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Thomas ACQ, Stead CA, Burniston JG, Phillips SM. Exercise-specific adaptations in human skeletal muscle: Molecular mechanisms of making muscles fit and mighty. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 223:341-356. [PMID: 39147070 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to a predominantly hypertrophied phenotype versus a predominantly oxidative phenotype, the hallmarks of resistance training (RT) or aerobic training (AT), respectively, are being unraveled. In humans, exposure of naïve persons to either AT or RT results in their skeletal muscle exhibiting generic 'exercise stress-related' signaling, transcription, and translation responses. However, with increasing engagement in AT or RT, the responses become refined, and the phenotype typically associated with each form of exercise emerges. Here, we review some of the mechanisms underpinning the adaptations of how muscles become, through AT, 'fit' and RT, 'mighty.' Much of our understanding of molecular exercise physiology has arisen from targeted analysis of post-translational modifications and measures of protein synthesis. Phosphorylation of specific residue sites has been a dominant focus, with canonical signaling pathways (AMPK and mTOR) studied extensively in the context of AT and RT, respectively. These alone, along with protein synthesis, have only begun to elucidate key differences in AT and RT signaling. Still, key yet uncharacterized differences exist in signaling and regulation of protein synthesis that drive unique adaptation to AT and RT. Omic studies are required to better understand the divergent relationship between exercise and phenotypic outcomes of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Q Thomas
- Protein Metabolism Research Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Connor A Stead
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jatin G Burniston
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Protein Metabolism Research Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Monteyne AJ, West S, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Reconsidering the pre-eminence of dietary leucine and plasma leucinemia for predicting the stimulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:7-16. [PMID: 38705358 PMCID: PMC11251220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis (MPS) with or without physical activity has been an intensely studied area within nutrition and physiology. The leucine content of dietary protein and the subsequent plasma leucinemia it elicits postingestion is often considered the primary drivers of the postprandial MPS response. This concept, generally known as the leucine "trigger" hypothesis, has also been adopted within more applied aspects of nutrition. Our view is that recent evidence is driving a more nuanced picture of the regulation of postprandial MPS by revealing a compelling dissociation between ingested leucine or plasma leucinemia and the magnitude of the postprandial MPS response. Much of this lack of coherence has arisen as experimental progress has demanded relevant studies move beyond reliance on isolated amino acids and proteins to use increasingly complex protein-rich meals, whole foods, and mixed meals. Our overreliance on the centrality of leucine in this field has been reflected in 2 recent systematic reviews. In this perspective, we propose a re-evaluation of the pre-eminent role of these leucine variables in the stimulation of postprandial MPS. We view the development of a more complex intellectual framework now a priority if we are to see continued progress concerning the mechanistic regulation of postprandial muscle protein turnover, but also consequential from an applied perspective when evaluating the value of novel dietary protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sam West
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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3
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Xue J, Han X, Zheng Y, Zhang Q, Kong L. Effectiveness of resistance training in modulating inflammatory biomarkers among Asian patients with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385902. [PMID: 38863698 PMCID: PMC11165069 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Given the high incidence of sarcopenia among Asians, it is imperative to identify appropriate intervention methods. The International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia, developed by the International Conference on Sarcopenia and Frailty Research (ICFSR) task force, recommends resistance training (RT) as a primary treatment for managing sarcopenia. Inflammatory biomarkers serve as indicators of sarcopenia. However, there is currently insufficient conclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of RT in modulating inflammatory biomarker levels among Asian participants with sarcopenia. Data sources Four databases were utilized for this study until October 9, 2023. This study focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effects of RT on interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) about sarcopenia. This study has been registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42024501855). Results The meta-analysis included six studies from Asians involving 278 participants. The results showed a significant decrease in RT for IL-6 (weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -1.02 to -0.44; n=5). However, no significant differences were found for TNF-α (WMD = -1.00, 95% CI = -2.47 to 0.46; n=5), CRP (WMD = -0.45, 95% CI = -1.14 to 0.23; n=3), and IL-10 (WMD = 0.13, 95% CI = -3.99 to 4.25; n=2). Subgroup analysis revealed that factors including gender selection, intervention methods, frequency, period, and duration could have a particular effect on the part of inflammatory biomarkers. Conclusion RT has been shown to reduce part of the level of inflammatory markers, specifically IL-6, in Asian sarcopenia participants. However, other inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, CRP, and IL-10, did not show significant changes. Further research should confirm the impact of RT on these indicators and explore the potential effects of various factors on different inflammatory markers, such as diet, body composition, and medications. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=501855, identifier CRD42024501855.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Xue
- School of Physical Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xi Han
- Sports Business School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- School of Physical Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiuxia Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Kong
- School of Physical Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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4
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Paoli A, Cerullo G, Bianco A, Neri M, Gennaro F, Charrier D, Moro T. Not Only Protein: Dietary Supplements to Optimize the Skeletal Muscle Growth Response to Resistance Training: The Current State of Knowledge. J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:225-244. [PMID: 38689582 PMCID: PMC11057611 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/18666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Regarding skeletal muscle hypertrophy, resistance training and nutrition, the most often discussed and proposed supplements include proteins. Although, the correct amount, quality, and daily distribution of proteins is of paramount importance for skeletal muscle hypertrophy, there are many other nutritional supplements that can help and support the physiological response of skeletal muscle to resistance training in terms of muscle hypertrophy. A healthy muscle environment and a correct whole muscle metabolism response to the stress of training is a prerequisite for the increase in muscle protein synthesis and, therefore, muscle hypertrophy. In this review, we discuss the role of different nutritional supplements such as carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, creatine, omega-3, polyphenols, and probiotics as a support and complementary factors to the main supplement i.e., protein. The different mechanisms are discussed in the light of recent evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cerullo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Neri
- Italian Fitness Federation, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Federico Gennaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Charrier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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5
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Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Yamada Y, Song JS, Seffrin A, Kang A, Spitz RW, Wong V, Loenneke JP. The Plateau in Muscle Growth with Resistance Training: An Exploration of Possible Mechanisms. Sports Med 2024; 54:31-48. [PMID: 37787845 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that there is likely a finite ability for muscular adaptation. While it is difficult to distinguish between a true plateau following a long-term training period and short-term stalling in muscle growth, a plateau in muscle growth has been attributed to reaching a genetic potential, with limited discussion on what might physiologically contribute to this muscle growth plateau. The present paper explores potential physiological factors that may drive the decline in muscle growth after prolonged resistance training. Overall, with chronic training, the anabolic signaling pathways may become more refractory to loading. While measures of anabolic markers may have some predictive capabilities regarding muscle growth adaptation, they do not always demonstrate a clear connection. Catabolic processes may also constrain the ability to achieve further muscle growth, which is influenced by energy balance. Although speculative, muscle cells may also possess cell scaling mechanisms that sense and regulate their own size, along with molecular brakes that hinder growth rate over time. When considering muscle growth over the lifespan, there comes a point when the anabolic response is attenuated by aging, regardless of whether or not individuals approach their muscle growth potential. Our goal is that the current review opens avenues for future experimental studies to further elucidate potential mechanisms to explain why muscle growth may plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR, Hirsch KR, Church DD, Kviatkovsky SA, Roberts MD, Stout JR, Gonzalez DE, Sowinski RJ, Kreider RB, Kerksick CM, Burd NA, Pasiakos SM, Ormsbee MJ, Arent SM, Arciero PJ, Campbell BI, VanDusseldorp TA, Jager R, Willoughby DS, Kalman DS, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Effects of essential amino acid supplementation on exercise and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2263409. [PMID: 37800468 PMCID: PMC10561576 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2263409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) presents this position based on a critical examination of literature surrounding the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. This position stand is intended to provide a scientific foundation to athletes, dietitians, trainers, and other practitioners as to the benefits of supplemental EAA in both healthy and resistant (aging/clinical) populations. EAAs are crucial components of protein intake in humans, as the body cannot synthesize them. The daily recommended intake (DRI) for protein was established to prevent deficiencies due to inadequate EAA consumption. The following conclusions represent the official position of the Society: 1. Initial studies on EAAs' effects on skeletal muscle highlight their primary role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and turnover. Protein turnover is critical for replacing degraded or damaged muscle proteins, laying the metabolic foundation for enhanced functional performance. Consequently, research has shifted to examine the effects of EAA supplementation - with and without the benefits of exercise - on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. 2. Supplementation with free-form EAAs leads to a quick rise in peripheral EAA concentrations, which in turn stimulates MPS. 3. The safe upper limit of EAA intake (amount), without inborn metabolic disease, can easily accommodate additional supplementation. 4. At rest, stimulation of MPS occurs at relatively small dosages (1.5-3.0 g) and seems to plateau at around 15-18 g. 5. The MPS stimulation by EAAs does not require non-essential amino acids. 6. Free-form EAA ingestion stimulates MPS more than an equivalent amount of intact protein. 7. Repeated EAA-induced MPS stimulation throughout the day does not diminish the anabolic effect of meal intake. 8. Although direct comparisons of various formulas have yet to be investigated, aging requires a greater proportion of leucine to overcome the reduced muscle sensitivity known as "anabolic resistance." 9. Without exercise, EAA supplementation can enhance functional outcomes in anabolic-resistant populations. 10. EAA requirements rise in the face of caloric deficits. During caloric deficit, it's essential to meet whole-body EAA requirements to preserve anabolic sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Katie R. Hirsch
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - David D. Church
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shiloah A. Kviatkovsky
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Drew E. Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ryan J. Sowinski
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, St Charles, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Burd
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Paul J. Arciero
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Skidmore College, Health and Physiological Sciences, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- University of South Florida, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
- Bonafede Health, LLC, JDS Therapeutics, Harrison, NY, USA
- Jacksonville University, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Lab, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Douglas S. Kalman
- Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
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7
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Witard OC, Banic M, Rodriguez-Sanchez N, van Dijk M, Galloway SDR. Long-chain n-3 PUFA ingestion for the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in healthy older adults. Proc Nutr Soc 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37987178 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123004834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to critically evaluate the efficacy of long-chain ո-3 PUFA ingestion in modulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS), with application to maintaining skeletal muscle mass, strength and function into later life. Ageing is associated with a gradual decline in muscle mass, specifically atrophy of type II fibres, that is exacerbated by periods of (in)voluntary muscle disuse. At the metabolic level, in otherwise healthy older adults, muscle atrophy is underpinned by anabolic resistance which describes the impaired MPS response to non-pharmacological anabolic stimuli, namely, physical activity/exercise and amino acid provision. Accumulating evidence implicates a mechanistic role for n-3 PUFA in upregulating MPS under stimulated conditions (post-prandial state or following exercise) via incorporation of EPA and DHA into the skeletal muscle phospholipid membrane. In some instances, these changes in MPS with chronic ո-3 PUFA ingestion have translated into clinically relevant improvements in muscle mass, strength and function; an observation evidently more prevalent in healthy older women than men. This apparent sexual dimorphism in the adaptive response of skeletal muscle metabolism to EPA and DHA ingestion may be related to a greater propensity for females to incorporate ո-3 PUFA into human tissue and/or the larger dose of ingested ո-3 PUFA when expressed relative to body mass or lean body mass. Future experimental studies are warranted to characterise the optimal dosing and duration of ո-3 PUFA ingestion to prescribe tailored recommendations regarding n-3 PUFA nutrition for healthy musculoskeletal ageing into later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Milena Banic
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Stuart D R Galloway
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
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Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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9
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Tezze C, Sandri M, Tessari P. Anabolic Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia in the Elderly: Role of Nutrition and Exercise in Young and Old People. Nutrients 2023; 15:4073. [PMID: 37764858 PMCID: PMC10535169 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of sarcopenia in the elderly is associated with many potential factors and/or processes that impair the renovation and maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and strength as ageing progresses. Among them, a defect by skeletal muscle to respond to anabolic stimuli is to be considered. Common anabolic stimuli/signals in skeletal muscle are hormones (insulin, growth hormones, IGF-1, androgens, and β-agonists such epinephrine), substrates (amino acids such as protein precursors on top, but also glucose and fat, as source of energy), metabolites (such as β-agonists and HMB), various biochemical/intracellular mediators), physical exercise, neurogenic and immune-modulating factors, etc. Each of them may exhibit a reduced effect upon skeletal muscle in ageing. In this article, we overview the role of anabolic signals on muscle metabolism, as well as currently available evidence of resistance, at the skeletal muscle level, to anabolic factors, from both in vitro and in vivo studies. Some indications on how to augment the effects of anabolic signals on skeletal muscle are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tezze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Paolo Tessari
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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10
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Hamblen AJ, Bray JW, Hingorani M, Saxton JM. Physical activity and dietary considerations for prostate cancer patients: future research directions. Proc Nutr Soc 2023; 82:298-304. [PMID: 36606326 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review considers current evidence on physical activity and dietary behaviours in the context of prostate cancer prevention and survivorship outcomes. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer amongst men, with over 1⋅4 million newly diagnosed cases globally each year. Due to earlier detection via screening and advances in treatments, survival rates are amongst the highest of all cancer populations. However, hormone treatments (i.e. androgen deprivation therapy) can lead to undesirable body composition changes, increased fatigue and reduced health-related quality of life, which can impair the overall wellbeing of men living with and beyond prostate cancer. Existing research has only provided limited evidence that physical activity and nutrition can impact a man's risk of prostate cancer but cohort studies suggest they can influence survival outcomes after diagnosis. Additionally, data from observational and intervention studies suggest that habitual physical activity (or structured exercise) and healthy diets can help to ameliorate hormone-related treatment side-effects. Current physical activity guidelines state that prostate cancer patients should complete at least three sessions of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week, along with two resistance exercise sessions, but dietary guidelines for prostate cancer patients are less well defined. In conclusion, regular physical activity and nutritional interventions may improve survival outcomes and attenuate some adverse side-effects of hormone treatments in men with prostate cancer. However, further research is required to improve our understanding of the health impacts of physical activity (including structured exercise) and nutrition in relation to prostate cancer prevention and survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hamblen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
| | - James W Bray
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
| | - Mohan Hingorani
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen's Centre of Oncology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham, UK
| | - John M Saxton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
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11
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Kim JY, Kwon YG, Kim YM. The stress-responsive protein REDD1 and its pathophysiological functions. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1933-1944. [PMID: 37653030 PMCID: PMC10545776 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated in development and DNA damage-response 1 (REDD1) is a stress-induced protein that controls various cellular functions, including metabolism, oxidative stress, autophagy, and cell fate, and contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic and inflammatory disorders, neurodegeneration, and cancer. REDD1 usually exerts deleterious effects, including tumorigenesis, metabolic inflammation, neurodegeneration, and muscle dystrophy; however, it also exhibits protective functions by regulating multiple intrinsic cell activities through either an mTORC1-dependent or -independent mechanism. REDD1 typically regulates mTORC1 signaling, NF-κB activation, and cellular pro-oxidant or antioxidant activity by interacting with 14-3-3 proteins, IκBα, and thioredoxin-interacting protein or 75 kDa glucose-regulated protein, respectively. The diverse functions of REDD1 depend on cell type, cellular context, interaction partners, and cellular localization (e.g., mitochondria, endomembrane, or cytosol). Therefore, comprehensively understanding the molecular mechanisms and biological roles of REDD1 under pathophysiological conditions is of utmost importance. In this review, based on the published literature, we highlight and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the REDD1 expression and its actions, biological functions, and pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yoon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Reidy PT, Borack MS, Dickinson JM, Carroll CC, Burd NA, Drummond MJ, Fry CS, Lambert BS, Gundermann DM, Glynn EL, Markofski MM, Timmerman KL, Moro T, Volpi E, Trappe S, Trappe TA, Harber MP, Rasmussen BB. Postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis is higher in outpatients as compared to inpatients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E113-E118. [PMID: 37315157 PMCID: PMC10393319 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00144.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several factors affect muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in the postabsorptive state. Extreme physical inactivity (e.g., bedrest) may reduce basal MPS, whereas walking may augment basal MPS. We hypothesized that outpatients would have a higher postabsorptive MPS than inpatients. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a retrospective analysis. We compared 152 outpatient participants who arrived at the research site the morning of the MPS assessment with 350 Inpatient participants who had an overnight stay in the hospital unit before the MPS assessment the following morning. We used stable isotopic methods and collected vastus lateralis biopsies ∼2 to 3 h apart to assess mixed MPS. MPS was ∼12% higher (P < 0.05) for outpatients than inpatients. Within a subset of participants, we discovered that after instruction to limit activity, outpatients (n = 13) took 800 to 900 steps in the morning to arrive at the unit, seven times more steps than inpatients (n = 12). We concluded that an overnight stay in the hospital as an inpatient is characterized by reduced morning activity and causes a slight but significant reduction in MPS compared with participants studied as outpatients. Researchers should be aware of physical activity status when designing and interpreting MPS results.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis rate is lower in the morning after an overnight inpatient hospital stay compared with an outpatient visit. Although only a minimal amount of steps was conducted by outpatients (∼900), this was enough to increase postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Michael S Borack
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Jared M Dickinson
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Chad C Carroll
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Bradley S Lambert
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - David M Gundermann
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Erin L Glynn
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Kyle L Timmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Matthew P Harber
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
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13
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de Jong JCBC, Attema BJ, van der Hoek MD, Verschuren L, Caspers MPM, Kleemann R, van der Leij FR, van den Hoek AM, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Keijer J. Sex differences in skeletal muscle-aging trajectory: same processes, but with a different ranking. GeroScience 2023; 45:2367-2386. [PMID: 36820956 PMCID: PMC10651666 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in muscle aging are poorly understood, but could be crucial for the optimization of sarcopenia-related interventions. To gain insight into potential sex differences in muscle aging, we recruited young (23 ± 2 years, 13 males and 13 females) and old (80 ± 3.5 years, 28 males and 26 females) participants. Males and females in both groups were highly matched, and vastus lateralis muscle parameters of old versus young participants were compared for each sex separately, focusing on gene expression. The overall gene expression profiles separated the sexes, but similar gene expression patterns separated old from young participants in males and females. Genes were indeed regulated in the same direction in both sexes during aging; however, the magnitude of differential expression was sex specific. In males, oxidative phosphorylation was the top-ranked differentially expressed process, and in females, this was cell growth mediated by AKT signaling. Findings from RNA-seq data were studied in greater detail using alternative approaches. In addition, we confirmed our data using publicly available data from three independent human studies. In conclusion, top-ranked pathways differ between males and females, but were present and altered in the same direction in both sexes. We conclude that the same processes are associated with skeletal muscle aging in males and females, but the differential expression of those processes in old vs. young participants is sex specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle C B C de Jong
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brecht J Attema
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjanne D van der Hoek
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Applied Research Centre Food and Dairy, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- MCL Academy, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Martien P M Caspers
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Feike R van der Leij
- Applied Research Centre Food and Dairy, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Research and Innovation Centre Agri, Food & Life Sciences, Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Delft and Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita M van den Hoek
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arie G Nieuwenhuizen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Duan Y, Tao K, Fang Z, Lu Y. Possible-sarcopenic screening with disturbed plasma amino acid profile in the elderly. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:427. [PMID: 37438737 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mass and strength of skeletal muscle decline with age, leading to its progressive dysfunction. High-throughput metabolite profiling provides the opportunity to reveal metabolic mechanisms and the identification of biomarkers. However, the role of amino acid metabolism in possible sarcopenia remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study included exploring variations in plasma amino acid concentrations in elderly individuals who have possible sarcopenia and further attempting to characterize a distinctive plasma amino acid profile through targeted metabolomics. METHODS A cross-sectional, correlational research design was used for this study. Thirty possible-sarcopenic elderly participants were recruited (n = 30), as determined by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS). Meanwhile, a reference group of non-sarcopenic (sex-, age-, and Appendicular Skeletal muscle Mass Index (ASMI)-matched non-sarcopenic controls, n = 36) individuals was included to compare the potential differences in metabolic fingerprint of the plasma amino acids associated with sarcopenia. Both groups were conducted the body composition analysis, physical function examination, and plasma amino acid-targeted metabolomics. The amino acids in plasma were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS). Also, orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied to characterize the plasma amino acid profile. RESULTS With respect to Handgrip Strength (HGS), the Five-Repetition Chair Stand Test (CS-5), the Six-Minute Walking Test (6MWT), the arm curl, the 30 s-Chair Stand Test (CST), the 2-Minute Step Test (2MST), the Timed Up-and-Go Test (TUGT), there was a decline in skeletal muscle function in the possible-sarcopenic group compared to the non-sarcopenic group. The mean plasma concentrations of arginine, asparagine, phenylalanine, serine, lysine, glutamine, and threonine were significantly lower in the possible sarcopenia group, whereas cirulline, proline, serine, and glutamic acid concentrations were higher. According to the multi-analysis, glutamine, serine, lysine, threonine, and proline were determined as the potential markers that indicated possible sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS The findings characterize significantly altered plasma amino acid metabolisms in the elderly with possible sarcopenia, which aids to screening people who are at a high risk of developing condition, and motivating to design new preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuang Duan
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- College of Rehabilitation, Weifang Medicine University, Weifang, China
| | - Kuan Tao
- School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Zilong Fang
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Lu
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
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15
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Hinkley JM, Yu G, Standley RA, Distefano G, Tolstikov V, Narain NR, Greenwood BP, Karmacharya S, Kiebish MA, Carnero EA, Yi F, Vega RB, Goodpaster BH, Gardell SJ, Coen PM. Exercise and ageing impact the kynurenine/tryptophan pathway and acylcarnitine metabolite pools in skeletal muscle of older adults. J Physiol 2023; 601:2165-2188. [PMID: 36814134 PMCID: PMC10278663 DOI: 10.1113/jp284142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced perturbation of skeletal muscle metabolites is a probable mediator of long-term health benefits in older adults. Although specific metabolites have been identified to be impacted by age, physical activity and exercise, the depth of coverage of the muscle metabolome is still limited. Here, we investigated resting and exercise-induced metabolite distribution in muscle from well-phenotyped older adults who were active or sedentary, and a group of active young adults. Percutaneous biopsies of the vastus lateralis were obtained before, immediately after and 3 h following a bout of endurance cycling. Metabolite profile in muscle biopsies was determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Mitochondrial energetics in permeabilized fibre bundles was assessed by high resolution respirometry and fibre type proportion was assessed by immunohistology. We found that metabolites of the kynurenine/tryptophan pathway were impacted by age and activity. Specifically, kynurenine was elevated in muscle from older adults, whereas downstream metabolites of kynurenine (kynurenic acid and NAD+ ) were elevated in muscle from active adults and associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle oxidative capacity. Acylcarnitines, a potential marker of impaired metabolic health, were elevated in muscle from physically active participants. Surprisingly, despite baseline group difference, acute exercise-induced alterations in whole-body substrate utilization, as well as muscle acylcarnitines and ketone bodies, were remarkably similar between groups. Our data identified novel muscle metabolite signatures that associate with the healthy ageing phenotype provoked by physical activity and reveal that the metabolic responsiveness of muscle to acute endurance exercise is retained [NB]:AUTHOR: Please ensure that the appropriate material has been provide for Table S2, as well as for Figures S1 to S7, as also cited in the text with age regardless of activity levels. KEY POINTS: Kynurenine/tryptophan pathway metabolites were impacted by age and physical activity in human muscle, with kynurenine elevated in older muscle, whereas downstream products kynurenic acid and NAD+ were elevated in exercise-trained muscle regardless of age. Acylcarnitines, a marker of impaired metabolic health when heightened in circulation, were elevated in exercise-trained muscle of young and older adults, suggesting that muscle act as a metabolic sink to reduce the circulating acylcarnitines observed with unhealthy ageing. Despite the phenotypic differences, the exercise-induced response of various muscle metabolite pools, including acylcarnitine and ketone bodies, was similar amongst the groups, suggesting that older adults can achieve the metabolic benefits of exercise seen in young counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Matthew Hinkley
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - GongXin Yu
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Robert A. Standley
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Giovanna Distefano
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elvis Alvarez Carnero
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Fanchao Yi
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Rick B. Vega
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Stephen J. Gardell
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
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16
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Chaillou T, Montiel-Rojas D. Does the blunted stimulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis by aging in response to mechanical load result from impaired ribosome biogenesis? FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1171850. [PMID: 37256189 PMCID: PMC10225510 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1171850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass leads to a reduction of strength. It is likely due to an inadequate stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in response to anabolic stimuli, such as mechanical load. Ribosome biogenesis is a major determinant of translational capacity and is essential for the control of muscle mass. This mini-review aims to put forth the hypothesis that ribosome biogenesis is impaired by aging in response to mechanical load, which could contribute to the age-related anabolic resistance and progressive muscle atrophy. Recent animal studies indicate that aging impedes muscle hypertrophic response to mechanical overload. This is associated with an impaired transcription of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) by RNA polymerase I (Pol I), a limited increase in total RNA concentration, a blunted activation of AKT/mTOR pathway, and an increased phosphorylation of AMPK. In contrast, an age-mediated impairment of ribosome biogenesis is unlikely in response to electrical stimulations. In human, the hypertrophic response to resistance exercise training is diminished with age. This is accompanied by a deficit in long-term MPS and an absence of increased total RNA concentration. The results addressing the acute response to resistance exercise suggest an impaired Pol I-mediated rDNA transcription and attenuated activation/expression of several upstream regulators of ribosome biogenesis in muscles from aged individuals. Altogether, emerging evidence indicates that impaired ribosome biogenesis could partly explain age-related anabolic resistance to mechanical load, which may ultimately contribute to progressive muscle atrophy. Future research should develop more advanced molecular tools to provide in-depth analysis of muscle ribosome biogenesis.
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17
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Lanng SK, Oxfeldt M, Pedersen SS, Johansen FT, Risikesan J, Lejel T, Bertram HC, Hansen M. Influence of protein source (cricket, pea, whey) on amino acid bioavailability and activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway after resistance exercise in healthy young males. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1295-1308. [PMID: 36536114 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New dietary proteins are currently introduced to replace traditional animal protein sources. However, not much is known about their bioaccessibility and ability to stimulate muscle protein synthesis compared to the traditional protein sources. We aimed to compare effects of ingesting a protein bolus (0.25 g/kg fat free mass) of either cricket (insect), pea, or whey protein on circulating amino acid levels and activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle at rest and after exercise. METHODS In a randomized parallel controlled trial, young males (n = 50) performed a one-legged resistance exercise followed by ingestion of one of the three protein sources. Blood samples were collected before and in the following 4 h after exercise. Muscle biopsies were obtained at baseline and after 3 h from the non-exercised and exercised leg. RESULTS Analysis of blood serum showed a significantly higher concentration of amino acids after ingestion of whey protein compared to cricket and pea protein. No difference between protein sources in activation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway was observed either at rest or after exercise. CONCLUSION Amino acid blood concentration after protein ingestion was higher for whey than pea and cricket protein, whereas activation of mTORC1 signaling pathway at rest and after exercise did not differ between protein sources. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Clinicaltrials.org ID NCT04633694.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kaas Lanng
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
- CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Oxfeldt
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jeyanthini Risikesan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Diabetes and Hormones Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Trine Lejel
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Regional Hospital Horsens, 8700, Horsens, Denmark
| | - Hanne Christine Bertram
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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Aragon AA, Tipton KD, Schoenfeld BJ. Age-related muscle anabolic resistance: inevitable or preventable? Nutr Rev 2023; 81:441-454. [PMID: 36018750 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and performance, commonly referred to as sarcopenia, has wide-ranging detrimental effects on human health, the ramifications of which can have serious implications for both morbidity and mortality. Various interventional strategies have been proposed to counteract sarcopenia, with a particular emphasis on those employing a combination of exercise and nutrition. However, the efficacy of these interventions can be confounded by an age-related blunting of the muscle protein synthesis response to a given dose of protein/amino acids, which has been termed "anabolic resistance." While the pathophysiology of sarcopenia is undoubtedly complex, anabolic resistance is implicated in the progression of age-related muscle loss and its underlying complications. Several mechanisms have been proposed as underlying age-related impairments in the anabolic response to protein consumption. These include decreased anabolic molecular signaling activity, reduced insulin-mediated capillary recruitment (thus, reduced amino acid delivery), and increased splanchnic retention of amino acids (thus, reduced availability for muscular uptake). Obesity and sedentarism can exacerbate, or at least facilitate, anabolic resistance, mediated in part by insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. This narrative review addresses the key factors and contextual elements involved in reduction of the acute muscle protein synthesis response associated with aging and its varied consequences. Practical interventions focused on dietary protein manipulation are proposed to prevent the onset of anabolic resistance and mitigate its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Aragon
- is with the Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- is with the Institute of Performance Nutrition, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- is with the Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA
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19
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Crombie EM, Kim S, Adamson S, Dong H, Lu TC, Wu Y, Wu Y, Levy Y, Stimple N, Lam WMR, Hey HWD, Withers DJ, Hsu AL, Bay BH, Ochala J, Tsai SY. Activation of eIF4E-binding-protein-1 rescues mTORC1-induced sarcopenia by expanding lysosomal degradation capacity. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:198-213. [PMID: 36398408 PMCID: PMC9891956 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic mTORC1 activation in skeletal muscle is linked with age-associated loss of muscle mass and strength, known as sarcopenia. Genetic activation of mTORC1 by conditionally ablating mTORC1 upstream inhibitor TSC1 in skeletal muscle accelerates sarcopenia development in adult mice. Conversely, genetic suppression of mTORC1 downstream effectors of protein synthesis delays sarcopenia in natural aging mice. mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis by activating ribosomal protein S6 kinases (S6Ks) and inhibiting eIF4E-binding proteins (4EBPs). Whole-body knockout of S6K1 or muscle-specific over-expression of a 4EBP1 mutant transgene (4EBP1mt), which is resistant to mTORC1-mediated inhibition, ameliorates muscle loss with age and preserves muscle function by enhancing mitochondria activities, despite both transgenic mice showing retarded muscle growth at a young age. Why repression of mTORC1-mediated protein synthesis can mitigate progressive muscle atrophy and dysfunction with age remains unclear. METHODS Mice with myofiber-specific knockout of TSC1 (TSC1mKO), in which mTORC1 is hyperactivated in fully differentiated myofibers, were used as a mouse model of sarcopenia. To elucidate the role of mTORC1-mediated protein synthesis in regulating muscle mass and physiology, we bred the 4EBP1mt transgene or S6k1 floxed mice into the TSC1mKO mouse background to generate 4EBP1mt-TSC1mKO or S6K1-TSC1mKO mice, respectively. Functional and molecular analyses were performed to assess their role in sarcopenia development. RESULTS Here, we show that 4EBP1mt-TSC1mKO, but not S6K1-TSC1mKO, preserved muscle mass (36.7% increase compared with TSC1mKO, P < 0.001) and strength (36.8% increase compared with TSC1mKO, P < 0.01) at the level of control mice. Mechanistically, 4EBP1 activation suppressed aberrant protein synthesis (two-fold reduction compared with TSC1mKO, P < 0.05) and restored autophagy flux without relieving mTORC1-mediated inhibition of ULK1, an upstream activator of autophagosome initiation. We discovered a previously unidentified phenotype of lysosomal failure in TSC1mKO mouse muscle, in which the lysosomal defect was also conserved in the naturally aged mouse muscle, whereas 4EBP1 activation enhanced lysosomal protease activities to compensate for impaired autophagy induced by mTORC1 hyperactivity. Consequently, 4EBP1 activation relieved oxidative stress to prevent toxic aggregate accumulation (0.5-fold reduction compared with TSC1mKO, P < 0.05) in muscle and restored mitochondrial homeostasis and function. CONCLUSIONS We identify 4EBP1 as a communication hub coordinating protein synthesis and degradation to protect proteostasis, revealing therapeutic potential for activating lysosomal degradation to mitigate sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Crombie
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seonyoung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stuart Adamson
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Han Dong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tzu-Chiao Lu
- Research Center for Healthy Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yiju Wu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yajun Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yotam Levy
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - Nolan Stimple
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Wing Moon R Lam
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwee Weng D Hey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dominic J Withers
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), London, UK.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ao-Lin Hsu
- Research Center for Healthy Aging, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julien Ochala
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shih-Yin Tsai
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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20
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van der Heijden I, Monteyne AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:206-230. [PMID: 35960188 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the age-related decline in skeletal muscle quantity and quality, and the associated negative health outcomes, it has been proposed that dietary protein recommendations for older adults should be increased alongside an active lifestyle and/or structured exercise training. Concomitantly, there are growing environmental concerns associated with the production of animal-based dietary protein sources. The question therefore arises as to where this dietary protein required for meeting the protein demands of the rapidly aging global population should (or could) be obtained. Various non-animal-derived protein sources possess favorable sustainability credentials, though much less is known (compared with animal-derived proteins) about their ability to influence muscle anabolism. It is also likely that the anabolic potential of various alternative protein sources varies markedly, with the majority of options remaining to be investigated. The purpose of this review was to thoroughly assess the current evidence base for the utility of alternative protein sources (plants, fungi, insects, algae, and lab-grown "meat") to support muscle anabolism in (active) older adults. The solid existing data portfolio requires considerable expansion to encompass the strategic evaluation of the various types of dietary protein sources. Such data will ultimately be necessary to support desirable alterations and refinements in nutritional guidelines to support healthy and active aging, while concomitantly securing a sustainable food future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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21
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Hajj-Boutros G, Karelis AD, Cefis M, Morais JA, Casgrain J, Gouspillou G, Sonjak V. Potential mechanisms involved in regulating muscle protein turnover after acute exercise: A brief review. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1106425. [PMID: 36699675 PMCID: PMC9870712 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that resistance training increases muscle mass. Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that a single session of resistance training is associated with an increase in muscle protein synthesis in young adults. However, the fundamental mechanisms that are involved in regulating muscle protein turnover rates after an acute bout of physical exercise are unclear. Therefore, this review will briefly focus on summarizing the potential mechanisms behind the growth of skeletal muscle after physical exercise. We also present mechanistic differences that may exist between young and older individuals during muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after physical exercise. Pathways leading to the activation of AKT/mTOR signals after resistance exercise and the activation of AMPK signaling pathway following a HIIT (High intensity interval training) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Hajj-Boutros
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antony D. Karelis
- Department of Exercise Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marina Cefis
- Department of Exercise Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - José A. Morais
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada,Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Juliette Casgrain
- Department of Exercise Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Gouspillou
- Department of Exercise Science, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vita Sonjak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (MUHC), Montreal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Vita Sonjak,
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22
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Keeble AR, Brightwell CR, Latham CM, Thomas NT, Mobley CB, Murach KA, Johnson DL, Noehren B, Fry CS. Depressed Protein Synthesis and Anabolic Signaling Potentiate ACL Tear-Resultant Quadriceps Atrophy. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:81-96. [PMID: 36475881 PMCID: PMC9813974 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221135769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear (ACLT) leads to protracted quadriceps muscle atrophy. Protein turnover largely dictates muscle size and is highly responsive to injury and loading. Regulation of quadriceps molecular protein synthetic machinery after ACLT has largely been unexplored, limiting development of targeted therapies. PURPOSE To define the effect of ACLT on (1) the activation of protein synthetic and catabolic signaling within quadriceps biopsy specimens from human participants and (2) the time course of alterations to protein synthesis and its molecular regulation in a mouse ACL injury model. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS Muscle biopsy specimens were obtained from the ACL-injured and noninjured vastus lateralis of young adult humans after an overnight fast (N = 21; mean ± SD, 19 ± 5 years). Mice had their limbs assigned to ACLT or control, and whole quadriceps were collected 6 hours or 1, 3, or 7 days after injury with puromycin injected before tissue collection for assessment of relative protein synthesis. Muscle fiber size and expression and phosphorylation of protein anabolic and catabolic signaling proteins were assessed at the protein and transcript levels (RNA sequencing). RESULTS Human quadriceps showed reduced phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (-41%) in the ACL-injured limb (P = .008), in addition to elevated phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (+98%; P = .006), indicative of depressed protein anabolic signaling in the injured limb. No differences in E3 ubiquitin ligase expression were noted. Protein synthesis was lower at 1 day (P = .01 vs control limb) and 3 days (P = .002 vs control limb) after ACLT in mice. Pathway analyses revealed shared molecular alterations between human and mouse quadriceps after ACLT. CONCLUSION (1) Global protein synthesis and anabolic signaling deficits occur in the quadriceps in response to ACL injury, without notable changes in measured markers of muscle protein catabolism. (2) Importantly, these deficits occur before the onset of significant atrophy, underscoring the need for early intervention. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings suggest that blunted protein anabolism as opposed to increased catabolism likely mediates quadriceps atrophy after ACL injury. Thus, future interventions should aim to restore muscle protein anabolism rapidly after ACLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R. Keeble
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky
| | - Camille R. Brightwell
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky
| | - Christine M. Latham
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky
| | - Nicholas T. Thomas
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky
| | - C. Brooks Mobley
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky
| | - Kevin A. Murach
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky
| | - Darren L. Johnson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Brian Noehren
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky
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23
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The Importance of mTORC1-Autophagy Axis for Skeletal Muscle Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010297. [PMID: 36613741 PMCID: PMC9820406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1, mTORC1, integrates nutrient and growth factor signals with cellular responses and plays critical roles in regulating cell growth, proliferation, and lifespan. mTORC1 signaling has been reported as a central regulator of autophagy by modulating almost all aspects of the autophagic process, including initiation, expansion, and termination. An increasing number of studies suggest that mTORC1 and autophagy are critical for the physiological function of skeletal muscle and are involved in diverse muscle diseases. Here, we review recent insights into the essential roles of mTORC1 and autophagy in skeletal muscles and their implications in human muscle diseases. Multiple inhibitors targeting mTORC1 or autophagy have already been clinically approved, while others are under development. These chemical modulators that target the mTORC1/autophagy pathways represent promising potentials to cure muscle diseases.
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24
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de Marco Castro E, Valli G, Buffière C, Guillet C, Mullen B, Pratt J, Horner K, Naumann-Gola S, Bader-Mittermaier S, Paganini M, De Vito G, Roche HM, Dardevet D. Peripheral Amino Acid Appearance Is Lower Following Plant Protein Fibre Products, Compared to Whey Protein and Fibre Ingestion, in Healthy Older Adults despite Optimised Amino Acid Profile. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010035. [PMID: 36615694 PMCID: PMC9824653 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based proteins are generally characterised by lower Indispensable Amino Acid (IAA) content, digestibility, and anabolic properties, compared to animal-based proteins. However, they are environmentally friendlier, and wider consumption is advocated. Older adults have higher dietary protein needs to prevent sarcopenia, a disease marked by an accelerated loss of muscle mass and function. Given the lower environmental footprint of plant-based proteins and the importance of optimising dietary protein quality among older adults, this paper aims to assess the net peripheral Amino Acid (AA) appearance after ingestion of three different plant protein and fibre (PPF) products, compared to whey protein with added fibre (WPF), in healthy older adults. In a randomised, single-blind, crossover design, nine healthy men and women aged ≥65 years consumed four test meals balanced in AA according to the FAO reference protein for humans, matched for leucine, to optimally stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older adults. A fasted blood sample was drawn at each visit before consuming the test meal, followed by postprandial arterialise blood sampling every 30 min for 3 h. The test meal was composed of a soup containing either WPF or PPF 1-3. The PPF blends comprised pea proteins with varying additional rice, pumpkin, soy, oat, and/or almond protein. PPF product ingestion resulted in a lower maximal increase of postprandial leucine concentration and the sum of branched-chain AA (BCAA) and IAA concentrations, compared to WPF, with no effect on their incremental area under the curve. Plasma methionine and cysteine, and to a lesser extent threonine, appearance were limited after consuming the PPF products, but not WPF. Despite equal leucine doses, the WPF induced greater postprandial insulin concentrations than the PPF products. In conclusion, the postprandial appearance of AA is highly dependent on the protein source in older adults, despite providing equivalent IAA levels and dietary fibre. Coupled with lower insulin concentrations, this could imply less anabolic potential. Further investigation is required to understand the applicability of plant-based proteins in healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena de Marco Castro
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giacomo Valli
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Caroline Buffière
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Rte de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Christelle Guillet
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Rte de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Brian Mullen
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jedd Pratt
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Katy Horner
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susanne Naumann-Gola
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str., 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | - Matteo Paganini
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Helen M. Roche
- UCD Conway Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences, The Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Dominique Dardevet
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Rte de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- Correspondence:
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25
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Zha W, Sun Y, Gong W, Li L, Kim W, Li H. Ginseng and ginsenosides: Therapeutic potential for sarcopenia. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113876. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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26
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Gries KJ, Hart CR, Kunz HE, Ryan Z, Zhang X, Parvizi M, Liu Y, Dasari S, Lanza I. Acute responsiveness to single leg cycling in adults with obesity. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15539. [PMID: 36541258 PMCID: PMC9768637 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with several skeletal muscle impairments which can be improved through an aerobic exercise prescription. The possibility that exercise responsiveness is diminished in people with obesity has been suggested but not well-studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate how obesity influences acute exercise responsiveness in skeletal muscle and circulating amino metabolites. Non-obese (NO; n = 19; 10F/9M; BMI = 25.1 ± 2.8 kg/m2 ) and Obese (O; n = 21; 14F/7M; BMI = 37.3 ± 4.6 kg/m2 ) adults performed 30 min of single-leg cycling at 70% of VO2 peak. 13 C6 -Phenylalanine was administered intravenously for muscle protein synthesis measurements. Serial muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were collected before exercise and 3.5- and 6.5-h post-exercise to measure protein synthesis and gene expression. Targeted plasma metabolomics was used to quantitate amino metabolites before and 30 and 90 min after exercise. The exercise-induced fold change in mixed muscle protein synthesis trended (p = 0.058) higher in NO (1.28 ± 0.54-fold) compared to O (0.95 ± 0.42-fold) and was inversely related to BMI (R2 = 0.140, p = 0.027). RNA sequencing revealed 331 and 280 genes that were differentially expressed after exercise in NO and O, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis showed O had six blunted pathways related to metabolism, cell to cell communication, and protein turnover after exercise. The circulating amine response further highlighted dysregulations related to protein synthesis and metabolism in adults with obesity at the basal state and in response to the exercise bout. Collectively, these data highlight several unique pathways in individuals with obesity that resulted in a modestly blunted exercise response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Gries
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health ProfessionsConcordia University of WisconsinMequonWisconsinUSA
| | - Corey R. Hart
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force BaseDaytonOhioUSA
| | - Hawley E. Kunz
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Zachary Ryan
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of GeriatricsShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghaiChina
| | - Mojtaba Parvizi
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Yuanhang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ian R. Lanza
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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27
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Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling at the Crossroad of Muscle Fiber Fate in Sarcopenia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213823. [PMID: 36430301 PMCID: PMC9696247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a major regulator of skeletal myocyte viability. The signaling pathways triggered by mTOR vary according to the type of endogenous and exogenous factors (e.g., redox balance, nutrient availability, physical activity) as well as organismal age. Here, we provide an overview of mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle, with a special focus on the role played by mTOR in the development of sarcopenia. Intervention strategies targeting mTOR in sarcopenia (e.g., supplementation of plant extracts, hormones, inorganic ions, calorie restriction, and exercise) have also been discussed.
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28
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Lim G, Lim Y. Effects of Whey Peptide Supplementation on Sarcopenic Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:4402. [PMID: 36297085 PMCID: PMC9611493 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of sarcopenic obesity gradually increased in parallel with the aged population. This research examined the effects of whey peptide (WP) supplementation with/without resistant exercise (RE) on sarcopenic obesity. Male 8-month-old C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (10 kcal% fat) or a high-fat diet (60 kcal% fat) for 8 weeks. High-fat diet-fed mice were randomly divided into four groups: obesity control group (OB), RE (RE only), WP (WP only), and WPE (RE and WP). WP supplementation (1500 mg/day/kg B.W.) gavage and RE (ladder climbing, five times weekly, 8−10 repetitions, 10−20% B.W. load) were conducted for an additional 8 weeks. Protein and mRNA levels of markers related to energy, protein, and lipid metabolism were analyzed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). WP supplementation regardless of RE significantly suppressed the increasing fat mass (p = 0.016) and decreasing lean mass (p = 0.014) and alleviated abnormal morphological changes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (p < 0.001). In adipose tissue, WP supplementation regardless of RE ameliorated dysregulated energy metabolism and contributed to the reduction in adipocyte differentiation (PPAR-γ (p = 0.017), C/EBPα (p = 0.034)). In skeletal muscle, WP supplementation regardless of RE alleviated energy metabolism dysregulation and resulted in down-regulated protein degradation (Atrogin-1 (p = 0.003), MuRF1 (p = 0.006)) and apoptosis (Bax) (p = 0.004). Taken together, the current study elucidated that WP supplementation regardless of RE has potential anti-obesity and anti-sarcopenic effects in sarcopenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunsook Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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29
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Kunz HE, Michie KL, Gries KJ, Zhang X, Ryan ZC, Lanza IR. A Randomized Trial of the Effects of Dietary n3-PUFAs on Skeletal Muscle Function and Acute Exercise Response in Healthy Older Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173537. [PMID: 36079794 PMCID: PMC9459748 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is critical for maintaining mobility, independence, and metabolic health in older adults. However, a common feature of aging is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, which is often accompanied by mitochondrial impairments, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Exercise improves muscle strength, mitochondrial health, and cardiorespiratory fitness, but older adults often exhibit attenuated anabolic responses to acute exercise. Chronic inflammation associated with aging may contribute to this "anabolic resistance" and therapeutic interventions that target inflammation may improve exercise responsiveness. To this end, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of 6 months of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) supplementation on skeletal muscle function (mass, strength), mitochondrial physiology (respiration, ATP production, ROS generation), and acute exercise responsiveness at the level of the muscle (fractional synthesis rate) and the whole-body (amino acid kinetics) in healthy older adults. When compared with a corn oil placebo (n = 33; 71.5 ± 4.8 years), older adults treated with 4 g/day n3-PUFA (n = 30; 71.4 ± 4.5 years) exhibited modest but significant increases in muscle strength (3.1 ± 14.7% increase in placebo vs. 7.5 ± 14.1% increase in n3-PUFA; p = 0.039). These improvements in muscle strength with n3-PUFA supplementation occurred in the absence of any effects on mitochondrial function and a minor attenuation of the acute response to exercise compared to placebo. Together, these data suggest modest benefits of dietary n3-PUFAs to muscle function in healthy older adults. Future studies may elucidate whether n3-PUFA supplementation improves the exercise response in elderly individuals with co-morbidities, such as chronic inflammatory disease or sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawley E. Kunz
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kelly L. Michie
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kevin J. Gries
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, Concordia University of Wisconsin, Mequon, WI 53097, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zachary C. Ryan
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ian R. Lanza
- Endocrine Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence:
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30
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Lee MC, Hsu YJ, Wu FY, Huang CC, Li HY, Chen WC. Isolated Soy Protein Supplementation Combined With Resistance Training Improves Muscle Strength, Mass, and Physical Performance of Aging Female Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:893352. [PMID: 35721547 PMCID: PMC9204525 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.893352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose: In recent years, the aging population has gradually increased, and the aging process is accompanied by health-associated problems, such as loss of muscle mass and weakness. Therefore, it is important to explore alternative strategies for improving the health status and physical fitness of the aged population. In this study, we investigated the effect of soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training on changes in the muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional activity performance of aging mice. Methods: Female Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group): sedentary control (SC), isolated soy protein (ISP) supplementation, resistance training (RT), and a combination of ISP and RT (ISP + RT). The mice in designated groups received oral ISP supplementation (0.123 g/kg/day), RT (5 days/week for a period of 4 weeks), or a combination of both ISP plus RT for 4 weeks. Afterward, we assessed muscle strength, endurance, and anaerobic endurance performance and analyzed blood biochemical and pathological tissue sections to investigate whether there were adverse effects or not in mice. Results: ISP supplementation effectively improved the muscle mass, muscle endurance, and endurance performance of aging female mice. The RT group not only showed similar results with ISP but also increased muscle strength and glycogen content. Nevertheless, the combination of ISP supplementation and RT had greater beneficial effects on muscle strength, physical performance, and glycogen levels (p < 0.05). In addition, the combination of ISP supplementation and RT had significantly increased type II muscle percentage and cross-sectional area (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Although ISP or RT alone improved muscle mass and performance, the combination of ISP with RT showed greater beneficial effects in aging mice. Our findings suggest that regular exercise along with protein supplementation could be an effective strategy to improve overall health and physical fitness among the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yu Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sleep Center, Linkou-Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chyuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sleep Center, Linkou-Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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31
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Lim ZX, Goh J. Effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) with resistance exercise on musculoskeletal health in older adults: a narrative review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2022; 19:15. [PMID: 35725379 PMCID: PMC9208167 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-022-00294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging leads to a number of structural and physiological deficits such as loss of muscle mass and strength. Strength training at ~ 70% of 1 repetition max (RM) is recommended to prevent age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. However, most older adults may not be able to perform 70% of 1RM or higher intensity. An alternative exercise training program combining low intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) can result in similar acute and chronic benefits to skeletal muscles in older adults. Main body and short conclusion The potential mechanisms involved are discussed, and include reactive hyperaemia, metabolic stress, and hypoxia. Key issues and safety with the use of BFR in older adults, especially those with chronic conditions are also discussed. Although there has been no reported evidence to suggest that BFR elevates the risk of clinical complications any more than high intensity exercise, it is recommended for individuals to be medically cleared of any cardiovascular risks, prior to engaging in BFR exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Xiang Lim
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Jorming Goh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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Nishimura Y, Chunthorng-Orn J, Lord S, Musa I, Dawson P, Holm L, Lai YC. Ubiquitin E3 ligase Atrogin-1 protein is regulated via the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR-S6K1 signaling pathway in C2C12 muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C215-C225. [PMID: 35704697 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00384.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 are highly expressed in multiple conditions of skeletal muscle atrophy. The PI3K/Akt/FoxO signaling pathway is well known to regulate Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 gene expressions. However, Akt activation also activates the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) which induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Whether mTORC1-dependent signaling has a role in regulating Atrogin-1 and/or MuRF1 gene and protein expression is currently unclear. In this study, we showed that activation of insulin-mediated Akt signaling suppresses both Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 protein contents and that inhibition of Akt increases both Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 protein contents in C2C12 myotubes. Interestingly, inhibition of mTORC1 using a specific mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, increased Atrogin-1, but not MuRF1, protein content. Furthermore, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a negative regulator of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, also showed distinct time-dependent changes between Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 protein contents, suggesting differential regulatory mechanisms between Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 protein content. To further explore the downstream of mTORC1 signaling, we employed a specific S6K1 inhibitor, PF-4708671. We found that Atrogin-1 protein content was dose-dependently increased with PF-4708671 treatment, whereas MuRF1 protein content was decreased at 50 μM of PF-4708671 treatment. However, MuRF1 protein content was unexpectedly increased when treated with PF-4708671 for a longer period. Overall, our results indicate that Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 protein contents are regulated by different mechanisms, the downstream of Akt, and that Atrogin-1 protein content can be regulated by rapamycin-sensitive mTOR-S6K1 dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishimura
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jitpisute Chunthorng-Orn
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Lord
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Musa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Dawson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Chiang Lai
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Nunes EA, Stokes T, McKendry J, Currier BS, Phillips SM. Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in disease and non-disease states in humans: mechanisms, prevention, and recovery strategies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1068-C1084. [PMID: 35476500 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00425.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Decreased skeletal muscle contractile activity (disuse) or unloading leads to muscle mass loss, also known as muscle atrophy. The balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) is the primary determinant of skeletal muscle mass. A reduced mechanical load on skeletal muscle is one of the main external factors leading to muscle atrophy. However, endocrine and inflammatory factors can act synergistically in catabolic states, amplifying the atrophy process and accelerating its progression. Additionally, older individuals display aging-induced anabolic resistance, which can predispose this population to more pronounced effects when exposed to periods of reduced physical activity or mechanical unloading. Different cellular mechanisms contribute to the regulation of muscle protein balance during skeletal muscle atrophy. This review summarizes the effects of muscle disuse on muscle protein balance and the molecular mechanisms involved in muscle atrophy in the absence or presence of disease. Finally, a discussion of the current literature describing efficient strategies to prevent or improve the recovery from muscle atrophy is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everson A Nunes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Laboratory of Investigation of Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James McKendry
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brad S Currier
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Effects of alpha-linolenic acid and essential amino acids on the proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.12750/jarb.37.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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35
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Rubenstein AB, Hinkley JM, Nair VD, Nudelman G, Standley RA, Yi F, Yu G, Trappe TA, Bamman MM, Trappe SW, Sparks LM, Goodpaster BH, Vega RB, Sealfon SC, Zaslavsky E, Coen PM. Skeletal muscle transcriptome response to a bout of endurance exercise in physically active and sedentary older adults. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E260-E277. [PMID: 35068187 PMCID: PMC8897039 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00378.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Age-related declines in cardiorespiratory fitness and physical function are mitigated by regular endurance exercise in older adults. This may be due, in part, to changes in the transcriptional program of skeletal muscle following repeated bouts of exercise. However, the impact of chronic exercise training on the transcriptional response to an acute bout of endurance exercise has not been clearly determined. Here, we characterized baseline differences in muscle transcriptome and exercise-induced response in older adults who were active/endurance trained or sedentary. RNA-sequencing was performed on vastus lateralis biopsy specimens obtained before, immediately after, and 3 h following a bout of endurance exercise (40 min of cycling at 60%-70% of heart rate reserve). Using a recently developed bioinformatics approach, we found that transcript signatures related to type I myofibers, mitochondria, and endothelial cells were higher in active/endurance-trained adults and were associated with key phenotypic features including V̇o2peak, ATPmax, and muscle fiber proportion. Immune cell signatures were elevated in the sedentary group and linked to visceral and intermuscular adipose tissue mass. Following acute exercise, we observed distinct temporal transcriptional signatures that were largely similar among groups. Enrichment analysis revealed catabolic processes were uniquely enriched in the sedentary group at the 3-h postexercise timepoint. In summary, this study revealed key transcriptional signatures that distinguished active and sedentary adults, which were associated with difference in oxidative capacity and depot-specific adiposity. The acute response signatures were consistent with beneficial effects of endurance exercise to improve muscle health in older adults irrespective of exercise history and adiposity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Muscle transcript signatures associated with oxidative capacity and immune cells underlie important phenotypic and clinical characteristics of older adults who are endurance trained or sedentary. Despite divergent phenotypes, the temporal transcriptional signatures in response to an acute bout of endurance exercise were largely similar among groups. These data provide new insight into the transcriptional programs of aging muscle and the beneficial effects of endurance exercise to promote healthy aging in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza B Rubenstein
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays (CARDA), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Venugopalan D Nair
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays (CARDA), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - German Nudelman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays (CARDA), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Fanchao Yi
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - GongXin Yu
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Scott W Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | | | - Rick B Vega
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays (CARDA), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Elena Zaslavsky
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays (CARDA), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Paul M Coen
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
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Nishimura Y, Jensen M, Bülow J, Thomsen TT, Arimitsu T, van Hall G, Fujita S, Holm L. Co-ingestion of cluster dextrin carbohydrate does not increase exogenous protein-derived amino acid release or myofibrillar protein synthesis following a whole-body resistance exercise in moderately trained younger males: a double-blinded randomized controlled crossover trial. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2475-2491. [PMID: 35182194 PMCID: PMC9279228 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigates if co-ingestion of cluster dextrin (CDX) augments the appearance of intrinsically labeled meat protein hydrolysate-derived amino acid (D5-phenylalanine), Akt/mTORC1 signaling, and myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR). Methods Ten moderately trained healthy males (age: 21.5 ± 2.1 years, body mass: 75.7 ± 7.6 kg, body mass index (BMI): 22.9 ± 2.1 kg/m2) were included for a double-blinded randomized controlled crossover trial. Either 75 g of CDX or glucose (GLC) was given in conjunction with meat protein hydrolysate (0.6 g protein * FFM−1) following a whole-body resistance exercise. A primed-continuous intravenous infusion of L-[15N]-phenylalanine with serial muscle biopsies and venous blood sampling was performed. Results A time × group interaction effect was found for serum D5-phenylalanine enrichment (P < 0.01). Serum EAA and BCAA concentrations showed a main effect for group (P < 0.05). Tmax serum BCAA was greater in CDX as compared to GLC (P < 0.05). However, iAUC of all serum parameters did not differ between CDX and GLC (P > 0.05). Tmax serum EAA showed a trend towards a statistical significance favoring CDX over GLC. The phosphorylation of p70S6KThr389, rpS6Ser240/244, ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204 was greater in CDX compared to GLC (P < 0.05). However, postprandial myofibrillar FSR did not differ between CDX and GLC (P = 0.17). Conclusion In moderately trained younger males, co-ingestion of CDX with meat protein hydrolysate does not augment the postprandial amino acid availability or myofibrillar FSR as compared to co-ingestion of GLC during the recovery from a whole-body resistance exercise despite an increased intramuscular signaling. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03303729 (registered on October 3, 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishimura
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mikkel Jensen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bülow
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Tagmose Thomsen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Takuma Arimitsu
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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37
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Sadria M, Seo D, Layton AT. The mixed blessing of AMPK signaling in Cancer treatments. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:105. [PMID: 35078427 PMCID: PMC8786626 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nutrient acquisition and metabolism pathways are altered in cancer cells to meet bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands. A major regulator of cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis, in normal and cancer cells, is AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK influences cell growth via its modulation of the mechanistic target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, specifically, by inhibiting mTOR complex mTORC1, which facilitates cell proliferation, and by activating mTORC2 and cell survival. Given its conflicting roles, the effects of AMPK activation in cancer can be counter intuitive. Prior to the establishment of cancer, AMPK acts as a tumor suppressor. However, following the onset of cancer, AMPK has been shown to either suppress or promote cancer, depending on cell type or state. Methods To unravel the controversial roles of AMPK in cancer, we developed a computational model to simulate the effects of pharmacological maneuvers that target key metabolic signalling nodes, with a specific focus on AMPK, mTORC, and their modulators. Specifically, we constructed an ordinary differential equation-based mechanistic model of AMPK-mTORC signaling, and parametrized the model based on existing experimental data. Results Model simulations were conducted to yield the following predictions: (i) increasing AMPK activity has opposite effects on mTORC depending on the nutrient availability; (ii) indirect inhibition of AMPK activity through inhibition of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) only has an effect on mTORC activity under conditions of low nutrient availability; (iii) the balance between cell proliferation and survival exhibits an intricate dependence on DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR) abundance and AMPK activity; (iv) simultaneous direct inhibition of mTORC2 and activation of AMPK is a potential strategy for suppressing both cell survival and proliferation. Conclusions Taken together, model simulations clarify the competing effects and the roles of key metabolic signalling pathways in tumorigenesis, which may yield insights on innovative therapeutic strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09211-1.
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Shin WY, Kim JH. Age-Specific Association Between Handgrip Strength and Nutritional Quality in Korean Men: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. Am J Mens Health 2021; 15:15579883211063339. [PMID: 34859713 PMCID: PMC8646794 DOI: 10.1177/15579883211063339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the potential association between handgrip strength and nutritional quality in Korean men aged ≥20 years using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016 to 2018. This population-based cross-sectional study included 5,748 men aged ≥20 years. A dietary intake survey was performed using the 24-hr dietary recall method. Nutritional quality was examined using the Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) score. A high INQ score reflected poor nutritional quality, with insufficient intake of many nutrients. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine the association between handgrip strength and INQ scores after adjusting for other covariates. The intake of carbohydrates, fiber, calcium, and vitamins B2 and C was significantly positively associated with a higher quartile for handgrip strength for those aged ≥65 years (all p < .01). A significant inverse association was found between the quartiles of handgrip strength and INQ scores among men aged ≥65 years after adjusting for all covariates (β = -0.26, p < .01). This association was not found among those aged <65 years (p = .25). The age-specific association between handgrip strength and nutritional quality underscores the importance of public policies that promote sufficient and comprehensive nutrient intake among older adults. Handgrip strength may be useful in clinical practice as a simple and cost-effective tool for screening for nutritional quality in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Young Shin
- Department of Family Medicine, Chung-Ang University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ha Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Chung-Ang University Medical Center, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hodson N, Mazzulla M, Holowaty MNH, Kumbhare D, Moore DR. RPS6 phosphorylation occurs to a greater extent in the periphery of human skeletal muscle fibers, near focal adhesions, after anabolic stimuli. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 322:C94-C110. [PMID: 34852208 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00357.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Following anabolic stimuli (mechanical loading and/or amino acid provision) the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a master regulator of protein synthesis, translocates toward the cell periphery. However, it is unknown if mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation events occur in these peripheral regions or prior to translocation (i.e. in central regions). We therefore aimed to determine the cellular location of a mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation event, RPS6Ser240/244, in human skeletal muscle following anabolic stimuli. Fourteen young, healthy males either ingested a protein-carbohydrate beverage (0.25g/kg protein, 0.75g/kg carbohydrate) alone (n=7;23±5yrs;76.8±3.6kg;13.6±3.8%BF, FED) or following a whole-body resistance exercise bout (n=7;22±2yrs;78.1±3.6kg;12.2±4.9%BF, EXFED). Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained at rest (PRE) and 120 and 300min following anabolic stimuli. RPS6Ser240/244 phosphorylation measured by immunofluorescent staining or immunoblot was positively correlated (r=0.76, p<0.001). Peripheral staining intensity of p-RPS6Ser240/244 increased above PRE in both FED and EXFED at 120min (~54% and ~138% respectively, p<0.05) but was greater in EXFED at both post-stimuli time points (p<0.05). The peripheral-central ratio of p-RPS6240/244 staining displayed a similar pattern, even when corrected for total RPS6 distribution, suggesting RPS6 phosphorylation occurs to a greater extent in the periphery of fibers. Moreover, p-RPS6Ser240/244 intensity within paxillin-positive regions, a marker of focal adhesion complexes, was elevated at 120min irrespective of stimulus (p=0.006) before returning to PRE at 300min. These data confirm that RPS6Ser240/244 phosphorylation occurs in the region of human muscle fibers to which mTOR translocates following anabolic stimuli and identifies focal adhesion complexes as a potential site of mTORC1 regulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hodson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Mazzulla
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maksym N H Holowaty
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Fukada SI, Ito N. Regulation of muscle hypertrophy: Involvement of the Akt-independent pathway and satellite cells in muscle hypertrophy. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112907. [PMID: 34793776 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are composed of multinuclear cells called myofibers and have unique abilities, one of which is plasticity. In response to the mechanical load induced by physical activity, skeletal muscle exerts several local adaptations, including an increase in myofiber size and myonuclear number, known as muscle hypertrophy. Protein synthesis and muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) are mainly responsible for these adaptations. However, the upstream signaling pathways that promote protein synthesis remain controversial. Further, the necessity of MuSCs in muscle hypertrophy is also a highly debated issue. In this review, we summarized the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/Akt-independent activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in muscle hypertrophy and the involvement of mTOR signaling in age-related loss of skeletal muscle function and mass and in sarcopenia. The roles and behaviors of MuSCs, characteristics of new myonuclei in muscle hypertrophy, and their relevance to sarcopenia have also been updated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ichiro Fukada
- Project for Muscle Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Naoki Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation (IBRI), Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
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Zwetsloot KA, Shanely RA, Godwin JS, Hodgman CF. Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2021; 2:757789. [PMID: 36188800 PMCID: PMC9397830 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.757789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Eccentric muscle contractions are commonly used in exercise regimens, as well as in rehabilitation as a treatment against muscle atrophy and weakness. If repeated multiple times, eccentric contractions may result in skeletal muscle injury and loss of function. Skeletal muscle possesses the remarkable ability to repair and regenerate after an injury or damage; however, this ability is impaired with aging. Phytoecdysteroids are natural plant steroids that possess medicinal, pharmacological, and biological properties, with no adverse side effects in mammals. Previous research has demonstrated that administration of phytoecdysteroids, such as 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), leads to an increase in protein synthesis signaling and skeletal muscle strength. Methods: To investigate whether 20E enhances skeletal muscle recovery from eccentric contraction-induced damage, adult (7–8 mo) and old (26–27 mo) mice were subjected to injurious eccentric contractions (EC), followed by 20E or placebo (PLA) supplementation for 7 days. Contractile function via torque-frequency relationships (TF) was measured three times in each mouse: pre- and post-EC, as well as after the 7-day recovery period. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and then electrically-stimulated isometric contractions were performed to obtain in vivo muscle function of the anterior crural muscle group before injury (pre), followed by 150 EC, and then again post-injury (post). Following recovery from anesthesia, mice received either 20E (50 mg•kg−1 BW) or PLA by oral gavage. Mice were gavaged daily for 6 days and on day 7, the TF relationship was reassessed (7-day). Results: EC resulted in significant reductions of muscle function post-injury, regardless of age or treatment condition (p < 0.001). 20E supplementation completely recovered muscle function after 7 days in both adult and old mice (pre vs. 7-day; p > 0.05), while PLA muscle function remained reduced (pre vs. 7-day; p < 0.01). In addition, histological markers of muscle damage appear lower in damaged muscle from 20E-treated mice after the 7-day recovery period, compared to PLA. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings demonstrate that 20E fully recovers skeletal muscle function in both adult and old mice just 7 days after eccentric contraction-induced damage. However, the underlying mechanics by which 20E contributes to the accelerated recovery from muscle damage warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Zwetsloot
- Integrative Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Kevin A. Zwetsloot
| | - R. Andrew Shanely
- Integrative Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
| | - Joshua S. Godwin
- Integrative Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
| | - Charles F. Hodgman
- Integrative Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, United States
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Mey JT, Godin JP, Scelsi AR, Kullman EL, Malin SK, Yang S, Floyd ZE, Poulev A, Fielding RA, Ross AB, Kirwan JP. A Whole-Grain Diet Increases Whole-Body Protein Balance Compared with a Macronutrient-Matched Refined-Grain Diet. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab121. [PMID: 34805723 PMCID: PMC8598768 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data from randomized control trials to support or refute the contention that whole-grains can enhance protein metabolism in humans. OBJECTIVES To examine: 1) the clinical effects of a whole-grain diet on whole-body protein turnover; 2) the cellular effects of whole-grains on protein synthesis in skeletal muscle cells; and 3) the population effects of whole-grain intake on age-related muscle loss. METHODS Adults with overweight/obesity (n = 14; age = 40 ± 7 y; BMI = 33 ± 5 kg/m2) were recruited into a crossover, randomized controlled trial (NCT01411540) in which isocaloric, macronutrient-matched whole-grain and refined-grain diets were fully provisioned for two 8-wk periods. Diets differed only in the presence of whole-grains (50 g/1000 kcal). Whole-body protein kinetics were assessed at baseline and after each diet in the fasted-state (13C-leucine) and integrated over 24 h (15N-glycine). In vitro studies using C2C12 cells assessed global protein synthesis by surface sensing of translation and anabolic signaling by Western blot. Complementary epidemiological assessments using the NHANES database assessed the effect of whole-grain intake on muscle function assessed by gait speed in older adults (n = 2783). RESULTS Integrated 24-h net protein balance was 3-fold higher on a whole-grain diet compared with a refined-grain diet (P = 0.04). A whole-grain wheat extract increased submaximal rates of global protein synthesis (27%, P < 0.05) in vitro. In a large sample of older adults, whole-grain intake was associated with greater muscle function (OR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.98). CONCLUSIONS Consuming 50 g/1000 kcal whole-grains per day promotes greater protein turnover and enhances net protein balance in adults. Whole-grains impact skeletal muscle at the cellular level, and are associated with greater muscle function in older adults. Collectively, these data point to a new mechanism whereby whole-grain consumption favorably enhances protein turnover and improves health outcomes.This clinical trial is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT01411540).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Mey
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Godin
- Nestlé Research, Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amanda R Scelsi
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emily L Kullman
- Health and Human Performance, Cleveland State University,
Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shengping Yang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Poulev
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Roger A Fielding
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - John P Kirwan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Kim JE, Kwon EY, Han Y. Allulose Attenuated Age-Associated Sarcopenia via Regulating IGF-1 and Myostatin in Aged Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100549. [PMID: 34710274 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Allulose is shown to increase the muscle weight in diet-induced obese mice. However, there are no studies on the effects of allulose in age-associated sarcopenia. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms of action for allulose in age associated by analyzing the transcriptional patterns in aged mice. METHODS AND RESULTS The 48-week-old mice are fed with AIN-93diet containing allulose for 12 weeks. Allulose supplementation increases the muscle mass and grip strength in aged mice. Allulose increases the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its downstream factor expressions which 40 are related protein synthesis, while inhibits the myostatin expression related protein degradation. In mRNA-seq analysis, allulose supplementation significantly decreases in Adiponectin, Adipsin, cell death inducing DFFA like effector (CIDEC), Haptoglobin, Neuroglobin, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) and increases in cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH) and ceramide synthase 1 (CerS1) that are regulate protein turn over in gastrocnemius. Also, allulose alleviates autophagy in muscle with regulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and increases the anti-oxidant enzyme activity. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that allulose improves the age-associated sarcopenia with enhancing antioxidant properties by altering mRNA and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong, Puk-Ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.,Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong, Puk-Ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.,Center for Beautiful Aging, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong, Puk-Ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong, Puk-Ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.,Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong, Puk-Ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.,Center for Beautiful Aging, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong, Puk-Ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngji Han
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong, Puk-Ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.,Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong, Puk-Ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.,Center for Beautiful Aging, Kyungpook National University, 1370 San-Kyuk Dong, Puk-Ku, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
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44
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Lixandrão ME, Longobardi I, Leitão AE, Morais JVM, Swinton PA, Aihara AY, Goes PCK, Ugrinowitsch C, Candow DG, Gualano B, Roschel H. Daily Leucine Intake Is Positively Associated with Lower Limb Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in the Elderly. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103536. [PMID: 34684538 PMCID: PMC8539207 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher daily protein intake, with an emphasis on leucine content, is thought to mitigate age-related anabolic resistance, potentially counteracting age-related morphological and functional declines. The present study investigated potential associations between total daily leucine intake and dependent variables, including quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum dynamic muscle strength (1-RM) in a cohort of healthy free-living older individuals of both sexes (n = 67; 34/33 men/women). Participants performed three 24 h dietary recalls and underwent a magnetic resonance imaging exam followed by 1-RM tests. Our results demonstrate moderate associations between total daily leucine and both quadriceps CSA (r = 0.42; p = 0.004) and 1-RM (r = 0.45; p = 0.001). Furthermore, our exploratory biphasic linear regression analyses, adjusted for sex, age, and protein intake relative to body weight, revealed a plateau for daily leucine intake and muscle mass and muscle strength (~7.6–8.0 g·day−1) in older adults. In conclusion, we demonstrated that total daily leucine intake is associated with muscle mass and strength in healthy older individuals and this association remains after controlling for multiple factors, including overall protein intake. Furthermore, our breakpoint analysis revealed non-linearities and a potential threshold for habitual leucine intake, which may help guide future research on the effects of chronic leucine intake in age-related muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Igor Longobardi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Alice E. Leitão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - João V. M. Morais
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Paul A. Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QE, UK;
| | - André Y. Aihara
- Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, São Paulo 04037-005, SP, Brazil; (A.Y.A.); (P.C.K.G.)
| | - Paola C. K. Goes
- Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, São Paulo 04037-005, SP, Brazil; (A.Y.A.); (P.C.K.G.)
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-8783
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45
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Sadri S, Sharifi G, Jalali Dehkordi K. Nano branched-chain amino acids enhance the effect of uphill (concentric) and downhill (eccentric) treadmill exercise on muscle gene expression of Akt and mTOR on aged rats. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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46
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Monteyne AJ, Dunlop MV, Machin DJ, Coelho MOC, Pavis GF, Porter C, Murton AJ, Abdelrahman DR, Dirks ML, Stephens FB, Wall BT. A mycoprotein-based high-protein vegan diet supports equivalent daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates compared with an isonitrogenous omnivorous diet in older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2021; 126:674-684. [PMID: 33172506 PMCID: PMC8110608 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal-derived dietary protein ingestion and physical activity stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in older adults. We determined whether a non-animal-derived diet can support daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates to the same extent as an omnivorous diet. Nineteen healthy older adults (aged 66 (sem 1) years; BMI 24 (sem 1) kg/m2; twelve males, seven females) participated in a randomised, parallel-group, controlled trial during which they consumed a 3-d isoenergetic high-protein (1·8 g/kg body mass per d) diet, where the protein was provided from predominantly (71 %) animal (OMNI; n 9; six males, three females) or exclusively vegan (VEG; n 10; six males, four females; mycoprotein providing 57 % of daily protein intake) sources. During the dietary control period, participants conducted a daily bout of unilateral resistance-type leg extension exercise. Before the dietary control period, participants ingested 400 ml of deuterated water, with 50-ml doses consumed daily thereafter. Saliva samples were collected throughout to determine body water 2H enrichments, and muscle samples were collected from rested and exercised muscle to determine daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Deuterated water dosing resulted in body water 2H enrichments of approximately 0·78 (sem 0·03) %. Daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were 13 (sem 8) (P = 0·169) and 12 (sem 4) % (P = 0·016) greater in the exercised compared with rested leg (1·59 (sem 0·12) v. 1·77 (sem 0·12) and 1·76 (sem 0·14) v. 1·93 (sem 0·12) %/d) in OMNI and VEG groups, respectively. Daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates did not differ between OMNI and VEG in either rested or exercised muscle (P > 0·05). Over the course of a 3-d intervention, omnivorous- or vegan-derived dietary protein sources can support equivalent rested and exercised daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in healthy older adults consuming a high-protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Mandy V Dunlop
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - David J Machin
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Mariana OC Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - George F Pavis
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- The Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
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Pandey A, Shah SJ, Butler J, Kellogg DL, Lewis GD, Forman DE, Mentz RJ, Borlaug BA, Simon MA, Chirinos JA, Fielding RA, Volpi E, Molina AJA, Haykowsky MJ, Sam F, Goodpaster BH, Bertoni AG, Justice JN, White JP, Ding J, Hummel SL, LeBrasseur NK, Taffet GE, Pipinos II, Kitzman D. Exercise Intolerance in Older Adults With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:1166-1187. [PMID: 34503685 PMCID: PMC8525886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exercise intolerance (EI) is the primary manifestation of chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), the most common form of heart failure among older individuals. The recent recognition that HFpEF is likely a systemic, multiorgan disorder that shares characteristics with other common, difficult-to-treat, aging-related disorders suggests that novel insights may be gained from combining knowledge and concepts from aging and cardiovascular disease disciplines. This state-of-the-art review is based on the outcomes of a National Institute of Aging-sponsored working group meeting on aging and EI in HFpEF. We discuss aging-related and extracardiac contributors to EI in HFpEF and provide the rationale for a transdisciplinary, "gero-centric" approach to advance our understanding of EI in HFpEF and identify promising new therapeutic targets. We also provide a framework for prioritizing future research, including developing a uniform, comprehensive approach to phenotypic characterization of HFpEF, elucidating key geroscience targets for treatment, and conducting proof-of-concept trials to modify these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambarish Pandey
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. https://twitter.com/ambarish4786
| | - Sanjiv J Shah
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Javed Butler
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Dean L Kellogg
- University of Texas Health Science Center and GRECC, South Texas Veterans Affairs Health System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Daniel E Forman
- University of Pittsburgh and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J Mentz
- Duke Clinical Research Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Marc A Simon
- University of Pittsburgh and VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Elena Volpi
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Flora Sam
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Advent Health Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Alain G Bertoni
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jamie N Justice
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jingzhone Ding
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott L Hummel
- University of Michigan and the VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | - Dalane Kitzman
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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48
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Moore DR. Protein Requirements for Master Athletes: Just Older Versions of Their Younger Selves. Sports Med 2021; 51:13-30. [PMID: 34515969 PMCID: PMC8566396 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is established that protein requirements are elevated in athletes to support their training and post-exercise recovery and adaptation, especially within skeletal muscle. However, research on the requirements for this macronutrient has been performed almost exclusively in younger athletes, which may complicate their translation to the growing population of Master athletes (i.e. > 35 years old). In contrast to older (> 65 years) untrained adults who typically demonstrate anabolic resistance to dietary protein as a primary mediator of the ‘normal’ age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, Master athletes are generally considered successful models of aging as evidenced by possessing similar body composition, muscle mass, and aerobic fitness as untrained adults more than half their age. The primary physiology changes considered to underpin the anabolic resistance of aging are precipitated or exacerbated by physical inactivity, which has led to higher protein recommendations to stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older untrained compared to younger untrained adults. This review puts forth the argument that Master athletes have similar muscle characteristics, physiological responses to exercise, and protein metabolism as young athletes and, therefore, are unlikely to have protein requirements that are different from their young contemporaries. Recommendations for protein amount, type, and pattern will be discussed for Master athletes to enhance their recovery from and adaptation to resistance and endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 100 Devonshire Place, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C9, Canada.
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49
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Insights into the Interaction of Lysosomal Amino Acid Transporters SLC38A9 and SLC36A1 Involved in mTORC1 Signaling in C2C12 Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091314. [PMID: 34572527 PMCID: PMC8467208 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are critical for mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation on the lysosomal surface. Amino acid transporters SLC38A9 and SLC36A1 are the members of the lysosomal amino acid sensing machinery that activates mTORC1. The current study aims to clarify the interaction of SLC38A9 and SLC36A1. Here, we discovered that leucine increased expressions of SLC38A9 and SLC36A1, leading to mTORC1 activation. SLC38A9 interacted with SLC36A1 and they enhanced each other's expression levels and locations on the lysosomal surface. Additionally, the interacting proteins of SLC38A9 in C2C12 cells were identified to participate in amino acid sensing mechanism, mTORC1 signaling pathway, and protein synthesis, which provided a resource for future investigations of skeletal muscle mass.
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50
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Ahn J, Kim MJ, Yoo A, Ahn J, Ha TY, Jung CH, Seo HD, Jang YJ. Identifying Codium fragile extract components and their effects on muscle weight and exercise endurance. Food Chem 2021; 353:129463. [PMID: 33743428 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Codium fragile (CF) is a type of green algae consumed as kimchi in Asia. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis showed that CF contain lysophosphatidyl choline, canthaxanthin, retinoic acid, α-tocopherol, and unsaturated fatty acids, which reportedly improve skeletal muscle health. However, the effect of CF on skeletal muscle mass and function remains to be elucidated. In mice fed with CF extracts, exercise endurance and muscle weight increased. CF extracts enhanced protein synthesis and myogenic differentiation through the mTORC1 pathway. CF extracts also promoted oxidative muscle fiber formation and mitochondrial biogenesis through the PGC-1α-related signaling pathway. Upregulation of PGC-1α by CF extracts was abolished by EX527 SIRT1 inhibitor treatment. Changed signaling molecules in the CF extracts were partially regulated by canthaxanthin, a new compound in CF extracts, suggesting that canthaxanthin contribute synergistically to the effect of CF extracts. Therefore, CF is a potential food source for sport nutrition or prevention of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisong Ahn
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Healthcare Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahyoung Yoo
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Deok Seo
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Jang
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; Major of Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea.
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