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Khan F, Judge EP, Das JP, White D, Ingram C, Keane MP, Butler MW. Effects of Active Chronic Cigarette-Smoke Exposure on Circulating Fibrocytes. Lung 2024; 202:431-440. [PMID: 38935158 PMCID: PMC11272705 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-024-00720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that active smoking impacts upon mediators and abundance of circulating fibrocyte cells in smoking-related disease characterised by fibrosis. METHODS Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to investigate blood from five patient groups: healthy never-smokers, healthy current smokers, stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) active smokers, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) never-smokers, and IPF active smokers. RESULTS A significant inverse dose-response relationship was observed in healthy smokers among cumulative smoking burden (pack-years) and fibrocyte abundance (p = 0.006, r = -0.86). Among serum profibrotic fibrocyte chemokines measured, CCL18 rose significantly alongside fibrocyte numbers in all five subject groups, while having an inverse dose-response relationship with pack-year burden in healthy smokers (p = 0.003, r = -0.89). In IPF, CCL2 rose in direct proportion to fibrocyte abundance irrespective of smoking status but had lower serum levels in those currently smoking (p = < 0.001). For the study population, CXCL12 was decreased in pooled current smokers versus never-smokers (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION The suppressive effect of current, as distinct from former, chronic smoking on circulating fibrocyte abundance in healthy smokers, and modulation of regulatory chemokine levels by active smoking may have implications for future studies of fibrocytes in smoking-related lung diseases as a potential confounding variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Khan
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eoin P Judge
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jeeban P Das
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Daniel White
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Michael P Keane
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Marcus W Butler
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Education & Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Milara J, Roger I, Montero P, Artigues E, Escrivá J, Del Río R, Cortijo J. Targeting IL-11 to reduce fibrocyte circulation and lung accumulation in animal models of pulmonary hypertension-associated lung fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2991-3009. [PMID: 38679415 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE IL-11 is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokine initially considered as haematopoietic and cytoprotective factor. Recent evidence indicates that IL-11 promotes lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension in animal models and is elevated in lung tissue of patients with pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Fibrocytes are bone marrow-derived circulating cells that participate in lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension, but the role of IL-11 on fibrocytes is unknown. We investigated the role of IL-11 system on fibrocyte activation in different in vitro and in vivo models of lung fibrosis associated with pulmonary hypertension. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human fibrocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of six healthy donors. Recombinant human (rh)-IL-11 and soluble rh-IL-11 receptor, α subunit (IL-11Rα) were used to stimulated fibrocytes in vitro to measure:- cell migration in a chemotactic migration chamber, fibrocyte to endothelial cell adhesion in a microscope-flow chamber and fibrocyte to myofibroblast transition. Mouse lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension was induced using either IL-11 (s.c.) or bleomycin (intra-tracheal), while in the rat monocrotaline (intra-tracheal) was used. In vivo siRNA-IL-11 was administered to suppress IL-11 in vivo. KEY RESULTS RhIL-11 and soluble rhIL-11Rα promote fibrocyte migration, endothelial cell adhesion and myofibroblast transition. Subcutaneous (s.c.) IL-11 infusion elevates blood, bronchoalveolar and lung tissue fibrocytes. SiRNA-IL-11 transfection in bleomycin and monocrotaline animal models reduces blood and lung tissue fibrocytes and reduces serum CXCL12 and CXCL12/CXCR4 lung expression. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Targeting IL-11 reduces fibrocyte circulation and lung accumulation in animal models of pulmonary hypertension-associated lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Milara
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Roger
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Artigues
- Surgery Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Escrivá
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Del Río
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Research and teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
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Shen S, Hu M, Peng Y, Zheng Y, Zhang R. Research Progress in pathogenesis of connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease from the perspective of pulmonary cells. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103600. [PMID: 39151642 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The lungs are a principal factor in the increased morbidity and mortality observed in patients with Connective Tissue Disease (CTD), frequently presenting as CTD-associated Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD). Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive descriptions of the pulmonary cells implicated in the development of CTD-ILD. This review leverages the Human Lung Cell Atlas (HLCA) and spatial multi-omics atlases to discuss the advancements in research on the pathogenesis of CTD-ILD from a pulmonary cell perspective. This facilitates a more precise localization of disease sites and a more systematic consideration of disease progression, supporting further mechanistic studies and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China.
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Kuziel G, Moore BN, Haugstad GP, Arendt LM. Fibrocytes enhance mammary gland fibrosis in obesity. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23049. [PMID: 37342915 PMCID: PMC10316715 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300399rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Obesity rates continue to rise, and obese individuals are at higher risk for multiple types of cancer, including breast cancer. Obese mammary fat is a site of chronic, macrophage-driven inflammation, which enhances fibrosis within adipose tissue. Elevated fibrosis within the mammary gland may contribute to risk for obesity-associated breast cancer. To understand how inflammation due to obesity enhanced fibrosis within mammary tissue, we utilized a high-fat diet model of obesity and elimination of CCR2 signaling in mice to identify changes in immune cell populations and their impact on fibrosis. We observed that obesity increased a population of CD11b+ cells with the ability to form myofibroblast-like colonies in vitro. This population of CD11b+ cells is consistent with fibrocytes, which have been identified in wound healing and chronic inflammatory diseases but have not been examined in obesity. In CCR2-null mice, which have limited ability to recruit myeloid lineage cells into obese adipose tissue, we observed reduced mammary fibrosis and diminished fibrocyte colony formation in vitro. Transplantation of myeloid progenitor cells, which are the cells of origin for fibrocytes, into the mammary glands of obese CCR2-null mice resulted in significantly increased myofibroblast formation. Gene expression analyses of the myeloid progenitor cell population from obese mice demonstrated enrichment for genes associated with collagen biosynthesis and extracellular matrix remodeling. Together these results show that obesity enhances recruitment of fibrocytes to promote obesity-induced fibrosis in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevra Kuziel
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Brittney N. Moore
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Grace P. Haugstad
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Lisa M. Arendt
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
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5
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Radwanska A, Cottage CT, Piras A, Overed-Sayer C, Sihlbom C, Budida R, Wrench C, Connor J, Monkley S, Hazon P, Schluter H, Thomas MJ, Hogaboam CM, Murray LA. Increased expression and accumulation of GDF15 in IPF extracellular matrix contribute to fibrosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153058. [PMID: 35993367 PMCID: PMC9462497 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease of unmet medical need. It is characterized by formation of scar tissue leading to a progressive and irreversible decline in lung function. IPF is associated with repeated injury, which may alter the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we demonstrate that IPF patient–derived pulmonary ECM drives profibrotic response in normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) in a 3D spheroid assay. Next, we reveal distinct alterations in composition of the diseased ECM, identifying potentially novel associations with IPF. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was identified among the most significantly upregulated proteins in the IPF lung–derived ECM. In vivo, GDF15 neutralization in a bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model led to significantly less fibrosis. In vitro, recombinant GDF15 (rGDF15) stimulated α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression in NHLF, and this was mediated by the activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) receptor. Furthermore, in the presence of rGDF15, the migration of NHLF in collagen gel was reduced. In addition, we observed a cell type–dependent effect of GDF15 on the expression of cell senescence markers. Our data suggest that GDF15 mediates lung fibrosis through fibroblast activation and differentiation, implicating a potential direct role of this matrix-associated cytokine in promoting aberrant cell responses in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Radwanska
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Travis Cottage
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonio Piras
- Bioscience In Vivo, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Overed-Sayer
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility of Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ramachandramouli Budida
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Wrench
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Connor
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Monkley
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Hazon
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Holger Schluter
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew J. Thomas
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Lynne A. Murray
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Zhang R, Chen S, Chen L, Ye L, Jiang Y, Peng H, Guo Z, Li M, Jiang X, Guo P, Yu D, Zhang R, Niu Y, Zhuang Y, Aschner M, Zheng Y, Li D, Chen W. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals immune dysregulation mediated by IL-17A in initiation of chronic lung injuries upon real-ambient particulate matter exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:42. [PMID: 35739565 PMCID: PMC9219231 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases susceptibility to chronic respiratory diseases, including inflammation and interstitial fibrosis. However, the regulatory mechanisms by which the immune response mediates the initiation of pulmonary fibrosis has yet to be fully characterized. This study aimed to illustrate the interplay between different cell clusters and key pathways in triggering chronic lung injuries in mice following PM exposure. Results Six-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were exposed to PM or filtered air for 16 weeks in a real-ambient PM exposure system in Shijiazhuang, China. The transcriptional profiles of whole lung cells following sub-chronic PM exposure were characterized by analysis of single-cell transcriptomics. The IL-17A knockout (IL-17A−/−) mouse model was utilized to determine whether the IL-17 signaling pathway mediated immune dysregulation in PM-induced chronic lung injuries. After 16-week PM exposure, chronic lung injuries with excessive collagen deposition and increased fibroblasts, neutrophils, and monocytes were noted concurrent with a decreased number of major classes of immune cells. Single-cell analysis showed that activation of the IL-17 signaling pathway was involved in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis upon sub-chronic PM exposure. Depletion of IL-17A led to significant decline in chronic lung injuries, which was mainly triggered by reduced recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and downregulation of TGF-β. Conclusion These novel findings demonstrate that immunosuppression via the IL-17A pathway plays a critical role in the initiation of chronic lung injuries upon sub-chronic PM exposure. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00483-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lizhu Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhanyu Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Miao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinhang Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yujie Niu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Wen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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7
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Liu G, Li S, Zhang N, Wei N, Wang M, Liu J, Xu Y, Li Y, Sun Q, Li Y, Li F, Yu P, Liu M, Wang Y, Zhai H, Wang Y. Sequential grade evaluation method exploration of Exocarpium Citri Grandis (Huajuhong) decoction pieces based on "network prediction → grading quantization → efficacy validation". JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 291:115149. [PMID: 35231589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Exocarpium Citri Grandis (Huajuhong) is an authentic Chinese materia medica with excellent curative effects on relieving cough and reducing phlegm, which has been reputed as "Southern Ginseng" in China for a long history. AIM OF THE STUDY To establish a sequential grade evaluation method with strong operability and controllable quality for Huajuhong decoction pieces. MATERIALS AND METHODS (1) Indicators of ingredients and bio-effects were predicted by network pharmacology, and the potential pharmacodynamic ingredients and key targets were analyzed integrating screening results and literatures. (2) 45 batches of Huajuhong decoction pieces from different producing areas were collected and graded by original plant, planting place, and harvesting time. The chemical indicators determination of Huajuhong decoction pieces was conducted by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). (3) 112 rats with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) model were used to evaluated the efficacy within graded groups. RESULTS (1) There are 22 key targets corresponding to 20 potential ingredients related to immunity and inflammation pathways for Huajuhong. Naringin and rhoifolin were chosen as the chemical indicators, and IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1α, TNF-α, TGF-β1 were selected as bio-indicators for different grades of Huajuhong decoction pieces. (2) The contents of the naringin and rhoifolin can reflect the quality of different grades of Huajuhong decoction pieces. (3) The efficacy of different grades of Huajuhong decoction pieces can delay the progression of IPF in varying degrees via the selected bio-indicators' pathways. CONCLUSIONS This sequential grading evaluation method is an attempt to apply systems pharmacology which integrates network pharmacology, quantitative chemical and experiments on animals to the classification of TCM decoction pieces. Combining the concepts of traditional theory and modern technology to explain the complex grading mechanism of TCM decoction pieces is worth popularizing and applying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiu Liu
- Standardization Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Siyu Li
- Standardization Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Standardization Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Namin Wei
- Standardization Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Mengxin Wang
- Standardization Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Standardization Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Standardization Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Standardization Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- Standardization Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Standardization Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Feng Li
- Huazhou Huajuhong Medicinal Materials Development Co. LTD, Guangdong, 525199, China
| | - Pinhao Yu
- Huazhou Huajuhong Medicinal Materials Development Co. LTD, Guangdong, 525199, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Huaqiang Zhai
- Standardization Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Yongyan Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
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8
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Cao J, Li L, Xiong L, Wang C, Chen Y, Zhang X. Research on the mechanism of berberine in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia pulmonary fibrosis using network pharmacology and molecular docking. PHYTOMEDICINE PLUS : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 2:100252. [PMID: 35403089 PMCID: PMC8895682 DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Pulmonary fibrosis caused by COVID-19 pneumonia is a serious complication of COVID-19 infection, there is a lack of effective treatment methods clinically. This article explored the mechanism of action of berberine in the treatment of COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019, COVID-19) pneumonia pulmonary fibrosis with the help of the network pharmacology and molecular docking. Methods We predicted the role of berberine protein targets with the Pharmmapper database and the 3D structure of berberine in the Pubchem database. And GeneCards database was used in order to search disease target genes and screen common target genes. Then we used STRING web to construct PPI interaction network of common target protein. The common target genes were analyzed by GO and KEGG by DAVID database. The disease-core target gene-drug network was established and molecular docking was used for prediction. We also analyzed the binding free energy and simulates molecular dynamics of complexes. Results Berberine had 250 gene targets, COVID-19 pneumonia pulmonary fibrosis had 191 gene targets, the intersection of which was 23 in common gene targets. Molecular docking showed that berberine was associated with CCl2, IL-6, STAT3 and TNF-α. GO and KEGG analysis reveals that berberine mainly plays a vital role by the signaling pathways of influenza, inflammation and immune response. Conclusion Berberine acts on TNF-α, STAT3, IL-6, CCL2 and other targets to inhibit inflammation and the activation of fibrocytes to achieve the purpose of treating COVID-19 pneumonia pulmonary fibrosis.
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Key Words
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- BP, biological process
- Berberine
- CC, cellular component
- CCL2, chemokine ligand2
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 pneumonia
- COVID-19, corona virus disease 2019
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal cell transformation
- FOXM1, forkhead box M1
- Fsp1, fibroblast-specific protein 1
- GO, gene ontology
- HIF-1, hypoxia inducible factor
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL-12, interleukin 12
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- JAK, Janus kinase
- KEGG, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes
- LR-MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells
- MF, molecular function
- MMP14, matrix metalloproteinase 14
- MMP7, matrix metalloproteinase 7
- Molecular docking
- NF-κB, nuclear transcription factor
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- Network pharmacology
- OTUB1, deubiquitinase
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
- PPI, protein-protein interaction
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- STAT3, transcription activator
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- sIL-6R, interleukin 6 receptor
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Cao
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianglei Li
- Center for Experimental Technology of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, No.783 Xindu Road, Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaochao Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Center for Experimental Technology of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, No.783 Xindu Road, Xindu District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
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9
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Irinotecan and its metabolite SN38 inhibits procollagen I production of dermal fibroblasts from Systemic Sclerosis patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18011. [PMID: 34504265 PMCID: PMC8429710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by a microangiopathy and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. No treatment has been proved to be efficient in case of early or advanced SSc to prevent or reduce fibrosis. There are strong arguments for a key role of topo-I in the pathogenesis of diffuse SSc. Irinotecan, a semisynthetic derivative of Camptothecin, specifically target topo-I. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of noncytotoxic doses of irinotecan or its active metabolite SN38 on collagen production in SSc fibroblasts. Dermal fibroblasts from 4 patients with SSc and 2 healthy donors were cultured in the presence or absence of irinotecan or SN38. Procollagen I release was determined by ELISA and expression of a panel of genes involved in fibrosis was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Subcytotoxic doses of irinotecan and SN38 caused a significant and dose-dependent decrease of the procollagen I production in dermal fibroblasts from SSc patients, respectively − 48 ± 3%, p < 0.0001 and − 37 ± 6.2%, p = 0.0097. Both irinotecan and SN38 led to a global downregulation of genes involved in fibrosis such as COL1A1, COL1A2, MMP1 and ACTA2 in dermal fibroblasts from SSc patients (respectively − 27; − 20.5; − 30.2 and − 30% for irinotecan and − 61; − 55; − 50 and − 54% for SN38). SN38 increased significantly CCL2 mRNA level (+ 163%). The inhibitory effect of irinotecan and its active metabolite SN38 on collagen production by SSc fibroblasts, which occurs through regulating the levels of expression of genes mRNA, suggests that topoisomerase I inhibitors may be effective in limiting fibrosis in such patients.
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10
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Abe S, Sato S, Aono Y, Azuma M, Kishi M, Koyama K, Takahashi N, Kagawa K, Kawano H, Nishioka Y. Functional analysis of human fibrocytes derived from monocytes reveals their profibrotic phenotype through paracrine effects. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2021; 67:102-112. [PMID: 32378592 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.67.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibrocytes, which are bone marrow-derived collagen-producing cells, were reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. However, their function in pulmonary fibrosis is unclear. We analyzed their function compared with that of monocytes and localization in fibrotic tissues in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We compared the gene expression profile of monocyte-derived fibrocytes with that of monocytes by microarray analysis. Proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts were examined by 3H-thymidine incorporation assay and Western blotting. We measured the level of growth factors in the culture supernatant of fibrocytes by ELISA. The localization of fibrocytes in lung tissues of patients with IPF was determined by immunofluorescence staining. Compared with monocytes, fibrocytes had higher expression of extracellular matrix- and growth factor-encoding genes, including PDGF-B, FGF-2 and VEGF-B. Although fibrocytes did not proliferate in response to PDGF, co-culture of fibrocytes stimulated the growth of lung fibroblasts through the production of PDGF-BB. In the lung of IPF patients, CD45+Collagen-I+FSP-1+ cells, which have a similar phenotype to fibrocytes, were detected and co-stained with anti-PDGF antibody. This study suggested that fibrocytes function in pulmonary fibrosis partly by producing PDGF in the lungs of IPF patients. J. Med. Invest. 67 : 102-112, February, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Abe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Seidai Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Aono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Momoyo Azuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masami Kishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuya Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kozo Kagawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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11
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Planté-Bordeneuve T, Pilette C, Froidure A. The Epithelial-Immune Crosstalk in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631235. [PMID: 34093523 PMCID: PMC8170303 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the lung epithelium and the immune system involve a tight regulation to prevent inappropriate reactions and have been connected to several pulmonary diseases. Although the distal lung epithelium and local immunity have been implicated in the pathogenesis and disease course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), consequences of their abnormal interplay remain less well known. Recent data suggests a two-way process, as illustrated by the influence of epithelial-derived periplakin on the immune landscape or the effect of macrophage-derived IL-17B on epithelial cells. Additionally, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released by damaged or dying (epithelial) cells, are augmented in IPF. Next to “sterile inflammation”, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are increased in IPF and have been linked with lung fibrosis, while outer membrane vesicles from bacteria are able to influence epithelial-macrophage crosstalk. Finally, the advent of high-throughput technologies such as microbiome-sequencing has allowed for the identification of a disease-specific microbial environment. In this review, we propose to discuss how the interplays between the altered distal airway and alveolar epithelium, the lung microbiome and immune cells may shape a pro-fibrotic environment. More specifically, it will highlight DAMPs-PAMPs pathways and the specificities of the IPF lung microbiome while discussing recent elements suggesting abnormal mucosal immunity in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Planté-Bordeneuve
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Service de pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Antoine Froidure
- Pôle de pneumologie, O.R.L. et dermatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Service de pneumologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium
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12
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Wilson SE. Interleukin-1 and Transforming Growth Factor Beta: Commonly Opposing, but Sometimes Supporting, Master Regulators of the Corneal Wound Healing Response to Injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:8. [PMID: 33825855 PMCID: PMC8039470 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Interleukin (IL)-1α/IL-1β and transforming growth factor (TGF)β1/TGFβ2 have both been promoted as “master regulators” of the corneal wound healing response due to the large number of processes each regulates after injury or infection. The purpose of this review is to highlight the interactions between these systems in regulating corneal wound healing. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature. Results Both regulator pairs bind to receptors expressed on keratocytes, corneal fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts, as well as bone marrow-derived cells that include fibrocytes. IL-1α and IL-1β modulate healing functions, such as keratocyte apoptosis, chemokine production by corneal fibroblasts, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) production by keratocytes and corneal fibroblasts, expression of metalloproteinases and collagenases by corneal fibroblasts, and myofibroblast apoptosis. TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 stimulate the development of myofibroblasts from keratocyte and fibrocyte progenitor cells, and adequate stromal levels are requisite for the persistence of myofibroblasts. Conversely, TGFβ3, although it functions via the same TGF beta I and II receptors, may, at least in some circumstances, play a more antifibrotic role—although it also upregulates the expression of many profibrotic genes. Conclusions The overall effects of these two growth factor-cytokine-receptor systems in controlling the corneal wound healing response must be coordinated during the wound healing response to injury or infection. The activities of both systems must be downregulated in coordinated fashion to terminate the response to injury and eliminate fibrosis. Translational Relevance A better standing of the IL-1 and TGFβ systems will likely lead to better approaches to control the excessive healing response to infections and injuries leading to scarring corneal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wilson
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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13
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Matsuda S, Kotani T, Kuwabara H, Suzuka T, Kiboshi T, Fukui K, Ishida T, Fujiki Y, Shiba H, Hata K, Shod T, Hirose Y, Takeuchi T. CCL2 Produced by CD68+/CD163+ Macrophages as a Promising Clinical Biomarker of Microscopic Polyanigiitis-Interstitial Lung Disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:4643-4653. [PMID: 33493350 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is often complicated by interstitial lung disease (ILD); however, biomarkers that can be used to diagnose and predict the progression of MPA-ILD have not been identified. In this study we evaluated various serum biomarkers in MPA-ILD to assess their diagnostic and predictive performance. METHODS We enrolled 49 patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)+ MPA and 10 healthy controls, with 32 of the MPA patients also presented ILD. The presence of ILD was assessed by high-resolution computed tomography and evaluated by ground-glass opacity and fibrosis score. We compared 16 biomarker profiles among MPA-ILD patients, those without ILD, and healthy controls and extracted biomarkers with higher levels in MPA-ILD groups to determine correlations with disease activity and other biomarkers. Three lung biopsies were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunostaining. RESULTS Initial serum C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) levels were significantly higher in the MPA-ILD group than those of the MPA group, and were significantly higher in MPA-ILD patients 1 year after immunosuppressive therapy than those before treatment. Initial serum CCL2 levels positively correlated with an increased fibrosis score during the year after treatment and with initial serum platelet-derived growth factor levels. Immunohistochemical staining showed intense CCL2 signals in CD68+/CD163+ macrophages and metaplastic epithelial cells in MPA-ILD lungs. CONCLUSION CCL2 is associated with MPA-ILD pathogenesis and suggested its potential efficacy as a useful marker for diagnosing and predicting MPA-ILD progression. Therefore, targeting CCL2 in alveolar CD68+/CD163+ macrophages might represent a therapeutic intervention in ANCA+ MPA-ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Matsuda
- Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Kotani
- Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kuwabara
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayasu Suzuka
- Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Kiboshi
- Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fukui
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of medical Statistics, Research and Development Center, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ishida
- Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Youhei Fujiki
- Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Shiba
- Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shod
- Department of Rheumatology, Yodogawa Christian Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hirose
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tohru Takeuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine (IV), Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Hofbauer TM, Ondracek AS, Mangold A, Scherz T, Nechvile J, Seidl V, Brostjan C, Lang IM. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induce MCP-1 at the Culprit Site in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564169. [PMID: 33240874 PMCID: PMC7680894 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leukocyte-mediated inflammation is crucial in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We recently observed that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are increased at the culprit site, promoting activation and differentiation of fibrocytes, cells with mesenchymal and leukocytic properties. Fibrocyte migration is mediated by monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2). We investigated the interplay between NETs, fibrocyte function, and MCP-1 in STEMI. Methods Culprit site and peripheral blood samples of STEMI patients were drawn during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. MCP-1 and the NET marker citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) were measured by ELISA while double-stranded DNA was stained with a fluorescent dye. The influence of MCP-1 on NET formation in vitro was assessed using isolated healthy donor neutrophils. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (hCAECs) were stimulated with isolated NETs, and MCP-1 gene expression was measured by ELISA and qPCR. CCR2 expression of culprit site and peripheral blood fibrocytes was characterized by flow cytometry. Healthy donor fibrocyte receptor expression and chemotaxis were investigated in response to stimulation with MCP-1 and NETs in vitro. Results NETs and concentrations of MCP-1 were increased at the culprit site of 50 consecutive STEMI patients. NET stimulation of hCAECs induced transcription of ICAM-1, IL-6, and MCP-1, and secretion of MCP-1. MCP-1 promoted NET formation of healthy donor neutrophils in vitro. An increasing MCP-1 gradient correlated with fibrocyte accumulation at the culprit site. Locally increased MCP-1 levels were negatively correlated with CCR2 expression on fibrocytes. MCP-1 and NETs induced CCR2 downregulation on fibrocytes in vitro. NETs did not function as a chemotactic stimulus for fibrocytes or monocytes and could block migration in response to MCP-1 for both cell populations. Conclusion NETs function as signaling scaffolds at the culprit site of STEMI. NETs assist MCP-1 and ICAM-1 release from culprit site coronary artery endothelial cells. MCP-1 facilitates further NETosis. Monocytes enter the culprit site along an MCP-1 gradient, to transdifferentiate into fibrocytes in the presence of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Hofbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna S Ondracek
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Mangold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Scherz
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Johanna Nechvile
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Seidl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery and Surgical Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene M Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Koyama K, Goto H, Morizumi S, Kagawa K, Nishimura H, Sato S, Kawano H, Toyoda Y, Ogawa H, Homma S, Nishioka Y. The Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor TAS-115 Attenuates Bleomycin-induced Lung Fibrosis in Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:478-487. [PMID: 30540913 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0098oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways of growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor, can be considered specific targets for overcoming the poor prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib, the recently approved multiple kinase inhibitor, has shown promising antifibrotic effects in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; however, its efficacy is still limited, and in some cases, treatment discontinuation is necessary owing to toxicities such as gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, more effective agents with less toxicity are still needed. TAS-115 is a novel multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor that preferably targets platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and c-FMS in addition to other molecules. In this study, we evaluated the antifibrotic effect of TAS-115 on pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. TAS-115 inhibited the phosphorylation of PDGFR on human lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5 cells and suppressed their platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation and migration. Furthermore, TAS-115 inhibited the phosphorylation of c-FMS, a receptor of macrophage colony-stimulating factor, in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and decreased the production of CCL2, another key molecule for inducing pulmonary fibrosis, under the stimulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of TAS-115 on both PDGFR and c-FMS were 3- to 10-fold higher than those of nintedanib. In a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, TAS-115 significantly inhibited the development of pulmonary fibrosis and the collagen deposition in bleomycin-treated lungs. These data suggest that strong inhibition of PDGFR and c-FMS by TAS-115 may be a promising strategy for overcoming the intractable pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Koyama
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and.,2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisatsugu Goto
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and
| | - Shun Morizumi
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and
| | - Kozo Kagawa
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and
| | | | - Seidai Sato
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and
| | - Hiroshi Kawano
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and
| | - Yuko Toyoda
- 1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology and
| | - Hirohisa Ogawa
- 3 Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan; and
| | - Sakae Homma
- 2 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Chong SG, Sato S, Kolb M, Gauldie J. Fibrocytes and fibroblasts-Where are we now. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 116:105595. [PMID: 31473260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are considered major contributors to the process of fibrogenesis and the progression of matrix deposition and tissue distortion in fibrotic diseases such as Pulmonary Fibrosis. Recent discovery of the fibrocyte, a circulating possible precursor cell to the tissue fibroblast in fibrosis, has raised issues regarding the characterization of fibrocytes with respect to their morphology, growth characteristics in vitro, their biological role in vivo and their potential utility as a biomarker and/ or treatment target in various human diseases. Characterization studies of the fibrocyte continue as does emerging conflicting data concerning the relationship to or with the lung fibroblast. The source of signals that direct the traffic of these cells, as well as their response to therapeutic intervention with newly available drugs, bring new insights to the understanding of this cell type. The identification of exosomes from fibrocytes that can affect resident fibroblast activities suggest mechanisms of their influence on pathogenesis. Moreover, interesting comparisons with other pathologies are emerging involving the influence of circulating mesenchymal precursor cells on tissue responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sy Giin Chong
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; School of Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Seidai Sato
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Martin Kolb
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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17
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Liu G, Zhai H, Zhang T, Li S, Li N, Chen J, Gu M, Qin Z, Liu X. New therapeutic strategies for IPF: Based on the "phagocytosis-secretion-immunization" network regulation mechanism of pulmonary macrophages. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109230. [PMID: 31351434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and progressive interstitial lung disease of known and unknown etiology. Over the past decades, macrophages have been recognized to play a significant role in IPF pathogenesis. According to their anatomical loci, macrophages can be divided to alveolar macrophages (AMs) subtypes and interstitial macrophages subtypes (IMs) with different responsibility in the damage defense response. Depending on diverse chemokines and cytokines in local microenvironments, macrophages can be induced and polarized to either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes in different stages of immunity. Therefore, we hypothesize that there is a "phagocytosis-secretion-immunization" network regulation of pulmonary macrophages related to a number of chemokines and cytokines. In this paper, we summarize and discuss the role of chemokines and cytokines involved in the "phagocytosis-secretion-immunization" network regulation mechanism of pulmonary macrophages, pointing toward novel therapeutic approaches based on the network target regulation in the field. Therapeutic strategies focused on modifying the chemokines, cytokines and the network are promising for the pharmacotherapy of IPF. Some Traditional Chinese medicines may have more superiorities in delaying the progression of pulmonary fibrosis for their multi-target activities of this network regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiu Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | | | | | - Siyu Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Min Gu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zinan Qin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China.
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18
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Heukels P, van Hulst JAC, van Nimwegen M, Boorsma CE, Melgert BN, van den Toorn LM, Boomars KAT, Wijsenbeek MS, Hoogsteden H, von der Thüsen JH, Hendriks RW, Kool M, van den Blink B. Fibrocytes are increased in lung and peripheral blood of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2018; 19:90. [PMID: 29747640 PMCID: PMC5946532 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0798-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrocytes are implicated in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) pathogenesis and increased proportions in the circulation are associated with poor prognosis. Upon tissue injury, fibrocytes migrate to the affected organ. In IPF patients, circulating fibrocytes are increased especially during exacerbations, however fibrocytes in the lungs have not been examined. Therefore, we sought to evaluate if fibrocytes can be detected in IPF lungs and we compare percentages and phenotypic characteristics of lung fibrocytes with circulating fibrocytes in IPF. Methods First we optimized flow cytometric detection circulating fibrocytes using a unique combination of intra- and extra-cellular markers to establish a solid gating strategy. Next we analyzed lung fibrocytes in single cell suspensions of explanted IPF and control lungs and compared characteristics and numbers with circulating fibrocytes of IPF. Results Using a gating strategy for both circulating and lung fibrocytes, which excludes potentially contaminating cell populations (e.g. neutrophils and different leukocyte subsets), we show that patients with IPF have increased proportions of fibrocytes, not only in the circulation, but also in explanted end-stage IPF lungs. These lung fibrocytes have increased surface expression of HLA-DR, increased intracellular collagen-1 expression, and also altered forward and side scatter characteristics compared with their circulating counterparts. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that lung fibrocytes in IPF patients can be quantified and characterized by flow cytometry. Lung fibrocytes have different characteristics than circulating fibrocytes and represent an intermediate cell population between circulating fibrocytes and lung fibroblast. Therefore, more insight in their phenotype might lead to specific therapeutic targeting in fibrotic lung diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0798-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Heukels
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J A C van Hulst
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M van Nimwegen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C E Boorsma
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B N Melgert
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L M van den Toorn
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K A T Boomars
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M S Wijsenbeek
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Hoogsteden
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H von der Thüsen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Kool
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B van den Blink
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015, CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Sécher T, Guilleminault L, Reckamp K, Amanam I, Plantier L, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. Therapeutic antibodies: A new era in the treatment of respiratory diseases? Pharmacol Ther 2018; 189:149-172. [PMID: 29730443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and account for significant levels of disability and mortality. The treatment of lung cancer and asthma with therapeutic antibodies (Abs) is a breakthrough that opens up new paradigms for the management of respiratory diseases. Antibodies are becoming increasingly important in respiratory medicine; dozens of Abs have received marketing approval, and many more are currently in clinical development. Most of these Abs target asthma, lung cancer and respiratory infections, while very few target chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - one of the most common non-communicable causes of death - and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we review Abs approved for or in clinical development for the treatment of respiratory diseases. We notably highlight their molecular mechanisms, strengths, and likely future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sécher
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - L Guilleminault
- Pôle des Voies respiratoires, Hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, F-31059 Toulouse, France; STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, Inserm, UPS, F-31013 Toulouse, France
| | - K Reckamp
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - I Amanam
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - L Plantier
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Pneumologie, F-37000 Tours, France
| | - N Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France.
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20
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Florez-Sampedro L, Song S, Melgert BN. The diversity of myeloid immune cells shaping wound repair and fibrosis in the lung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:3-25. [PMID: 29721324 PMCID: PMC5911451 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In healthy circumstances the immune system coordinates tissue repair responses in a tight balance that entails efficient inflammation for removal of potential threats, proper wound closure, and regeneration to regain tissue function. Pathological conditions, continuous exposure to noxious agents, and even ageing can dysregulate immune responses after injury. This dysregulation can lead to a chronic repair mechanism known as fibrosis. Alterations in wound healing can occur in many organs, but our focus lies with the lung as it requires highly regulated immune and repair responses with its continuous exposure to airborne threats. Dysregulated repair responses can lead to pulmonary fibrosis but the exact reason for its development is often not known. Here, we review the diversity of innate immune cells of myeloid origin that are involved in tissue repair and we illustrate how these cell types can contribute to the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, we briefly discuss the effect of age on innate immune responses and therefore on wound healing and we conclude with the implications of current knowledge on the avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Florez-Sampedro
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands.,University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD University of Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
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21
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McCubbrey AL, Barthel L, Mohning MP, Redente EF, Mould KJ, Thomas SM, Leach SM, Danhorn T, Gibbings SL, Jakubzick CV, Henson PM, Janssen WJ. Deletion of c-FLIP from CD11b hi Macrophages Prevents Development of Bleomycin-induced Lung Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:66-78. [PMID: 28850249 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0154oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease with complex pathophysiology and fatal prognosis. Macrophages (MΦ) contribute to the development of lung fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanisms and specific MΦ subsets involved remain unclear. During lung injury, two subsets of lung MΦ coexist: Siglec-Fhi resident alveolar MΦ and a mixed population of CD11bhi MΦ that primarily mature from immigrating monocytes. Using a novel inducible transgenic system driven by a fragment of the human CD68 promoter, we targeted deletion of the antiapoptotic protein cellular FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) to CD11bhi MΦ. Upon loss of c-FLIP, CD11bhi MΦ became susceptible to cell death. Using this system, we were able to show that eliminating CD11bhi MΦ present 7-14 days after bleomycin injury was sufficient to protect mice from fibrosis. RNA-seq analysis of lung MΦ present during this time showed that CD11bhi MΦ, but not Siglec-Fhi MΦ, expressed high levels of profibrotic chemokines and growth factors. Human MΦ from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis expressed many of the same profibrotic chemokines identified in murine CD11bhi MΦ. Elimination of monocyte-derived MΦ may help in the treatment of fibrosis. We identify c-FLIP and the associated extrinsic cell death program as a potential pathway through which these profibrotic MΦ may be pharmacologically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L McCubbrey
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Lea Barthel
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Michael P Mohning
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Elizabeth F Redente
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,3 Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,4 Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado
| | - Kara J Mould
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stacey M Thomas
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Sonia M Leach
- 5 Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, and.,6 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- 5 Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, and.,6 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; and
| | - Sophie L Gibbings
- 3 Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Claudia V Jakubzick
- 3 Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,7 Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver Anshutz Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Peter M Henson
- 3 Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - William J Janssen
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.,2 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
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22
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Cinar R, Gochuico BR, Iyer MR, Jourdan T, Yokoyama T, Park JK, Coffey NJ, Pri-Chen H, Szanda G, Liu Z, Mackie K, Gahl WA, Kunos G. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor overactivity contributes to the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2017; 2:92281. [PMID: 28422760 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a life-threatening disease without effective treatment, highlighting the need for identifying new targets and treatment modalities. The pathogenesis of IPF is complex, and engaging multiple targets simultaneously might improve therapeutic efficacy. To assess the role of the endocannabinoid/cannabinoid receptor 1 (endocannabinoid/CB1R) system in IPF and its interaction with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as dual therapeutic targets, we analyzed lung fibrosis and the status of the endocannabinoid/CB1R system and iNOS in mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from patients with IPF, as well as controls. In addition, we investigated the antifibrotic efficacy in the mouse PF model of an orally bioavailable and peripherally restricted CB1R/iNOS hybrid inhibitor. We report that increased activity of the endocannabinoid/CB1R system parallels disease progression in the lungs of patients with idiopathic PF and in mice with bleomycin-induced PF and is associated with increased tissue levels of interferon regulatory factor-5. Furthermore, we demonstrate that simultaneous engagement of the secondary target iNOS by the hybrid CB1R/iNOS inhibitor has greater antifibrotic efficacy than inhibition of CB1R alone. This hybrid antagonist also arrests the progression of established fibrosis in mice, thus making it a viable candidate for future translational studies in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and
| | - Bernadette R Gochuico
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and
| | - Tony Jourdan
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and
| | - Tadafumi Yokoyama
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua K Park
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and
| | - Nathan J Coffey
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and
| | - Hadass Pri-Chen
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gergő Szanda
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - William A Gahl
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and
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23
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Garbuzenko OB, Ivanova V, Kholodovych V, Reimer DC, Reuhl KR, Yurkow E, Adler D, Minko T. Combinatorial treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using nanoparticles with prostaglandin E and siRNA(s). NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:1983-1992. [PMID: 28434932 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation delivery of prostaglandin E (PGE2) in combination with selected siRNA(s) was proposed for the efficient treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were used as a delivery system for PGE2 with and without siRNAs targeted to MMP3, CCL12, and HIF1Alpha mRNAs. The model of IPF was developed in SKH1 mice by intratracheal administration of bleomycin at a dose of 1.5U/kg. Results showed that NLC-PGE2 in combination with three siRNAs delivered locally to the lungs by inhalation markedly reduced mouse body mass, substantially limited hydroxyproline content in the lungs and disturbances of the mRNAs and protein expression, restricted lung tissue damage and prevented animal mortality. Our data provide evidence that IPF can be effectively treated by inhalation of the NLC-PGE2 in combination with siRNAs delivered locally into the lungs. This effect could not be achieved by using NLC containing just PGE2 or siRNA(s) alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga B Garbuzenko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA
| | - Vera Ivanova
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA
| | - Vladislav Kholodovych
- Office of Advanced and Research Computing, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David C Reimer
- Office of Research Advancement, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kenneth R Reuhl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, NJ, Piscataway, USA
| | - Edvard Yurkow
- Rutgers Molecular Imaging Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Derek Adler
- Rutgers Molecular Imaging Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, NJ, Piscataway, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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24
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CCL2 is a KIT D816V-dependent modulator of the bone marrow microenvironment in systemic mastocytosis. Blood 2016; 129:371-382. [PMID: 27856463 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-739003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is characterized by abnormal accumulation of neoplastic mast cells harboring the activating KIT mutation D816V in the bone marrow and other internal organs. As found in other myeloproliferative neoplasms, increased production of profibrogenic and angiogenic cytokines and related alterations of the bone marrow microenvironment are commonly found in SM. However, little is known about mechanisms and effector molecules triggering fibrosis and angiogenesis in SM. Here we show that KIT D816V promotes expression of the proangiogenic cytokine CCL2 in neoplastic mast cells. Correspondingly, the KIT-targeting drug midostaurin and RNA interference-mediated knockdown of KIT reduced expression of CCL2. We also found that nuclear factor κB contributes to KIT-dependent upregulation of CCL2 in mast cells. In addition, CCL2 secreted by KIT D816V+ mast cells was found to promote the migration of human endothelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, knockdown of CCL2 in neoplastic mast cells resulted in reduced microvessel density and reduced tumor growth in vivo compared with CCL2-expressing cells. Finally, we measured CCL2 serum concentrations in patients with SM and found that CCL2 levels were significantly increased in mastocytosis patients compared with controls. CCL2 serum levels were higher in patients with advanced SM and were found to correlate with poor survival. In summary, we have identified CCL2 as a novel KIT D816V-dependent key regulator of vascular cell migration and angiogenesis in SM. CCL2 expression correlates with disease severity and prognosis. Whether CCL2 may serve as a therapeutic target in advanced SM remains to be determined in forthcoming studies.
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25
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Guo J, Guan Q, Liu X, Wang H, Gleave ME, Nguan CYC, Du C. Relationship of clusterin with renal inflammation and fibrosis after the recovery phase of ischemia-reperfusion injury. BMC Nephrol 2016; 17:133. [PMID: 27649757 PMCID: PMC5028988 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-016-0348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term outcomes after acute kidney injury (AKI) include incremental loss of function and progression towards chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the pathogenesis of AKI to CKD remains largely unknown. Clusterin (CLU) is a chaperone-like protein that reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and enhances tissue repair after IRI in the kidney. This study investigated the role of CLU in the transition of IRI to renal fibrosis. Methods IRI was induced in the left kidneys of wild type (WT) C57BL/6J (B6) versus CLU knockout (KO) B6 mice by clamping the renal pedicles for 28 min at the body temperature of 32 °C. Tissue damage was examined by histology, infiltrate phenotypes by flow cytometry analysis, and fibrosis-related gene expression by PCR array. Results Reduction of kidney weight was induced by IRI, but was not affected by CLU KO. Both WT and KO kidneys had similar function with minimal cellular infiltration and fibrosis at day 14 of reperfusion. After 30 days, KO kidneys had greater loss in function than WT, indicated by the higher levels of both serum creatinine and BUN in KO mice, and exhibited more cellular infiltration (CD8 cells and macrophages), more tubular damage and more severe tissue fibrosis (glomerulopathy, interstitial fibrosis and vascular fibrosis). PCR array showed the association of CLU deficiency with up-regulation of CCL12, Col3a1, MMP9 and TIMP1 and down-regulation of EGF in these kidneys. Conclusion Our data suggest that CLU deficiency worsens renal inflammation and tissue fibrosis after IRI in the kidney, which may be mediated through multiple pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12882-016-0348-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiunong Guan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xiuheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher Y C Nguan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Caigan Du
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, VGH-Jack Bell Research Centre, 2660 Oak St, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada.
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26
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Nair GB, Matela A, Kurbanov D, Raghu G. Newer developments in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in the era of anti-fibrotic medications. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:699-711. [PMID: 27094006 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2016.1177461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common interstitial lung disease with a fatal prognosis. Over the last decade, the concepts in pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis have shifted from a model of chronic inflammation to dysregulated fibroproliferative repair in genetically predisposed patients. Although new breakthrough treatments are now available that slow the progression of the disease, several newer anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic drugs are under investigation. Patients with IPF often have coexistent conditions; prompt detection and interventions of which may improve the overall outcome of patients with IPF. Here, we summarize the present understanding of pathogenesis of IPF and treatment options for IPF in the current landscape of new anti-fibrotic treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish B Nair
- a Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine , Winthrop-University Hospital , Mineola , NY , USA.,b Department of Medicine , SUNY Stony Brook School of Medicine , NY , USA
| | - Ajsza Matela
- a Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine , Winthrop-University Hospital , Mineola , NY , USA
| | - Daniel Kurbanov
- a Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine , Winthrop-University Hospital , Mineola , NY , USA
| | - Ganesh Raghu
- c Department of Medicine & Lab Medicine (Adjunct), Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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27
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Collins SL, Chan-Li Y, Oh M, Vigeland CL, Limjunyawong N, Mitzner W, Powell JD, Horton MR. Vaccinia vaccine-based immunotherapy arrests and reverses established pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e83116. [PMID: 27158671 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.83116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease without any cure. Both human disease and animal models demonstrate dysregulated wound healing and unregulated fibrogenesis in a background of low-grade chronic T lymphocyte infiltration. Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) are emerging as important regulators of the immune microenvironment in response to pathogens, and we hypothesized that they might play a role in regulating the unremitting inflammation that promotes lung fibrosis. Herein, we demonstrate that lung-directed immunotherapy, in the form of i.n. vaccination, induces an antifibrotic T cell response capable of arresting and reversing lung fibrosis. In mice with established lung fibrosis, lung-specific T cell responses were able to reverse established pathology - as measured by decreased lung collagen, fibrocytes, and histologic injury - and improve physiologic function. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that this effect is mediated by vaccine-induced lung Trm. These data not only have implications for the development of immunotherapeutic regimens to treat IPF, but also suggest a role for targeting tissue-resident memory T cells to treat other tissue-specific inflammatory/autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Collins
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yee Chan-Li
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - MinHee Oh
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine L Vigeland
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathachit Limjunyawong
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Program in Respiratory Biology and Lung Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Program in Respiratory Biology and Lung Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen R Horton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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28
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Abstract
The duroc pig has been described as a promising animal model for use in the study of human wound healing and scar formation. However, little is known about the presence and chronology of the fibrocyte cell population in the healing process of these animals. Wounds known to form scar were created on red duroc swine (3" x 3") with a dermatome to a total depth of either 0.06 inches or 0.09 inches. These wounds were allowed to heal completely and biopsies were done at scheduled time points during the healing process. Biopsies were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded for immunohistochemical analysis. Porcine reactive antibodies to CD-45 and procollagen-1 and a human reactive antibody to LSP-1 were used to detect the presence of fibrocytes in immunohistochemistry, an immunocytochemistry. Initial immunohistochemical studies showed evidence of a biphasic presence of fibrocytes. Pigs with 0.06 inches deep wounds showed positive staining for CD-45 and LSP-1 within highly cellular areas at days 2 and 4 after wounding. Additional animals with 0.09 inches deep wounds showed positive staining within similar areas at days 56, 70, and 113 after wounding. There was no immunohistochemical evidence of fibrocytes in skin biopsies taken at days 14, 28, or 42. Procollagen-1 staining was diffused in all samples. Cultured cells were stained for CD-45, LSP-1, and procollagen-1 by immunocytochemistry. These data confirm that fibrocytes are indeed present in this porcine model. We conclude that these cells are present after initial wounding and later during scar formation and remodeling. We believe that this is an evidence of a biphasic presence of fibrocytes, first as an acute response to skin wounding followed by later involvement in the remodeling process, prompted by continued inflammation in a deep partial thickness wound.
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29
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Checa M, Hagood JS, Velazquez-Cruz R, Ruiz V, García-De-Alba C, Rangel-Escareño C, Urrea F, Becerril C, Montaño M, García-Trejo S, Cisneros Lira J, Aquino-Gálvez A, Pardo A, Selman M. Cigarette Smoke Enhances the Expression of Profibrotic Molecules in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150383. [PMID: 26934369 PMCID: PMC4775036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and lethal disease of unknown etiology. A growing body of evidence indicates that it may result from an aberrant activation of alveolar epithelium, which induces the expansion of the fibroblast population, their differentiation to myofibroblasts and the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. The mechanisms that activate the alveolar epithelium are unknown, but several studies indicate that smoking is the main environmental risk factor for the development of IPF. In this study we explored the effect of cigarette smoke on the gene expression profile and signaling pathways in alveolar epithelial cells. Lung epithelial cell line from human (A549), was exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for 1, 3, and 5 weeks at 1, 5 and 10% and gene expression was evaluated by complete transcriptome microarrays. Signaling networks were analyzed with the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. At 5 weeks of exposure, alveolar epithelial cells acquired a fibroblast-like phenotype. At this time, gene expression profile revealed a significant increase of more than 1000 genes and deregulation of canonical signaling pathways such as TGF-β and Wnt. Several profibrotic genes involved in EMT were over-expressed, and incomplete EMT was observed in these cells, and corroborated in mouse (MLE-12) and rat (RLE-6TN) epithelial cells. The secretion of activated TGF-β1 increased in cells exposed to cigarette smoke, which decreased when the integrin alpha v gene was silenced. These findings suggest that the exposure of alveolar epithelial cells to CSE induces the expression and release of a variety of profibrotic genes, and the activation of TGF-β1, which may explain at least partially, the increased risk of developing IPF in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Checa
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - James S. Hagood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Victor Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carolina García-De-Alba
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Francisco Urrea
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carina Becerril
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martha Montaño
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Semiramis García-Trejo
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Cisneros Lira
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Annie Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Moisés Selman
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Ciudad de México, México
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Yao W, Liu S, Li J, Hao C. Silica promotes the transdifferentiation of rat circulating fibrocytes in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5828-36. [PMID: 26299717 PMCID: PMC4581811 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of silica on circulating fibrocytes (cFbs), the present study established a primary culture model of rat alveolar macrophages and cFbs in vitro. Macrophages were treated with free silica, and their supernatant was used to stimulate cFbs. The mRNA expression levels of collagen I, collagen III and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in cFbs were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The intracellular and extracellular protein expression levels of collagen I, collagen III and α-SMA were detected by ELISA and immunofluorescence staining. The results indicated that in the cell model, the free silica effectively increased the protein and mRNA expression levels of collagen-I, collagen-III and α-SMA. The free silica significantly promoted the transdifferentiation of cFbs into myofibroblasts in a dose-and time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Yao
- Department of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Suna Liu
- Department of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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Xiong S, Guo R, Yang Z, Xu L, Du L, Li R, Xiao F, Wang Q, Zhu M, Pan X. Treg depletion attenuates irradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis by reducing fibrocyte accumulation, inducing Th17 response, and shifting IFN-γ, IL-12/IL-4, IL-5 balance. Immunobiology 2015. [PMID: 26224246 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis results from thoracic radiotherapy and severely limits radiotherapy approaches. CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in experimentally induced murine lung fibrosis. However, the precise contribution of Tregs to irradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis still remains unclear. We have previously established the mouse model of irradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis and observed an increased frequency of Tregs during the process. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Treg depletion on irradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis and on fibrocyte, Th17 cell response and production of multiple cytokines in mice. Treg-depleted mice were generated by intraperitoneal injection with anti-CD25 mAb 2h after 20 Gy (60)CO γ-ray thoracic irradiation and every 7 days thereafter. Pulmonary fibrosis was semi-quantitatively assessed using Masson's trichrome staining. The proportions of Tregs, fibrocyte and Th17 cells were detected by flow cytometry. Th1/Th2 cytokines were assessed by Luminex assays. We found that Treg depletion decelerated the process of irradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis and hindered fibrocyte recruitment to the lung. In response to Treg depletion, the number of CD4(+) T lymphocytes and Th17 cells increased. Moreover, Th1/Th2 cytokine balance was disturbed into Th1 dominance upon Treg depletion. Our study demonstrates that Tregs are involved in irradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis by promoting fibrocyte accumulation, attenuating Th17 response and regulating Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in the lung tissues, which suggests that Tregs may be therapeutically manipulated to decelerate the progression of irradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xiong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Renfeng Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602,USA
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Long Xu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Li Du
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruoxi Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fengjun Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qianjun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Maoxiang Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Xiujie Pan
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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Xu J, Cong M, Park TJ, Scholten D, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Contribution of bone marrow-derived fibrocytes to liver fibrosis. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2015; 4:34-47. [PMID: 25713803 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of fibrocytes in 1994 by Dr. Bucala and colleagues, these bone marrow (BM)-derived collagen Type I producing CD45(+) cells remain the most fascinating cells of the hematopoietic system. Despite recent reports on the emerging contribution of fibrocytes to fibrosis of parenchymal and non-parenchymal organs and tissues, fibrocytes remain the most understudied pro-fibrogenic cellular population. In the past years fibrocytes were implicated in the pathogenesis of liver, skin, lung, and kidney fibrosis by giving rise to collagen type I producing cells/myofibroblasts. Hence, the role of fibrocytes in fibrosis is not well defined since different studies often contain controversial results on the number of fibrocytes recruited to the site of injury versus the number of fibrocyte-derived myofibroblasts in the same fibrotic organ. Furthermore, many studies were based on the in vitro characterization of fibrocytes formed after outgrowth of BM and/or peripheral blood cultures. Therefore, the fibrocyte function(s) still remain(s) lack of understanding, mostly due to (I) the lack of mouse models that can provide complimentary in vivo real-time and cell fate mapping studies of the dynamic differentiation of fibrocytes and their progeny into collagen type I producing cells (and/or possibly, other cell types of the hematopoietic system); (II) the complexity of hematopoietic cell differentiation pathways in response to various stimuli; (III) the high plasticity of hematopoietic cells. Here we summarize the current understanding of the role of CD45(+) collagen type I(+) BM-derived cells in the pathogenesis of liver injury. Based on data obtained from various organs undergoing fibrogenesis or other type of chronic injury, here we also discuss the most recent evidence supporting the critical role of fibrocytes in the mediation of pro-fibrogenic and/or pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA ; 2 Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120752, Korea ; 4 Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany ; 5 Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Min Cong
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA ; 2 Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120752, Korea ; 4 Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany ; 5 Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tae Jun Park
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA ; 2 Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120752, Korea ; 4 Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany ; 5 Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Scholten
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA ; 2 Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120752, Korea ; 4 Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany ; 5 Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA ; 2 Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120752, Korea ; 4 Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany ; 5 Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA ; 2 Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120752, Korea ; 4 Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany ; 5 Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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García de Alba C, Buendia-Roldán I, Salgado A, Becerril C, Ramírez R, González Y, Checa M, Navarro C, Ruiz V, Pardo A, Selman M. Fibrocytes Contribute to Inflammation and Fibrosis in Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis through Paracrine Effects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:427-36. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201407-1334oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Kwofie K, Scott M, Rodrigues R, Guerette J, Radford K, Nair P, Richards CD. Regulation of IL-17A responses in human airway smooth muscle cells by Oncostatin M. Respir Res 2015; 16:14. [PMID: 25849622 PMCID: PMC4332894 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regulation of human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC) by cytokines contributes to chemotactic factor levels and thus to inflammatory cell accumulation in lung diseases. Cytokines such as the gp130 family member Oncostatin M (OSM) can act synergistically with Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) to modulate lung cells, however whether IL-17A responses by HASMC can be altered is not known. Objective To determine the effects of recombinant OSM, or other gp130 cytokines (LIF, IL-31, and IL-6) in regulating HASMC responses to IL-17A, assessing MCP-1/CCL2 and IL-6 expression and cell signaling pathways. Methods Cell responses of primary HASMC cultures were measured by the assessment of protein levels in supernatants (ELISA) and mRNA levels (qRT-PCR) in cell extracts. Activation of STAT, MAPK (p38) and Akt pathways were measured by immunoblot. Pharmacological agents were used to assess the effects of inhibition of these pathways. Results OSM but not LIF, IL-31 or IL-6 could induce detectable responses in HASMC, elevating MCP-1/CCL2, IL-6 levels and activation of STAT-1, 3, 5, p38 and Akt cell signaling pathways. OSM induced synergistic action with IL-17A enhancing MCP-1/CCL-2 and IL-6 mRNA and protein expression, but not eotaxin-1 expression, while OSM in combination with IL-4 or IL-13 synergistically induced eotaxin-1 and MCP-1/CCL2. OSM elevated steady state mRNA levels of IL-4Rα, OSMRβ and gp130, but not IL-17RA or IL-17RC. Pharmacologic inhibition of STAT3 activation using Stattic down-regulated OSM, OSM/IL-4 or OSM/IL-13, and OSM/IL-17A synergistic responses of MCP-1/CCL-2 induction, whereas, inhibitors of Akt and p38 MAPK resulted in less reduction in MCP-1/CCL2 levels. IL-6 expression was more sensitive to inhibition of p38 (using SB203580) and was affected by Stattic in response to IL-17A/OSM stimulation. Conclusions Oncostatin M can regulate HASMC responses alone or in synergy with IL-17A. OSM/IL-17A combinations enhance MCP-1/CCL2 and IL-6 but not eotaxin-1. Thus, OSM through STAT3 activation of HASMC may participate in inflammatory cell recruitment in inflammatory airway disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-014-0164-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Singh SR, Sutcliffe A, Kaur D, Gupta S, Desai D, Saunders R, Brightling CE. CCL2 release by airway smooth muscle is increased in asthma and promotes fibrocyte migration. Allergy 2014; 69:1189-97. [PMID: 24931417 PMCID: PMC4215601 DOI: 10.1111/all.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is characterized by variable airflow obstruction, airway inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness and airway remodelling. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperplasia is a feature of airway remodelling and contributes to bronchial wall thickening. We sought to investigate the expression levels of chemokines in primary cultures of ASM cells from asthmatics vs healthy controls and to assess whether differentially expressed chemokines (i) promote fibrocyte (FC) migration towards ASM and (ii) are increased in blood from subjects with asthma and in sputum samples from those asthmatics with bronchial wall thickening. METHODS Chemokine concentrations released by primary ASM were measured by MesoScale Discovery platform. The chemokine most highly expressed by ASM from asthmatics compared with healthy controls was confirmed by ELISA, and expression of its cognate chemokine receptor by FCs was examined by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The role of this chemokine in FC migration towards ASM was investigated by chemotaxis assays. RESULTS Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) levels were increased in primary ASM supernatants from asthmatics compared with healthy controls. CCR2 was expressed on FCs. Fibrocytes migrated towards recombinant CCL2 and ASM supernatants. These effects were inhibited by CCL2 neutralization. CCL2 levels were increased in blood from asthmatics compared with healthy controls, and sputum CCL2 was increased in asthmatics with bronchial wall thickening. CONCLUSIONS Airway smooth muscle-derived CCL2 mediates FC migration and potentially contributes to the development of ASM hyperplasia in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Singh
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of LeicesterLeicester, UK
| | - A Sutcliffe
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of LeicesterLeicester, UK
| | - D Kaur
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of LeicesterLeicester, UK
| | - S Gupta
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of LeicesterLeicester, UK
| | - D Desai
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of LeicesterLeicester, UK
| | - R Saunders
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of LeicesterLeicester, UK
| | - C E Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of LeicesterLeicester, UK
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36
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Moore BB. Following the path of CCL2 from prostaglandins to periostin in lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:848-52. [PMID: 24605795 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0075ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Without question, the greatest and most humbling honor of my scientific career was to learn that I was nominated for the American Thoracic Society Recognition Award for Scientific Accomplishments. On the occasion of this award, as I look back on the progress made in the last 15 years, I am pleased by the scientific insights; however, I am also saddened that we still have no internationally recognized efficacious therapy. This perspective will highlight the areas my laboratory has addressed regarding the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in hopes of identifying new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany B Moore
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Xu J, Liu X, Koyama Y, Wang P, Lan T, Kim IG, Kim IH, Ma HY, Kisseleva T. The types of hepatic myofibroblasts contributing to liver fibrosis of different etiologies. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:167. [PMID: 25100997 PMCID: PMC4105921 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from dysregulation of normal wound healing, inflammation, activation of myofibroblasts, and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Chronic liver injury causes death of hepatocytes and formation of apoptotic bodies, which in turn, release factors that recruit inflammatory cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes) to the injured liver. Hepatic macrophages (Kupffer cells) produce TGFβ1 and other inflammatory cytokines that activate Collagen Type I producing myofibroblasts, which are not present in the normal liver. Secretion of TGFβ1 and activation of myofibroblasts play a critical role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis of different etiologies. Although the composition of fibrogenic myofibroblasts varies dependent on etiology of liver injury, liver resident hepatic stellate cells and portal fibroblasts are the major source of myofibroblasts in fibrotic liver in both experimental models of liver fibrosis and in patients with liver disease. Several studies have demonstrated that hepatic fibrosis can reverse upon cessation of liver injury. Regression of liver fibrosis is accompanied by the disappearance of fibrogenic myofibroblasts followed by resorption of the fibrous scar. Myofibroblasts either apoptose or inactivate into a quiescent-like state (e.g., stop collagen production and partially restore expression of lipogenic genes). Resolution of liver fibrosis is associated with recruitment of macrophages that secrete matrix-degrading enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase, collagenases) and are responsible for fibrosis resolution. However, prolonged/repeated liver injury may cause irreversible crosslinking of ECM and formation of uncleavable collagen fibers. Advanced fibrosis progresses to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The current review will summarize the role and contribution of different cell types to populations of fibrogenic myofibroblasts in fibrotic liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yukinori Koyama
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tian Lan
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - In H Kim
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsiao-Yen Ma
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
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38
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Suga H, Rennert RC, Rodrigues M, Sorkin M, Glotzbach JP, Januszyk M, Fujiwara T, Longaker MT, Gurtner GC. Tracking the elusive fibrocyte: identification and characterization of collagen-producing hematopoietic lineage cells during murine wound healing. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1347-60. [PMID: 24446236 PMCID: PMC4096488 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrocytes are a unique population of circulating cells reported to exhibit characteristics of both hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells, and play an important role in wound healing. However, putative fibrocytes have been found to lose expression of hematopoietic surface markers such as CD45 during differentiation, making it difficult to track these cells in vivo with conventional methodologies. In this study, to distinguish hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells without surface markers, we took advantage of the gene vav 1, which is expressed solely on hematopoietic cells but not on other cell types, and established a novel transgenic mouse, in which hematopoietic cells are irreversibly labeled with green fluorescent protein and nonhematopoietic cells with red fluorescent protein. Use of single-cell transcriptional analysis in this mouse model revealed two discrete types of collagen I (Col I) expressing cells of hematopoietic lineage recruited into excisional skin wounds. We confirmed this finding on a protein level, with one subset of these Col I synthesizing cells being CD45+ and CD11b+, consistent with the traditional definition of a fibrocyte, while another was CD45- and Cd11b-, representing a previously unidentified population. Both cell types were found to initially peak, then reduce posthealing, consistent with a disappearance from the wound site and not a loss of identifying surface marker expression. Taken together, we have unambiguously identified two cells of hematopoietic origin that are recruited to the wound site and deposit collagen, definitively confirming the existence and natural time course of fibrocytes in cutaneous healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Suga
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Kalderén C, Stadler C, Forsgren M, Kvastad L, Johansson E, Sydow-Bäckman M, Svensson Gelius S. CCL2 mediates anti-fibrotic effects in human fibroblasts independently of CCR2. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:66-73. [PMID: 24583146 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CCL2 is known for its major role as a chemoattractant of monocytes for immunological surveillance and to site of inflammation. CCL2 acts mainly through the G-protein-coupled receptor CCR2 but has also been described to mediate its effects independently of this receptor in vitro and in vivo. Emerging pieces of evidence indicate that the CCL2/CCR2 axis is involved in fibrotic diseases, such as increased plasma levels of CCL2 and the presence of CCL2-hyperresponsive fibroblasts explanted from patients with systemic sclerosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. One of the profibrotic key mediators is the myofibroblast characterized by overexpression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen I. However, the correlation between the CCL2/CCR2 axis and the activation of fibroblasts is not yet fully understood. We have screened human fibroblasts of various origins, human pulmonary fibroblasts (HPF), human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) and primary preadipocytes (SPF-1) in regard to CCL2 stimulated fibrotic responses. Surprisingly we found that CCL2 mediates anti-fibrotic effects independently of CCR2 in human fibroblasts of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kalderén
- Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Charlotte Stadler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Linda Kvastad
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Johansson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
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Inomata M, Kamio K, Azuma A, Matsuda K, Kokuho N, Miura Y, Hayashi H, Nei T, Fujita K, Saito Y, Gemma A. Pirfenidone inhibits fibrocyte accumulation in the lungs in bleomycin-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2014; 15:16. [PMID: 24507087 PMCID: PMC3930125 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow-derived fibrocytes reportedly play important roles in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic agent; however, its effects on fibrocytes have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pirfenidone inhibits fibrocyte pool size in the lungs of bleomycin-treated mice. METHODS Bleomycin (100 mg/kg) was infused with osmotic pumps into C57BL/6 mice, and pirfenidone (300 mg/kg/day) was orally administered daily for 2 wk. The lungs were removed, and single-cell suspensions were subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis to detect fibrocytes, which were defined as CD45 and collagen-I double-positive cells. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the lung specimens to quantify fibrocytes. Chemokines in the lung digests were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of pirfenidone on alveolar macrophages was evaluated with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In a therapeutic setting, pirfenidone administration was initiated 10 days after bleomycin treatment. For chemotaxis assay, lung fibrocytes were isolated with immunomagnetic selection (CD45-positive mesenchymal cells) after culture and allowed to migrate toward chemokines in the presence or absence of pirfenidone. Moreover, the effect of pirfenidone on the expression of chemokine receptors on fibrocytes was evaluated. RESULTS Pirfenidone significantly ameliorated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis as assessed with quantitative histology and collagen measurement. Fibrocyte pool size in bleomycin-treated mice lungs was attenuated from 26.5% to 13.7% by pirfenidone on FACS analysis. This outcome was also observed in a therapeutic setting. Immunohistochemistry revealed that fibrocytes were significantly decreased by pirfenidone administration compared with those in bleomycin-treated mice (P = 0.0097). Increased chemokine (CC motif) ligand-2 (CCL2) and CCL12 production in bleomycin-treated mouse lungs was significantly attenuated by pirfenidone (P = 0.0003 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Pirfenidone also attenuated macrophage counts stimulated by bleomycin in BAL fluid. Fibrocyte migration toward CCL2 and chemokine (CC motif) receptor-2 expression on fibrocytes was significantly inhibited by pirfenidone in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Pirfenidone attenuated the fibrocyte pool size in bleomycin-treated mouse lungs via attenuation of CCL2 and CCL12 production in vivo, and fibrocyte migration was inhibited by pirfenidone in vitro. Fibrocyte inhibition is considered a mechanism of anti-fibrotic action of pirfenidone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arata Azuma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
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Wolters PJ, Collard HR, Jones KD. Pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2013; 9:157-79. [PMID: 24050627 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012513-104706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibrosing interstitial lung disease associated with aging that is characterized by the histopathological pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia. Although an understanding of the pathogenesis of IPF is incomplete, recent advances delineating specific clinical and pathologic features of IPF have led to better definition of the molecular pathways that are pathologically activated in the disease. In this review we highlight several of these advances, with a focus on genetic predisposition to IPF and how genetic changes, which occur primarily in epithelial cells, lead to activation of profibrotic pathways in epithelial cells. We then discuss the pathologic changes within IPF fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix, and we conclude with a summary of how these profibrotic pathways may be interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; ,
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42
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Amniotic fluid stem cells inhibit the progression of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via CCL2 modulation in bronchoalveolar lavage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71679. [PMID: 23967234 PMCID: PMC3742516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for amniotic fluid stem cell (AFSC) treatment to inhibit the progression of fibrotic lung injury has not been described. We have previously demonstrated that AFSC can attenuate both acute and chronic-fibrotic kidney injury through modification of the cytokine environment. Fibrotic lung injury, such as in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), is mediated through pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokine activity. Thus, we hypothesized that AFSC treatment might inhibit the progression of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis through cytokine modulation. In particular, we aimed to investigate the effect of AFSC treatment on the modulation of the pro-fibrotic cytokine CCL2, which is increased in human IPF patients and is correlated with poor prognoses, advanced disease states and worse fibrotic outcomes. The impacts of intravenous murine AFSC given at acute (day 0) or chronic (day 14) intervention time-points after bleomycin injury were analyzed at either day 3 or day 28 post-injury. Murine AFSC treatment at either day 0 or day 14 post-bleomycin injury significantly inhibited collagen deposition and preserved pulmonary function. CCL2 expression increased in bleomycin-injured bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), but significantly decreased following AFSC treatment at either day 0 or at day 14. AFSC were observed to localize within fibrotic lesions in the lung, showing preferential targeting of AFSC to the area of fibrosis. We also observed that MMP-2 was transiently increased in BAL following AFSC treatment. Increased MMP-2 activity was further associated with cleavage of CCL2, rendering it a putative antagonist for CCL2/CCR2 signaling, which we surmise is a potential mechanism for CCL2 reduction in BAL following AFSC treatment. Based on this data, we concluded that AFSC have the potential to inhibit the development or progression of fibrosis in a bleomycin injury model during both acute and chronic remodeling events.
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Early Fibroblast Progenitor Cell Migration to the AngII-Exposed Myocardium Is Not CXCL12 or CCL2 Dependent as Previously Thought. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:459-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Effect of Cross-Linked and Non–Cross-Linked Acellular Dermal Matrices on the Expression of Mediators Involved in Wound Healing and Matrix Remodeling. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131:697-705. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3182818a3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Turner NA, Porter KE. Function and fate of myofibroblasts after myocardial infarction. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:5. [PMID: 23448358 PMCID: PMC3599637 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The importance of cardiac fibroblasts in the regulation of myocardial remodelling following myocardial infarction (MI) is becoming increasingly recognised. Studies over the last few decades have reinforced the concept that cardiac fibroblasts are much more than simple homeostatic regulators of extracellular matrix turnover, but are integrally involved in all aspects of the repair and remodelling of the heart that occurs following MI. The plasticity of fibroblasts is due in part to their ability to undergo differentiation into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are specialised cells that possess a more contractile and synthetic phenotype than fibroblasts, enabling them to effectively repair and remodel the cardiac interstitium to manage the local devastation caused by MI. However, in addition to their key role in cardiac restoration and healing, persistence of myofibroblast activation can drive pathological fibrosis, resulting in arrhythmias, myocardial stiffness and progression to heart failure. The aim of this review is to give an appreciation of both the beneficial and detrimental roles of the myofibroblast in the remodelling heart, to describe some of the major regulatory mechanisms controlling myofibroblast differentiation including recent advances in the microRNA field, and to consider how this cell type could be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Turner
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Aller MA, Arias JI, Prieto I, Gilsanz C, Arias A, Yang H, Arias J. Surgical inflammatory stress: the embryo takes hold of the reins again. Theor Biol Med Model 2013; 10:6. [PMID: 23374964 PMCID: PMC3577641 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-10-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The surgical inflammatory response can be a type of high-grade acute stress response associated with an increasingly complex trophic functional system for using oxygen. This systemic neuro-immune-endocrine response seems to induce the re-expression of 2 extraembryonic-like functional axes, i.e. coelomic-amniotic and trophoblastic-yolk-sac-related, within injured tissues and organs, thus favoring their re-development. Accordingly, through the up-regulation of two systemic inflammatory phenotypes, i.e. neurogenic and immune-related, a gestational-like response using embryonic functions would be induced in the patient's injured tissues and organs, which would therefore result in their repair. Here we establish a comparison between the pathophysiological mechanisms that are produced during the inflammatory response and the physiological mechanisms that are expressed during early embryonic development. In this way, surgical inflammation could be a high-grade stress response whose pathophysiological mechanisms would be based on the recapitulation of ontogenic and phylogenetic-related functions. Thus, the ultimate objective of surgical inflammation, as a gestational process, is creating new tissues/organs for repairing the injured ones. Since surgical inflammation and early embryonic development share common production mechanisms, the factors that hamper the wound healing reaction in surgical patients could be similar to those that impair the gestational process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Angeles Aller
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose-Ignacio Arias
- General and Digestive Surgery Unit, Monte Naranco Hospital, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Isabel Prieto
- Department of General and Digestive Surgery, La Paz Hospital, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gilsanz
- General and Digestive Surgery Unit, Sudeste University Hospital, Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arias
- Department of Medicine, Puerta de Hierro Hospital, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heping Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, USC Research Centre for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaime Arias
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Genetic and pharmacological targeting of CSF-1/CSF-1R inhibits tumor-associated macrophages and impairs BRAF-induced thyroid cancer progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54302. [PMID: 23372702 PMCID: PMC3553126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced human thyroid cancers are densely infiltrated with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and this correlates with a poor prognosis. We used BRAF-induced papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) mouse models to examine the role of TAMs in PTC progression. Following conditional activation of BRAFV600E in murine thyroids there is an increased expression of the TAM chemoattractants Csf-1 and Ccl-2. This is followed by the development of PTCs that are densely infiltrated with TAMs that express Csf-1r and Ccr2. Targeting CCR2-expressing cells during BRAF-induction reduced TAM density and impaired PTC development. This strategy also induced smaller tumors, decreased proliferation and restored a thyroid follicular architecture in established PTCs. In PTCs from mice that lacked CSF-1 or that received a c-FMS/CSF-1R kinase inhibitor, TAM recruitment and PTC progression was impaired, recapitulating the effects of targeting CCR2-expressing cells. Our data demonstrate that TAMs are pro-tumorigenic in advanced PTCs and that they can be targeted pharmacologically, which may be potentially useful for patients with advanced thyroid cancers.
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Balli D, Ustiyan V, Zhang Y, Wang IC, Masino AJ, Ren X, Whitsett JA, Kalinichenko VV, Kalin TV. Foxm1 transcription factor is required for lung fibrosis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. EMBO J 2013; 32:231-44. [PMID: 23288041 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) participate in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, producing pro-inflammatory mediators and undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Herein, we demonstrated the critical role of Forkhead Box M1 (Foxm1) transcription factor in radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Foxm1 was induced in AECs following lung irradiation. Transgenic expression of an activated Foxm1 transcript in AECs enhanced radiation-induced pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis, and increased the expression of IL-1β, Ccl2, Cxcl5, Snail1, Zeb1, Zeb2 and Foxf1. Conditional deletion of Foxm1 from respiratory epithelial cells decreased radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis and prevented the increase in EMT-associated gene expression. siRNA-mediated inhibition of Foxm1 prevented TGF-β-induced EMT in vitro. Foxm1 bound to and increased promoter activity of the Snail1 gene, a critical transcriptional regulator of EMT. Expression of Snail1 restored TGF-β-induced loss of E-cadherin in Foxm1-deficient cells in vitro. Lineage-tracing studies demonstrated that Foxm1 increased EMT during radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. Foxm1 is required for radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis by enhancing the expression of genes critical for lung inflammation and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Balli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Biology, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Kanasaki K, Taduri G, Koya D. Diabetic nephropathy: the role of inflammation in fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:7. [PMID: 23390421 PMCID: PMC3565176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease associated with diabetes mellitus is a major health problem worldwide. Although established therapeutic strategies, such as appropriate blood glucose control, blood pressure control with renin-angiotensin system blockade, and lipid lowering with statins, are used to treat diabetes, the contribution of diabetic end-stage kidney disease to the total number of cases requiring hemodialysis has increased tremendously in the past two decades. Once renal function starts declining, it can result in a higher frequency of renal and extra-renal events, including cardiovascular events. Therefore, slowing renal function decline is one of the main areas of focus in diabetic nephropathy research, and novel strategies are urgently needed to prevent diabetic kidney disease progression. Regardless of the type of injury and etiology, kidney fibrosis is the commonly the final outcome of progressive kidney diseases, and it results in significant destruction of normal kidney structure and accompanying functional deterioration. Kidney fibrosis is caused by prolonged injury and dysregulation of the normal wound-healing process in association with excess extracellular matrix deposition. Kidney fibroblasts play an important role in the fibrotic process, but the origin of the fibroblasts remains elusive. In addition to the activation of residential fibroblasts, other important sources of fibroblasts have been proposed, such as pericytes, fibrocytes, and fibroblasts originating from epithelial-to-mesenchymal and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Inflammatory cells and cytokines play a vital role In the process of fibroblast activation. In this review, we will analyze the contribution of inflammation to the process of tissue fibrosis, the type of fibroblast activation and the therapeutic strategies targeting the inflammatory pathways in an effort to slow the progression of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Kanasaki
- Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical UniversityKahoku, Japan
- *Correspondence: Keizo Kanasaki and Daisuke Koya, Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. e-mail: ; ; Gangadhar Taduri, Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500082, Andhra Pradesh, India. e-mail:
| | - Gangadhar Taduri
- Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical SciencesHyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: Keizo Kanasaki and Daisuke Koya, Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. e-mail: ; ; Gangadhar Taduri, Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500082, Andhra Pradesh, India. e-mail:
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical UniversityKahoku, Japan
- *Correspondence: Keizo Kanasaki and Daisuke Koya, Division of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan. e-mail: ; ; Gangadhar Taduri, Department of Nephrology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Punjagutta, Hyderabad 500082, Andhra Pradesh, India. e-mail:
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Aller MA, Blanco-Rivero J, Arias JI, Balfagon G, Arias J. The wound-healing response and upregulated embryonic mechanisms: brothers-in-arms forever. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:497-503. [PMID: 22716244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous wound-healing reaction occurs in overlapping but inter-related phases, which ultimately result in fibrosis. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in fibrotic diseases, including organ-related and even systemic diseases, such as systemic sclerosis, could represent the successive systemic upregulation of extraembryonic-like phenotypes, that is, amniotic and vitelline phenotypes. These two extraembryonic-like phenotypes act on the injured tissue to induce a process similar to gastrulation, which occurs during the early phases of embryo development. The amniotic-like phenotype plays a leading role in the development of neurogenic responses with significant hydroelectrolytic alterations that essentially represent the development of open microcirculation within the injured tissue. In turn, through the overlapping expression of a vitelline-like phenotype, a bone marrow-related response is produced. Interstitial infiltration by molecular and cellular mediators contributed by amniotic- and vitelline-like functions provides the functional and metabolic autonomy needed for inducing new tissue formation through mechanisms similar to those that act in gastrulation during the early phases of embryonic development. Thus, while a new tissue is formed, it quickly evolves into fibrotic tissue because of premature senescence. Mechanisms related to extraembryonic-like functions have been suggested in the following physiological and pathological processes: embryonic development; wound-healing reactions occurring during adult life; and senescence. The existence of this sort of basic self-organizing fractal-like functional pattern is an essential characteristic of our way of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Angeles Aller
- Department of Surgery I, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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