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Shoraba M, Shoulah SA, Arnaout F, Selim A. Equine Trypanosomiasis: Molecular Detection, Hematological, and Oxidative Stress Profiling. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:6550276. [PMID: 39184948 PMCID: PMC11343626 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6550276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Surra caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is widely distributed and has significant impact on equine sector and international trades. However, there are no available data about the genetic characterization of this parasite in horses in Egypt. So, the goal of this study was to study the molecular characterization of T. evansi in horses and determine the changes in hematological parameters and oxidative stress associated with T. evansi infection. A total of 12 horses were examined using PCR targeting RoTat 1.2 VSG gene, and we evaluated the changes in hematological and oxidative stress between infected and healthy animals. The results revealed a notable reduction in red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in the infected horses, as compared to the control healthy group. In contrast, the infected group showed a substantial increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). In addition, the infected group exhibited monocytopenia, eosinopenia, and notable lymphocytopenia. Regarding oxidative stress profile, the infected horses showed decreased levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and antioxidant capacity (TAC) compared to the control group. Moreover, the PCR assay targeting RoTat 1.2 VSG gene revealed positive specific band (205 bp) in all examined samples for T. evansi and the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that strain of this study is closely related to T. evansi isolate in horses from India (MT501210) while showed difference from sequences of other species. The results emphasize the changes in blood composition and the body's response to oxidative stress caused by T. evansi infection in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Shoraba
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases)Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBenha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Salma A. Shoulah
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases)Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBenha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Faysal Arnaout
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases)Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBenha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases)Faculty of Veterinary MedicineBenha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
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Mulat G, Maru M, Tarekegn ZS, Dejene H. A systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in East Africa. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2024; 26:e00371. [PMID: 39184304 PMCID: PMC11341968 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine trypanosomosis is an incapacitating and lethal ailment brought about by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. The disease leads to losses in livestock and agricultural productivity, resulting in significant socio-economic repercussions. In East Africa, trypanosomosis has been endemic for an extensive period due to ecological factors and vector biology that facilitate the persistent circulation of trypanosomes. This investigation outlines the occurrence of bovine trypanosomosis in East Africa through a meta-analysis. A thorough search was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and AJOL. Suitable studies were chosen using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The prevalence was estimated through a random effect model. Publication bias and the variation in prevalence estimates due to heterogeneity were also evaluated. The analysis was performed on 115 studies that contained relevant prevalence data. The collective estimate of bovine trypanosomosis prevalence across the studies stood at 12% (95% CI: 11, 13), ranging from 1% (95% CI: 0, 2) to 51% (95% CI: 45, 58). The subgroup analysis by country revealed considerable disparities in prevalence. The highest estimated prevalence was 24% (95% CI: 18, 30) in Somalia, whereas the lowest prevalence was observed in Ethiopia at 10% (95% CI: 9, 11). A significant level of heterogeneity was noted in most pooled estimates, even after conducting subgroup analysis. The visual examination of the funnel plot and the Egger's regression asymmetry coefficient (b = -5.13, 95% CI: -7.49, -2.76, p = 0.00) and Begg's plot (p = 0.00) indicate the presence of publication bias. In conclusion, bovine trypanosomosis is a pervasive and noteworthy malady affecting livestock. The findings of this investigation imply a high prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the majority of the countries under scrutiny. Despite the well-known hindrance that livestock trypanosomosis poses to livestock production in Africa, little attention has been devoted to the trypanosomosis situation, particularly in East African nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getie Mulat
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Moges Maru
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdu Seyoum Tarekegn
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haileyesus Dejene
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
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Hussen J, Althagafi H, Alalai MA, Alrabiah NA, Al Abdulsalam NK, Falemban B, Alouffi A, Al-Salem WS, Desquesnes M, Hébert L. Surra-affected dromedary camels show reduced numbers of blood B-cells and in vitro evidence of Trypanosoma-induced B cell death. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:223. [PMID: 39060802 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma evansi (surra) is one of the most important diseases with a significant impact on camel health and production. Trypanosoma-induced immunosuppression mechanisms, which are key factors of disease pathogenesis, have been characterized in several animal species. The present study investigated, therefore, the impact of trypanosomosis on the immunophenotype of blood leukocytes in camels. For this, the relative and absolute values of blood leukocyte populations, their expression pattern of cell surface molecules, and the numbers of the main lymphocyte subsets were compared between healthy camels and camels with clinical symptoms of chronic surra and serological evidence of exposure to Trypanosoma infection. Leukocytes were separated from the blood of healthy and diseased camels, labeled with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Compared to healthy camels, the leukogram of diseased camels was characterized by a slightly increased leukocyte count with moderate neutrophilia and monocytosis indicating a chronic inflammatory pattern that may reflect tissue injury due to the long-lasting inflammation. In addition, the analysis of lymphocyte subsets revealed a lower number and percentage of B cells in diseased than healthy camels. In vitro incubation of camel mononuclear cells with fluorochrome-labeled T. evansi revealed a higher capacity of camel B cells than T cells to bind the parasite in vitro. Furthermore, cell viability analysis of camel PBMC incubated in vitro with T. evansi whole parasites but not the purified antigens resulted in Trypanosoma-induced apoptosis and necrosis of camel B cells. Here we demonstrate an association between trypanosomosis in camels and reduced numbers of blood B cells. In vitro analysis supports a high potential of T. evansi to bind to camel B cells and induce their elimination by apoptosis and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hind Althagafi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ameer Alalai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noof Abdulrahman Alrabiah
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla K Al Abdulsalam
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Baraa Falemban
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, 12354, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S Al-Salem
- Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 11195, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, 31076, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), 23 Chemin Des Capelles, 31300, Toulouse, France
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, IRD, France
| | - Laurent Hébert
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Normandy site, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases (PhEED) Unit, ANSES, 1080 L'Église, 14430, Goustranville, France
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Subekti DT, Suwanti LT, Kurniawati DA, Mufasirin M, Sunarno S. Molecular identification of new Trypanosoma evansi type non-A/B isolates from buffaloes and cattle in Indonesia. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e001324. [PMID: 38958293 PMCID: PMC11253823 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is reportedly divided into two genotypes: types A and B. The type B is uncommon and reportedly limited to Africa: Kenya Sudan, and Ethiopia. In contrast, type A has been widely reported in Africa, South America, and Asia. However, Trypanosoma evansi type non-A/B has never been reported. Therefore, this study aims to determine the species and genotype of the Trypanozoon subgenus using a robust identification algorithm. Forty-three trypanosoma isolates from Indonesia were identified as Trypanosoma evansi using a molecular identification algorithm. Further identification showed that 39 isolates were type A and 4 isolates were possibly non-A/B types. The PML, AMN-SB1, and STENT3 isolates were likely non-A/B type Trypanosoma evansi isolated from buffalo, while the PDE isolates were isolated from cattle. Cladistic analysis revealed that Indonesian Trypanosoma evansi was divided into seven clusters based on the gRNA-kDNA minicircle gene. Clusters 6 and 7 are each divided into two sub-clusters. The areas with the highest genetic diversity are the provinces of Banten, Central Java (included Yogyakarta), and East Nusa Tenggara. The Central Java (including Yogyakarta) and East Nusa Tenggara provinces, each have four sub-clusters, while Banten has three.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didik Tulus Subekti
- Veterinary Science Doctoral Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| | - Lucia Tri Suwanti
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Ayu Kurniawati
- Center for Veterinary Instrument Standard Testing – CVIST, Agency for Standardization of Agricultural Instruments, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor, West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| | - Mufasirin Mufasirin
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Sunarno Sunarno
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor West Jawa Province, Indonesia
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Sarma D, Das B, Patel N, Patel A, Suthar A, Prajapati A, Patel RM. Microscopic and molecular investigation of vector borne haemoprotozoan diseases in dromedary camel of North Gujarat, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2024; 61:259-266. [PMID: 38922661 DOI: 10.4103/jvbd.jvbd_105_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES Vector-borne haemoprotozoan diseases comprise diverse group of single celled organism transmitted by haematophagus invertebrates. The current study was aimed at the identification of major haemoprotozoan (Babesia, Theileria and Trypanosoma) in dromedary camel of North Gujarat region in India using microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). METHODS A total of 234 blood samples were screened by the microscopic and molecular detection assays. Molecular prevalence studies of Theileria, Trypanosoma spp and Babesia was undertaken using 18s ribosomal DNA, RoTat 1.2 and SS rRNA gene respectively. The data relating to microscopic and molecular prevalence along with associated risk factors were analysed by statistical methods. RESULTS The overall prevalence of hamoprotozoan disease based on microscopic and molecular investigation was 23.50%. The sensitivity and specificity (95% Confidence Interval) of PCR assay was 100% in comparison to microscopy (45.45 % sensitive and 100 % specific). The kappa coefficient between PCR and microscopy indicated good level of agreement with a value of 0.704 and SE of 0.159. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSION Despite holding much significance to the animal sector, little work has been undertaken in regional parts of India regarding camel parasites. The present study offers first preliminary research data investigating haemoprotozoan disease using parasitological and molecular methods in camels in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhyanjyoti Sarma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhupamani Das
- Department of Clinics (Veterinary Parasitology) and Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Niral Patel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Arun Patel
- College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhinav Suthar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Ankit Prajapati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - R M Patel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat, India
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Boushaki D, Adel A, Dia ML, Madani H, Geerts M, Bebronne N, Brihoum BA, Kechemir Issad N, Büscher P. A Survey on Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) Infection in Domestic Animals in a Surra Endemic Area of Southern Algeria. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:219-225. [PMID: 38416509 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Trypanosoma (T.) evansi infection is endemic in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries) of southern Algeria. Materials and Methods: In order to assess the presence of T. evansi in other domestic animals living together with dromedary camels, a study was conducted in the wilayate of Béchar, El Bayadh, Ouargla and Tamanrasset, between 2015 and 2017. Authorisation to conduct the survey was obtained from the Direction des Services Vétérinaires (DSV, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries). A total of 190 animals were sampled, including 42 cattle (Bos taurus), 11 dogs (Canis familiaris), 44 horses (Equus caballus), 3 donkeys (Equus asinus) and 1 mule, 49 goats (Capra hircus) and 40 sheep (Ovis aries). These animals were examined by parasitological (Giemsa stained thin smear, GST), serological (card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (CATT/T. evansi), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/Variant Surface Glycoprotein/Rode Trypanozoon antigen type 1.2 [ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2], immune trypanolysis [TL]) and molecular tests (T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR). Results and Conclusions: The CATT/T. evansi was positive in 10/42 cattle, 0/11 dogs, 2/48 equids, 27/49 goats and 15/40 sheep. On the other hand, 20/38 cattle, 1/9 dogs, 21/42 equids, 17/44 goats and 31/39 sheep were positive in ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2. However, no single animal was positive in TL. In addition, the T. evansi parasite could not be demonstrated by either GST or RoTat 1.2 PCR in any of the examined animals. This may suggest cross-reactions of CATT/T. evansi and ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2 with other pathogenic or commensal trypanosome species such as T. vivax or other parasites. Based on these data, in particular taking into account the high specificity of the TL for T. evansi type A, this study does not support the hypothesis that T. evansi circulates in the studied domestic animal species and that they would act as reservoirs for the parasite that causes trypanosomosis in dromedary camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Boushaki
- Inspection Vétérinaire de la Wilaya d'Alger, Direction des Services Agricoles, Ministère de l'Agriculture et du Développement Rural, Alger, Algeria
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Amel Adel
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University Saad Dahlab Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
| | | | - Hafsa Madani
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Manon Geerts
- Unit of Diagnostic Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Bebronne
- Unit of Diagnostic Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brahim A Brihoum
- Laboratoire Vétérinaire Régional de Laghouat, Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Nadia Kechemir Issad
- Faculté des sciences Biologiques, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediène, Alger, Algeria
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Unit of Diagnostic Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Verma R, Punia V, Das G, Kumar S, Nath S, Swamy M. Assessment of genetic diversity of Trypanosoma evansi in the domestic animal populations through ITS-1 gene sequence analysis. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:2. [PMID: 38047956 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08024-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi infects domestic animals, causing a debilitating and occasionally fatal disease. The disease leads to significant economic losses to farmers and poses a substantial impediment to the growth of livestock production in developing nations, including India. Considering the challenges associated with managing this infection, there is an urgent need to enhance our understanding of the molecular and genetic diversity of T. evansi. Therefore, this study was planned to analyze the genetic diversity of T. evansi using available internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) gene sequences from India and compare them with sequences from around the globe. Blood samples used in this study were collected from naturally infected animals including dogs, cattle, and buffaloes in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Using the ITS-1 gene, we amplified a 540 base pairs (bp) segment using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequenced it, and identified intra-specific variations. Phylogenetic analysis of 90 sequences, including 27 from India, revealed three distinct clusters with high bootstrap support values. A haplotype network analysis identified 34 haplotypes, with H7 being the most prevalent, indicating a complex evolutionary history involving multiple countries. The genetic analysis of the Indian population revealed distinct characteristics. Despite low nucleotide diversity, there was high haplotype diversity in comparison to other populations. Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D, and Fu and Li's F exhibited non-significant negative values, indicating potential stability. Additionally, the slightly positive values in Fu's Fs, Raggedness (r), and Ramos-Onsins and Rozas (R2) statistics suggested a lack of recent significant selective pressures or population expansions. Furthermore, the presence of genetic differentiation and gene flow among T. evansi populations highlighted ongoing evolutionary processes. These findings collectively depicted a complex genetic landscape, suggesting both stability and ongoing evolutionary dynamics within the Indian population of T. evansi. The findings of this study are important for understanding the evolutionary history and population dynamics of T. evansi, and they may help us develop effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Verma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India.
| | - Vikram Punia
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| | - Giridhari Das
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| | - Suman Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| | - Subhradal Nath
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| | - Madhu Swamy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
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Verma R, Das G, Singh AP, Kumar S, Nath S, Sengupta PP, Sankar M, Tiwari A, Gupta V, Srivastava S. Molecular and genetic diversity in isolates of Trypanosoma evansi from naturally infected horse and dogs by using RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in Madhya Pradesh, India. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7347-7356. [PMID: 37439897 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan parasite that can infect a wide range of animals and is widespread around the world. In this study, we analyzed four fatal cases of T. evansi infection using clinical, parasitological, and molecular approaches. We also explored the genetic diversity, demographic history, and population-genetic structure of T. evansi using available Rode Trypanozoon antigenic type (RoTat) 1.2 gene sequences. METHODS AND RESULTS Clinical findings of infected animals revealed high fever, anemia, weakness, and anorexia. The animals were treated with diminazene aceturate, which was moderately effective, and hematobiochemical parameters showed changes in hemoglobin and glucose levels. The molecular and genetic diversity of T. evansi was analyzed using the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene. Phylogenetic and haplotype analysis revealed two distinct clusters of T. evansi circulating in India. The genetic diversity indices, neutrality tests, gene flow, and genetic differentiation outcomes confirmed the genetic diversity of the T. evansi population, with a lack of uniformity. The identification of two distinct clusters, exhibiting differential demographic histories and evolutionary forces, implies that the clusters may have undergone independent evolutionary trajectories or experienced different environmental pressures. CONCLUSION The present findings underlined the need of an early and precise diagnosis in order to treat and control T. evansi infections, and the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene is an important genetic marker for understanding the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of T. evansi. This knowledge can be used to create tailored strategies to control and manage the infection in an endemic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Verma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India.
| | - Giridhari Das
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Ajit Pratap Singh
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Jabalpur, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Campus, Jabalpur, 482004, (MP), India
| | - Suman Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Subhradal Nath
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Pinaki Prasad Sengupta
- Parasitology Laboratory, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bangalore, 560064, KA, India
| | - Muthu Sankar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, (UP), India
| | - Amita Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Shraddha Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
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Subekti DT, Ekawasti F, Azmi Z, Yuniarto I, Fong S, Fahrimal Y. DOES TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI HAVE THE MAXICIRCLE GENE, OR CAN TRYPANOSOMA EQUIPERDUM BE ISOLATED FROM BOVINES? J Parasitol 2023; 109:436-444. [PMID: 37646443 PMCID: PMC10658868 DOI: 10.1645/21-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying a trypanosome isolate is generally based on morphological observations and molecular identification of one of the genes, usually internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 of ribosomal DNA (ITS1 rDNA, ITS2 rDNA), a variant surface glycoprotein of Rode Trypanozoon antigen type 1.2 (VSG RoTat 1.2), or expression site-associated genes (ESAG). However, this identification is insufficient because these genes cannot distinguish organisms in the subgenus Trypanozoon to the species level. A molecular approach using at least 5 sets of primers is needed, namely, ITS1, ESAG6/7, MINI, RoTat 1.2, and ND5, for stratified selection to obtain more targeted and conclusive results. Using this method to analyze isolates from Indonesia provided unexpected results: 9 isolates previously identified as Trypanozoon were found to have the kDNA maxicircle gene. Nine isolates of Trypanosoma equiperdum were identified for the first time in Indonesia, isolated from bovine (cattle and buffaloes). The identification of T. equiperdum in the 9 isolates was confirmed by analysis of the nucleotide sequence identity of the nad5-kDNA maxicircle gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didik T. Subekti
- Center for Biomedical Research, Health Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center-JL. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Bogor 16911, West Jawa Province, Indonesia
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Agricultural Research and Development Agency, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, JL. RE. Martadinata 30, Bogor 16114, West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| | - Fitrine Ekawasti
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Agricultural Research and Development Agency, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, JL. RE. Martadinata 30, Bogor 16114, West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| | - Zul Azmi
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Agricultural Research and Development Agency, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, JL. RE. Martadinata 30, Bogor 16114, West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| | - Ichwan Yuniarto
- Animal Disease Investigation Center of Banjarbaru, Directorate of Animal Health, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, JL. Ambulung 24, South Loktabat, Banjarbaru 70712, South Borneo Province, Indonesia
| | - Sulinawati Fong
- Animal Disease Investigation Center of Lampung, Directorate of Animal Health, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, JL. Untung Suropati No. 2, Labuhan Ratu–Bandar Lampung 35142, Lampung Province, Indonesia
| | - Yudha Fahrimal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh Province, Indonesia
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Behour TS, Abd EL Fattah EM. Genotyping of Trypanosoma brucei evansi in Egyptian camels: detection of a different non-RoTat 1.2 Trypanosoma brucei evansi in Egyptian camels. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:279. [PMID: 37505344 PMCID: PMC10382407 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei evansi (T. b. evansi) is an enzootic organism found in Egyptian camels, which genetically classified into types A and B. To detect the parasite genotype circulating in Egyptian camels, we collected 94 blood samples from three distant districts and subjected them to different PCR assays; T. brucei repeat (TBR), internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1), and variable surface glycoproteins (VSG) (RoTat 1. 2, JN 2118Hu) and EVAB PCRs. The highest prevalence was obtained with TBR (80/91; 87.9%), followed by ITS-1 (52/91; 57.1%), VSG JN 2118Hu (42/91; 46.2%), and VSG RoTat 1. 2 (34/91; 37.4%). We reported a different non-RoTat 1. 2 T. b. evansi for the first time in Egyptian camels. Results showed that 47 (58.7%) out of 80 samples were classified as T. b. evansi. Of these, 14 (29.8%) were RoTat 1. 2 type, 13 (27.6%) were non-RoTat 1. 2 type, and 20 (42.6%) samples were from mixed infection with both types. All samples were tested negative with EVAB PCR. RoTat 1. 2 T. b. evansi was the most prevalent in Giza and El Nubariyah, whereas, in Aswan, the only type detected was non-RoTat 1. 2 T. b. evansi. The nucleotide sequences of the VSG RoTat 1.2 and JN 2118Hu PCR products were submitted to DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) and GenBank under the accession numbers LC738852, and (OP800400-OP800403). Further research is required to increase the sample size and verify the new sequences to corroborate the prevalence of a new variant of non-RoTat 1.2 T. b. evansi in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Salama Behour
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 5 Bohooth El-Hadaek Street, Al Haram, P.O. Box 12556, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman Mohamed Abd EL Fattah
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 5 Bohooth El-Hadaek Street, Al Haram, P.O. Box 12556, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Khan W, Hafeez MA, Lateef M, Awais M, Wajid A, Shah BA, Ali S, Asif Z, Ahmed M, Kakar N, Nisar Mengal A, Wahab M. Parasitological, molecular, and epidemiological investigation of Trypanosoma evansi infection among dromedary camels in Balochistan province. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07884-6. [PMID: 37278940 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surra is a zoonotic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi), which affects a wide variety of animals worldwide. The disease has a severe impact on the productivity, health, and working capacity of camels and causes mortality and extensive economic losses if not diagnosed early. This is the first comprehensive report on the prevalence of T. evansi infection in dromedaries in Balochistan province. In the present study, 393 blood samples (indigenous, n = 240; imported, n=153) were collected from one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) and were tested by molecular methods to estimate the prevalence of T. evansi in three districts (Pishin, Nushki, and Lasbella) of Balochistan province. The overall prevalence of T. evansi among examined camel samples was 28.24% (95% confidence interval (CI): 24.02-32.89%). The risk of T. evansi infection in adult camels (> 10 years) is higher than that in young ones (odd-ration (OR) = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.3357-5.3164%). Moreover, male camels were six times more likely to get an infection than female camels. The detection of T. evansi infection in camels sampled in summer and spring was 3.12- and 5.10-fold higher, respectively, than in camels sampled in winter. In conclusion, our findings showed a high rate of T. evansi infection in camels from the three districts. Our study emphasizes the need for a strict surveillance program and risk assessment studies as prerequisites for control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Khan
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mian Abdul Hafeez
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Lateef
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, FLSI, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan.
| | - Bilal Ahmed Shah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sikandar Ali
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zian Asif
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mansoor Ahmed
- Livestock & Dairy Development (L&DD) Department, Balochistan Province, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Kakar
- Livestock & Dairy Development (L&DD) Department, Balochistan Province, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Nisar Mengal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wahab
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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12
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Javanshir A, Tavassoli M, Esmaeilnejad B. Morphological, serological, molecular detection, and phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma evansi in horses of different regions in Iran. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07888-2. [PMID: 37272975 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of "surra" is enzootic in Iran. The current study aimed to detect T. evansi in horses from different regions of Iran using morphological, serological, and molecular methods. In 2021, 400 blood samples were collected from horses in eight regions. Eighty horses showed clinical signs such as cachexia (n = 64), fever (n = 36), foot edema (n = 40), and abdominal edema (n = 32), and 320 horses appeared healthy. All samples from the studied regions were evaluated for the presence of trypanosomes using direct analysis of blood smears, mercuric chloride, and PCR-based tests. In total, 12% (95% CI: ± 3.1%), 21% (95% CI: ± 3.9%), and 21% (84) of animals were positive for Trypanosoma in microscopic, serologic, and molecular analyses, respectively. All animals positive for SSU rDNA PCR were from Qom, Semnan, and Golestan regions. Further molecular analyses on 84 PCR-positive horses revealed that 29 horses scored positive in PCR using primers of trypanozoon species and 5 scored positive in PCR using primers of Trypanosoma evansi type A. All samples (n = 5) were from Qom region. The 205-bp fragments of T. evansi RoTat 1.2VSG (accession numbers: ON017789-93) analyzed and compared to other isolates sequence from GenBank BLAST search. It has close similarities with isolates from Pakistan, Egypt, Malaysia, Kenya, and India. Data herein demonstrated that horses from Iran were at high risk of T. evansi infection. Comprehensive control programs, such as those based on the application of repellants and traps, and also, compliance with quarantine standards are recommended for minimizing the risk of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Javanshir
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mousa Tavassoli
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Bijan Esmaeilnejad
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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13
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Jawalagatti V, Kirthika P, Singh P, Vinodhkumar OR, Buddhi Chandrasekaran S, Chittlangia RK, Tewari AK. Expression kinetics of cytokines and the humoral antibody response concerning short-term protection induced by radiation-attenuated Trypanosoma evansi in bovine calves. Vaccine 2023; 41:1668-1678. [PMID: 36746738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
'Surra', an economically important disease of livestock, is caused by the parasitic blood protozoon Trypanosoma evansi. Both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to the protection against this infection. T-helper cells play a crucial role in the antibody-mediated clearance of T. evansi. We present here the data on the kinetics of expression of important Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines, vis-a-vis the dynamics of humoral response in bovine calves following immunization with γ-radiation-attenuated live T. evansi and later challenged with homologous virulent T. evansi. Significant upregulation of the pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokines was correlated with the IgG2-mediated protection in the immunized bovine calves post-challenge. The calves were immunized with 5 × 106 500 Gy γ-radiation-attenuated live T. evansi (horse isolate) thrice at 15 days intervals through the subcutaneous route and subsequently, challenged with 1 × 103 virulent T. evansi on day 50. Significantly high serum IgG (1:1600) and IgM (1:800) titres were recorded on week 2 PC, whereas the peak serum IgG2 titre (1:800) was recorded on week 6 PC. Significant upregulation of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-2 was recorded between days 1 to 3 PC, while the same for IL-17 was recorded on day 14 PC. The immunized calves were free from parasitemia post-challenge and were clinically healthy till the end of the experiment. Significant upregulation of IL-10 and IL-4 transcripts and a corresponding increase of serum IgG1 titre in the placebo group helped patency of the parasite in an anti-inflammatory environment and clinical exacerbation of the disease. The expression of the important Th1 cytokines was crucial for antibody-mediated short-term protection against a lethal challenge of T. evansi in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Jawalagatti
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | - Perumalraja Kirthika
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | - Praveen Singh
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India; Biophysics Section, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | - O R Vinodhkumar
- Divison of Epidemiology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | | | | | - Anup Kumar Tewari
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India.
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First Molecular Identification of Trypanosomes and Absence of Babesia sp. DNA in Faeces of Non-Human Primates in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121490. [PMID: 36558823 PMCID: PMC9785249 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes are a group of pathogens distributed in the continents of Africa, America, Asia and Europe, and they affect all vertebrates including the neotropical primate group. Information about the trypanosome's diversity, phylogeny, ecology and pathology in non-human primates (NHPs) from the neotropical region is scarce. The objective of the study was to identify Trypanosoma and Babesia molecularly in NHPs under the phylogenetic species concept. We extracted DNA from a total of 76 faecal samples collected between 2019 and 2021, from a total of 11 non-human primate species of which 46 are from captive NHPs and 30 are free-living NHPs in the Western Amazon region of Ecuador. We did not detect DNA of Babesia sp. by polymerase chain reaction test in any of the faecal samples. However, the nested-PCR-based method revealed Trypanosoma parasites by ITS gene amplification in two faecal samples; one for the species Leontocebus lagonotus (from the captive population) and a second one for Cebus albifrons (from the free-ranging population). Maximum parsimony and likelihood methods with the Kimura2+G+I model inferred the evolutionary history of the two records, which showed an evolutionary relationship with the genus Trypanosoma. Two sequences are monophyletic with Trypanosoma. However, the number of sequences available in GenBank for their species identification is limited. The two samples present different molecular identifications and evolutionary origins in the tree topology. We are most likely referring to two different species, and two different localities of infection. We suggest that health management protocols should be implemented to prevent the transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as Trypanosoma sp. among captive populations. In addition, these protocols also protect the personnel of wildlife rehabilitation centers working in close proximity to NHPs and vice versa.
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Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of African Animal Trypanosomiasis in Cattle in Lambwe, Kenya. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:5984376. [PMID: 35872666 PMCID: PMC9303511 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5984376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects livestock productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to determine cattle AAT's prevalence and associated risk factors in Lambwe Valley, Kenya. Methods In a cross-sectional survey, livestock owners were recruited from four villages of Lambwe in Homa Bay, Kenya. Blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of cattle, and buffy coat smears were examined under a microscope. Parasites were further detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using a semistructured questionnaire, livestock owners were interviewed on their knowledge of AAT and control practices. Chi-square and multilevel models were used for the analysis. Results The overall prevalence was 15.63% (71/454). Trypanosoma vivax 10.31% and T. congolense Savannah 6.01% were the common species and subspecies. A total of 61 livestock keepers were involved in the study. Of these, 91.80% (56/61) knew AAT, and 90.16% (55/61) could describe the symptoms well and knew tsetse fly bite as transmission mode. Self-treatment (54.09%; 33/61) was common, with up to 50.00% of the farmers using drugs frequently. Isometamidium (72.13%; 44/61) and diminazene (54.09%; 33/61) were drugs frequently used. Although 16.39% (10/61) of the farmers claimed to use chemoprophylactic treatment, 6/10 did not use the right drugs. Animals (92.1%; 58/63) with clinical signs had positive infections. Villages closer to the national park recorded a higher prevalence. Infections were higher in cattle owned by those self-treating (27.23%; 58/213), those using drug treatment without vector control (27.62%; 50/181), those using single-drug therapy, and those practicing communal grazing (20.00%; 59/295). Clinical signs strongly associate with positive infections under multilevel modeling. Conclusion Cattle trypanosomiasis is prevalent in the Lambwe region of Kenya. This is influenced by inappropriate control practices, communal grazing, and the proximity of farms to the national park. In addition, clinical signs of the disease have a strong association with infections.
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Okello I, Mafie E, Eastwood G, Nzalawahe J, Mboera LEG. African Animal Trypanosomiasis: A Systematic Review on Prevalence, Risk Factors and Drug Resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1099-1143. [PMID: 35579072 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) a parasitic disease of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa causing tremendous loses. Sub-Saharan continental estimation of mean prevalence in both large and small domestic animals, risk factors, tsetse and non-tsetse prevalence and drug resistance is lacking. A review and meta-analysis was done to better comprehend changes in AAT prevalence and drug resistance. Publish/Perish software was used to search and extract peer-reviewed articles in Google scholar, PubMed and CrossRef. In addition, ResearchGate and African Journals Online (AJOL) were used. Screening and selection of articles from 2000-2021 was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Articles 304 were retrieved; on domestic animals 192, tsetse and non-tsetse vectors 44, risk factors 49 and trypanocidal drug resistance 30. Prevalence varied by, host animals in different countries, diagnostic methods and species of Trypanosoma. Cattle had the highest prevalence with Ethiopia and Nigeria leading, T. congolense (11.80-13.40%) and T. vivax (10.50-18.80%) being detected most. This was followed by camels and pigs. Common diagnostic method used was buffy coat microscopy. However; polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CATT and ELISA had higher detection rates. G. pallidipes caused most infections in Eastern regions while G. palpalis followed by G. mortisans in Western Africa. Eastern Africa reported more non-tsetse biting flies with Stomoxys leading. Common risk factors were, body conditions, breed type, age, sex and seasons. Ethiopia and Nigeria had the highest trypanocidal resistance 30.00-35.00% and highest AAT prevalence. Isometamidium and diminazene showed more resistance with T. congolense being most resistant species 11.00-83.00%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Okello
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Eliakunda Mafie
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jahashi Nzalawahe
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania
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17
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Samsonova JV, Saushkin NY, Osipov AP. Dried Blood Spots technology for veterinary applications and biological investigations: technical aspects, retrospective analysis, ongoing status and future perspectives. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:655-698. [PMID: 35771305 PMCID: PMC9244892 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dried Blood Spots (DBS) technology has become a valuable tool in medical studies, however, in veterinary and biological research DBS technology applications are still limited. Up-to-date no review has comprehensively integrated all the evidence existing across the fields, technologies and animal species. In this paper we summarize the current applications of DBS technology in the mentioned areas, and provide a scope of different types of dried sample carriers (cellulose and non-cellulose), sampling devices, applicable methods for analyte extraction and detection. Mammals, birds, insects and other species are represented as the study objects. Besides the blood, the review considers a variety of specimens, such as milk, saliva, tissue samples and others. The main applications of dried samples highlighted in the review include epidemiological surveys and monitoring for infections agents or specific antibodies for disease/vaccination control in households and wildlife. Besides the genetic investigations, the paper describes detection of environmental contaminants, pregnancy diagnosis and many other useful applications of animal dried samples. The paper also analyses dried sample stability and storage conditions for antibodies, viruses and other substances. Finally, recent developments and future research for DBS technology in veterinary medicine and biological sciences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne V Samsonova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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18
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Hota A, Maiti SK, Vijayakumar PJ, Verma MR, Tewari AK. Analysis of the epidemiological variables associated with a high prevalence of bovine surra in the Chhattisgarh state of India. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 31:100728. [PMID: 35569913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, a unicellular haemoflagellate, causes surra in bovines and other economically important livestock species. We report here the epidemiological variables associated with the high prevalence of T. evansi infection in cattle in the plain agro-climatic zone of Chhattisgarh state, India. A total of 920 blood and sera samples were tested by a combination of parasitological, molecular and serodiagnostic tests. An overall prevalence of T. evansi was recorded as 4.57% (95% CI: 3.22-5.92%), 6.09% (95% CI: 4.54-7.63%), 63.91% (95% CI: 60.81-67.01%) and 55.33% (95% CI: 52.12-58.54%) by direct microscopy, PCR, ELISA and IFAT, respectively. The Chi-Square test established a significant correlation between the prevalence of T. evansi and the season, breed and place of the study, while the association with the gender and age of the animals was insignificant. The analysis of the prevalence ratio revealed a significant association of the breed, season and place of study with the prevalence of T. evansi. As per PR observed, the prevalence was 1.63 times higher in summer and 1.68 times higher in the rainy season than in the winter (reference season). The prevalence was higher in all the districts as compared to Rajnandgaon (reference district). The prevalence ratio in Sahiwal and HF cross-breed cattle was significantly higher than the Gir breed of cattle (reference). Durg district recorded the highest prevalence of surra, and the difference was significant. The medium IFAT titre, determined in a large number of sera collected from Durg, predicted a higher incidence of trypanosomosis in that district. Since T. evansi has a broad host range, the study predicted that a large population of livestock in Chhattisgarh state were at high risk of T. evansi infection. Treatment of the subclinically and clinically infected animals with selective curative drugs, such as diminazene aceturate, isometamidium chloride or the combination of quinapyramine sulphate and quinapyramine chloride, could help restore productivity and help in containing the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Hota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Viswavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg 491001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Maiti
- Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Viswavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg 491001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - P J Vijayakumar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Med Ram Verma
- Division of Livestock Economics, Statistics and Information Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anup Kumar Tewari
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Al-Kharusi A, Elshafie EI, Baqir S, Faraz A, Al-Ansari A, Burger P, Mahgoub O, Al-Kharousi K, Al-Duhli H, Al-Sinani M, Al-Hatali R, Roberts D. Detection of Trypanosoma Infection in Dromedary Camels by Using Different Diagnostic Techniques in Northern Oman. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1348. [PMID: 35681813 PMCID: PMC9179285 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Camel trypanosomoses is considered a devastating disease with severe health consequences that can be caused by different hemoprotozoan parasites. Camel samples (388) from the five regions in Northern Oman were assessed using a thin blood film. In addition, 95 seropositive samples were analyzed using various primers of mechanically transmitted trypanosomes. Out of the 388 blood smears examined, 0.8% (CI 95%, 2/388) were found to be positive for Trypanosoma sp. using a microscope. The parasitologically positive cases were detected in samples from females. The overall molecular prevalences were as follows: TBR was 78/95, 77% (CI 73.1-89.2%); ITS was 30/95, 31.6% (CI 73.1-89.2%); and T. evansi type A (RoTat 1.2) was 8/95, 8.4% (CI 4.0-16.0%). There were two species of trypanosomes that were observed in the camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Al-Kharusi
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth and Water Resources, Muscat 100, Oman; (H.A.-D.); (M.A.-S.); (R.A.-H.)
| | - Elshafie Ibrahim Elshafie
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 100, Oman; (E.I.E.); (O.M.); (K.A.-K.)
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Al Amarat 8076, Sudan
| | - Senan Baqir
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 100, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-A.); (D.R.)
| | - Asim Faraz
- Department of Livestock and Poultry Production, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Aliya Al-Ansari
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 100, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-A.); (D.R.)
| | - Pamela Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1160 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Osman Mahgoub
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 100, Oman; (E.I.E.); (O.M.); (K.A.-K.)
| | - Kaadhia Al-Kharousi
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 100, Oman; (E.I.E.); (O.M.); (K.A.-K.)
| | - Halima Al-Duhli
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth and Water Resources, Muscat 100, Oman; (H.A.-D.); (M.A.-S.); (R.A.-H.)
| | - Mohammed Al-Sinani
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth and Water Resources, Muscat 100, Oman; (H.A.-D.); (M.A.-S.); (R.A.-H.)
| | - Raqiya Al-Hatali
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Wealth and Water Resources, Muscat 100, Oman; (H.A.-D.); (M.A.-S.); (R.A.-H.)
| | - Derek Roberts
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 100, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-A.); (D.R.)
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Comparison of microscopy, card agglutination test for Trypanosoma evansi, and real-time PCR in the diagnosis of trypanosomosis in dromedary camels of the Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE. J Vet Res 2022; 66:125-129. [PMID: 35582483 PMCID: PMC8959682 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Trypanosomosis is an important disease of dromedary camels caused by the pathogenic protozoan Trypanosoma evansi. This study aimed to compare three different tests for its diagnosis in this species: conventional microscopy, the card agglutination test for trypanosomosis/T. evansi (CATT/T. evansi) and real-time PCR. Material and Methods Whole blood and serum samples collected from 77 dromedary camels of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, were analysed with the test methods stated. Statistical analysis was done using McNemar’s chi-squared test, and Cohen’s kappa index (κ) was calculated. Results We obtained results with positivity of 18% (14/77) by microscopy, 22% by CATT (17/77) and 60% (46/77) by real-time PCR, with the chain reaction detecting at a respectively three- and two-fold greater rate than the other techniques. Analysis of the data revealed a relative sensitivity of 30.4% and 37.0% for microscopy and CATT, respectively, compared to real-time PCR. The difference between the real-time PCR’s sensitivity and those of the other methods was statistically significant, with X2 values of 30.03 and 20.1, respectively (df = 1 and P = 0.05 in both cases). Agreement of microscopy results with those of with CATT was good (κ = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.62–0.82). Cohen’s kappa index showed fair agreement of real-time PCR with microscopy (κ = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.16–0.36) whereas it was in poor agreement with CATT (κ = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.02–0.15). Conclusion Real-time PCR was found to be more sensitive than microscopy and CATT.
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Algehani AMG, Jaber FA, Khan A, Alsulami MN. Review on trypanosomiasis and their prevalence in some country on the Red Sea. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e251671. [PMID: 34706027 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.251671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan infection affecting both human and animals in almost all parts of the world. It can affect a very large range of domestic and wild hosts including camelids, equines, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and other carnivores, deer, gazelles and elephants. This review paper was designed to address the effect of this economically important disease in countries on the Red Sea, especially in Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, and Saudi Arabia during the period 2010 to 2020. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis is different between these countries due to different types of diagnostic methods (Giemsa-stained blood smears, Hematocrit centrifugation, Serological test, and molecular analysis PCR) used and differential distribution of vector (Tse tse) flies. In current review, retrospective studies of published literature on distribution and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in the Red Sea Countries was conducted [Google Scholar and PubMed were used to retrieve the published literature from 2000-2020. A total of 77 published articles met the eligibility criteria and were reviewed. A total of 16 reports have been reported on the prevalence and distribution of Trypnosoma evansi infection in the Red Sea Countries have been from 2010-2020]. According to the published literature, we can say that trypanosomiasis in camels are more prevalent in Sudan than in other countries, followed by 17% and 51.78% in both clinical and non-clinical cases. Hence, the reliable diagnostic tests should be used for rapid treatment or control of the disease as if not treated appropriately in early-stage, can lead to death of the camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M G Algehani
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Biology Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - F A Jaber
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Biology Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Khan
- Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Department of Zoology, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - M N Alsulami
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Biology Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Chandu AGS, Sengupta PP, Jacob SS, Borthakur SK, Patra G, Roy P. Mining the pervasiveness of surra in different animal species of Northeastern states of India: Assam, Mizoram and Tripura. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:330-335. [PMID: 34295030 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a flagellated, extracellular haemoprotozoan parasite infecting a wide range of mammalian hosts including dromedaries, cattle, equines and dogs cause disease surra. Carrier animals with sub-clinical infection cause significant monetary losses to livestock holders and therefore detection of infection status using molecular diagnostic techniques becomes important in order to control the disease. In the current study cattle, buffalo, goat, pig and dog samples from three northeastern states of India-Assam, Mizoram and Tripura were screened to determine the prevalence of surra. A total of 1702 samples including 795 from Assam, 678 from Mizoram and 229 from Tripura were screened by CATT/T. evansi test out of which 16.8%, 27.1% and 22.3% samples in respective states were found to have antibodies against T. evansi. DNA detection of T. evansi by PCR amplification targeting VSG gene revealed the molecular prevalence of surra in Assam, Mizoram and Tripura as 8.5%, 7.5% and 4.4% respectively. The analysis of amplified partial VSG sequences showed 99% similarity within an animal species whereas 86-94% similarity was observed among different species of animals revealing the homogeneity. The study established the prevalence of surra in different species of animals in the three northeastern states of India-Assam, Mizoram and Tripura and this study is the first report of T. evansi infection in pig and goat from India. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12639-021-01392-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G S Chandu
- ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, P.B. No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - P P Sengupta
- ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, P.B. No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - S S Jacob
- ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, P.B. No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - S K Borthakur
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - G Patra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram India
| | - P Roy
- ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, P.B. No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
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Metwally DM, Al-Turaiki IM, Altwaijry N, Alghamdi SQ, Alanazi AD. Molecular Identification of Trypanosoma evansi Isolated from Arabian Camels ( Camelus dromedarius) in Riyadh and Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1149. [PMID: 33920535 PMCID: PMC8074060 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the blood from 400 one-humped camels, Camelus dromedarius (C. dromedarius), in Riyadh and Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia to determine if they were infected with the parasite Trypanosoma spp. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene was used to detect the prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. in the camels. Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) was detected in 79 of 200 camels in Riyadh, an infection rate of 39.5%, and in 92 of 200 camels in Al-Qassim, an infection rate of 46%. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the isolated T. evansi was closely related to the T. evansi that was detected in C. dromedarius in Egypt and the T. evansi strain B15.1 18S ribosomal RNA gene identified from buffalo in Thailand. A BLAST search revealed that the sequences are also similar to those of T. evansi from beef cattle in Thailand and to T. brucei B8/18 18S ribosomal RNA from pigs in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M. Metwally
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Isra M. Al-Turaiki
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najwa Altwaijry
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samia Q. Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha 1988, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah D. Alanazi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Alghad International Colleges for Applied Medical Science, Tabuk 47913, Saudi Arabia
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Gaur RS, Shanker D, Sudan V, Paliwal S, Singh S, Jadaun A. Associative Genetic Diversity of RoTat 1.2 VSG in Different Trypanosoma evansi Isolates. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:199-204. [PMID: 32944813 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous phylogenetic markers have been tested over a period of time for delineating evolutionary history of haemoflagellate-Trypanosoma evansi. PURPOSE To find out the associative genetic diversity, within the various isolates of T. evansi across the globe, based on RoTat 1.2 VSG gene. METHODS A total of 5 equine isolates of T. evansi from Northern India were characterized. PCR products were sequenced and sequences were compared with available sequences across India and world. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on maximum parsimony (MP) method with the tree-bisection-regrafting (TBR) algorithm. RESULTS Indian isolates formed multiple clades with two haplotypes. The present isolates showed 99.49-100.00% nucleotide homology within themselves. On broader line, Indian isolates were found to be closer to Egyptian isolates than the African counterparts. Few of the Indian isolates showed marked resemblance with a particular Egyptian isolate than with their Indian counter parts. Another remarkable finding is the close association of equine isolates from India with other equine isolates and their clear divergence from isolates of T. evansi affecting other hosts from India and abroad. CONCLUSION Vast genetic divergence was seen between the isolates suggesting of multiple distinct lineages of T. evansi amongst the Indian livestock. Interestingly, variations in sequences were seen based on the host range of isolates. The findings are very important from molecular evolutionary point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Singh Gaur
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Daya Shanker
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Vikrant Sudan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India.
| | - Sanjhi Paliwal
- College of Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Shanker Singh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Ashutosh Jadaun
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Dharapura, Dholpur, India
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Boutellis A, Bellabidi M, Benaissa MH, Harrat Z, Brahmi K, Drali R, Kernif T. New Haplotypes of Trypanosoma evansi Identified in Dromedary Camels from Algeria. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:294-302. [PMID: 33389544 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Surra is a zoonotic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi (Trypanozoon), a salivary trypanosome native to Africa which affects a wide range of mammals worldwide and causes mortality and significant economic loss. The present study was devoted to the molecular characterization of T. evansi derived from naturally infected dromedary camels in Algeria. METHODS A total of 148 blood samples were collected from mixed age camels living in one of four geographic regions (Ouargla, El Oued, Biskra and Ghardaia) of Algeria. Samples underwent PCR amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) complete sequence. RESULTS DNA of Trypanosoma spp. was found in 19 camels (12.84%). Trypanosoma spp. molecular positivity was not affected by sex (p = 0.50), age (p = 0.08), or geographic location (p = 0.12). Based on multiple sequence alignment of the obtained DNA sequences with representative T. evansi ITS1 sequences available globally, the Algerian sequences were grouped within four different haplotypes including two which were original. CONCLUSION Results of this study provide preliminary data on which future studies of genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of T. evansi can be based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Boutellis
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Et Environnement: Interaction, Génomes, Faculté Des Sciences Biologiques, Université Des Sciences Et de La Technologie Houari Boumediene Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Meriem Bellabidi
- Faculté Des Sciences de La Nature Et de La Vie, Laboratoire Des Bio Ressources Sahariennes, Université Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, 30000, Ouargla, Algeria
- Laboratoire D'Eco-Épidémiologie Parasitaire Et Génétique Des Populations, Institut Pasteur D'Algérie, 01 Rue du Petit Staouéli Dely-Brahim, 16302, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Hocine Benaissa
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique Et Technique Sur Les Régions Arides (CRSTRA), 30002, Touggourt, Algeria
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratoire D'Eco-Épidémiologie Parasitaire Et Génétique Des Populations, Institut Pasteur D'Algérie, 01 Rue du Petit Staouéli Dely-Brahim, 16302, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Karima Brahmi
- Faculté Des Sciences Biologiques Et Des Sciences Agronomiques, Département de Biologie, Université Mouloud Mammeri, 15000, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Rezak Drali
- Plateforme Génomique, Bioinformatique, Institut Pasteur D'Algérie, 16302, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Tahar Kernif
- Laboratoire D'Eco-Épidémiologie Parasitaire Et Génétique Des Populations, Institut Pasteur D'Algérie, 01 Rue du Petit Staouéli Dely-Brahim, 16302, Algiers, Algeria.
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Comparative pathology of mice infected with high and low virulence of Indonesian Trypanosoma evansi isolates. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:502-511. [PMID: 34295049 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice infected with T. evansi cause various clinical manifestations and histopathological changes. The aim of this study was to compare the histopathological lesions of mice infected with T. evansi Bang 87 isolates (high virulence) and Pml 287 isolates (low virulence). A total of 15 susceptible mice (DDY) were divided into three groups (five mice/group): Groups I and II each were infected with 104 T. evansi of high virulence (Bang87) and low virulence (Pml 287), respectively, whereas group III served as a control group. A total of three mice from group I, and one mouse from each group II and III were killed at 4 dpi. A total of two mice from each group II and III were killed at 24 dpi. Two remaining mice from each group were observed until succumb. Mice of group I and group II at 4 dpi showed no gross lesions. However, mice of group I showed very acute animal death at 5 dpi and showed mild to moderate histopathological lesions at 4 dpi, namely non-suppurative encephalitis, non-suppurative pneumonia, hepatitis non-suppurative with intravascular trypanosomiasis, tubular degeneration and necrosis. Group II showed chronic death at 26 dpi with significant gross pathological changes at 24 dpi in spleen (swelling 10 times than normal size) accompanied by severe non-suppurative encephalitis, cholangiohepatitis non-suppurative and bile duct proliferation, diffused splenic necrosis. The result of this study is expected to be used as a basis for improved treatment management in cattle infected with high virulence T. evansi isolates that are need to be handled appropriately to avoid fatal consequences.
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Keita ML, Medkour H, Sambou M, Dahmana H, Mediannikov O. Tabanids as possible pathogen vectors in Senegal (West Africa). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:500. [PMID: 33004069 PMCID: PMC7528383 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species of the Tabanidae are potent vectors of human and animal diseases, but they have not been thoroughly investigated to date. In Senegal (West Africa), little information is available on these dipterans. Our objective in this study was to investigate Senegalese tabanids and their diversity by using molecular and proteomics approaches, as well as their associated pathogens. METHODS A total of 171 female tabanids were collected, including 143 from Casamance and 28 from Niokolo-Koba. The samples were identified morphologically by PCR sequencing and by MALDI-TOF MS, and PCR analysis was employed for pathogen detection and blood-meal characterization. RESULTS The morphological identification revealed four species concordantly with the molecular identification: Atylotus fuscipes (79.5%), Tabanus guineensis (16.4%), Chrysops distinctipennis (3.5%) and Tabanus taeniola (0.6%) (not identified by PCR). The molecular investigation of pathogens revealed the presence of Trypanosoma theileri (6.6%), Leishmania donovani (6.6%), Setaria digitata (1.5%), Rickettsia spp. (5.1%) and Anaplasmataceae bacteria (0.7%) in A. fuscipes. Tabanus guineensis was positive for L. donovani (35.7%), S. digitata (3.6%) and Anaplasmataceae (17.8%). Leishmania donovani has been detected in 50% of C. distinctipennis specimens and the only T. taeniola specimen. No Piroplasmida, Mansonella spp. or Coxeilla burnetii DNA was detected. In addition to humans (96.43%), Chlorocebus sabeus, a non-human primate, has been identified as a host of (3.57%) analysed tabanids. MALDI-TOF MS enabled us to correctly identify all tabanid species that had good quality spectra and to create a database for future identification. CONCLUSIONS Tabanids in Senegal could be vectors of several pathogens threatening animal and public health. To fully characterize these dipterans, it is therefore necessary that researchers in entomology and infectiology employ molecular characterization and mass spectrometric techniques such as MALDI-TOF MS to analyse these dipterans in Senegal and West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Lamine Keita
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEФI), Marseille, France
- UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Hacène Medkour
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEФI), Marseille, France
- UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Masse Sambou
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
- Vectors-Tropical and Mediterranean Infections (VITROME), Campus International, UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Handi Dahmana
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEФI), Marseille, France
- UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEФI), Marseille, France.
- UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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Parasitological and molecular detection of Trypanosoma spp. in cattle, goats and sheep in Somalia. Parasitology 2020; 147:1786-1791. [PMID: 32951618 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202000178x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects the livestock of 12.3 million Somalis and constrains their development and wellbeing. There is missing data on AAT in the country after the civil war of the 1990s. Therefore, this study has aimed to assess the prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. in 614 blood samples from cattle (n = 202), goats (n = 206) and sheep (n = 206) in Afgoye and Jowhar districts, Somalia using parasitological and molecular methods. Twenty-one out of 614 (3.4%; 95% CI: 2.1-5.2%) and 101/614 (16.4%; 95% CI: 13.6-19.6%) ruminants were positive for Trypanosoma spp. by buffy coat technique (BCT) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Using ITS1-PCR, the highest prevalence was observed in cattle (23.8%; 95% CI: 18.4-30.1%) followed by goats (17.5%; 95% CI: 12.9-23.3%) and sheep (8.3%; 95% CI: 5.1-12.9%). A total of 74/101 (73.3%; 95% CI: 63.5-81.6%) ruminants were shown coinfection with at least two Trypanosome species. The four T. brucei-positive samples have tested negative for T. b. rhodesiense, by the human-serum-resistance-associated-PCR. Trypanosoma evansi, T. godfreyi, T. vivax, T. brucei, T. simiae and T. congolense were the Trypanosoma species found in this study. This is the first study on the molecular detection of Trypanosoma sp. in ruminants in Somalia. Further investigations and control measures are needed to manage Trypanosomiasis spreading in the country. Studies should also focus on the detection of T. b. rhodesiense in the country.
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Uzcanga GL, Bubis J. Dominant IgM synthesis against the soluble form of the prevailing variant surface glycoprotein from TeAp-N/D1 Trypanosoma equiperdum throughout the experimental acute infections of horses with non-tsetse transmitted Trypanozoon parasites. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2020; 41:745-760. [PMID: 32522083 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1778029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two horses were infected with distinct non-tsetse transmitted Trypanozoon Venezuelan stocks, namely TeAp-N/D1 Trypanosoma equiperdum and TeAp-El Frio01 Trypanosoma evansi. Preceding reports have revealed that a 64-kDa antigenic glycopolypeptide (p64), which is the soluble form of the predominant variant surface glycoprotein from TeAp-N/D1 T. equiperdum, can be used as a good antigen for immunodiagnosis of animal trypanosomosis. Here, the course of the experimental acute infection in both horses was monitored by evaluating total anti-p64 IgG and particular anti-p64 γ-specific IgG and μ-specific IgM isotypes in sera using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Both equines showed a maximum of whole anti-p64 antibody generation, which dropped to readings below the maximum but always above the positive cutoff point. Levels of specific IgG and IgM isotypes oscillated throughout the course of the experiments. Essentially, the γ-specific IgG response remained very close to the cutoff point, whereas the μ-specific IgM response displayed values that were mostly above the positive cutoff point, showing a major peak that coincided with the maximum of complete anti-p64 IgG production. These results showed that horses infected with non-tsetse transmitted Trypanozoon parasites developed an immune reaction characterized by a dominant IgM generation against the p64 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela L Uzcanga
- Departamento De Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas, Venezuela.,Facultad De Ciencias De La Salud, Universidad Técnica De Manabí , Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - José Bubis
- Departamento De Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas, Venezuela
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Li Z, Pinto Torres JE, Goossens J, Stijlemans B, Sterckx YGJ, Magez S. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow assay for the detection of active Trypanosoma evansi infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008044. [PMID: 32069278 PMCID: PMC7048301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma evansi is known as "surra" and is a widespread neglected tropical disease affecting wild and domestic animals mainly in South America, the Middle East, North Africa and Asia. An essential necessity for T. evansi infection control is the availability of reliable and sensitive diagnostic tools. While DNA-based PCR detection techniques meet these criteria, most of them require well-trained and experienced users as well as a laboratory environment allowing correct protocol execution. As an alternative, we developed a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) test for Type A T. evansi. The technology uses an isothermal nucleic acid amplification approach that is simple, fast, cost-effective and is suitable for use in minimally equipped laboratories and even field settings. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS An RPA assay targeting the T. evansi RoTat1.2 VSG gene was designed for the DNA-based detection of T. evansi. Comparing post-amplification visualization by agarose gel electrophoresis and a lateral flow (LF) format reveals that the latter displays a higher sensitivity. The RPA-LF assay is specific for RoTat1.2-expressing strains of T. evansi as it does not detect the genomic DNA of other trypanosomatids. Finally, experimental mouse infection trials demonstrate that the T. evansi specific RPA-LF can be employed as a test-of-cure tool. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Compared to other DNA-based parasite detection methods (such as PCR and LAMP), the T. evansi RPA-LF (TevRPA-LF) described in this paper is an interesting alternative because of its simple read-out (user-friendly), short execution time (15 minutes), experimental sensitivity of 100 fg purified genomic T. evansi DNA, and ability to be carried out at a moderate, constant temperature (39°C). Therefore, the TevRPA-LF is an interesting tool for the detection of active T. evansi infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Li
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Campus Drie Eiken, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Joar Esteban Pinto Torres
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Goossens
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit Stijlemans
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yann G.-J. Sterckx
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp (UA), Campus Drie Eiken, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Elata A, Mossaad E, Satti R, Matar N, Ohari Y, Xuan X, Inoue N, Suganuma K. Serological and molecular detection of selected hemoprotozoan parasites in donkeys in West Omdurman, Khartoum State, Sudan. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:286-293. [PMID: 31969541 PMCID: PMC7118482 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In Sudan, donkeys are important animals, providing transportation and income
possibilities. However, the prevalence of parasites in donkeys in Sudan has not been
thoroughly characterized. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to detect selected
hemoprotozoan parasites in donkeys in West Omdurman, Khartoum State, Sudan, wherein people
depend mainly on donkeys for their daily life. In total, 198 blood samples collected from
donkeys in a local market in West Omdurman, were screened using serological and molecular
diagnostic techniques. Serologically, 52 (26.3%), 56 (28.3%), and 19 (9.6%) samples were
positive for trypanosomosis using Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosoma
evansi, Trypanosoma evansi crude antigen -based enzyme-linked
immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and recombinant Trypanosoma evansi
GM6-4r-based ELISA, respectively. ELISA for equine piroplasmosis revealed 156 (78.8%) and
10 (5.1%)Theileria equi- and Babesia caballi-positive
samples, respectively. PCR detected Trypanosoma congolense, subgenus
Trypanozoon, Theileria equi, and Babesia caballi in 18
(9.1%), 77 (38.9%), 18 (9.1%), and 8 (4%) samples, respectively. Of the 77
Trypanozoon-positive samples, 35 (45.5%) were confirmed as
Trypanosoma evansi type A. To our knowledge, this is the first report
of detection of Trypanosoma congolense in donkeys outside of
tsetse-infested areas in Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afraa Elata
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 13314, Sudan
| | - Ehab Mossaad
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, P.O. Box 204, Sudan
| | - Rawan Satti
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, P.O. Box 204, Sudan
| | - Nadia Matar
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, P.O. Box 204, Sudan
| | - Yuma Ohari
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Hassan-Kadle AA, Ibrahim AM, Nyingilili HS, Yusuf AA, Vieira TSWJ, Vieira RFC. Parasitological, serological and molecular survey of camel trypanosomiasis in Somalia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:598. [PMID: 31864389 PMCID: PMC6925896 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Camel trypanosomiasis or surra is of great concern in Somalia, since the country possesses the largest one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) population in the world. Civil war in Somalia has resulted in the destruction of educational, research, economic and social structures, making the country scores very low for most humanitarian indicators. Previous studies on detection of Trypanosoma species in Somali camels have only been performed during the 1990s using standard trypanosome detection methods (STDM). Considering the lack of state-of-the-art knowledge on camel trypanosomiasis in Somalia, the present study aimed to assess the prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. in three districts of Somalia. Methods A total of 182 blood samples from C. dromedarius from nomadic and dairy farms were evaluated using STDM, serological (CATT/T. evansi) and molecular (ITS1-PCR) methods. Results All samples were negative for Trypanosoma spp. by STDM. A total of 125/182 (68.7%, 95% CI: 61.4–75.3%) camels were seropositive for T. evansi by CATT/T. evansi. Camels reared in nomadic system were more likely to be seropositive for T. evansi than those under dairy production system (OR: 5.6, 95% CI: 2.1–15.2, P = 0.0001). Five out of 182 (2.7%, 95% CI: 0.9–6.3%) camels tested positive for Trypanosoma sp. by ITS1-PCR. Sequencing of the ITS1 region of the Trypanosoma species detected herein revealed that camels were infected with T. evansi and T. simiae. Conclusions Trypanosoma evansi is highly prevalent in camels from the Banadir region of Somalia, particularly in nomadic herds. To our knowledge, this is the first study to confirm infections with T. evansi and T. simiae in Somali camels through DNA sequencing. Our data highlight the need for implementation of adequate control measures aiming to reduce the impact on camel production in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Hassan-Kadle
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Abdalla M Ibrahim
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | | | - Abdulkarim A Yusuf
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael F C Vieira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. .,Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Boushaki D, Adel A, Dia ML, Büscher P, Madani H, Brihoum BA, Sadaoui H, Bouayed N, Kechemir Issad N. Epidemiological investigations on Trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels in the South of Algeria. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02086. [PMID: 31372547 PMCID: PMC6656995 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemiological study of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) infection in dromedaries was conducted in four wilayate (localities) of Southern Algeria: Béchar, El Bayadh, Ouargla, Tamanrasset. Between February 2014 and April 2016, 1056 camels of different ages and both sexes from 84 herds were sampled. The prevalence was determined through parasitological examination (Giemsa stained thin smear, GST), serological tests (CATT/T. evansi, ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2, immune trypanolysis), and molecular tests (T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR and T. evansi type B specific EVAB PCR). The overall prevalence was 2.4 % with GST, 32.4% with CATT/T. evansi, 23.1% with ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2, 21.0% with immune trypanolysis (TL), 11.2 % with RoTat 1.2 PCR and 0% with EVAB PCR. El Bayadh was the most affected wilaya with 11.8% positives in GST, 74.9% in CATT/T. evansi, 70.1% in ELISA/VSG RoTat 1.2 and 62.2% in immune trypanolysis. Only in Béchar, a non-significantly higher prevalence (13.6%) was observed with RoTat1.2 PCR than in El Bayadh (13.0%). We didn't find any evidence of the presence of T. evansi type B in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Boushaki
- Inspection Vétérinaire de la Wilaya d’Alger, Direction des Services Agricoles, Ministère de l’Agriculture, du Développement Rural et de la Pêche, Alger, Algeria
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
- Laboratoire de biodiversité et environnement, Interaction génomes, Faculté des sciences biologiques, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediène, Alger, Algeria
| | - Amel Adel
- Université Blida1, Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, B.P. 270, Route de Soumaa, Blida, Algeria
| | | | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hafsa Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Brahim Aymard Brihoum
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Vétérinaire Régional, Laghouat, Algeria
| | - Hassiba Sadaoui
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Nadera Bouayed
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Alger, Algeria
| | - Nadia Kechemir Issad
- Laboratoire de biodiversité et environnement, Interaction génomes, Faculté des sciences biologiques, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediène, Alger, Algeria
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Evaluation of Trypanosama evansi prevalence and risk factors in the one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) of the north-east of Iran by a real-time PCR test. Prev Vet Med 2019; 168:60-65. [PMID: 31097124 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Surra caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is an economically damaging disease of livestock including camels, horses, and buffaloes. The disease is transmitted by arthropod flies belonging to family tabanidae. The clinical signs of affected animals include recurrent fever, progressive anemia, cachexia, edema, and abortion. In order to determine the point prevalence of Surra in the camel population of north-east of Iran, 152 blood samples from one-humped camels were collected by multiple cluster sampling methods from three provinces, namely, Razavi Khorasan (R.Kh.), Northern Khorasan (N.Kh.), and Southern Khorasan (S.Kh.). The nucleic acid extracted from the buffy coat of each blood sample was analyzed by SYBR green real-time PCR test for the detection of T. evansi in the blood samples. T. evansi was detected in 10 out of 152 camel blood samples (6.5%) with a prevalence rate of 8.6, 9.3, and 1.4 percent in R.Kh., N.Kh., and S.Kh. provinces, respectively. The prevalence of the disease decreased from north to south in the Khorasan provinces. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that among risk factors influencing Surra in the camel population, location was the most remarkable risk factor. Different geographical conditions, climate change, and the amount of raining can be considered as the factors affecting Surra vector population from north to south, resulting in a decrease in the rate of the prevalence of Surra from north to south.
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Mossaad E, Salim B, Suganuma K, Hassan MA, Davaasuren B, Elamin EA, Bakhiet AO, Satti RA, Xuan X, Musinguzi SP, Inoue N. Utilization of crude and recombinant ELISAs for serodiagnosis of camel trypanosomosis in Sudan. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 16:100278. [PMID: 31027599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the application of CATT/T. evansi, crude and recombinant (TeGM6-4r) antigen ELISAs in the diagnosis of camel trypanosomosis caused by two trypanosome species, T. evansi and T. vivax, in Sudan. Concurrently, the current situation of camel trypanosomosis was investigated based on the results of a serological analysis. The recombinant tandem repeat antigen TeGM6-4r is conserved among salivarian trypanosome species and was highly sensitive in the detection Trypanozoon, and T. vivax. It has been validated in the diagnosis of surra in cattle and water buffalo but not in camels. A comparative evaluation of a crude antigen ELISA and a recombinant antigen GM6 (rTeGM6-4r) ELISA was performed using 189 blood samples, which included 148 samples obtained from different camel herds in Eastern Sudan and 41 samples from camels that had been brought from Western Sudan to local markets. The results showed that the rTeGM6-4r ELISA detected the greatest number of positive samples (n = 118, 62%), while CATT/T. evansi and the crude antigen ELISA detected the lowest number of positive samples (n = 73, 39%). The kappa value of rTeGM6-4r as compared to TeCA ELISA was 0.5515, which indicated moderate agreement. We concluded that the rTeGM6-4r ELISA is the test of choice for use in screening camel for trypanosomosis caused by T. evansi and T. vivax in Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mossaad
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Bashir Salim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, 13314 Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Mohammed A Hassan
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Animal Resources Research Corporation, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Batdorj Davaasuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Elgailani A Elamin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, 13314 Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Amel O Bakhiet
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rawan A Satti
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Simon Peter Musinguzi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University - Western Campus, P.O.Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Aregawi WG, Agga GE, Abdi RD, Büscher P. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:67. [PMID: 30704516 PMCID: PMC6357473 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surra is an animal trypanosomosis, caused by infection with Trypanosoma evansi and leading to severe economic loss due to mortality and morbidity. Compared to tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomoses, little attention is given to the epidemiology and control of surra. Understanding its epidemiology is a first step in local and global efforts to control the disease. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on distribution, host ranges and prevalence of T. evansi infection. METHODS Four electronic databases were searched for publications on T. evansi that met our inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Subsets of publications were subjected to meta-analysis for the pooled prevalence of T. evansi in various hosts as determined by multiple detection methods. RESULTS A total of 272 references published between 1906-2017 were included. Trypanosoma evansi was reported from 48 countries; largely confined to Africa and Asia with publications on natural T. evansi infections from 77% (n = 48) of countries, contrasting with seven countries in South America, and four in Europe where T. evansi is not endemic but was imported with infected animals. Although surra is a notifiable disease, many countries do not report surra cases to OIE. Trypanosoma evansi was mainly reported from dromedary camels in Africa and the Middle East, water buffaloes, cattle, dogs and horses in East and Southeast Asia. In South America, the acute form of the disease was reported in horses and dogs. Surra was also reported in a wide range of wild animals. Some rare human cases occurred in India and Vietnam. Meta-analysis on a subset of 165 publications indicated pooled prevalence of T. evansi in domestic animals ranging from 14-31%, 6-28% and 2-9% using respectively antibody detection, molecular and parasitological tests, with camels as the most affected, followed by buffalo and cattle. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates that T. evansi affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals in Africa, Asia and South America with highest prevalence observed in dromedary camels. For successful control of T. evansi, both locally and globally, the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of surra needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weldegebrial G. Aregawi
- Werer Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Werer, Afar Ethiopia
| | - Getahun E. Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bowling Green, KY USA
| | - Reta D. Abdi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY USA
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Alanazi AD, Puschendorf R, Salim B, Alyousif MS, Alanazi IO, Al-shehri HR. Molecular detection of equine trypanosomiasis in the Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:942-945. [PMID: 30204053 PMCID: PMC6505846 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718798688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study to detect trypanosome infections of horses and donkeys in the Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia. DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from 368 horses and 142 donkeys, and subjected to universal first ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1)-PCR followed by Trypanosoma evansi species-specific RoTat1.2-PCR. The universal ITS1-PCR revealed T. evansi infection in horses ( n = 12; 3.3%) and donkeys ( n = 4; 2.8%). There was no significant effect of sex or age on the prevalence of trypanosomiasis in horses or donkeys. Application of the RoTat1.2-PCR revealed that the RoTat1.2 VSG gene was absent from the positive ITS1-PCR samples of 3 horses and 1 donkey. This discrepancy could be explained by the circulation of T. evansi type B in Saudi Arabia; however, this suspicion requires confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah D. Alanazi
- Abdullah D. Alanazi, Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 1040, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Robert Puschendorf
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK (Puschendorf)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan (Salim)
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alyousif)
- The National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (Al-shehri)
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
| | - Bashir Salim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK (Puschendorf)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan (Salim)
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alyousif)
- The National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (Al-shehri)
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
| | - Mohamed S. Alyousif
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK (Puschendorf)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan (Salim)
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alyousif)
- The National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (Al-shehri)
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
| | - Ibrahim O. Alanazi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK (Puschendorf)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan (Salim)
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alyousif)
- The National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (Al-shehri)
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
| | - Hajri R. Al-shehri
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK (Puschendorf)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan (Salim)
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alyousif)
- The National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK (Al-shehri)
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi, Saudi Arabia (Alanazi)
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Salim B, Hayashida K, Mossaad E, Nakao R, Yamagishi J, Sugimoto C. Development and validation of direct dry loop mediated isothermal amplification for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi. Vet Parasitol 2018; 260:53-57. [PMID: 30197015 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-tsetse transmitted Trypanosoma evansi infection (Surra) is one of the most important diseases of camels in north and east Africa and of buffalo and cattle in Asia. Early, accurate and feasible diagnosis is a crucial step towards the control of Surra. Dry format of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) diagnostics for the detection of T. evansi was developed, where the detection limit was determined as to equivalent to one parasite per reaction. The assay was validated by testing blood from 48 camels clinically diagnosed to have Surra, which all tested negative microscopically and revealed 43 (89.6%) to be positive for T. evansi when tested by the dry-LAMP. Furthermore, DNA extracted from a randomly selected subset of 20 of these blood samples were then subjected to RoTat1.2-PCR (TaKara Ex Taq), with 14 matching results, with six that were positive by dry-LAMP and negative by PCR. The kappa value of dry-LAMP applied to direct blood was 0.4211, indicating moderate agreement to RoTat 1.2-PCR. In addition, 103 genomic DNA extracted from camels' blood were tested by both dry-LAMP and RoTat1.2-PCR revealed 67 matching results and 31 positive by dry-LAMP and negative by PCR and a further five positives by PCR and negative by dry-LAMP. This novel dry-LAMP method is more sensitive than conventional PCR, direct (without DNA extraction step), is user friendly and does not require cold chain or highly trained personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Salim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan; Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- Department of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Ehab Mossaad
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Department of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Department of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.
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Alanazi AD. Parasitological and Molecular Detection of Canine Trypanosomiasis From Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. J Parasitol 2018; 104:539-543. [PMID: 29990441 DOI: 10.1645/18-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is the most widespread of the pathogenic salivarian trypanosomes; it causes a serious disease called surra that affects domestic animals such as camels, horses, and dogs, and often leads to reduced productivity and economic losses. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence rates of trypanosomiasis using 3 parasitological tests (wet blood film, Giemsa staining, and microhematocrit centrifugation technique) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) among stray dogs from Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. In the current study, 117 dog blood samples collected from certain districts of Riyadh Province showed that 5 of 117 dogs (4.3%) were positive for the genus Trypanosoma. In addition, the findings indicated no effect of dog gender or age on parasite infection. For a more specific diagnosis, PCR amplification of the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in 5 internal transcribed spacer1-positive samples diagnosed with Trypanosoma indicated that 2 were positive for RoTat 1.2 T. evansi. The absence of the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in 3 of the 5 T. evansi-positive samples could be explained by the circulation of T. evansi type B in dogs from Saudi Arabia. Thus, this is the first study demonstrating T. evansi type B outside of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah D Alanazi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 1040, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia
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Elhaig MM, Sallam NH. Molecular survey and characterization of Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected camels with suspicion of a Trypanozoon infection in horses by molecular detection in Egypt. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:201-205. [PMID: 30016680 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In Egypt, although the Trypanosoma evansi has been reported frequently among domestic animals, there is no published data on T. evansi in horses. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and characterization of T. evansi in three governorates by examining blood samples from 40 local camels, 35 imported camels, 25 horses and 10 donkeys by PCR targeting the sequences of TBR and RoTat 1.2VSG. The overall prevalence of T. evansi was 54.5% and 21.8% by TBR PCR and RoTat 1.2VSG PCR, respectively. The TBR PCR detected T. evansi in 60% and 71.4%, respectively, of local and imported camels and in 10% and 40% of donkeys and horses, respectively. For RoTat 1.2VSG PCR, T. evansi was detected in 32.5% and 31.4 of local and imported camels, respectively. All horses and donkeys were negative by RoTat 1.2VSG PCR. TBR PCR was superior to RoTat 1.2VSG PCR in T. evansi infection detection. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of the infection were observed on the basis of body condition and location. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, based on RoTat 1.2VSG, confirmed the presence of T. evansi, which was closely related to Egyptian and Indian isolates. In conclusion, TBR PCR is the best assay to monitor T. evansi infections in camels, horses, and donkeys. The presence of T. evansi in horses and donkeys possibly play a role in the transport of the infection to camels. This is the first report of T. evansi infection in horses in Egypt using TBR PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Elhaig
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Nahla H Sallam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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DEVI ANJALI, SHANKER DAYA, SUDAN VIKRANT, JAISWAL AMIT, SINGH AMIT, CHAUDHARY MAHENDRAKUMAR. Phylogenetic studies on RoTat 1.2 VSG of Trypanosoma evansi isolate from semi arid India. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i2.79290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RoTat 1.2 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is considered to be one of the most important VSGs expressed in many of the isolates of Trypanosoma evansi. This accounts for its utility as a potent molecule for both molecular and serological based detection of Surra. Of late, there are reports of its absence and variation from a fewer isolates of T. evansi. The study of these variations by means of molecular phylogenetic studies is of immense significance in determining the evolutionary phylogeny of these T. evansi isolates. With this information in the background, the present study was designed to clone and characterize RoTat 1.2 VSG from horse isolate of T. evansi from semi arid regions of India. There after, the gene was compared with various other isolates across the world. Interestingly, theisolate was found to be closer to camel isolates from Egypt than the other known isolates from India and Kenya. The finding is important from evolutionary point of view.
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Muhanguzi D, Mugenyi A, Bigirwa G, Kamusiime M, Kitibwa A, Akurut GG, Ochwo S, Amanyire W, Okech SG, Hattendorf J, Tweyongyere R. African animal trypanosomiasis as a constraint to livestock health and production in Karamoja region: a detailed qualitative and quantitative assessment. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:355. [PMID: 29178951 PMCID: PMC5702144 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nagana (African Animal Trypanosomiasis-AAT) and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) constrain livestock production in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa. To this realisation, Uganda government set up an African trypanosomiasis (AT) control unit, which among other activities generates national tsetse control priority maps using apparent tsetse density data. Such maps underestimate mechanically transmitted AAT and thus ought to be refined using actual AT prevalence data. We therefore set out to generate up-to-date cattle and donkey trypanosomiasis prevalence data as well as find out the constraints to livestock production in Karamoja region in a bid to re-define AT control priority in this region. RESULTS Livestock keepers and animal health workers indicated that TBDs and AAT were the most important livestock diseases in Karamoja region. The prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. in cattle and donkeys was 16.3% (95% CI: 12.4-21.1%) and 32.4% (95% CI; 20.2-47.6%) respectively. Trypanosoma vivax (12.1%) and Trypanosoma congolense savannah (29.6%) were the most prevalent Trypanosoma spp. in cattle and donkeys respectively. Majority of the cattle (85.7%) and more than half of the donkey (57.1%) herds were positive for Trypanosoma spp. CONCLUSIONS African animal trypanosomiasis and TBDs are the most important constraints to livestock production in Karamoja region. In order to improve livestock production and hence Karamajong livelihoods, government of Uganda and her development partners will need to invest in livestock health programs particularly targeting tsetse and TBD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Muhanguzi
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Albert Mugenyi
- Coordinating Office for Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Plot 78, Buganda Road, P. O. Box: 16345 Wandegeya, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Godfrey Bigirwa
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Ann Kitibwa
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grace Gloria Akurut
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Wilson Amanyire
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel George Okech
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, -4002 Basel, CH Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Tweyongyere
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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The incrimination of three trypanosome species in clinically affected German shepherd dogs in Sudan. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2921-2925. [PMID: 28856450 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine trypanosomosisis (CT) is a common disease caused by tsetse- and non-tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes worldwide. The severity of the disease varies from acute, sub-acute to chronic with non-specific clinical signs. Here, we attempt in a cross-sectional study to assess the current situation of CT and the role of dogs in transmitting trypanosomes to other domesticated animals. The study was carried out during July 2016 on 50 caged German shepherd dogs in Khartoum State to investigate the prevalence of dog trypanosomosis using both serological (CATT/Trypanosoma evansi) and molecular (KIN-PCR, RoTat1.2 VSG-PCR and TviCatL-PCR) tests to detect possible trypanosome infections. CATT/T. evansi detected antibodies against T. evansi in 15 (30%) dogs, while parasite DNA was detected in 17 (34%) dogs by RoTat1.2 PCR. In contrast, a KIN-PCR detected the subgenus Trypanozoon, Trypanosoma congolense savannah, T. congolense Kenya and T. vivax in 36 (72%), 3 (6%), 1 (2%), and 2 (4%) dogs, respectively. However, a species-specific PCR for Trypanosoma vivax was detected 7 (14%) positive cases. We concluded that CT was caused by at least three species of trypanosomes, namely T. evansi, T. vivax and T. congolense. Trypanozoon other than T. evansi could not be ruled out since other tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes have also been detected and species-specific PCRs were not used. This study illustrates that dogs play an important role in the transmission dynamic and the epidemiology of the abovementioned trypanosome species.
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Sudan V, Jaiswal AK, Shanker D, Verma AK. First report of molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of RoTat 1.2 VSG of Trypanosoma evansi from equine isolate. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1793-1796. [PMID: 28831704 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rotat 1.2 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is considered to be an important VSG expressed in most of the isolates of Trypanosoma evansi. This makes the molecule an important candidate for both molecular- and serological-based detection of surra. There are ample reports of existence of this gene in isolates from cattle, buffalo, and camel across the world. Of late, there are reports of its absence from a fewer isolates of T. evansi of murine and wildlife origin. Search of literature revealed no reports from horses. The present communication presents the first report of molecular cloning and characterization of Rotat 1.2 VSG from horse isolate of T. evansi from semi-arid region of India. Alongside, the gene was compared with various other isolates across the world. Interestingly, the isolate was found to be closer to camel isolates from Egypt than the other known isolates from India and Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Sudan
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Daya Shanker
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Candiani D, Beltrán Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Trypanosoma evansi infections (including Surra). EFSA J 2017; 15:e04892. [PMID: 32625557 PMCID: PMC7010157 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi infections (including Surra) have been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of T. evansi infections (including Surra) to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of T. evansi infections (including Surra) according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to T. evansi infections (including Surra). The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, it is inconclusive whether T. evansi infections (including Surra) can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL because there was no full consensus on the criterion 5 A(v). Consequently, the assessment on compliance of T. evansi infections (including Surra) with the criteria as in sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1) is also inconclusive, as well as which animal species can be considered to be listed for T. evansi infections (including Surra) according to Article 8(3) of the AHL.
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Mossaad E, Salim B, Suganuma K, Musinguzi P, Hassan MA, Elamin EA, Mohammed GE, Bakhiet AO, Xuan X, Satti RA, Inoue N. Trypanosoma vivax is the second leading cause of camel trypanosomosis in Sudan after Trypanosoma evansi. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:176. [PMID: 28403897 PMCID: PMC5390396 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted in response to recurring reports from eastern Sudan of camel trypanosomosis that can no longer be treated by currently available trypanocidal drugs. One hundred and eighty-nine blood samples were obtained from camels in different herds and local markets in the western part of Sudan, and a cross-sectional study was carried out between December 2015 and February 2016 to identify the causative agents and possible circulating genotypes. RESULTS The prevalence of trypanosomes detected using the conventional parasitological techniques of Giemsa-stained blood smears, wet blood smears and the microhematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) was 7% (13/189), 11% (21/189) and 19% (36/189), respectively. However, a multi-species KIN-PCR targeting the ITS region revealed that the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi was 37% (70/189), while that of T. vivax was 25% (47/189). Consequently, we used a T. evansi-specific PCR (RoTat1.2 VSG gene) to analyse the KIN-PCR-positive samples and a T. vivax-specific PCR (Cathepsin L-like gene) to analyse all of the samples. The prevalence of T. evansi was 59% (41/70), while the prevalence of T. vivax was 31% (59/189). Mixed infections were detected in 18% (34/189) of the samples. These results were further confirmed by sequencing and a phylogenetic analysis of the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of T. evansi and the TviCatL gene of T. vivax. CONCLUSION We conclude that T. vivax was newly introduced to the camel population and that T. evansi is no longer the single cause of camel trypanosomosis in Sudan. The presence of T. vivax in camels detected in this study is a challenge in the choice of diagnostic approaches, particularly serology, and PCRs. However, an analysis of drug resistance should be performed, and the genotypic variation should be verified. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular study on T. vivax and mixed-infection with T. vivax and T. evansi in Sudanese camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mossaad
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Bashir Salim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O Box 32, Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Peter Musinguzi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Mohammed A. Hassan
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Animal Resources Research Corporation, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - E. A. Elamin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O Box 32, Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - G. E. Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Amel O. Bakhiet
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Rawan A. Satti
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Maganga GD, Mavoungou JF, N'dilimabaka N, Moussadji Kinga IC, Mvé-Ondo B, Mombo IM, Ngoubangoye B, Cossic B, Mikala Okouyi CS, Souza A, Leroy EM, Kumulungui B, Ollomo B. Molecular identification of trypanosome species in trypanotolerant cattle from the south of Gabon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:4. [PMID: 28145221 PMCID: PMC5780766 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide information on trypanosome species infecting trypanotolerant cattle from southern Gabon. The study was conducted on 224 trypanotolerant cattle from three regions located in southern Gabon, using ITS1 primer-based PCR. Seventy-two (32%) N'dama cattle were found polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive with trypanosomes. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 57% (63/110), 4% (4/100), and 36% (5/14) in the Gala section of the Nyanga ranch, the Miyama ranch, and Ossiele, respectively. Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax were identified. In Gala section and Ossiele, T. congolense and T. vivax were found. In the Miyama ranch, only T. vivax was identified. Mixed infections were also found. The forest (9%) and savannah (63%) subgroups of T. congolense were identified. The presence of the two subgroups was detected in 16 out of 56 cattle (29%). T. congolense and T. vivax would appear to be the main agents responsible for bovine trypanosomosis in southern Gabon. Although trypanotolerant, N'dama cattle may serve as a reservoir, and this should be further studied. On the other hand, these trypanotolerant cattle can be reared in such tsetse infested areas, which gives them an advantage compared to other trypanosensitive breeds, and this shows that they represent a key factor in biodiversity which has to be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Darren Maganga
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon - Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), BP 913 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jacques-François Mavoungou
- Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale (IRET-CENAREST), BP 13354 Libreville, Gabon - Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), BP 913 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Nadine N'dilimabaka
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Bertrand Mvé-Ondo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Illich Manfred Mombo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | - Clency Sylde Mikala Okouyi
- Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), BP 913 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Alain Souza
- Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), BP 913 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Eric Maurice Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Brice Kumulungui
- Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Institut National Supérieur d'Agronomie et de Biotechnologies (INSAB), BP 913 Franceville, Gabon
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon
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Takeet MI, Peters SO, Fagbemi BO, De Donato M, Takeet VO, Wheto M, Imumorin IG. Phylogeny of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected cattle in Nigeria by analysis of repetitive and ribosomal DNA sequences. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1235-40. [PMID: 27174432 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In continuing efforts to better understand the genetics of bovine trypanosomosis, we assessed genetic diversity of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected Nigerian cattle using repetitive DNA and internal transcribed spacer 1 of rDNA sequences and compared these sequences to species from other countries. The length of repetitive DNA sequences in both species ranged from 161 to 244 bp and 239 to 240 bp for T. brucei and T. evansi, respectively, while the ITS1 rDNA sequences length range from 299 to 364 bp. The mean GC content of ITS1 rDNA sequences was 33.57 %, and that of repetitive sequences were 39.9 and 31.1 % for T. brucei and T. evansi, respectively. Result from sequence alignment revealed both T. brucei and T. evansi repetitive DNA sequences to be more polymorphic than ITS1 rDNA sequences, with moderate points of deletion and insertions. T. brucei separated into two clades when subjected to phylogenetic analysis. T. evansi repetitive DNA sequences clustered tightly within the T. brucei clade while the ITS1 rDNA sequences of T. brucei were clearly separated from T. theileri and T. vivax individually used as outgroups. This study suggest that ITS1 rDNA sequences may not be suitable for phylogenetic differentiation of the Trypanozoon group and also suggest that T. evansi may be a phenotypic variant of T. brucei which may have potential implications in designing prevention and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Takeet
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Sunday O Peters
- Department of Animal Science, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, 30149, USA.,Department of Animal and Dairy sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin O Fagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Marcos De Donato
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Biomedicine, Universidad de Oriente, Cumana, Venezuela
| | - Vivian O Takeet
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Mathew Wheto
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Ikhide G Imumorin
- Animal Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, International Programs, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Birhanu H, Gebrehiwot T, Goddeeris BM, Büscher P, Van Reet N. New Trypanosoma evansi Type B Isolates from Ethiopian Dromedary Camels. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004556. [PMID: 27035661 PMCID: PMC4818106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma (T.) evansi is a dyskinetoplastic variant of T. brucei that has gained the ability to be transmitted by all sorts of biting flies. T. evansi can be divided into type A, which is the most abundant and found in Africa, Asia and Latin America and type B, which has so far been isolated only from Kenyan dromedary camels. This study aimed at the isolation and the genetic and phenotypic characterisation of type A and B T. evansi stocks from camels in Northern Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS T. evansi was isolated in mice by inoculation with the cryopreserved buffy coat of parasitologically confirmed animals. Fourteen stocks were thus isolated and subject to genotyping with PCRs targeting type-specific variant surface glycoprotein genes, mitochondrial minicircles and maxicircles, minisatellite markers and the F1-ATP synthase γ subunit gene. Nine stocks corresponded to type A, two stocks were type B and three stocks represented mixed infections between A and B, but not hybrids. One T. evansi type A stock was completely akinetoplastic. Five stocks were adapted to in vitro culture and subjected to a drug sensitivity assay with melarsomine dihydrochloride, diminazene diaceturate, isometamidium chloride and suramin. In vitro adaptation induced some loss of kinetoplasts within 60 days. No correlation between drug sensitivity and absence of the kinetoplast was observed. Sequencing the full coding sequence of the F1-ATP synthase γ subunit revealed new type-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms and deletions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study addresses some limitations of current molecular markers for T. evansi genotyping. Polymorphism within the F1-ATP synthase γ subunit gene may provide new markers to identify the T. evansi type that do not rely on variant surface glycoprotein genes or kinetoplast DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadush Birhanu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nick Van Reet
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
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50
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Birhanu H, Rogé S, Simon T, Baelmans R, Gebrehiwot T, Goddeeris BM, Büscher P. Surra Sero K-SeT, a new immunochromatographic test for serodiagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in domestic animals. Vet Parasitol 2015; 211:153-7. [PMID: 26012857 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of surra, infects different domestic and wild animals and has a wide geographical distribution. It is mechanically transmitted mainly by haematophagous flies. Parasitological techniques are commonly used for the diagnosis of surra but have limited sensitivity. Therefore, serodiagnosis based on the detection of T. evansi specific antibodies is recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Recently, we developed a new antibody detection test for the serodiagnosis of T. evansi infection, the Surra Sero K-SeT. Surra Sero K-SeT is an immunochromatographic test (ICT) that makes use of recombinant variant surface glycoprotein rVSG RoTat 1.2, produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris. In this study, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of the Surra Sero K-SeT and the Card Agglutination Test for T. evansi Trypanosomososis (CATT/T. evansi) with immune trypanolysis (TL) as reference test on a total of 806 sera from camels, water buffaloes, horses, bovines, sheep, dogs and alpacas. Test agreement was highest between Surra Sero K-SeT and TL (κ=0.91, 95% CI 0.841-0.979) and somewhat lower between CATT/T. evansi and TL (κ=0.85, 95% CI 0.785-0.922) and Surra Sero K-SeT and CATT/T. evansi (κ=0.81, 95% CI 0.742-0.878). The Surra Sero K-SeT displayed a somewhat lower overall specificity than CATT/T. evansi (94.8% versus 98.3%, χ(2)=13.37, p<0.001) but a considerably higher sensitivity (98.1% versus 84.4%, χ(2)=33.39, p<0.001). We conclude that the Surra Sero K-SeT may become an alternative for the CATT/T. evansi for sensitive detection of antibodies against T. evansi in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadush Birhanu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia; KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Rogé
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Simon
- Coris BioConcept, 4A rue Jean Sonet, B-5032 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Rudy Baelmans
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Applied Technology and Production, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tadesse Gebrehiwot
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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