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Osborne MC, Reidy DE, Temple JR, DeMello A, Lu Y. Examining the Relation Between Early Violence Exposure and Firearm-Related Experiences in Emerging Adulthood: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241254313. [PMID: 38738909 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241254313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Firearms are a leading cause of death among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Early exposure to violence, as a victim or witness, is associated with increased risk of firearm-related experiences, including carrying and threatening others with a gun. These experiences, in turn, increase the risk of both fatal and non-fatal firearm injuries. Using an ethnically diverse sample of emerging adults, we build on prior research by examining the link between early violence exposure at multiple contexts of the social-ecological model and multiple firearm-related experiences (i.e., firearm-threatening victimization, firearm-threatening perpetration, and firearm carriage). We analyzed data from a 10-year longitudinal study of 1042 youth in the Southern United States. Experiencing childhood physical abuse was associated with both firearm-threatening victimization and perpetration in emerging adulthood. Additionally, exposure to neighborhood and interparental violence were linked to threatening others with firearms and carrying firearms, respectively. Counter to expectations, bullying victimization did not emerge as a predictor of any firearm-related experiences. Findings highlight the importance of cross-cutting violence prevention efforts to prevent high-risk firearm-related behaviors among emerging adults. Programs for children and adolescents that address these types of violence exposure should highlight coping skills and sources of positive social support to bolster protective factors against firearm-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Osborne
- Wellstar School of Nursing, Wellstar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Dennis E Reidy
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA;Center for Research on Interpersonal Violence, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeff R Temple
- Center for Violence Prevention, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA; School of Behavioral Health Sciences, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Annalyn DeMello
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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2
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Skaathun B, Maviglia F, Vo A, McBride A, Seymour S, Mendez S, Gonsalves G, Beletsky L. Prioritization of carceral spending in U.S. cities: Development of the Carceral Resource Index (CRI) and the role of race and income inequality. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276818. [PMID: 36520883 PMCID: PMC9754598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Policing, corrections, and other carceral institutions are under scrutiny for driving health harms, while receiving disproportionate resources at the expense of prevention and other services. Amidst renewed interest in structural determinants of health, roles of race and class in shaping government investment priorities are poorly understood. METHODS Based on the Social Conflict Model, we assessed relationships between city racial/ economic profiles measured by the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) and budgetary priorities measured by the novel Carceral Resource Index (CRI), contrasting investments in carceral systems with funding for health and social support across the 50 most populous cities in the United States (U.S.). Bivariate correlations, and unadjusted and adjusted polynomial regression models were used to assess the relationship between budgetary investments and population concentration at extremes in terms of income, racial/ethnic composition, and education, controlling for other demographic characteristics. RESULTS In our sample, median CRI was -0.59 (IQR -0.64, -0.45), with only seven cities exhibiting positive CRI values. This indicates that most large U.S. cities spend more on carceral systems than on health and supportive services, combined. Adjusted polynomial models showed a convex relationship between the CRI and ICE-Education, and ICE-Race(White vs. Black)+Income, with quadratic terms that were positive and significant at p<0.05. After controlling for age, the strongest prioritization of carceral systems was observed in cities where the proportion of low-income Black residents approached or exceeded that of high-income white residents. CONCLUSIONS Municipal prioritization of carceral investments over health and social support is pervasive in the U.S and exacerbated by racial and economic disparities. The CRI offers new opportunities to understand the role of government investments as a structural determinant of health and safety. Longitudinal research is warranted to examine the relationship between budget priorities, structural racism, and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Skaathun
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Francesca Maviglia
- Yale School of Public Health, Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Anh Vo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Allison McBride
- Health in Justice Action Lab, School of Law and Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sarah Seymour
- Health in Justice Action Lab, School of Law and Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Mendez
- Health in Justice Action Lab, School of Law and Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gregg Gonsalves
- Yale School of Public Health, Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Leo Beletsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Health in Justice Action Lab, School of Law and Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Abdalla S, Pair E, Mehta K, Ward V, Mahapatra T, Darmstadt GL. Improving the precision of maternal, newborn, and child health impact through geospatial analysis of the association of contextual and programmatic factors with health trends in Bihar, India. J Glob Health 2022; 12:04064. [PMID: 36412069 PMCID: PMC9679706 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a scarcity of research that comprehensively examines programme impact from a context-specific perspective. We aimed to determine the conditions under which the Bihar Technical Support Programme led to more favourable outcomes for maternal and child health in Bihar. Methods We obtained block-level data on maternal and child health indicators during the state-wide scale-up of the pilot Ananya programme and data on health facility readiness, along with geographical and sociodemographic variables. We examined the associations of these factors with increases in the levels of indicators using multilevel logistic regression, and the associations with rates of change in the indicators using Bayesian Hierarchical modelling. Results Frontline worker (FLW) visits between 2014-2017 were more likely to increase in blocks with better night lighting (odds ratio (OR) = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.51). Birth preparedness increased in blocks with increasing FLW visits (OR = 3.43, 95% CI = 1.15-10.21), while dry cord care practice increased in blocks where satisfaction with FLW visits was increasing (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.10-2.11). Age-appropriate frequency of complementary feeding increased in blocks with higher development index (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.16-2.06) and a higher percentage of scheduled caste or tribe (OR = 3.21, 95% CI = 1.13-9.09). An increase in most outcomes was more likely in areas with lower baseline levels. Conclusions Contextual factors (eg, night lighting and development) not targeted by the programme and FLW visits were associated with favourable programme outcomes. Intervention design, including intervention selection for a particular geography, should be modified to fit the local context in the short term. Expanding collaborations beyond the health sector to influence modifiable contextual factors in the long term can result in a higher magnitude and more sustainable impact. Registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02726230.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Abdalla
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Emma Pair
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kala Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Victoria Ward
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Gary L Darmstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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The Use of Urban Parks by Older Adults in the Context of Perceived Security. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074184. [PMID: 35409867 PMCID: PMC8998194 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The perception of urban greenery is determined by many aspects, including the personal security of different groups of city dwellers. The objective of this study was to investigate if there are differences between the sense of security of older adults and other groups of urban park users, and which factors play an important role in the evaluation of personal security and thus determine the use (or not) of parks. A survey questionnaire was administrated to a sample of randomly selected park users in Poland (n = 394), including seniors (s = 69). The results show statistically significant differences in security perception between respondents under the age of 60 and those over the age of 60 in the case of all questioned factors. At the same time, all of them are important for a sense of security in older adults. This knowledge is crucial for designing more inclusive and age-friendly urban parks, which should meet the needs and expectations of older adults and encourage them to engage in more activity.
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Brands J, Van Doorn J. The measurement, intensity and determinants of fear of cybercrime: A systematic review. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lee JML, Ang S, Chan A. Fear of crime is associated with loneliness among older adults in Singapore: Gender and ethnic differences. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2021; 29:1339-1348. [PMID: 32959506 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fear of crime is a complex perception and has underlying psychological, social and health repercussions. The influence of fear of crime on psychosocial outcomes, however, may be moderated by various social factors. This study examined how fear of crime influences loneliness among low-income older adults attending a Senior Activity Centre (SAC) in multiethnic Singapore. In addition, we tested whether these associations were moderated by gender and ethnicity. We analysed cross-sectional data (N = 1,266) from The SAC Study, a survey conducted with older adults who were attending a SAC between March 2015 and August 2015. Multilevel models were used to test whether fear of crime was associated with loneliness; and whether the association was moderated by gender and ethnicity. We found that fear of crime was positively associated with loneliness, and that this association was stronger among men than women, but ethnicity did not moderate this relationship. Findings from our study suggest that fear of crime may have a stronger negative effect on men's psychological well-being, even though they report lower fear of crime. This highlights the importance of sociocultural context when examining the psychosocial implications of fear of crime in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- June May-Ling Lee
- Centre for Ageing Research and Education (CARE), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shannon Ang
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Angelique Chan
- Centre for Ageing Research and Education (CARE), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Health Services and Systems Research (HSSR), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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7
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Turcu C, Crane M, Hutchinson E, Lloyd S, Belesova K, Wilkinson P, Davies M. A multi-scalar perspective on health and urban housing: an umbrella review. BUILDINGS & CITIES 2021; 2:734-758. [PMID: 34738085 PMCID: PMC7611930 DOI: 10.5334/bc.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With more than half the world's population living in cities, understanding how the built environment impacts human health at different urban scales is crucial. To be able to shape cities for health, an understanding is needed of planetary health impacts, which encompass the human health impacts of human-caused disruptions on the Earth's natural ecosystems. This umbrella review maps health evidence across the spatial scales of the built environment (building; neighbourhood; and wider system, including city, regional and planetary levels), with a specific focus on urban housing. Systematic reviews published in English between January 2011 and December 2020 were searched across 20 databases, with 1176 articles identified and 124 articles screened for inclusion. Findings suggests that most evidence reports on health determinants at the neighbourhood level, such as greenspace, physical and socio-economic conditions, transport infrastructure and access to local services. Physical health outcomes are also primarily reported, with an emerging interest in mental health outcomes. There is little evidence on planetary health outcomes and significant gaps in the research literature are identified. Based on these findings, three potential directions are identified for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Turcu
- The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Melanie Crane
- The Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Hutchinson
- Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Simon Lloyd
- Climate and Health Programme (CLIMA), Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristine Belesova
- Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Mike Davies
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Simonelli G. Disparities in Sleep Health and Potential Urban Interventions: The Challenge of Unintended Consequences. Chest 2021; 159:1691. [PMID: 34022012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Simonelli
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, and the Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Recherche CIUSSS NIM, Montreal, Canada.
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9
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Reid ID, Appleby-Arnold S, Brockdorff N, Jakovljev I, Zdravković S. Developing a model of perceptions of security and insecurity in the context of crime. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2020; 27:620-636. [PMID: 33679201 PMCID: PMC7901684 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2020.1742235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current study was carried out as part of the CITYCOP project exploring fear of crime, risk perception and feelings of security and insecurity. Participants (n = 272) from 11 European countries answered a questionnaire exploring measures of risk perception, fear of crime, anxiety, trust in police and related behaviours. A seven-factor structure is proposed incorporating 'Signs of Social and Physical Disorder', 'Trust in Police', 'Trait Anxiety', 'Collective Efficacy', 'Perceived Risk of Victimisation', 'Fear of Personal Harm' and 'Fear of Property Theft'. Overall findings suggest that the measures associated with feelings of insecurity are negatively related to the measures associated with feelings of security. Efforts should be made to reduce feelings of insecurity through encouraging trust in law enforcement and community interaction and reducing signs of social and physical disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ivana Jakovljev
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sunčica Zdravković
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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10
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Gupta N, Ayles HM. Effects of pay-for-performance for primary care physicians on diabetes outcomes in single-payer health systems: a systematic review. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2019; 20:1303-1315. [PMID: 31401699 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-019-01097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pay-for-performance (P4P) for diabetes care is increasingly common, evidence of its effectiveness in improving population health and health system sustainability is deficient. This information gap is attributable in part to the heterogeneity of healthcare financing, covered medical conditions, care settings, and provider remuneration arrangements within and across countries. We systematically reviewed the literature concentrating on whether P4P for physicians in primary and community care leads to better diabetes outcomes in single-payer national health insurance systems. METHODS Studies were identified by searching ten databases (01/2000-04/2018) and scanning the reference lists of review articles and other global health literature. We included primary studies evaluating the effects of introducing P4P for diabetes care among primary care physicians in countries of universal health coverage. Outcomes of interest included patient morbidity, avoidable hospitalization, premature death, and healthcare costs. RESULTS We identified 2218 reports; after exclusions, 10 articles covering 8 P4P interventions in 7 countries were eligible for analysis. Five studies, capturing records from 717,166 patients with diabetes, were graded as high-quality evaluations of P4P on health outcomes. Based on three quality studies, P4P can result in reduced risk of mortality over the longer term-when linked to performance metrics. However, studies from other jurisdictions, where P4P was not linked to specific patient-oriented objectives, yielded little or mixed evidence of positive health impacts. CONCLUSION Evidence of the effectiveness of P4P depends on whether physicians' incentive payments are explicitly tied to performance metrics. However, the most appropriate indicators for performance monitoring remain in question. More research with rigorous evaluation in different settings is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeru Gupta
- University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Holly M Ayles
- University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
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11
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Grinshteyn E, Muennig P, Pabayo R. Using the General Social Survey - National Death Index cohort to study the relationship between neighbourhood fear and mortality in the USA. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030330. [PMID: 31678942 PMCID: PMC6830708 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fear of crime is associated with adverse mental health outcomes and reduced social interaction independent of crime. Because mental health and social interactions are associated with poor physical health, fear of crime may also be associated with death. The main objective is to determine whether neighbourhood fear is associated with time to death. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Data from the 1978-2008 General Social Survey were linked to mortality data using the National Death Index (GSS-NDI) (n=20 297). METHODS GSS-NDI data were analysed to assess the relationship between fear of crime at baseline and time to death among adults after removing violent deaths. Fear was measured by asking respondents if they were afraid to walk alone at night within a mile of their home. Crude and adjusted HRs were calculated using survival analysis to calculate time to death. Analyses were stratified by sex. RESULTS Among those who responded that they were fearful of walking in their neighbourhood at night, there was a 6% increased risk of death during follow-up in the adjusted model though this was not significant (HR=1.06, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.13). In the fully adjusted models examining risk of mortality stratified by sex, findings were significant among men but not women. Among men, in the adjusted model, there was an 8% increased risk of death during follow-up among those who experienced fear at baseline in comparison with those who did not experience fear (HR=1.08, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.14). CONCLUSIONS Research has recently begun examining fear as a public health issue. With an identified relationship with mortality among men, this is a potential public health problem that must be examined more fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Grinshteyn
- Health Professions Department, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Muennig
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roman Pabayo
- Canada Research Chair Tier II in Social and Health Inequities Throughout the Lifespan, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Capolongo S, Rebecchi A, Dettori M, Appolloni L, Azara A, Buffoli M, Capasso L, Casuccio A, Oliveri Conti G, D'Amico A, Ferrante M, Moscato U, Oberti I, Paglione L, Restivo V, D'Alessandro D. Healthy Design and Urban Planning Strategies, Actions, and Policy to Achieve Salutogenic Cities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2698. [PMID: 30501119 PMCID: PMC6313765 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Starting from a previous experience carried out by the working group "Building and Environmental Hygiene" of the Italian Society of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine (SItI), the aim of the present work is to define new strategic goals for achieving a "Healthy and Salutogenic City", which will be useful to designers, local governments and public bodies, policy makers, and all professionals working at local health agencies. Ten key points have been formulated: 1. climate change and management of adverse weather events; 2. land consumption, sprawl, and shrinking cities; 3. tactical urbanism and urban resilience; 4. urban comfort, safety, and security perception; 5. strengths and weaknesses of urban green areas and infrastructures; 6. urban solid waste management; 7. housing emergencies in relation to socio-economic and environmental changes; 8. energy aspects and environmental planning at an urban scale; 9. socio-assistance and welfare network at an urban scale: importance of a rational and widespread system; and 10. new forms of living, conscious of coparticipation models and aware of sharing quality objectives. Design strategies, actions, and policies, identified to improve public health and wellbeing, underline that the connection between morphological and functional features of urban context and public health is crucial for contemporary cities and modern societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Capolongo
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Ingegneria delle Costruzioni e Ambiente Costruito, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Rebecchi
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Ingegneria delle Costruzioni e Ambiente Costruito, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Dettori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Letizia Appolloni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Azara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Buffoli
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Ingegneria delle Costruzioni e Ambiente Costruito, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Capasso
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Sperimentale e Forense, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Casuccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandro D'Amico
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy.
| | - Umberto Moscato
- Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Oberti
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Ingegneria delle Costruzioni e Ambiente Costruito, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Paglione
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Restivo
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute e Materno Infantile, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Daniela D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00184 Rome, Italy.
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Moore THM, Kesten JM, López-López JA, Ijaz S, McAleenan A, Richards A, Gray S, Savović J, Audrey S. The effects of changes to the built environment on the mental health and well-being of adults: Systematic review. Health Place 2018; 53:237-257. [PMID: 30196042 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the influence of place on health, and the need to distinguish between environmental and individual level factors. For environmental-level factors, current evidence tends to show associations through cross-sectional and uncontrolled longitudinal analyses rather than through more robust study designs that can provide stronger causal evidence. We restricted this systematic review to randomised (or cluster) randomised controlled trials and controlled before-and-after studies of changes to the built environment. Date of search was December 2016. We identified 14 studies. No evidence was found of an effect on mental health from 'urban regeneration' and 'improving green infrastructure' studies. Beneficial effects on quality-of-life outcomes from 'improving green infrastructure' were found in two studies. One 'improving green infrastructure' study reported an improvement in social isolation. Risk-of-bias assessment indicated robust data from only four studies. Overall, evidence for the impact of built environment interventions on mental health and quality-of-life is weak. Future research requires more robust study designs and interdisciplinary research involving public health, planning and urban design experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H M Moore
- The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK.
| | - J M Kesten
- The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - J A López-López
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - S Ijaz
- The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - A McAleenan
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - A Richards
- The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - S Gray
- Department of Health and Applied Social Science, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - J Savović
- The National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - S Audrey
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
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Evaluation and Improvement of Lighting Efficiency in Working Spaces. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10041110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Cedeño-Laurent JG, Williams A, MacNaughton P, Cao X, Eitland E, Spengler J, Allen J. Building Evidence for Health: Green Buildings, Current Science, and Future Challenges. Annu Rev Public Health 2018; 39:291-308. [PMID: 29328864 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Civilizational challenges have questioned the status quo of energy and material consumption by humans. From the built environment perspective, a response to these challenges was the creation of green buildings. Although the revolutionary capacity of the green building movement has elevated the expectations of new commercial construction, its rate of implementation has secluded the majority of the population from its benefits. Beyond reductions in energy usage and increases in market value, the main strength of green buildings may be the procurement of healthier building environments. Further pursuing the right to healthy indoor environments could help the green building movement to attain its full potential as a transformational public health tool. On the basis of 40 years of research on indoor environmental quality, we present a summary of nine environment elements that are foundational to human health. We posit the role of green buildings as a critical research platform within a novel sustainability framework based on social-environmental capital assets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Cedeño-Laurent
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - A Williams
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - P MacNaughton
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - X Cao
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - E Eitland
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - J Spengler
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - J Allen
- Environmental Health Department, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
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16
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Malecki KMC, Schultz AA, Bergmans RS. Neighborhood Perceptions and Cumulative Impacts of Low Level Chronic Exposure to Fine Particular Matter (PM 2.5) on Cardiopulmonary Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E84. [PMID: 29316641 PMCID: PMC5800183 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adverse perceptions of neighborhood safety, aesthetics and quality including access to resources can induce stress and may make individuals more sensitive to cardiopulmonary effects of air pollution exposure. Few studies have examined neighborhood perceptions as important and modifiable non-chemical stressors of the built environment that may exacerbate effects of air pollution on cardiopulmonary health outcomes, particularly among general population based cohorts. This study examined associations between low-level chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and cardiopulmonary health, and the potential mediating or modifying effects of adverse neighborhood perceptions. Using data from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin (SHOW), 2230 non-asthmatic adults age 21-74 were included in the analyses. The overall goals of this study were to assess if individuals who experience stress from neighborhood environments in which they live were more sensitive to low levels of fine particular matter (PM2.5 μg/m³). Demographic predictors of air pollution exposure included younger age, non-White race, lower education and middle class income. After adjustments, objective lung function measures (FEV1 and FEV1 to FVC ratio) were the only cardiopulmonary health indicators significantly associated with chronic three-year annual averages of PM2.5. Among all non-asthmatics, a ten unit increase in estimated three year annual average PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with lower forced expiratory volume (L) in one second FEV1 (β = -0.40 μg/L; 95% CI -0.45, -0.06). Among all individuals, adverse perceptions of the neighborhood built environment did not appear to statistically moderate or mediate associations. However, stratified analysis did reveal significant associations between PM2.5 and lung function (FEV1) only among individuals with negative perceptions and increased reports of neighborhood stressors. These findings included individuals who felt their neighborhoods were poorly maintained (β = -0.82; 95% CI -1.35, -0.28), experienced stress from crime (β = -0.45; 95% CI -0.94, 0.04) or reported neighborhood is not well maintained (β = -1.13, CI -2.04, -0.24). These significant associations were similar for FEV1 to FVC ratio. Multi-pronged approaches addressing both neighborhood built environment aesthetics and air pollution regulation may be necessary to protect vulnerable and susceptible individuals and reduce persistent inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M C Malecki
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 N. Walnut Street, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
| | - Amy A Schultz
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 610 N. Walnut Street, Madison, WI 53726, USA.
| | - Rachel S Bergmans
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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17
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McCartney G, Hearty W, Taulbut M, Mitchell R, Dryden R, Collins C. Regeneration and health: a structured, rapid literature review. Public Health 2017; 148:69-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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An Artificial Neural Network for Analyzing Overall Uniformity in Outdoor Lighting Systems. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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20
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Orton L, Pennington A, Nayak S, Sowden A, White M, Whitehead M. Group-based microfinance for collective empowerment: a systematic review of health impacts. Bull World Health Organ 2016; 94:694-704A. [PMID: 27708475 PMCID: PMC5034638 DOI: 10.2471/blt.15.168252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the impact on health-related outcomes, of group microfinance schemes based on collective empowerment. Methods We searched the databases Social Sciences Citation Index, Embase, MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, PsycINFO, Social Policy & Practice and Conference Proceedings Citation Index for articles published between 1 January 1980 and 29 February 2016. Articles reporting on health impacts associated with group-based microfinance were included in a narrative synthesis. Findings We identified one cluster-randomized control trial and 22 quasi-experimental studies. All of the included interventions targeted poor women living in low- or middle-income countries. Some included a health-promotion component. The results of the higher quality studies indicated an association between membership of a microfinance scheme and improvements in the health of women and their children. The observed improvements included reduced maternal and infant mortality, better sexual health and, in some cases, lower levels of interpersonal violence. According to the results of the few studies in which changes in empowerment were measured, membership of the relatively large and well-established microfinance schemes generally led to increased empowerment but this did not necessarily translate into improved health outcomes. Qualitative evidence suggested that increased empowerment may have contributed to observed improvements in contraceptive use and mental well-being and reductions in the risk of violence from an intimate partner. Conclusion Membership of the larger, well-established group-based microfinance schemes is associated with improvements in some health outcomes. Future studies need to be designed to cope better with bias and to assess negative as well as positive social and health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Orton
- Department of Public Health & Policy, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Quadrangle, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GB, England
| | - Andy Pennington
- Department of Public Health & Policy, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Quadrangle, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GB, England
| | - Shilpa Nayak
- Department of Public Health & Policy, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Quadrangle, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GB, England
| | - Amanda Sowden
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, England
| | - Martin White
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Margaret Whitehead
- Department of Public Health & Policy, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Quadrangle, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GB, England
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21
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Kodjebacheva G, Koleilat M, Kruger DJ. Depressive Symptoms Mediate the Association between Fear of Crime and Higher Body Mass Index. Am J Health Promot 2015; 30:130-2. [DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.140103-arb-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To investigate pathways in the association between fear of crime and obesity. Design. A cross-sectional survey was administered among residents aged 18 years and older across all Census tracts. Setting. Genesee County, Michigan. Subjects. A total of 3192 residents. Measures. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by using the respondents' reported height and weight. Composite fear-of-crime and depressive symptoms scores were calculated by using several survey items. Analysis. Path analysis examined the effects of fear of crime on BMI. Results. Fear of crime was associated with higher BMI. Depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between fear of crime and BMI (p < .001). Moderate exercise mediated the association between depressive symptoms and BMI (p < .001). Conclusion. Fear of crime was associated with depressive symptoms, which in turn were associated with reduced exercise and subsequently higher BMI.
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22
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Kramer D, Jongeneel-Grimen B, Stronks K, Droomers M, Kunst AE. Are area-based initiatives able to improve area safety in deprived areas? A quasi-experimental evaluation of the Dutch District Approach. BMC Public Health 2015. [PMID: 26215185 PMCID: PMC4517360 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous area-based initiatives have been implemented in deprived areas across Western-Europe with the aim to improve the socio-economic and environmental conditions in these areas. Only few of these initiatives have been scientifically evaluated for their impact on key social determinants of health, like perceived area safety. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of a Dutch area-based initiative called the District Approach on trends in perceived area safety and underlying problems in deprived target districts. Methods A quasi-experimental design was used. Repeated cross-sectional data on perceived area safety and underlying problems were obtained from the National Safety Monitor (2005–2008) and its successor the Integrated Safety Monitor (2008–2011). Study population consisted of 133,522 Dutch adults, including 3,595 adults from target districts. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed to assess trends in self-reported general safety, physical order, social order, and non-victimization before and after the start of the District Approach mid-2008. Trends in target districts were compared with trends in various control groups. Results Residents of target districts felt less safe, perceived less physical and social order, and were victimized more often than adults elsewhere in the Netherlands. For non-victimization, target districts showed a somewhat more positive change in trend after the start of the District Approach than the rest of the Netherlands or other deprived districts. Differences were only statistically significant in women, older adults, and lower educated adults. For general safety, physical order, and social order, there were no differences in trend change between target districts and control groups. Conclusions Results suggest that the District Approach has been unable to improve perceptions of area safety and disorder in deprived areas, but that it did result in declining victimization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Kramer
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Birthe Jongeneel-Grimen
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Karien Stronks
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Mariël Droomers
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Simonelli G, Patel SR, Rodríguez-Espínola S, Pérez-Chada D, Salvia A, Cardinali DP, Vigo DE. The impact of home safety on sleep in a Latin American country. Sleep Health 2015; 1:98-103. [PMID: 29073385 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to assess the impact of feelings of safety in one's neighborhood and home on sleep quality and sleep duration. DESIGN The design is a cross-sectional survey using face-to-face interviews, as part of the Argentine Social Debt Observatory assessment. SETTING The setting is a nationwide data from Argentina. PARTICIPANTS There are 5636 participants aged 18 years and older. INTERVENTION (IF ANY) N/A. MEASUREMENTS The relationships between both subjective sleep quality and self-reported sleep duration, categorized as short (<7 hours), normal (7-8 hours), and long (>8 hours) with safety in one's neighborhood and one's home, were analyzed. Age, sex, obesity, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and education were included as covariates. RESULTS Feeling unsafe in one's home was strongly associated with poorer sleep quality and with short sleep duration. Feeling unsafe in one's neighborhood was initially associated with reduced sleep quality but was no longer significant after controlling for home safety. In contrast, we found no correlation between safety measures and long sleep. In analyses stratified by sex, feeling unsafe in one's home was associated with poor sleep quality in women but not in men. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that safety in the home has an important effect on both sleep quality and duration, particularly among women. In contrast, after accounting for safety in the home, neighborhood safety does not impact sleep. Further research is warranted to identify mechanisms underlying the sex differences in susceptibility to poor sleep quality and shorter sleep duration, as well as to assess whether interventions addressing safety in the home can be used to improve sleep and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Simonelli
- Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, and the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Sanjay R Patel
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Solange Rodríguez-Espínola
- Observatorio de la Deuda Social Argentina, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Pérez-Chada
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Salvia
- Observatorio de la Deuda Social Argentina, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel P Cardinali
- Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, and the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel E Vigo
- Applied Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, and the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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24
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Shiue I. Neighborhood epidemiological monitoring and adult mental health: European Quality of Life Survey, 2007-2012. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:6095-6103. [PMID: 25391235 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Little is monitored on perceived neighborhood noise, quality of drinking water, air quality, rubbish, traffic, etc. at a continental scale. This study was aimed to examine the relationships of such neighborhood risks and mental health in adults and the very old in an international and population-based setting across Europe. Data were retrieved from the European Quality of Life Survey, 2007-2012 including demographics, living conditions, income and financial situation, housing and local environment, family, work, health, social participation and quality of social services. Adults aged 18 and above were included for statistical analysis (n = 79,270). Analysis included chi-square test, t test and logistic regression modeling. People who lived in town or city tended to indicate certain major problems for them such as noise (odds ratio (OR) 2.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.17-2.53, P < 0.001), air quality (OR 2.76, 95% CI 2.54-3.00, P < 0.001), low quality of drinking water (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.23-1.43, P < 0.001), crime and/or violence (OR 2.92, 95% CI 2.68-3.19, P < 0.001), rubbish (OR 3.68, 95% CI 3.41-3.97, P < 0.001) and traffic congestion (OR 2.64, 95% CI 2.45-2.85, P < 0.001). People who reported major problems on noise (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.96-2.45, P < 0.001), air quality (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.87-2.37, P < 0.001), low quality of drinking water (OR 2.40, 95% CI 2.14-2.68, P < 0.001), crime and/or violence (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.88-2.41, P < 0.001), rubbish (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.77-2.11, P < 0.001) and traffic congestion (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.34-1.68, P < 0.001) were also classified as having depression. Perceived neighborhood conditions were associated with adult mental health across Europe. Future neighborhood monitoring research moving from the etiological to neighborhood management would be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Shiue
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure & Society, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK,
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25
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Wilson N, Brander B, Mansoor OD, Pearson AL. Building a reliable measure for unobtrusive observations of street-connecting pedestrian walkways. J Urban Health 2014; 91:1129-35. [PMID: 25008121 PMCID: PMC4242860 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-014-9891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that good urban design, including street connectivity, facilitates walking for transport. We, therefore, piloted a short survey on 118 such walkways in nine suburbs in Wellington, New Zealand's capital. The instrument appeared feasible to use and performed well in terms of inter-rater reliability (median Kappa score for 15 items: 0.88). The study identified both favorable features (e.g., railings by steps), but also problematic ones (e.g., concerning graffiti, litter, and insufficient lighting and signage). There is scope for routinising the monitoring of walkway quality so that citizens and government agencies can work together to enhance urban walkability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Wilson
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand,
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26
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Brown BB, Werner CM, Smith KR, Tribby CP, Miller HJ. Physical activity mediates the relationship between perceived crime safety and obesity. Prev Med 2014; 66:140-4. [PMID: 24963894 PMCID: PMC4134936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current cross-sectional study tests whether low perceived crime safety is associated with body mass index (BMI) and obesity risk and whether less moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) accounts for part of this relationship. METHOD Adults (n=864) from a relatively low-income and ethnically mixed neighborhood in Salt Lake City UT (2012) were assessed for perceived crime safety, objective physical activity, and BMI measures. RESULTS This neighborhood had lower perceived safety than for other published studies utilizing this safety measure. In a mediation test, lower perceived crime safety was significantly associated with higher BMI and greater risk of obesity, net of control variables. Residents with lower perceived safety had less MVPA. Lower MVPA partially explained the relationship between less safety and both elevated BMI and higher obesity risk, suggesting that perceiving less crime safety limits MVPA which, in turn, increases weight. CONCLUSION In this neighborhood, with relatively low perceived safety from crime, residents' low perceived safety is related to more obesity and higher BMI; lower MVPA among residents explained part of this relationship. If residents are to become more active in their neighborhood it may be important to address perceived crime safety as part of broader efforts to enhance active living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Brown
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 225 S 1400 E RM 228, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carol M Werner
- Department of Psychology, 380S. 1530 E., RM 502 BSB, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ken R Smith
- Department of Family and Consumer Studies, Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 225 S 1400 E RM 228, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Calvin P Tribby
- Department of Geography; University of Utah. Present address 1036 Derby Hall, 154 N. Oval Mall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Harvey J Miller
- Department of Geography; University of Utah. Present address 1036 Derby Hall, 154 N. Oval Mall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Do changes in residents' fear of crime impact their walking? Longitudinal results from RESIDE. Prev Med 2014; 62:161-6. [PMID: 24552845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the influence of fear of crime on walking for participants in a longitudinal study of residents in new suburbs. METHODS Participants (n=485) in Perth, Australia, completed a questionnaire about three years after moving to their neighbourhood (2007-2008), and again four years later (2011-2012). Measures included fear of crime, neighbourhood perceptions and walking (min/week). Objective environmental measures were generated for each participant's neighbourhood, defined as the 1600 m road network distance from home, at each time-point. Linear regression models examined the impact of changes in fear of crime on changes in walking, with progressive adjustment for other changes in the built environment, neighbourhood perceptions and demographics. RESULTS An increase in fear of crime was associated with a decrease in residents' walking inside the local neighbourhood. For each increase in fear of crime (i.e., one level on a five-point Likert scale) total walking decreased by 22 min/week (p=0.002), recreational walking by 13 min/week (p=0.031) and transport walking by 7 min/week (p=0.064). CONCLUSION This study provides longitudinal evidence that changes in residents' fear of crime influence their walking behaviours. Interventions that reduce fear of crime are likely to increase walking and produce public health gains.
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