamine) and GABA + (i.e. GABA plus macromolecules) concentrations in the ACC. Ten patients and 14 HC also underwent [18F]F-DOPA positron emission tomography for assessment of striatal DSC. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate the relations between the outcome measures. RESULTS A negative association between 2-AG plasma concentration and ACC Glx concentration was found in patients (p = 0.008). We found no evidence of other significant relationships between 2-AG or anandamide plasma concentrations and dopaminergic, glutamatergic, or GABAergic measures in either group. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results suggest an association between peripheral 2-AG and ACC Glx levels in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen F M van Hooijdonk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Rivierduinen, Institute for Mental Health Care, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel G J Balvers
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van der Pluijm
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte L C Smith
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elsmarieke van de Giessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Therese A M J van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Selten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Rivierduinen, Institute for Mental Health Care, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Vinayavekhin N, Wattanophas T, Murphy MF, Vangnai AS, Hobbs G. Metabolomics responses and tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa under acoustic vibration stress. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297030. [PMID: 38285708 PMCID: PMC10824448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Sound has been shown to impact microbial behaviors. However, our understanding of the chemical and molecular mechanisms underlying these microbial responses to acoustic vibration is limited. In this study, we used untargeted metabolomics analysis to investigate the effects of 100-Hz acoustic vibration on the intra- and extracellular hydrophobic metabolites of P. aeruginosa PAO1. Our findings revealed increased levels of fatty acids and their derivatives, quinolones, and N-acylethanolamines upon sound exposure, while rhamnolipids (RLs) showed decreased levels. Further quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments showed slight downregulation of the rhlA gene (1.3-fold) and upregulation of fabY (1.5-fold), fadE (1.7-fold), and pqsA (1.4-fold) genes, which are associated with RL, fatty acid, and quinolone biosynthesis. However, no alterations in the genes related to the rpoS regulators or quorum-sensing networks were observed. Supplementing sodium oleate to P. aeruginosa cultures to simulate the effects of sound resulted in increased tolerance of P. aeruginosa in the presence of sound at 48 h, suggesting a potential novel response-tolerance correlation. In contrast, adding RL, which went against the response direction, did not affect its growth. Overall, these findings provide potential implications for the control and manipulation of virulence and bacterial characteristics for medical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaporn Vinayavekhin
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Wattanophas
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mark Francis Murphy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alisa S. Vangnai
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Glyn Hobbs
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Witkamp RF, de Bus I, Albada B, Balvers MGJ. Analysis of Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Derived N-Acylethanolamines in Biological Matrices. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2576:49-66. [PMID: 36152177 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2728-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The adequate quantification of endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines can be complex due to their low endogenous levels, structural diversity, and metabolism. Therefore, advanced analytical approaches, involving LC-MS, are required to quantify these molecules in plasma, tissues, and other matrices. It has been shown that endocannabinoid congeners synthesized from n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA) and eicosapentaenoylethanolamide (EPEA), have interesting immunomodulatory and tumor-inhibiting properties. Recent work has shown that DHEA and EPEA can be further enzymatically metabolized by cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2), forming oxygenated metabolites. Here, an LC-MS-based method for the quantification of the n-3 PUFA-derived endocannabinoid congeners DHEA and EPEA is described, which is also suited to measure a wider spectrum of endocannabinoids. The chapter contains a step-by-step protocol for the analysis of (n-3) endocannabinoids in plasma, including sample collection and solid phase extraction, LC-MS analysis, and data processing. In addition, protocol modifications are provided to allow quantification of n-3 PUFA-derived endocannabinoids and their COX-2 metabolites in tissues and cell culture media. Finally, conditions that alter endocannabinoid concentrations are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renger F Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian de Bus
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Albada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel G J Balvers
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Simon A, von Einem T, Seidinger A, Matthey M, Bindila L, Wenzel D. The endocannabinoid anandamide is an airway relaxant in health and disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6941. [PMID: 36396957 PMCID: PMC9672354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive airway diseases are a global medical burden that is expected to increase in the near future. However, the underlying mechanistic processes are poorly understood so far. Herein, we show that the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) induces prominent airway relaxation in vitro and in vivo. In contrast to 2-arachidonlyglycerol-induced airway relaxation, this is mediated by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)-dependent metabolites. In particular, we identify mouse and also human epithelial and airway smooth muscle cells as source of AEA-induced prostaglandin E2 production and cAMP as direct mediator of AEA-dependent airway relaxation. Mass spectrometry experiments demonstrate reduced levels of endocannabinoid-like compounds in lungs of ovalbumin-sensitized mice indicating a pathophysiological relevance of endocannabinoid signalling in obstructive airway disease. Importantly, AEA inhalation protects against airway hyper-reactivity after ovalbumin sensitization. Thus, this work highlights the AEA/FAAH axis as a critical regulator of airway tone that could provide therapeutic targets for airway relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Simon
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Systems Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas von Einem
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Seidinger
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Systems Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michaela Matthey
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Systems Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Laura Bindila
- grid.410607.4Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela Wenzel
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Systems Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Institute of Physiology I, Life&Brain Center, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Jaroch A, Kozakiewicz M, Jaroch K, Główczewska-Siedlecka E, Bojko B, Kędziora-Kornatowska K. Untargeted Metabolomic Assay of Prefrail Older Adults after Nutritional Intervention. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050378. [PMID: 35629882 PMCID: PMC9145750 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Frailty is a geriatric syndrome causing a reduction in the body’s functional reserves. Proper nutrition may be helpful in delaying transitioning older adults from pre-frail to frailty syndrome. The present study evaluates the nutritional status of pre-frail patients who underwent nutritional intervention and metabolomic changes resulting from this intervention. Sixteen pre-frail patients (68.4 ± 5.5 years old; 81.3% women) were enrolled for nutritional intervention, and twenty-nine robust elderly people (69.3 ± 5.3 years old; 82.8% women) were the control group. Pre-frail patients consumed 1.0 g protein/kg BW/day for eight weeks through diet modification and an additional daily intake of a protein powder formula. Taken measurements included: Nutritional anthropometry, assessment of food intake, and blood serum analysis with an untargeted metabolomic assessment. Protein consumption increased by 25.8%; moreover, significant increases in body weight (+1.2 kg; p = 0.023) and muscle mass index (+0.1 kg/m2; p = 0.042) were also observed. The untargeted metabolomic assay showed a significant increase in arachidonic acid (p = 0.038), and valine (p = 0.008) among pre-frail patients. Increased protein consumption is reflected in improved anthropometric and biochemical parameters of pre-frail patients. Moreover, metabolomic assay can be a useful tool in determining compliance with dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Jaroch
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (E.G.-S.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (E.G.-S.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Karol Jaroch
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Emilia Główczewska-Siedlecka
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (E.G.-S.); (K.K.-K.)
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (E.G.-S.); (K.K.-K.)
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Almeida MM, Dias-Rocha CP, Calviño C, Trevenzoli IH. Lipid endocannabinoids in energy metabolism, stress and developmental programming. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 542:111522. [PMID: 34843899 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates brain development and function, energy metabolism and stress in a sex-, age- and tissue-dependent manner. The ECS comprises mainly the bioactive lipid ligands anandamide (AEA) and 2-aracdonoylglycerol (2-AG), cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), and several metabolizing enzymes. The endocannabinoid tonus is increased in obesity, stimulating food intake and a preference for fat, reward, and lipid accumulation in peripheral tissues, as well as favoring a positive energy balance. Energy balance and stress responses share adaptive mechanisms regulated by the ECS that seem to underlie the complex relationship between feeding and emotional behavior. The ECS is also a key regulator of development. Environmental insults (diet, toxicants, and stress) in critical periods of developmental plasticity, such as gestation, lactation and adolescence, alter the ECS and may predispose individuals to the development of chronic diseases and behavioral changes in the long term. This review is focused on the ECS and the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Macedo Almeida
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Calviño
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Serum metabolomic biomarkers of perceptual speed in cognitively normal and mildly impaired subjects with fasting state stratification. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18964. [PMID: 34556796 PMCID: PMC8460824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is associated with both normal aging and early pathologies leading to dementia. Here we used quantitative profiling of metabolites involved in the regulation of inflammation, vascular function, neuronal function and energy metabolism, including oxylipins, endocannabinoids, bile acids, and steroid hormones to identify metabolic biomarkers of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Serum samples (n = 212) were obtained from subjects with or without MCI opportunistically collected with incomplete fasting state information. To maximize power and stratify the analysis of metabolite associations with MCI by the fasting state, we developed an algorithm to predict subject fasting state when unknown (n = 73). In non-fasted subjects, linoleic acid and palmitoleoyl ethanolamide levels were positively associated with perceptual speed. In fasted subjects, soluble epoxide hydrolase activity and tauro-alpha-muricholic acid levels were negatively associated with perceptual speed. Other cognitive domains showed associations with bile acid metabolism, but only in the non-fasted state. Importantly, this study shows unique associations between serum metabolites and cognitive function in the fasted and non-fasted states and provides a fasting state prediction algorithm based on measurable metabolites.
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Vázquez-Mosquera ME, Fernández-Moreno M, Cortés-Pereira E, Relaño S, Dalmao-Fernández A, Ramos-Louro P, Durán Sotuela A, Rego-Pérez I, Blanco FJ. Oleate Prevents Palmitate-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chondrocytes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:670753. [PMID: 34211401 PMCID: PMC8239231 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.670753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between obesity and osteoarthritis (OA) in joints not subjected to mechanical overload, together with the relationship between OA and metabolic syndrome, suggests that there are systemic factors related to metabolic disorders that are involved in the metabolic phenotype of OA. The aim of this work is study the effects of palmitate and oleate on cellular metabolism in an "in vitro" model of human chondrocytes. The TC28a2 chondrocyte cell line was used to analyze the effect of palmitate and oleate on mitochondrial and glycolytic function, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and lipid droplets accumulation. Palmitate, but not oleate, produces mitochondrial dysfunction observed with a lower coupling efficiency, maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity. Glycolytic function showed lower rates both glycolytic capacity and glycolytic reserve when cells were incubated with fatty acids (FAs). The production rate of total and mitochondrial ATP showed lower values in chondrocytes incubated with palmitic acid (PA). The formation of lipid droplets increased in FA conditions, being significantly higher when the cells were incubated with oleic acid (OL). These results may help explain, at least in part, the close relationship of metabolic pathologies with OA, as well as help to elucidate some of the factors that can define a metabolic phenotype in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Vázquez-Mosquera
- Unidad de Genómica, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Mercedes Fernández-Moreno
- Unidad de Genómica, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Cortés-Pereira
- Unidad de Genómica, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Sara Relaño
- Unidad de Genómica, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Andrea Dalmao-Fernández
- Unidad de Genómica, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Paula Ramos-Louro
- Unidad de Genómica, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alejandro Durán Sotuela
- Unidad de Genómica, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rego-Pérez
- Unidad de Genómica, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Unidad de Genómica, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología y Salud, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Fisioterapia, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
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11
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Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Adipose Tissue with Focus on Energy Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061279. [PMID: 34064024 PMCID: PMC8224009 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is involved in a wide range of processes including the control of energy acquisition and expenditure. Endocannabinoids and their receptors are present in the central nervous system but also in peripheral tissues, notably the adipose tissues. The endocannabinoid system interacts with two main hormones regulating appetite, namely leptin and ghrelin. The inhibitory effect of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist rimonabant on fat mass suggested that the endocannabinoid system can also have a peripheral action in addition to its effect on appetite reduction. Thus, several investigations have focused on the peripheral role of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of metabolism. The white adipose tissue stores energy as triglycerides while the brown adipose tissue helps to dissipate energy as heat. The endocannabinoid system regulates several functions of the adipose tissues to favor energy accumulation. In this review we will describe the presence of the endocannabinoid system in the adipose tissue. We will survey the role of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of white and brown adipose tissue metabolism and how the eCB system participates in obesity and metabolic diseases.
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12
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Pai AY, Wenziger C, Streja E, Argueta DA, DiPatrizio NV, Rhee CM, Vaziri ND, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Piomelli D, Moradi H. Impact of Circulating N-Acylethanolamine Levels with Clinical and Laboratory End Points in Hemodialysis Patients. Am J Nephrol 2021; 52:59-68. [PMID: 33601382 DOI: 10.1159/000513381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with ESRD on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) are particularly susceptible to dysregulation of energy metabolism, which may manifest as protein energy wasting and cachexia. In recent years, the endocannabinoid system has been shown to play an important role in energy metabolism with potential relevance in ESRD. N-acylethanolamines are a class of fatty acid amides which include the major endocannabinoid ligand, anandamide, and the endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists, oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). METHODS Serum concentrations of OEA and PEA were measured in MHD patients and their correlations with various clinical/laboratory indices were examined. Secondarily, we evaluated the association of circulating PEA and OEA levels with 12-month all-cause mortality. RESULTS Both serum OEA and PEA levels positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and negatively correlated with body fat and body anthropometric measures. Serum OEA levels correlated positively with serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) (rho = 0.19; p = 0.004). Serum PEA and IL-6 showed a similar but nonsignificant trend (rho = 0.12; p = 0.07). Restricted cubic spline analyses showed that increasing serum OEA and PEA both trended toward higher mortality risk, and these associations were statistically significant for PEA (PEA ≥4.7 pmol/mL; reference: PEA <4.7 pmol/mL) after adjustments in a Cox model (hazard ratio 2.99; 95% confidence interval 1.04, 8.64). CONCLUSIONS In MHD patients, OEA and PEA are significantly correlated with variables related to lipid metabolism and body mass. Additionally, higher serum levels of PEA are associated with mortality risk. Future studies are needed to examine the potential mechanisms responsible for these findings and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Y Pai
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Cachet Wenziger
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Elani Streja
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Donovan A Argueta
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Nicholas V DiPatrizio
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
- Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hamid Moradi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA,
- Tibor Rubin VA Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA,
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13
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Depommier C, Flamand N, Pelicaen R, Maiter D, Thissen JP, Loumaye A, Hermans MP, Everard A, Delzenne NM, Di Marzo V, Cani PD. Linking the Endocannabinoidome with Specific Metabolic Parameters in an Overweight and Insulin-Resistant Population: From Multivariate Exploratory Analysis to Univariate Analysis and Construction of Predictive Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010071. [PMID: 33466285 PMCID: PMC7824762 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic continues to rise worldwide. In this context, unraveling new interconnections between biological systems involved in obesity etiology is highly relevant. Dysregulation of the endocannabinoidome (eCBome) is associated with metabolic complications in obesity. This study aims at deciphering new associations between circulating endogenous bioactive lipids belonging to the eCBome and metabolic parameters in a population of overweight or obese individuals with metabolic syndrome. To this aim, we combined different multivariate exploratory analysis methods: canonical correlation analysis and principal component analysis, revealed associations between eCBome subsets, and metabolic parameters such as leptin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Subsequent construction of predictive regression models according to the linear combination of selected endocannabinoids demonstrates good prediction performance for NEFA. Descriptive approaches reveal the importance of specific circulating endocannabinoids and key related congeners to explain variance in the metabolic parameters in our cohort. Analysis of quartiles confirmed that these bioactive lipids were significantly higher in individuals characterized by important levels for aforementioned metabolic variables. In conclusion, by proposing a methodology for the exploration of large-scale data, our study offers additional evidence of the existence of an interplay between eCBome related-entities and metabolic parameters known to be altered in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Depommier
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (R.P.); (A.E.); (N.M.D.)
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Rudy Pelicaen
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (R.P.); (A.E.); (N.M.D.)
| | - Dominique Maiter
- Pôle EDIN, Institut de Recherches Expérimentales et Cliniques, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (D.M.); (J.-P.T.); (A.L.); (M.P.H.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Thissen
- Pôle EDIN, Institut de Recherches Expérimentales et Cliniques, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (D.M.); (J.-P.T.); (A.L.); (M.P.H.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Audrey Loumaye
- Pôle EDIN, Institut de Recherches Expérimentales et Cliniques, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (D.M.); (J.-P.T.); (A.L.); (M.P.H.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michel P. Hermans
- Pôle EDIN, Institut de Recherches Expérimentales et Cliniques, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (D.M.); (J.-P.T.); (A.L.); (M.P.H.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (R.P.); (A.E.); (N.M.D.)
| | - Nathalie M. Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (R.P.); (A.E.); (N.M.D.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (N.F.); (V.D.M.)
- Centre NUTRISS, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (C.D.); (R.P.); (A.E.); (N.M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-764-73-97
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14
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Tagliamonte S, Gill CIR, Pourshahidi LK, Slevin MM, Price RK, Ferracane R, Lawther R, O'Connor G, Vitaglione P. Endocannabinoids, endocannabinoid-like molecules and their precursors in human small intestinal lumen and plasma: does diet affect them? Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2203-2215. [PMID: 33104865 PMCID: PMC8137602 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the small intestinal concentration of endocannabinoids (ECs), N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and their precursors N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) in humans. To identify relationships between those concentrations and habitual diet composition as well as individual inflammatory status. METHODS An observational study was performed involving 35 participants with an ileostomy (18W/17M, aged 18-70 years, BMI 17-40 kg/m2). Overnight fasting samples of ileal fluid and plasma were collected and ECs, NAEs and NAPEs concentrations were determined by LC-HRMS. Dietary data were estimated from self-reported 4-day food diaries. RESULTS Regarding ECs, N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) was not detected in ileal fluids while 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was identified in samples from two participants with a maximum concentration of 129.3 µg/mL. In contrast, mean plasma concentration of AEA was 2.1 ± 0.06 ng/mL and 2-AG was 4.9 ± 1.05 ng/mL. NAEs concentrations were in the range 0.72-17.6 µg/mL in ileal fluids and 0.014-0.039 µg/mL in plasma. NAPEs concentrations were in the range 0.3-71.5 µg/mL in ileal fluids and 0.19-1.24 µg/mL in plasma being more abundant in participants with obesity than normal weight and overweight. Significant correlations between the concentrations of AEA, OEA and LEA in biological fluids with habitual energy or fat intakes were identified. Plasma PEA positively correlated with serum C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION We quantified ECs, NAEs and NAPEs in the intestinal lumen. Fat and energy intake may influence plasma and intestinal concentrations of these compounds. The luminal concentrations reported would allow modulation of the homeostatic control of food intake via activation of GPR119 receptors located on the gastro-intestinal mucosa. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER AND WEBSITE NCT04143139; www.clinicaltrials.gov .
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tagliamonte
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Mary M Slevin
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Ruth K Price
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Rosalia Ferracane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Roger Lawther
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Glenshane Road, Londonderry, UK
| | - Gloria O'Connor
- Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Glenshane Road, Londonderry, UK
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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15
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Castonguay-Paradis S, Lacroix S, Rochefort G, Parent L, Perron J, Martin C, Lamarche B, Raymond F, Flamand N, Di Marzo V, Veilleux A. Dietary fatty acid intake and gut microbiota determine circulating endocannabinoidome signaling beyond the effect of body fat. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15975. [PMID: 32994521 PMCID: PMC7524791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoidome encompasses several fatty acid (FA)-derived mediators, including the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG), which served as targets for anti-obesity drug development, and their congener N-acyl-ethanolamines (NAEs) and 2-monoacyl-glycerols (2‑MAGs), which are involved in food intake and energy metabolism. Body weight and fat distribution have been suggested as determinants of peripheral endocannabinoid levels. We aimed at investigating factors, beyond body fat composition, that are associated with circulating NAE and 2-MAG levels in a heterogeneous human population. Plasma NAEs and 2-MAGs were measured using LC–MS/MS in a cross-sectional sample of healthy men and women (n = 195) covering a wide range of BMI and individuals before and after a 2-day Mediterranean diet (n = 21). Circulating levels of all 2-MAGs and NAEs, other than N-oleoyl-ethanolamine (OEA), correlated with body fat mass and visceral adipose tissue (0.26 < r < 0.54). NAE levels were elevated in individuals with elevated fat mass, while 2-MAGs were increased in individuals with predominantly visceral body fat distribution. Dietary intakes of specific FAs were associated with 2-AG and omega-3-FA-derived NAEs or 2-MAGs, irrespective of the body fat distribution. Some gut bacterial families (e.g. Veillonellaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae and Akkermansiaceae) were associated with variations in most NAEs or omega-3-FA-derived 2‑MAGs, independently of fat mass and dietary FA intake. Finally, a 2-day Mediterranean diet intervention increased circulating levels of NAEs and 2-MAGs in agreement with changes in FA intake (p < 0.01). Self-reported intake and short-term dietary intervention increased in oleic acid and EPA and DHA intake as well as certain gut microbiota taxa are associated to circulating NAEs and 2‑MAGs independently of adiposity measures, thus highlighting the potential importance of these variables in determining endocannabinoidome signaling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Castonguay-Paradis
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Lacroix
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Rochefort
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Lydiane Parent
- École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Perron
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Raymond
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Joint International Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Veilleux
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, 2440, boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. .,Canada Research Excellence Chair in the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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16
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Díaz-Rúa A, Chivite M, Comesaña S, Velasco C, Valente LMP, Soengas JL, Conde-Sieira M. The endocannabinoid system is affected by a high-fat-diet in rainbow trout. Horm Behav 2020; 125:104825. [PMID: 32771417 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECs) is a well known contributor to the hedonic regulation of food intake (FI) in mammals whereas in fish, the knowledge regarding hedonic mechanisms that control FI is limited. Previous studies reported the involvement of ECs in FI regulation in fish since anandamide (AEA) treatment induced enhanced FI and changes of mRNA abundance of appetite-related neuropeptides through cannabinoid receptor 1 (cnr1). However, no previous studies in fish evaluated the impact of palatable food like high-fat diets (HFD) on mechanisms involved in hedonic regulation of FI including the possible involvement of ECs. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding a HFD on the response of ECs in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). First, we demonstrated a higher intake over 4 days of HFD compared with a control diet (CD). Then, we evaluated the postprandial response (1, 3 and 6 h) of components of the ECs in plasma, hypothalamus, and telencephalon after feeding fish with CD and HFD. The results obtained indicate that the increased FI of HFD occurred along with increased levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and AEA in plasma and in brain areas like hypothalamus and telencephalon putatively involved in hedonic regulation of FI in fish. Decreased mRNA abundance of EC receptors like cnr1, gpr55 and trpv1 suggest a feed-back counter-regulatory mechanism in response to the increased levels of EC. Furthermore, the results also suggest that neural activity players associated to FI regulation in mammals as cFOS, γ-Amino butyric acid (GABA) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase (NTRK) systems could be involved in the hedonic eating response to a palatable diet in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Díaz-Rúa
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Mauro Chivite
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Sara Comesaña
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Luisa M P Valente
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões. Av. General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Conde-Sieira
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Spain.
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17
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Kuhla B, Kaever V, Tuchscherer A, Kuhla A. Involvement of Plasma Endocannabinoids and the Hypothalamic Endocannabinoid System in Increasing Feed Intake after Parturition of Dairy Cows. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:246-257. [PMID: 31141804 DOI: 10.1159/000501208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids (ECs) N-arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide; AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) participate in the control of feed intake and energy metabolism. Most mammals increase their feed intake after parturition to cope with the increased energy and nutrient requirements for milk synthesis, thereby increasing their metabolic rate. Here we investigated in experiment 1 the regulation of plasma AEA and 2-AG concentrations during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation in dairy cows, and analyzed in experiment 2 the expression of the EC system in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus of late and early lactating cows using immunohistochemistry. Cows in experiment 1 were retrospectively grouped based on peak plasma fatty acid concentrations to a high (H) or low (L) group. Feed intake was not different between groups before parturition, but was lower in H than L cows during early lactation. Plasma AEA and 2-AG concentrations increased 2.2- to 2.4-fold during early lactation, in which time plasma AEA concentrations rose faster in H cows than in L cows postpartum. Upregulation of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D together with tending increased cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) expression, and downregulation of fatty acid amide hydrolase in early lactating cows suggested an increased PVN AEA tone. The abundance of CB1 in the ARC and diacylglycerol lipase-alpha was not different between late and early lactating cows, but PVN monoacylglycerol lipase expression was 30% higher in early lactating cows, indicating diminished PVN 2-AG concentrations. The results show a potential involvement of AEA in stimulating feed intake and of 2-AG in regulating energy metabolism of early lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kuhla
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany,
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Hannover Medical School, Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Angela Kuhla
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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18
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De Luca L, Ferracane R, Vitaglione P. Food database of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines, N-acylethanolamines and endocannabinoids and daily intake from a Western, a Mediterranean and a vegetarian diet. Food Chem 2019; 300:125218. [PMID: 31351254 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The contents of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs), N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and endocannabinoids (ECs) in 43 food products were assessed and daily intakes, based on consumption of Mediterranean, vegetarian and Western diets, were simulated. NAPEs and NAEs were more abundant in plant-based foods than in animal food products; NAPEs were in the ranges 0-4032 vs 4-398 µg/g dw and NAEs were in the ranges 0-35 vs 0.1-0.7 µg/g dw, respectively while ECs were in the range 0-0.1 vs 0-34 µg/g dw. Daily intakes of NAPEs and NAEs were higher from Mediterranean (263 and 0.25 mg/day) and vegetarian (242 and 0.28 mg/day) diets than the Western diet (163 and 0.08 mg/day). Conversely, ECs intakes were higher from Western and Mediterranean diets (0.17 mg/day) than the vegetarian diet (0.01 mg/day). Future studies will evaluate the physiological role of dietary NAPEs, NAEs and ECs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia De Luca
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Rosalia Ferracane
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Italy.
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19
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Tutunchi H, Ostadrahimi A, Saghafi-Asl M, Maleki V. The effects of oleoylethanolamide, an endogenous PPAR-α agonist, on risk factors for NAFLD: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1057-1069. [PMID: 31111657 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease. Recently, some novel compounds have been investigated for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Oleoylethanolamide (OEA), an endogenous PPAR-α agonist, has exhibited a plethora of pharmacological properties for the treatment of obesity and other obesity-associated metabolic complications. This systematic review was performed with a focus on the effects of OEA on the risk factors for NAFLD. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases were searched up to December 2018 using relevant keywords. All articles written in English evaluating the effects of OEA on the risk factors for NAFLD were eligible for the review. The evidence reviewed in this article illustrates that OEA regulates multiple biological processes associated with NAFLD, including lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy homeostasis through different mechanisms. In summary, many beneficial effects of OEA have led to the understanding that OEA may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the management of NAFLD. Although a wide range of studies have demonstrated the most useful effects of OEA on NAFLD and the associated risk factors, further clinical trials, from both in vivo studies and in vitro experiments, are warranted to verify these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helda Tutunchi
- Student Research Committee, Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Saghafi-Asl
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Maleki
- Student Research Committee, Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Davis MP, Behm B, Mehta Z, Fernandez C. The Potential Benefits of Palmitoylethanolamide in Palliation: A Qualitative Systematic Review. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2019; 36:1134-1154. [PMID: 31113223 DOI: 10.1177/1049909119850807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a nutraceutical endocannabinoid that was retrospectively discovered in egg yolks. Feeding poor children with known streptococcal infections prevented rheumatic fever. Subsequently, it was found to alter the course of influenza. Unfortunately, there is little known about its pharmacokinetics. Palmitoylethanolamide targets nonclassical cannabinoid receptors rather than CB1 and CB2 receptors. Palmitoylethanolamide will only indirectly activate classical cannabinoid receptors by an entourage effect. There are a significant number of prospective and randomized trials demonstrating the pain-relieving effects of PEA. There is lesser evidence of benefit in patients with nonpain symptoms related to depression, Parkinson disease, strokes, and autism. There are no reported drug-drug interactions and very few reported adverse effects from PEA. Further research is needed to define the palliative benefits to PEA.
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21
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The role of fatty acids and their endocannabinoid-like derivatives in the molecular regulation of appetite. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:45-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Fanelli F, Mezzullo M, Repaci A, Belluomo I, Ibarra Gasparini D, Di Dalmazi G, Mastroroberto M, Vicennati V, Gambineri A, Morselli-Labate AM, Pasquali R, Pagotto U. Profiling plasma N-Acylethanolamine levels and their ratios as a biomarker of obesity and dysmetabolism. Mol Metab 2018; 14:82-94. [PMID: 29935920 PMCID: PMC6034062 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective N-acylethanolamines play different roles in energy balance; anandamide (AEA) stimulates energy intake and storage, N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) counters inflammation, and N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) mediates anorectic signals and lipid oxidation. Inconsistencies in the association of plasma N-acylethanolamines with human obesity and cardiometabolic risk have emerged among previous studies, possibly caused by heterogeneous cohorts and designs, and by unstandardized N-acylethanolamine measurements. We aimed to characterize changes in the plasma profile, including N-acylethanolamine levels and ratios associated with obesity, menopause in women, and ageing in men, and to define the significance of such a profile as a biomarker for metabolic imbalance. Methods Adult, drug-free women (n = 103 premenopausal and n = 81 menopausal) and men (n = 144) were stratified according to the body mass index (BMI) into normal weight (NW; BMI: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (OW; BMI: 25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (OB; BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2). Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were determined. Validated blood processing and analytical procedures for N-acylethanolamine measurements were used. We investigated the effect of BMI and menopause in women, and BMI and age in men, as well as the BMI-independent influence of metabolic parameters on the N-acylethanolamine profile. Results BMI and waist circumference directly associated with AEA in women and men, and with PEA in premenopausal women and in men, while BMI directly associated with OEA in premenopausal women and in men. BMI, in both genders, and waist circumference, in women only, inversely associated with PEA/AEA and OEA/AEA. Menopause increased N-acylethanolamine levels, whereas ageing resulted in increasing OEA relative abundance in men. AEA and OEA abundances in premenopausal, and PEA and OEA abundances in lean menopausal women, were directly associated with hypertension. Conversely, PEA and OEA abundances lowered with hypertension in elderly men. Insulin resistance was associated with changes in N-acylethanolamine ratios specific for premenopausal (reduced PEA/AEA and OEA/AEA), menopausal (reduced OEA/AEA) women and men (reduced OEA/AEA and OEA/PEA). PEA and OEA levels increased with total cholesterol, and OEA abundance specifically increased with HDL-cholesterol. Elevated triglyceride levels were associated with increased N-acylethanolamine levels only in menopausal women. Conclusions Obesity-related N-acylethanolamine hypertone is characterized by imbalanced N-acylethanolamine ratios. The profile given by a combination of N-acylethanolamine absolute levels and ratios enables imbalances to be identified in relationship with different metabolic parameters, with specific relevance according to gender, menopause and age, representing a useful means for monitoring metabolic health. Finally, N-acylethanolamine system appears a promising target for intervention strategies. Obesity is featured by plasma N-acylethanolamine excess and imbalanced ratios. AEA excess is a biomarker of abdominal fat irrespectively of sex and menopause/age. PEA and OEA protect from hypertension in gender and menopause/age specific fashion. AEA excess in women and OEA deficiency in men are biomarkers of insulin resistance. High AEA in men and low OEA in men and menopausal women reflect low HDL-cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Mezzullo
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Repaci
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniela Ibarra Gasparini
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marianna Mastroroberto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Valentina Vicennati
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gambineri
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Antonio Maria Morselli-Labate
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Renato Pasquali
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
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23
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Baumann J, Kokabee M, Wong J, Balasubramaniyam R, Sun Y, Conklin DS. Global metabolite profiling analysis of lipotoxicity in HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27133-27150. [PMID: 29930756 PMCID: PMC6007458 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has shown that HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells rely on a unique Warburg-like metabolism for survival and aggressive behavior. These cells are dependent on fatty acid (FA) synthesis, show markedly increased levels of stored fats and disruption of the synthetic process results in apoptosis. In this study, we used global metabolite profiling and a multi-omics network analysis approach to model the metabolic changes in this physiology under palmitate-supplemented growth conditions to gain insights into the molecular mechanism and its relevance to disease prevention and treatment. Computational analyses were used to define pathway enrichment based on the dataset of significantly altered metabolites and to integrate metabolomics and transcriptomics data in a multi-omics network analysis. Network-predicted changes and functional relationships were tested with cell assays in vitro. Palmitate-supplemented growth conditions induce distinct metabolic alterations. Growth of HER2-normal MCF7 cells is unaffected under these conditions whereas HER2/neu-positive cells display unchanged neutral lipid content, AMPK activation, inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and significantly altered glutamine, glucose and serine/glycine metabolism. The predominant upregulated lipid species is the novel bioactive lipid N-palmitoylglycine, which is non-toxic to these cells. Limiting the availability of glutamine significantly ameliorates the lipotoxic effects of palmitate, reduces CHOP and XBP1(s) induction and restores the expression levels of HER2 and HER3. The study shows that HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells change their metabolic phenotype in the presence of palmitate. Palmitate induces AMPK activation and inhibition of fatty acid synthesis that feeds back into glycolysis as well as anaplerotic glutamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Baumann
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Mostafa Kokabee
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Jason Wong
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Rakshika Balasubramaniyam
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Douglas S Conklin
- Cancer Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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24
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Cornelis MC, Erlund I, Michelotti GA, Herder C, Westerhuis JA, Tuomilehto J. Metabolomic response to coffee consumption: application to a three-stage clinical trial. J Intern Med 2018; 283:544-557. [PMID: 29381822 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coffee is widely consumed and contains many bioactive compounds, any of which may impact pathways related to disease development. OBJECTIVE To identify individual metabolite changes in response to coffee. METHODS We profiled the metabolome of fasting serum samples collected from a previously reported single-blinded, three-stage clinical trial. Forty-seven habitual coffee consumers refrained from drinking coffee for 1 month, consumed four cups of coffee/day in the second month and eight cups/day in the third month. Samples collected after each coffee stage were subject to nontargeted metabolomic profiling using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 733 metabolites were included for univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 115 metabolites were significantly associated with coffee intake (P < 0.05 and Q < 0.05). Eighty-two were of known identity and mapped to one of 33 predefined biological pathways. We observed a significant enrichment of metabolite members of five pathways (P < 0.05): (i) xanthine metabolism: includes caffeine metabolites, (ii) benzoate metabolism: reflects polyphenol metabolite products of gut microbiota metabolism, (iii) steroid: novel but may reflect phytosterol content of coffee, (iv) fatty acid metabolism (acylcholine): novel link to coffee and (v) endocannabinoid: novel link to coffee. CONCLUSIONS The novel metabolites and candidate pathways we have identified may provide new insight into the mechanisms by which coffee may be exerting its health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - I Erlund
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - C Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J A Westerhuis
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - J Tuomilehto
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait.,Department of Neuroscience and Preventive Medicine, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria.,Disease Risk Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Sihag J, Jones PJH. Oleoylethanolamide: The role of a bioactive lipid amide in modulating eating behaviour. Obes Rev 2018; 19:178-197. [PMID: 29124885 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid ethanolamides are lipid mediators that regulate a plethora of physiological functions. One such bioactive lipid mediator, oleoylethanolamide (OEA), is a potent agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α), which modulates increased expression of the fatty acid translocase CD36 that enables the regulation of feeding behaviour. Consumption of dietary fat rich in oleic acid activates taste receptors in the gut activating specific enzymes that lead to the formation of OEA. OEA further combines with PPAR-α to enable fat oxidation in the liver, resulting in enhanced energy production. Evidence suggests that sustained ingestion of a high-fat diet abolishes the anorexic signal of OEA. Additionally, malfunction of the enterocyte that transforms oleic acid produced during fat digestion into OEA might be responsible for reduced satiety and hyperphagia, resulting in overweight and obesity. Thus, OEA anorectic signalling may be an essential element of the physiology and metabolic system regulating dietary fat intake and obesity. The evidence reviewed in this article indicates that intake of oleic acid, and thereby the resulting OEA imparting anorexic properties, is dependent on CD36, PPAR-α, enterocyte fat sensory receptors, histamine, oxytocin and dopamine; leading to increased fat oxidation and enhanced energy expenditure to induce satiety and increase feeding latency; and that a disruption in any of these systems will cease/curb fat-induced satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sihag
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - P J H Jones
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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26
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Layé S, Nadjar A, Joffre C, Bazinet RP. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Brain: Physiological Mechanisms and Relevance to Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:12-38. [PMID: 29217656 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were largely thought to be relatively inert structural components of brain, largely important for the formation of cellular membranes. Over the past 10 years, a host of bioactive lipid mediators that are enzymatically derived from arachidonic acid, the main n-6 PUFA, and docosahexaenoic acid, the main n-3 PUFA in the brain, known to regulate peripheral immune function, have been detected in the brain and shown to regulate microglia activation. Recent advances have focused on how PUFA regulate the molecular signaling of microglia, especially in the context of neuroinflammation and behavior. Several active drugs regulate brain lipid signaling and provide proof of concept for targeting the brain. Because brain lipid metabolism relies on a complex integration of diet, peripheral metabolism, including the liver and blood, which supply the brain with PUFAs that can be altered by genetics, sex, and aging, there are many pathways that can be disrupted, leading to altered brain lipid homeostasis. Brain lipid signaling pathways are altered in neurologic disorders and may be viable targets for the development of novel therapeutics. In this study, we discuss in particular how n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites regulate microglia phenotype and function to exert their anti-inflammatory and proresolving activities in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Layé
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Agnès Nadjar
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Corinne Joffre
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique and Bordeaux University, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France (S.L., A.N., C.J.); and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.P.B.)
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27
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Olmstead KI, La Frano MR, Fahrmann J, Grapov D, Viscarra JA, Newman JW, Fiehn O, Crocker DE, Filipp FV, Ortiz RM. Insulin induces a shift in lipid and primary carbon metabolites in a model of fasting-induced insulin resistance. Metabolomics 2017; 13:60. [PMID: 28757815 PMCID: PMC5526460 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolonged fasting in northern elephant seals (NES) is characterized by a reliance on lipid metabolism, conservation of protein, and reduced plasma insulin. During early fasting, glucose infusion previously reduced plasma free fatty acids (FFA); however, during late-fasting, it induced an atypical elevation in FFA despite comparable increases in insulin during both periods suggestive of a dynamic shift in tissue responsiveness to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. OBJECTIVE To better assess the contribution of insulin to this fasting-associated shift in substrate metabolism. METHODS We compared the responses of plasma metabolites (amino acids (AA), FFA, endocannabinoids (EC), and primary carbon metabolites (PCM)) to an insulin infusion (65 mU/kg) in early- and late-fasted NES pups (n = 5/group). Plasma samples were collected prior to infusion (T0) and at 10, 30, 60, and 120 min post-infusion, and underwent untargeted and targeted metabolomics analyses utilizing a variety of GC-MS and LC-MS technologies. RESULTS In early fasting, the majority (72%) of metabolite trajectories return to baseline levels within 2 h, but not in late fasting indicative of an increase in tissue sensitivity to insulin. In late-fasting, increases in FFA and ketone pools, coupled with decreases in AA and PCM, indicate a shift toward lipolysis, beta-oxidation, ketone metabolism, and decreased protein catabolism. Conversely, insulin increased PCM AUC in late fasting suggesting that gluconeogenic pathways are activated. Insulin also decreased FFA AUC between early and late fasting suggesting that insulin suppresses triglyceride hydrolysis. CONCLUSION Naturally adapted tolerance to prolonged fasting in these mammals is likely accomplished by suppressing insulin levels and activity, providing novel insight on the evolution of insulin during a condition of temporary, reversible insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keedrian I. Olmstead
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California, Merced
- Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - Michael R. La Frano
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, USA
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, USA
| | - Johannes Fahrmann
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis
- Cancer Treatment Center, UT MD Anderson, Houston, USA
| | - Dmitry Grapov
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Jose A. Viscarra
- Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA
| | - John W. Newman
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fabian V. Filipp
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California, Merced
- Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Rudy M. Ortiz
- Molecular Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, USA
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Oleic acid-derived oleoylethanolamide: A nutritional science perspective. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 67:1-15. [PMID: 28389247 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid ethanolamide oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is an endogenous lipid mediator derived from the monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid. OEA is synthesized from membrane glycerophospholipids and is a high-affinity agonist of the nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α). Dietary intake of oleic acid elevates circulating levels of OEA in humans by increasing substrate availability for OEA biosynthesis. Numerous clinical studies demonstrate a beneficial relationship between high-oleic acid diets and body composition, with emerging evidence to suggest OEA may mediate this response through modulation of lipid metabolism and energy intake. OEA exposure has been shown to stimulate fatty acid uptake, lipolysis, and β-oxidation, and also promote food intake control. Future research on high-oleic acid diets and body composition is warranted to confirm these outcomes and elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which oleic acid exerts its biological effects. These findings have significant practical implications, as the oleic acid-derived OEA molecule may be a promising therapeutic agent for weight management and obesity treatment.
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Baumann J, Wong J, Sun Y, Conklin DS. Palmitate-induced ER stress increases trastuzumab sensitivity in HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:551. [PMID: 27464732 PMCID: PMC4964104 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells have recently been shown to use a unique Warburg-like metabolism for survival and aggressive behavior. These cells exhibit increased fatty acid synthesis and storage compared to normal breast cells or other tumor cells. Disruption of this synthetic process results in apoptosis. Since the addition of physiological doses of exogenous palmitate induces cell death in HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells, the pathway is likely operating at its limits in these cells. We have studied the response of HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells to physiological concentrations of exogenous palmitate to identify lipotoxicity-associated consequences of this physiology. Since epidemiological data show that a diet rich in saturated fatty acids is negatively associated with the development of HER2/neu-positive cancer, this cellular physiology may be relevant to the etiology and treatment of the disease. We sought to identify signaling pathways that are regulated by physiological concentrations of exogenous palmitate specifically in HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells and gain insights into the molecular mechanism and its relevance to disease prevention and treatment. METHODS Transcriptional profiling was performed to assess programs that are regulated in HER2-normal MCF7 and HER2/neu-positive SKBR3 breast cancer cells in response to exogenous palmitate. Computational analyses were used to define and predict functional relationships and identify networks that are differentially regulated in the two cell lines. These predictions were tested using reporter assays, fluorescence-based high content microscopy, flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Physiological effects were confirmed in HER2/neu-positive BT474 and HCC1569 breast cancer cell lines. RESULTS Exogenous palmitate induces functionally distinct transcriptional programs in HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells. In the lipogenic HER2/neu-positive SKBR3 cell line, palmitate induces a G2 phase cell cycle delay and CHOP-dependent apoptosis as well as a partial activation of the ER stress response network via XBP1 and ATF6. This response appears to be a general feature of HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells but not cells that overexpress only HER2/neu. Exogenous palmitate reduces HER2 and HER3 protein levels without changes in phosphorylation and sensitizes HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells to treatment with the HER2-targeted therapy trastuzumab. CONCLUSIONS Several studies have shown that HER2, FASN and fatty acid synthesis are functionally linked. Exogenous palmitate exerts its toxic effects in part through inducing ER stress, reducing HER2 expression and thereby sensitizing cells to trastuzumab. These data provide further evidence that HER2 signaling and fatty acid metabolism are highly integrated processes that may be important for disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Baumann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, State University of New York, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Jason Wong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, State University of New York, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, State University of New York, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Douglas S Conklin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cancer Research Center, State University of New York, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA.
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Naughton SS, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ. Linoleic acid and the pathogenesis of obesity. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2016; 125:90-9. [PMID: 27350414 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The modern Western diet has been consumed in developed English speaking countries for the last 50 years, and is now gradually being adopted in Eastern and developing countries. These nutrition transitions are typified by an increased intake of high linoleic acid (LA) plant oils, due to their abundance and low price, resulting in an increase in the PUFA n-6:n-3 ratio. This increase in LA above what is estimated to be required is hypothesised to be implicated in the increased rates of obesity and other associated non-communicable diseases which occur following a transition to a modern Westernised diet. LA can be converted to the metabolically active arachidonic acid, which has roles in inducing inflammation and adipogenesis, and endocannabinoid system regulation. This review aims to address the possible implications of excessive LA and its metabolites in the pathogenesis of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaan S Naughton
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia; Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia.
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Interactions between dietary oil treatments and genetic variants modulate fatty acid ethanolamides in plasma and body weight composition. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1012-23. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515005425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFatty acid ethanolamides (FAE), a group of lipid mediators derived from long-chain fatty acids (FA), mediate biological activities including activation of cannabinoid receptors, stimulation of fat oxidation and regulation of satiety. However, how circulating FAE levels are influenced by FA intake in humans remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to investigate the response of six major circulating FAE to various dietary oil treatments in a five-period, cross-over, randomised, double-blind, clinical study in volunteers with abdominal obesity. The treatment oils (60 g/12 552 kJ per d (60 g/3000 kcal per d)) provided for 30 d were as follows: conventional canola oil, high oleic canola oil, high oleic canola oil enriched with DHA, flax/safflower oil blend and corn/safflower oil blend. Two SNP associated with FAE degradation and synthesis were studied. Post-treatment results showed overall that plasma FAE levels were modulated by dietary FA and were positively correlated with corresponding plasma FA levels; minor allele (A) carriers of SNP rs324420 in gene fatty acid amide hydrolase produced higher circulating oleoylethanolamide (OEA) (P=0·0209) and docosahexaenoylethanolamide (DHEA) levels (P=0·0002). In addition, elevated plasma DHEA levels in response to DHA intake tended to be associated with lower plasma OEA levels and an increased gynoid fat mass. In summary, data suggest that the metabolic and physiological responses to dietary FA may be influenced via circulating FAE. Genetic analysis of rs324420 might help identify a sub-population that appears to benefit from increased consumption of DHA and oleic acid.
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Lindgren L, Gouveia-Figueira S, Nording ML, Fowler CJ. Endocannabinoids and related lipids in blood plasma following touch massage: a randomised, crossover study. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:504. [PMID: 26420002 PMCID: PMC4589181 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The endocannabinoid system is involved in the regulation of stress and anxiety. In a recent study, it was reported that short-term changes in mood produced by a pleasant ambience were correlated with changes in the levels of plasma endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines (Schrieks et al. PLoS One 10: e0126421, 2015). In the present study, we investigated whether stress reduction by touch massage (TM) affects blood plasma levels of endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines. Results A randomized two-session crossover design for 20 healthy participants was utilised, with one condition that consisted of TM and a rest condition as control. TM increased the perceived pleasantness rating of the participants, and both TM and rest reduced the basal anxiety level as assessed by the State scale of the STAI-Y inventory. However, there were no significant effects of either time (pre- vs. post-treatment measures) as main effect or the interaction time x treatment for the plasma levels of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol or for eight other related lipids. Four lipids showed acceptable relative reliabilities, and for two of these (linoleoyl ethanolamide and palmitoleoyl ethanolamide) a significant correlation was seen between the TM-related change in levels, calculated as (post-TM value minus pre-TM value) − (post-rest value minus pre-rest value), and the corresponding TM-related change in perceived pleasantness. Conclusions It is concluded that in the participants studied here, there are no overt effects of TM upon plasma endocannabinoid levels. Possible associations of related N-acylethanolamines with the perceived pleasantness should be investigated further. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1450-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenita Lindgren
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Sandra Gouveia-Figueira
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Christopher J Fowler
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Profiling the Oxylipin and Endocannabinoid Metabolome by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS in Human Plasma to Monitor Postprandial Inflammation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132042. [PMID: 26186333 PMCID: PMC4506044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive lipids, including oxylipins, endocannabinoids, and related compounds may function as specific biochemical markers of certain aspects of inflammation. However, the postprandial responsiveness of these compounds is largely unknown; therefore, changes in the circulating oxylipin and endocannabinoid metabolome in response to a challenge meal were investigated at six occasions in a subject who freely modified her usual diet. The dietary change, and especially the challenge meal itself, represented a modification of precursor fatty acid status, with expectedly subtle effects on bioactive lipid levels. To detect even the slightest alteration, highly sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods for bioactive lipid profiling was employed. A previously validated UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for profiling the endocannabinoid metabolome was used, while validation of an UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for oxylipin analysis was performed with acceptable outcomes for a majority of the parameters according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines for linearity (0.9938 < R2 < 0.9996), limit of detection (0.0005-2.1 pg on column), limit of quantification (0.0005-4.2 pg on column), inter- and intraday accuracy (85-115%) and precision (< 5%), recovery (40-109%) and stability (40-105%). Forty-seven of fifty-two bioactive lipids were detected in plasma samples at fasting and in the postprandial state (0.5, 1, and 3 hours after the meal). Multivariate analysis showed a significant shift of bioactive lipid profiles in the postprandial state due to inclusion of dairy products in the diet, which was in line with univariate analysis revealing seven compounds (NAGly, 9-HODE, 13-oxo-ODE, 9(10)-EpOME, 12(13)-EpOME, 20-HETE, and 11,12-DHET) that were significantly different between background diets in the postprandial state (but not at fasting). The only change in baseline levels at fasting was displayed by TXB2. Furthermore, postprandial responsiveness was detected for seven compounds (POEA, SEA, 9(10)-DiHOME, 12(13)-DiHOME, 13-oxo-ODE, 9-HODE, and 13-HODE). Hence, the data confirm that the UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method performance was sufficient to detect i) a shift, in the current case most notably in the postprandial bioactive lipid metabolome, caused by changes in diet and ii) responsiveness to a challenge meal for a subset of the oxylipin and endocannabinoid metabolome. To summarize, we have shown proof-of-concept of our UPLC-ESI-MS/MS bioactive lipid protocols for the purpose of monitoring subtle shifts, and thereby useful to address lipid-mediated postprandial inflammation.
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Schrieks IC, Ripken D, Stafleu A, Witkamp RF, Hendriks HFJ. Effects of mood inductions by meal ambiance and moderate alcohol consumption on endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in humans: a randomized crossover trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126421. [PMID: 25962070 PMCID: PMC4427437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The endocannabinoid system is suggested to play a regulatory role in mood. However, the response of circulating endocannabinoids (ECs) to mood changes has never been tested in humans. In the present study, we examined the effects of mood changes induced by ambiance and moderate alcohol consumption on plasma ECs 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA), and some N-acylethanolamine (NAE) congeners in humans. Methods Healthy women (n = 28) participated in a randomized cross-over study. They consumed sparkling white wine (340 mL; 30 g alcohol) or alcohol-free sparkling white wine (340 mL; <2 g alcohol) as part of a standard evening meal in a room with either a pleasant or an unpleasant ambiance. Results Plasma concentrations of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and stearoylethanolamide (SEA) increased after 30 min in the unpleasant ambiance, while they decreased in the pleasant ambiance. Changes in ECs and their NAE congeners correlated with mood states, such as happiness and fatigue, but in the pleasant ambiance without alcohol only. ECs and their NAE congeners were correlated with serum free fatty acids and cortisol. Conclusion This is the first human study to demonstrate that plasma NAEs are responsive to an unpleasant meal ambiance. Furthermore, associations between mood states and ECs and their NAE congeners were observed. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01426022
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse C. Schrieks
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Dina Ripken
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Stafleu
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Renger F. Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk F. J. Hendriks
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Mennella I, Savarese M, Ferracane R, Sacchi R, Vitaglione P. Oleic acid content of a meal promotes oleoylethanolamide response and reduces subsequent energy intake in humans. Food Funct 2014; 6:204-10. [PMID: 25347552 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00697f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal data suggest that dietary fat composition may influence endocannabinoid (EC) response and dietary behavior. This study tested the hypothesis that fatty acid composition of a meal can influence the short-term response of ECs and subsequent energy intake in humans. Fifteen volunteers on three occasions were randomly offered a meal containing 30 g of bread and 30 mL of one of three selected oils: sunflower oil (SO), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and virgin olive oil (VOO). Plasma EC concentrations and appetite ratings over 2 h and energy intake over 24 h following the experimental meal were measured. Results showed that after HOSO and VOO consumption the circulating oleoylethanolamide (OEA) was significantly higher than after SO consumption; a concomitantly significant reduction of energy intake was found. For the first time the oleic acid content of a meal was demonstrated to increase the post-prandial response of circulating OEA and to reduce energy intake at subsequent meals in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilario Mennella
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Naples Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy.
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Melnik BC. Does therapeutic intervention in atopic dermatitis normalize epidermal Notch deficiency? Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:696-700. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory; University of Osnabrück; Osnabrück Germany
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Abstract
Mounting evidence substantiates the central role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the modulation of both homeostatic and hedonic elements of appetite and food intake. Conversely, feeding status and dietary patterns directly influence activity of the ECS. Following a general introduction on the functioning of the ECS, the present review specifically addresses its role in the modulation of hedonic eating. Humans possess strong motivational systems triggered by rewarding aspects of food. Food reward is comprised of two components: one appetitive (orienting towards food); the other consummatory (hedonic evaluation), also referred to as 'wanting' and 'liking', respectively. Endocannabinoid tone seems to influence both the motivation to feed and the hedonic value of foods, probably by modifying palatability. Human physiology underlying hedonic eating is still not fully understood. A better understanding of the role of the ECS in the rewarding value of specific foods or diets could offer new possibilities to optimise the balance between energy and nutrient intake for different target groups. These groups include the obese and overweight, and potentially individuals suffering from malnutrition. Examples for the latter group are patients with disease-related anorexia, as well as the growing population of frail elderly suffering from persistent loss of food enjoyment and appetite resulting in malnutrition and involuntary weight loss. It has become clear that the psychobiology of food hedonics is extremely complex and the clinical failure of CB1 inverse agonists including rimonabant (Accomplia®) has shown that 'quick wins' in this field are unlikely.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to illustrate the expanding view of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in relation to its roles in inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS According to the formal classification, the ECS consists of two cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous fatty acid-derived ligands, and a number of enzymes involved in their synthesis and breakdown. However, many endogenous congeners of classical endocannabinoids have now been discovered, together with a set of receptors structurally or functionally related to the cannabinoid receptors. Endocannabinoids per se behave 'promiscuously' with regard to their receptor interactions. It is increasingly recognized how tightly this expanded ECS is intertwined with key processes involved in inflammation. A continuous dynamic exchange of substrates and metabolites exists between ECS and eicosanoid pathways. Endocannabinoids can also be oxygenated by cyclooxygenase and other enzymes to biologically active 'hybrid' structures. Diet is among the main factors determining synthesis and release of endocannabinoids and related mediators. SUMMARY The complexity of what may be called the 'endocannabinoidome' requires approaches that take into account its dynamics and interconnections with other regulatory systems. This endocannabinoidome continues to offer possibilities for prevention and intervention, but multiple target approaches will probably provide the only keys to success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renger Witkamp
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Endocannabinoid anandamide mediates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18710-5. [PMID: 24167249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1308130110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are important regulators of organ homeostasis. Although their role in systemic vasculature has been extensively studied, their impact on pulmonary vessels remains less clear. Herein, we show that the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) is a key mediator of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) via fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)-dependent metabolites. This is underscored by the prominent vasoconstrictive effect of AEA on pulmonary arteries and strongly reduced HPV in FAAH(-/-) mice and wild-type mice upon pharmacological treatment with FAAH inhibitor URB597. In addition, mass spectrometry measurements revealed a clear increase of AEA and the FAAH-dependent metabolite arachidonic acid in hypoxic lungs of wild-type mice. We have identified pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells as the source responsible for hypoxia-induced AEA generation. Moreover, either FAAH(-/-) mice or wild-type mice treated with FAAH inhibitor URB597 are protected against hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and the concomitant vascular remodeling in the lung. Thus, the AEA/FAAH pathway is an important mediator of HPV and is involved in the generation of pulmonary hypertension.
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Palmitoylethanolamide: A Natural Body-Own Anti-Inflammatory Agent, Effective and Safe against Influenza and Common Cold. Int J Inflam 2013; 2013:151028. [PMID: 24066256 PMCID: PMC3771453 DOI: 10.1155/2013/151028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a food component known since 1957. PEA is synthesized and metabolized in animal cells via a number of enzymes and exerts a multitude of physiological functions related to metabolic homeostasis. Research on PEA has been conducted for more than 50 years, and over 350 papers are referenced in PubMed describing the physiological properties of this endogenous modulator and its pharmacological and therapeutical profile. The major focus of PEA research, since the work of the Nobel laureate Levi-Montalcini in 1993, has been neuropathic pain states and mast cell related disorders. However, it is less known that 6 clinical trials in a total of nearly 4000 people were performed and published last century, specifically studying PEA as a therapy for influenza and the common cold. This was done before Levi-Montalcini's clarification of PEA's mechanism of action, analyzing the role of PEA as an anti-inflammatory agent. We will review in depth these studies, as the results support the effectiveness and safety of PEA in flu and respiratory infections.
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Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of free and esterified fatty acid N-acyl ethanolamines in plasma and blood cells. Anal Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Brown I, Cascio MG, Rotondo D, Pertwee RG, Heys SD, Wahle KW. Cannabinoids and omega-3/6 endocannabinoids as cell death and anticancer modulators. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:80-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Naughton SS, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ. Fatty Acid modulation of the endocannabinoid system and the effect on food intake and metabolism. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:361895. [PMID: 23762050 PMCID: PMC3677644 DOI: 10.1155/2013/361895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids and their G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) are a current research focus in the area of obesity due to the system's role in food intake and glucose and lipid metabolism. Importantly, overweight and obese individuals often have higher circulating levels of the arachidonic acid-derived endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and an altered pattern of receptor expression. Consequently, this leads to an increase in orexigenic stimuli, changes in fatty acid synthesis, insulin sensitivity, and glucose utilisation, with preferential energy storage in adipose tissue. As endocannabinoids are products of dietary fats, modification of dietary intake may modulate their levels, with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid based endocannabinoids being able to displace arachidonic acid from cell membranes, reducing AEA and 2-AG production. Similarly, oleoyl ethanolamide, a product of oleic acid, induces satiety, decreases circulating fatty acid concentrations, increases the capacity for β -oxidation, and is capable of inhibiting the action of AEA and 2-AG in adipose tissue. Thus, understanding how dietary fats alter endocannabinoid system activity is a pertinent area of research due to public health messages promoting a shift towards plant-derived fats, which are rich sources of AEA and 2-AG precursor fatty acids, possibly encouraging excessive energy intake and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaan S. Naughton
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Michael L. Mathai
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Deanne H. Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- *Andrew J. McAinch:
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Balvers MGJ, Verhoeckx KCM, Bijlsma S, Rubingh CM, Meijerink J, Wortelboer HM, Witkamp RF. Fish oil and inflammatory status alter the n-3 to n-6 balance of the endocannabinoid and oxylipin metabolomes in mouse plasma and tissues. Metabolomics 2012; 8:1130-1147. [PMID: 23136559 PMCID: PMC3483099 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-012-0421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids is associated with anti-inflammatory effects, and this has been linked to modulation of the oxylipin and endocannabinoid metabolomes. However, the amount of data on specific tissue effects is limited, and it is not known how inflammation affects this relation. In the present study we systematically explored the combined effects of n-3 fatty acid diets and inflammation on the in vivo endocannabinoid and oxylipin metabolomes using a multicompartment, detailed targeted lipidomics approach. Male C57BL/6 mice received diets containing 0, 1, or 3 % w/w fish oil (FO) for 6 weeks, after which 2 mg/kg LPS or saline was administered i.p. Levels of endocannabinoids/N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and oxylipins, covering n-3 and n-6 fatty acid derived compounds, were determined in plasma, liver, ileum and adipose tissue using LC-MS/MS. FO generally increased 'n-3' NAEs and oxylipins at the expense of compounds derived from other fatty acids, affecting all branches of the oxylipin metabolome. LPS generally increased levels of endocannabinoids/NAEs and oxylipins, with opposing effects across plasma and tissues. Multivariate data analysis revealed that separation between diet groups in the saline treated groups was primarily explained by decreases in other than n-3 derived compounds. In the LPS treated groups, the separation was primarily explained by increases in n-3 derived compounds. In conclusion, FO caused marked changes in the n-3 to n-6 balance of the endocannabinoid and oxylipin metabolomes, with specific effects depending on inflammatory status. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11306-012-0421-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel G. J. Balvers
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
- TNO, PO Box 370, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Renger F. Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Matias I, Gatta-Cherifi B, Tabarin A, Clark S, Leste-Lasserre T, Marsicano G, Piazza PV, Cota D. Endocannabinoids measurement in human saliva as potential biomarker of obesity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42399. [PMID: 22860123 PMCID: PMC3409167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The discovery of the endocannabinoid system and of its role in the regulation of energy balance has significantly advanced our understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms leading to obesity and type 2 diabetes. New knowledge on the role of this system in humans has been acquired by measuring blood endocannabinoids. Here we explored endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines in saliva and verified their changes in relation to body weight status and in response to a meal or to body weight loss. Methodology/Principal Findings Fasting plasma and salivary endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines were measured through liquid mass spectrometry in 12 normal weight and 12 obese, insulin-resistant subjects. Salivary endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines were evaluated in the same cohort before and after the consumption of a meal. Changes in salivary endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines after body weight loss were investigated in a second group of 12 obese subjects following a 12-weeks lifestyle intervention program. The levels of mRNAs coding for enzymes regulating the metabolism of endocannabinoids, N-acylethanolamines and of cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor, alongside endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines content, were assessed in human salivary glands. The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), N-arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA), and the N-acylethanolamines (oleoylethanolamide, OEA and palmitoylethanolamide, PEA) were quantifiable in saliva and their levels were significantly higher in obese than in normal weight subjects. Fasting salivary AEA and OEA directly correlated with BMI, waist circumference and fasting insulin. Salivary endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines did not change in response to a meal. CB1 receptors, ligands and enzymes were expressed in the salivary glands. Finally, a body weight loss of 5.3% obtained after a 12-weeks lifestyle program significantly decreased salivary AEA levels. Conclusions/Significance Endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines are quantifiable in saliva and their levels correlate with obesity but not with feeding status. Body weight loss significantly decreases salivary AEA, which might represent a useful biomarker in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Matias
- Group “Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Blandine Gatta-Cherifi
- Group “Energy Balance and Obesity”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- Endocrinology Department, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, Pessac, France
| | - Antoine Tabarin
- Group “Energy Balance and Obesity”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- Endocrinology Department, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, Pessac, France
| | - Samantha Clark
- Group “Energy Balance and Obesity”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Leste-Lasserre
- Group “Physiopathology of Addiction”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Group “Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pier Vincenzo Piazza
- Group “Physiopathology of Addiction”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- Group “Energy Balance and Obesity”, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiophatologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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Feuerecker M, Hauer D, Gresset T, Lassas S, Kaufmann I, Vogeser M, Briegel J, Hornuss C, Choukèr A, Schelling G. Effect of an acute consumption of a moderate amount of ethanol on plasma endocannabinoid levels in humans. Alcohol Alcohol 2012; 47:226-32. [PMID: 22278319 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Animal experiments have shown that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the regulation of ethanol intake. We investigated these effects in healthy volunteers who consumed a moderate amount of ethanol (red wine) and measured plasma levels of the endocannabinoids (ECs) anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to test whether alcohol consumption influences the ECS in humans. Grape juice or plain non-sparkling water served as non-alcoholic control liquids. METHODS In total, 55 adults were enrolled in this study and assigned to one of three groups drinking either 250 ml of red wine (28.0 g of ethanol, <0.8 g of sugar and 187.5 kcal), grape juice (41.0 g of sugar, 187.5 kcal) or plain water within 10 min. Twenty minutes and 45 min thereafter, AEA, 2-AG, ethanol and glucose levels were determined from venous plasma samples. RESULTS AEA, 2-AG and plasma glucose levels were significantly reduced after red wine consumption. AEA had its maximal decline at 20 min (from 0.23 ± 0.12 to 0.18 ± 0.07 ng/ml, P < 0.01), whereas the nadir of 2-AG was seen after 45 min and dropped from 6.68 ± 4.13 to 5.49 ± 3.22 ng/ml (P < 0.05). Grape juice highly affected blood glucose level after 20 min, with a return to baseline after 45 min. ECs remained almost unchanged by this intervention. Water intake had no significant effect on AEA (0.21 ± 0.08 at baseline and 0.19 ± 0.06 after 45 min) but resulted in a gradual reduction in 2-AG concentrations which became significant at 45 min when compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of a moderate amount of red wine reduces plasma AEA and 2-AG concentrations, whereas the volume and caloric equivalent of the sugar containing, non-alcoholic liquid grape juice does not affect plasma ECs. Plain water has a differential effect on the ECS by reducing 2-AG concentrations without affecting AEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Feuerecker
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany.
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Brown I, Wahle KWJ, Cascio MG, Smoum-Jaouni R, Mechoulam R, Pertwee RG, Heys SD. Omega-3 N-acylethanolamines are endogenously synthesised from omega-3 fatty acids in different human prostate and breast cancer cell lines. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:305-10. [PMID: 21995886 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids inhibit breast and prostate cancer cell growth. We previously showed that N-acylethanolamine derivatives of n-3 (n-3-NAE) are endocannabinoids, which regulate cancer cell proliferation. These n-3-NAE are synthesised in certain cells/tissues, after supplementing with fatty acids, however, no one has assessed whether and to what extent this occurs in cancer cells. We determined levels of endogenous n-3-NAEs in hormone sensitive and insensitive prostate and breast cancer cells and subsequent effects on other endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol), before and after supplementing with DHA and EPA fatty acids, using HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. This is the first study reporting that n-3-NAEs are synthesised from their parent n-3 fatty acids in cancer cells, regardless of tumour type, hormone status or the presence of fatty acid amide hydrolase. This could have important implications for the use of n-3 fatty acids as therapeutic agents in breast and prostate cancers expressing cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Brown
- Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Hillard CJ, Weinlander KM, Stuhr KL. Contributions of endocannabinoid signaling to psychiatric disorders in humans: genetic and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience 2011; 204:207-29. [PMID: 22123166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid signaling system is a widespread, neuromodulatory system in brain and is also widely utilized in the periphery to modulate metabolic functions and the immune system. Preclinical data demonstrate that endocannabinoid signaling is an important stress buffer and modulates emotional and cognitive functions. These data suggest the hypothesis that endocannabinoid signaling could be dysfunctional in a number of mental disorders. Genetic polymorphisms in the human genes for two important proteins of the endocannabinoid signaling system, the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), have been explored in the context of normal and pathological conditions. In the case of the gene for FAAH, the mechanistic relationships among the common genetic polymorphism, the expression of the FAAH protein, and its likely impact on endocannabinoid signaling are understood. However, multiple polymorphisms in the gene for the CB1R occur and are associated with human phenotypic differences without an understanding of the functional relationships among the gene, mRNA, protein, and protein function. The endocannabinoid ligands are found in the circulation, and several studies have identified changes in their concentrations under various conditions. These data are reviewed for the purpose of generating hypotheses and to encourage further studies in this very interesting and important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Roy A, Mandadi S, Fiamma MN, Rodikova E, Ferguson EV, Whelan PJ, Wilson RJA. Anandamide modulates carotid sinus nerve afferent activity via TRPV1 receptors increasing responses to heat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 112:212-24. [PMID: 21903882 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01303.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal respiratory chemosensitivity is implicated in recurrent apnea syndromes, with the peripheral chemoreceptors, the carotid bodies, playing a particularly important role. Previous work suggests that supraphysiological concentrations of the endocannabinoid endovanilloid and TASK channel blocker anandamide (ANA) excite carotid bodies, but the mechanism(s) and physiological significance are unknown. Given that carotid body output is temperature-sensitive, we hypothesized that ANA stimulates carotid body chemosensory afferents via temperature-sensitive vanilloid (TRPV1) receptors. To test this hypothesis, we used the dual-perfused in situ rat preparation to confirm that independent perfusion of carotid arteries with supraphysiological concentrations of ANA strongly excites carotid sinus nerve afferents and that this activity is sufficient to increase phrenic activity. Next, using ex vivo carotid body preparations, we demonstrate that these effects are mediated by TRPV1 receptors, not CB1 receptors or TASK channels: in CB1-null mouse preparations, ANA increased afferent activity across all levels of Po(2), whereas in TRPV1-null mouse preparations, the stimulatory effect of ANA was absent. In rat ex vivo preparations, ANA's stimulatory effects were mimicked by olvanil, a nonpungent TRPV1 agonist, and suppressed by the TRPV1 antagonist AMG-9810. The specific CB1 agonist oleamide had no effect. Physiological levels of ANA had no effect alone but increased sensitivity to mild hyperthermia. AMG-9810 blocked ANA's effect on the temperature response. Immunolabeling and RT-PCR demonstrated that TRPV1 receptors are not expressed in carotid body glomus cells but reside in petrosal sensory afferents. Together, these results suggest that ANA plays a physiological role in augmenting afferent responses to mild hyperthermia by activating TRPV1 receptors on petrosal afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Roy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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