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Liu JJ, Zhang N, Ding SJ, Kou ZQ, Tao XY, Zhu WY. Epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases reported by sites in China from 2006 to 2022. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:966. [PMID: 39272017 PMCID: PMC11395948 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is an incessant public health threat in China. The Ministry of Health implemented the Central Payment for Rabies Prevention and Control Project to assist with rabies prevention and control in a few representative provinces in 2006. METHODS Data on human rabies cases reported by the National Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System and national surveillance sites from 2006 to 2022 were collected, and statistical and multivariate analyses were then used to assess the effectiveness of current prevention and control efforts. RESULTS During 2006-2022, a total of 2025 human rabies cases were collected by the national surveillance sites, with incidence rates far above the national average, but the incidence rate was consistent with the national trend. Human rabies cases demonstrated a dual peak distribution in terms of exposure and onset dates, with the peak exposure dates falling mostly in the spring and summer and the peak onset dates occurring mostly in the summer and autumn. Three danger categories are shown by the geographical distribution: high, medium and low. Dogs had a high infection rate (86.93%), with own domesticated dogs accounting for the majority of infections. The rates of post-exposure prophylaxis are not constant. The median incubation period was 71 days. CONCLUSIONS Various measures and policies implemented by the government have played a key role in reducing the incidence of rabies. To effectively prevent and control the resurgence of epidemics and halt the spread of the virus among host animals, it is imperative to prioritize and implement a robust dog management system, accelerate research and development of animal vaccines and improve the level of post-exposure prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Na Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Jun Ding
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Zeng-Qiang Kou
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Wu-Yang Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Liu JS, Li XC, Zhang QY, Han LF, Xia S, Kassegne K, Zhu YZ, Yin K, Hu QQ, Xiu LS, Wang XC, Li OY, Li M, Zhou ZB, Dong K, He L, Wang SX, Yang XC, Zhang Y, Guo XK, Li SZ, Zhou XN, Zhang XX. China's application of the One Health approach in addressing public health threats at the human-animal-environment interface: Advances and challenges. One Health 2023; 17:100607. [PMID: 37588422 PMCID: PMC10425407 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to emerging issues such as global climate change and zoonotic disease pandemics, the One Health approach has gained more attention since the turn of the 21st century. Although One Health thinking has deep roots and early applications in Chinese history, significant gaps exist in China's real-world implementation at the complex interface of the human-animal-environment. Methods We abstracted the data from the global One Health index study and analysed China's performance in selected fields based on Structure-Process-Outcome model. By comparing China to the Belt & Road and G20 countries, the advances and gaps in China's One Health performance were determined and analysed. Findings For the selected scientific fields, China generally performs better in ensuring food security and controlling antimicrobial resistance and worse in addressing climate change. Based on the SPO model, the "structure" indicators have the highest proportion (80.00%) of high ranking and the "outcome" indicators have the highest proportion (20.00%) of low ranking. When compared with Belt and Road countries, China scores above the median in almost all indicators (16 out of 18) under the selected scientific fields. When compared with G20 countries, China ranks highest in food security (scores 72.56 and ranks 6th), and lowest in climate change (48.74, 11th). Conclusion Our results indicate that while China has made significant efforts to enhance the application of the One Health approach in national policies, it still faces challenges in translating policies into practical measures. It is recommended that a holistic One Health action framework be established for China in accordance with diverse social and cultural contexts, with a particular emphasis on overcoming data barriers and mobilizing stakeholders both domestically and globally. Implementation mechanisms, with clarified stakeholder responsibilities and incentives, should be improved along with top-level design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Shu Liu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xin-Chen Li
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qi-Yu Zhang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Le-Fei Han
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kokouvi Kassegne
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yong-Zhang Zhu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kun Yin
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qin-Qin Hu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Le-Shan Xiu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiang-Cheng Wang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Odel Y. Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Legislative Research Institute, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zheng-Bin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ke Dong
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lu He
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shu-Xun Wang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xue-Chen Yang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Kui Guo
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Zhang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
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Chen R, Zeng Y, Deng Z, Liu H, Chen M, Liang Y. Optimizing Dog Rabies Vaccination Services to the Public: A Discrete Choice Experiment in Guangdong, China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1767. [PMID: 37889650 PMCID: PMC10251847 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination for dogs is essential for controlling rabies and achieving the goal of eliminating dog-mediated rabies globally by 2030. This paper aims to investigate the preferences for public services regarding rabies vaccination, in an effort to optimize the existing rabies vaccination and prevention programs in China. The households investigated had significant preferences for dog rabies vaccination service attributes. The households can be classified into three types: resolute executors (52.13%), mischievous rebels (5.85%), and incentivized compliers (42.02%). The residence, the presence of children in the household, perception of the safety risks, and knowledge of rabies may be sources of heterogeneity. Supportive services on dog rabies vaccination should be made available, such as arranging weekend vaccination services, building mobile vaccination stations, providing home vaccination services, and increasing vaccine supply through multiple channels. Furthermore, multiple measures can be taken to increase rabies vaccination awareness among family members and facilitate dog management innovation to further increase the level of rabies prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Chen
- College of Economics & Management, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Yingxin Zeng
- College of Economics & Management, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Zhile Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Hongfu Liu
- College of Economics & Management, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Manyi Chen
- Nanling Corridor Country Revitalization Institute, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Yaoming Liang
- College of Economics & Management, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (R.C.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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Yue Y, Chen Q, Mu D, Li Y, Yin W. A Descriptive Analysis of Human Rabies in Mainland China, 2005-2020. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:ijerph20010380. [PMID: 36612701 PMCID: PMC9819004 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in mainland China, 2005-2020 were analyzed to evaluate the effect of rabies control in China in recent years. A total of 24,319 human rabies cases were recorded in 2097 counties in 321 cities of 31 provinces in mainland China. Only 202 cases, located in 143 counties, were recorded in 2020, compared with 3305 cases in 992 counties in 2007; however, rabies was still relatively severe in Hunan Province even in 2020. Peak periods occurred in July-November; August was often the month with the most cases. Guizhou, Hunan, Guangdong, and Guangxi Provinces, in the central and southern regions, accounted for 50.0% of the cases in 2005-2020. Cases occurred almost exclusively in rural areas with 96.7% versus 3.3% in urban areas. A paradoxical relative expansion from southern, eastern, and central towards southwestern, northwestern, northern, and northeastern regions was observed along with the overall reduction of cases. Some regions witnessed complete elimination. The male-to-female ratio was 2.33:1; 66.8% of all cases were reported in the 0-10 (13.8%) and 41-70 (53.0%) age groups. Farmers (68.3%), followed by students (12.2), and diaspora children (6.5%) were most frequently involved. Our results provide objective information for the improvement of rabies prevention and control efforts. This will aid policymakers in China and elsewhere achieve the "Zero human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030" global goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiulan Chen
- Division of Infectious Disease Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Di Mu
- Division of Infectious Disease Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- Division of Infectious Disease Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenwu Yin
- Division of Infectious Disease Management, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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Zheng J, Zhang N, Shen G, Liang F, Zhao Y, He X, Wang Y, He R, Chen W, Xue H, Shen Y, Fu Y, Zhang WH, Zhang L, Bhatt S, Mao Y, Zhu B. Spatiotemporal and Seasonal Trends of Class A and B Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China: A Retrospective Analysis (Preprint). JMIR Public Health Surveill 2022; 9:e42820. [PMID: 37103994 PMCID: PMC10176137 DOI: 10.2196/42820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China is the most populous country globally and has made significant achievements in the control of infectious diseases over the last decades. The 2003 SARS epidemic triggered the initiation of the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP). Since then, numerous studies have investigated the epidemiological features and trends of individual infectious diseases in China; however, few considered the changing spatiotemporal trends and seasonality of these infectious diseases over time. OBJECTIVE This study aims to systematically review the spatiotemporal trends and seasonal characteristics of class A and class B notifiable infectious diseases in China during 2005-2020. METHODS We extracted the incidence and mortality data of 8 types (27 diseases) of notifiable infectious diseases from the CISDCP. We used the Mann-Kendall and Sen's methods to investigate the diseases' temporal trends, Moran I statistic for their geographical distribution, and circular distribution analysis for their seasonality. RESULTS Between January 2005 and December 2020, 51,028,733 incident cases and 261,851 attributable deaths were recorded. Pertussis (P=.03), dengue fever (P=.01), brucellosis (P=.001), scarlet fever (P=.02), AIDS (P<.001), syphilis (P<.001), hepatitis C (P<.001) and hepatitis E (P=.04) exhibited significant upward trends. Furthermore, measles (P<.001), bacillary and amebic dysentery (P<.001), malaria (P=.04), dengue fever (P=.006), brucellosis (P=.03), and tuberculosis (P=.003) exhibited significant seasonal patterns. We observed marked disease burden-related geographic disparities and heterogeneities. Notably, high-risk areas for various infectious diseases have remained relatively unchanged since 2005. In particular, hemorrhagic fever and brucellosis were largely concentrated in Northeast China; neonatal tetanus, typhoid and paratyphoid, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, and AIDS in Southwest China; BAD in North China; schistosomiasis in Central China; anthrax, tuberculosis, and hepatitis A in Northwest China; rabies in South China; and gonorrhea in East China. However, the geographical distribution of syphilis, scarlet fever, and hepatitis E drifted from coastal to inland provinces during 2005-2020. CONCLUSIONS The overall infectious disease burden in China is declining; however, hepatitis C and E, bacterial infections, and sexually transmitted infections continue to multiply, many of which have spread from coastal to inland provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Zheng
- China Institute for Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoquan Shen
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchao Liang
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- The George Institute for Global Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Implementation Research for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiaochen He
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongxin He
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenna Chen
- Center for Chinese Public Administration Research and School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Stanford Center on China's Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yue Shen
- Laboratory for Urban Future, School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of public administration, School of Government, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhang
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Artificial Intelligence and Modelling in Epidemiology Program, Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Samir Bhatt
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ying Mao
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Feng Y, Ma J, Sun S, Chi L, Kou Z, Tu C. Epidemiology of Animal Rabies - China, 2010-2020. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:815-818. [PMID: 34594998 PMCID: PMC8477053 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rabies is a fatal zoonotic infectious disease that poses a serious threat to public health in China. Since 2005, a National Animal Rabies Surveillance System has been operating to understand the rabies situation in animals in China with a view to control and eventually eliminate dog-mediated human rabies. Methods From 2010, the brain tissues of dogs, livestock, and wild animals showing rabies-like clinical signs were collected and tested by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Animal Rabies to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of rabies, including animal species, geographic distribution, and transmission sources. Over the same period, clinically suspected animal rabies cases were collected by Animal Disease Control Centers through the National Animal Disease Monitoring Information Platform (NADMIP) and then reported in the Veterinary Bulletin. Results During 2010-2020, 170 of 212 suspected animal rabies cases were submitted to and confirmed by NRL as rabies virus-positive. Of these confirmed cases dogs, especially free-roaming and ownerless dogs in rural areas, were major transmission hosts (71/170). A total of 51 infected dogs attacked humans with 45 biting more than one person. The dog cases were reported all year round, but with significantly more in spring and summer. The majority of livestock rabies cases (70/80) being caused by rabid wild foxes in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia revealed that foxes play a pivotal role in animal rabies epizootics in the north and northwest of the country. Conclusion Dogs were the main transmission sources of rabies in China, and along with the recent increase of rabies in foxes and other wildlife, presented an increasing threat to livestock and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jihong Ma
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lijuan Chi
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanying Kou
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Lu WG, Ai D, Song H, Xie Y, Liu S, Zhu W, Yang J. Epidemiological and numerical simulation of rabies spreading from canines to various human populations in mainland China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009527. [PMID: 34260584 PMCID: PMC8312940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality of humans due to rabies in China has been declining in recent years, but it is still a significant public health problem. According to the global framework, China strives to achieve the goal of eliminating human rabies before 2030. METHODS We reviewed the epidemiology of human deaths from rabies in mainland China from 2004 to 2018. We identified high risk regions, age and occupational groups, and used a continuous deterministic susceptibility-exposure-infection-recovery (SEIR) model with periodic transmission rate to explore seasonal rabies prevalence in different human populations. The SEIR model was used to simulate the data of human deaths from rabies reported by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). We calculated the relative transmission intensity of rabies from canines to different human groups, and they provided a reliable epidemiological basis for further control and prevention of human rabies. RESULTS Results showed that human deaths from rabies exhibited regional differences and seasonal characteristics in mainland China. The annual human death from rabies in different regions, age groups and occupational groups decreased steadily across time. Nevertheless, the decreasing rates and the calculated R0s of canines of various human groups were different. The transmission intensity of rabies from canines to human populations was the highest in the central regions of China, in people over 45 years old, and in farmers. CONCLUSIONS Although the annual cases of human deaths from rabies have decreased steadily since 2007, the proportion of human deaths from rabies varies with region, age, gender, and occupation. Further enhancement of public awareness and immunization status in high-risk population groups and blocking the transmission routes of rabies from canines to humans are necessary. The concept of One Health should be abided and human, animal, and environmental health should be considered simultaneously to achieve the goal of eradicating human rabies before 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-gao Lu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Danni Ai
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Song
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (WZ); (JY)
| | - Wuyang Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (WZ); (JY)
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (WZ); (JY)
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Li Y, Rainey JJ, Yang H, Tran CH, Huai Y, Liu R, Zhu H, Wang Z, Mu D, Yin W, Guo C, Shiferaw M, Chen Q, Hu S, Li Z. Assessing clinicians' Post-Exposure Prophylaxis recommendations for rabies virus exposures in Hunan Province, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009564. [PMID: 34228714 PMCID: PMC8284641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Timely and appropriate administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is an essential component of human rabies prevention programs. We evaluated patient care at rabies clinics in a high-risk county in Hunan Province, China to inform strategies needed to achieve dog-mediated human rabies elimination by 2030. Methods We collected information on PEP, staff capacity, and service availability at the 17 rabies clinics in the high-risk county during onsite visits and key staff interviews. Additionally, we conducted observational assessments at five of these clinics, identified through purposive sampling to capture real-time information on patient care during a four-week period. Wound categories assigned by trained observers were considered accurate per national guidelines for comparison purposes. We used the kappa statistic and an alpha level of 0.05 to assess agreement between observers and clinic staff. Results In 2015, the 17 clinics provided PEP to 5,261 patients. Although rabies vaccines were available at all 17 clinics, rabies immune globulin (RIG) was only available at the single urban clinic in the county. During the assessment period in 2016, 196 patients sought care for possible rabies virus exposures. According to observers, 88 (44%) patients had category III wounds, 104 (53%) had category II wounds and 4 (2%) had category I wounds. Observers and PEP clinic staff agreed on approximately half of the assigned wound categories (kappa = 0.55, p-value< 0.001). Agreement for the urban county-level CDC clinic (kappa = 0.93, p-value<0.001) was higher than for the township clinics (kappa = 0.16, p-value = 0.007). Using observer assigned wound categories, 142 (73%) patients received rabies vaccinations and RIG as outlined in the national guidelines. Conclusion Rabies PEP services were available at each town of the project county; however, gaps between clinical practice and national rabies guidelines on the use of PEP were identified. We used these findings to develop and implement a training to rabies clinic staff on wound categorization, wound care, and appropriate use of PEP. Additional risk-based approaches for evaluating human rabies virus exposures may be needed as China progresses towards elimination. Members of the United Nations agreed on a goal of eliminating dog-mediated rabies by 2030. To achieve this goal, China and other endemic rabies countries will need to increase dog rabies vaccination coverage as well as ensure proper administration of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for patients with animal wounds. PEP includes wound washing, timely vaccination, and rabies immune globulin (RIG) according to the type and severity of patients’ wounds. The authors conducted an observational assessment of PEP clinics in a high-risk county in Hunan Province. Most patients at these clinics received PEP according to the national guidelines; however, certain patients received PEP, when not warranted, and others did not receive RIG, as recommended for severe animal wounds. Wound type categorization and corresponding use of PEP were most accurate at the single urban clinic and least accurate at the rural clinics in the project county. RIG was only available at the single urban clinic. These findings highlight the importance of improving the use of PEP and access to RIG, particularly in rural areas, and exploring the use of risk-based approaches for evaluating human rabies virus exposures. These steps can contribute to eliminating dog-mediated rabies in the project county as well as elsewhere in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jeanette J. Rainey
- Division of Global Health Protection, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Hunan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Cuc H. Tran
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yang Huai
- Division of Global Health Protection, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Rongqiang Liu
- Shuangfeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shuangfeng, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- Shuangfeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shuangfeng, China
| | - Zhengliang Wang
- Shuangfeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shuangfeng, China
| | - Di Mu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwu Yin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Miriam Shiferaw
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Qiulan Chen
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (QC); (SH)
| | - Shixiong Hu
- Hunan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (QC); (SH)
| | - Zhongjie Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Miao F, Li N, Yang J, Chen T, Liu Y, Zhang S, Hu R. Neglected challenges in the control of animal rabies in China. One Health 2021; 12:100212. [PMID: 33553562 PMCID: PMC7843516 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex rabies transmission dynamics, including in dogs, wildlife livestock, and human-acquired rabies, can be observed in China. A temporary decrease in human rabies deaths with a simultaneous increase in animal rabies transmission is a typical example of "sectoral management separation" but not of the recommended "one-health" concept. In contrast to reliance on mass dog vaccination, reliance on postexposure prophylaxis to reduce human rabies burden is costly and ineffective in the prevention of rabies transmission from dogs to humans and other susceptible animal species. To answer the WHO call for the "elimination of dog-mediated human rabies by 2030," China faces the challenge of a lack of a strong political commitment and a workable plan and must act now before the rabies transmission dynamics become increasingly complicated by spreading to other species, such as ferret badgers in the Southeast and raccoon dogs and foxes in the North.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, Jilin Province, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Jingyue Economic Development Zone, Changchun 130122, Jilin Province, China
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10
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Bhattacharya D, Kshatri JS, Choudhary HR, Parai D, Shandilya J, Mansingh A, Pattnaik M, Mishra K, Padhi SP, Padhi A, Pati S. One Health approach for elimination of human anthrax in a tribal district of Odisha: Study protocol. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251041. [PMID: 34043627 PMCID: PMC8158997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthrax is a major but neglected zoonotic disease of public health concern in India with Odisha contributing a major share to the disease burden. Bacillus anthracis spores can be found naturally in soil and commonly affect both animals and humans around the world. Domestic and wild animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, and deer can become infected when they inhale or ingest spores from contaminated soil, plants, or water. Anthrax can be fatal if patients are not treated promptly with antibiotics. This protocol aims to describe the implementation and evaluation of the 'One Health' intervention model based on the principles of Theory of Change (ToC) to eliminate human anthrax from a tribal district in Odisha, India. METHODS This study would test the effectiveness of a complex public health intervention package developed using the ToC framework for the elimination of human anthrax in Koraput district by a comparative analysis of baseline and end-line data. We plan to enroll 2640 adults across 14 geographically divided blocks in Koraput district of Odisha for baseline and end-line surveys. After baseline, we would provide capacity building training to stakeholders from the department of health, veterinary, forest, academic and allied health institutions followed by workshops on sensitization and awareness through IEC (Information Education Communication)/BCC (Behavior Change Communication) activities in the community. We would establish a state-level laboratory facility as a robust system for timely diagnosis and management of human anthrax cases. Surveillance network will be strengthened to track the cases in early stage and risk zoning will be done for focused surveillance in endemic areas. Advocacy with district level administration will be done for maximizing the coverage of livestock vaccination in the entire district. Interdepartmental coordination would be established for the effective implementation of the intervention package. CONCLUSION This would be a first study applying One Health concept for the elimination of human anthrax in India. The findings from this study will offer important insights for policy-making and further replication in other endemic regions of the state and country. TRIAL REGISTRATION The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this intervention are prospectively registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India [CTRI/2020/05/025325] on 22 May 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdutta Bhattacharya
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail: (SP); (DB)
| | | | | | - Debaprasad Parai
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jyoti Shandilya
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Asit Mansingh
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Kaushik Mishra
- Saheed Laxman Nayak Medical College & Hospital, Koraput, Odisha, India
| | | | - Arun Padhi
- Department of Public Health, Koraput, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail: (SP); (DB)
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11
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Findings from the initial Stepwise Approach to Rabies Elimination (SARE) Assessment in China, 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009274. [PMID: 33780454 PMCID: PMC8006992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, China and other member states of the United Nations adopted the goal of eliminating dog-mediated rabies by 2030. China has made substantial progress in reducing dog-mediated human rabies since peaking with more than 3,300 reported cases in 2007. To further improve coordination and planning, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, conducted a Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination (SARE) assessment in March 2019. Assessment goals included outlining progress and identifying activities critical for eliminating dog-mediated rabies. Participants representing national, provincial and local human and animal health sectors in China used the SARE assessment tool to answer 115 questions about the current dog-mediated rabies control and prevention programs in China. The established surveillance system for human rabies cases and availability of post-exposure prophylaxis were identified as strengths. Low dog vaccination coverage and limited laboratory confirmation of rabid dogs were identified gaps, resulting in an overall score of 1.5 on a scale of 0 to 5. Participants outlined steps to increase cross-sectoral information sharing, improve surveillance for dog rabies, increase dog vaccination coverage, and increase laboratory capacity to diagnose rabies at the provincial level. All assessment participants committed to strengthening cross-sector collaboration using a One Health approach to achieve dog-mediated human rabies elimination by 2030. Rabies is an acute zoonosis with a mortality rate of almost 100% following the onset of symptoms. In China, the increased access to post-exposure prophylaxis has substantially reduced the number of human rabies deaths. However, rabies continues to circulate in many rural parts of the country, resulting in hundreds of rabid dog-related exposures and deaths each year. In 2015, member states of the United Nations adopted the goal of eliminating dog-mediated rabies by 2030. We conducted a Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination (SARE) assessment to outline progress and identify steps needed to achieve the elimination goal in China. The assessment involved representatives from the national and 12 selected provincial-level human and animal health sectors. The 12 provinces were purposefully selected based on the current dog-mediated rabies burden, an interest in participating, and the ability to complete the SARE assessment tool. This cross-sector–or One Health—approach was useful for improving coordination and planning. In particular, the assessment identified opportunities to improve collaboration between sectors on laboratory diagnostic capacity, implementing mass dog vaccination campaigns and conducting epidemiologic investigations on dog-mediated rabies exposures. An integrated One Health strategy should be strengthened in China as well as in other countries aiming to eliminate dog-mediated rabies.
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12
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Athingo R, Tenzin T, Coetzer A, Hikufe EH, Peter J, Hango L, Haimbodi T, Lipinge J, Haufiku F, Naunyango M, Kephas M, Shilongo A, Shoombe KK, Khaiseb S, Letshwenyo M, Pozzetti P, Nake L, Nel LH, Freuling CM, Müller T, Torres G. Application of the GARC Data Logger-a custom-developed data collection device-to capture and monitor mass dog vaccination campaigns in Namibia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008948. [PMID: 33370285 PMCID: PMC7793283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs are responsible for 99% of all cases of human rabies and thus, mass dog vaccination has been demonstrated to be the most effective approach towards the elimination of dog-mediated human rabies. Namibia demonstrated the feasibility of this approach by applying government-led strategic rabies vaccination campaigns to reduce both human and dog rabies incidences in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia since 2016. The lessons learnt using paper-based form for data capturing and management of mass dog vaccination campaign during the pilot and roll out phase of the project (2016–2018) led to the implementation of a simple and accurate data collection tool in the second phase (2019–2022) of the rabies elimination program. In this paper, we describe the implementation of such custom-developed vaccination tracking device, i.e. the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) Data Logger (GDL), and the integration of the collected data into a website-based rabies surveillance system (Rabies Epidemiological Bulletin—REB) during 2019 and 2020 campaigns. A total of 10,037 dogs and 520 cats were vaccinated during the 2019 campaign and 13,219 dogs and 1,044 cats during the 2020 campaign. The vaccination data were recorded with the GDL and visualized via REB. Subsequent GIS-analysis using gridded population data revealed a suboptimal vaccination coverage in the great majority of grid cells (82%) with a vaccination coverage below 50%. Spatial regression analysis identified the number of schools, estimated human density, and adult dog population were associated with the vaccination performance. However, there was an inverse correlation to human densities. Nonetheless, the use of the GDL improved data capturing and monitoring capacity of the campaign, enabling the Namibian government to improve strategies for the vaccination of at-risk areas towards achieving adequate vaccination coverage which would effectively break the transmission of rabies. We used a custom-developed vaccination tracking device—the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) Data Logger—to capture dog rabies vaccination data during the 2019 and 2020 mass vaccination campaign in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia, and then integrated the collected data into the web-based Rabies Epidemiological Bulletin, a rabies-specific disease surveillance platform for rabies-endemic countries. This approach allowed automatic collation, analysis and, visualization of data and drastically improved the data capturing and monitoring capacity of the Namibian government led campaign. Additionally, subsequent GIS analysis enabled a better estimation of vaccination coverage at a much higher spatial resolution, thus identifying areas where improvements in the vaccination strategy are needed to ensure long-term success of the project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauna Athingo
- Animal Disease Control, Sub-division, North-West, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Ongwediva, Namibia
| | - Tenzin Tenzin
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Sub-Regional Representation for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Andre Coetzer
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC), Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel H. Hikufe
- Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Josephat Peter
- Outapi State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Omusati region, Outapi, Namibia
| | - Laina Hango
- Outapi State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Omusati region, Outapi, Namibia
| | - Tangeni Haimbodi
- Ondangwa State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Oshana region, Ondangwa, Namibia
| | - Johannes Lipinge
- Ondangwa State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Oshana region, Ondangwa, Namibia
| | - Frenada Haufiku
- Omuthiya State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Oshikoto region, Omuthiya, Namibia
| | - Matias Naunyango
- Eenhana State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Ohangwena region, Eenhana, Namibia
| | - Magano Kephas
- Eenhana State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Ohangwena region, Eenhana, Namibia
| | - Albertina Shilongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Kenneth K. Shoombe
- Animal Disease Control, Sub-division, North-West, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Ongwediva, Namibia
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Moetapele Letshwenyo
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Sub-Regional Representation for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Lorenz Nake
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France
| | - Louis H. Nel
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC), Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
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13
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Chao J, Peng Q, Zhao J, Zhu X, Ruan J, Lu S, Hu R, Li J, Chen X, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M, Guo A. Different rabies outbreaks on two beef cattle farms in the same province of China: Diagnosis, virus characterization and epidemiological analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1216-1228. [PMID: 32767733 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Eliminating rabies is challenging in many developing countries, especially in rural areas. In contrast to the annual decline of human cases in China in last decade, the incidence of rabies in livestock has been increasingly reported. This paper reports the rabies outbreaks in beef cattle (Angus) in Shaanxi Province, China, which caused 31 and 5 deaths at an attack rate of 19.4% (95% CI: 13.6%-26.4%) and 0.25% (95% CI: 0.1%-0.6%) in a satellite cow farm (farm A) and a core intensive farm (farm B), respectively. The rabies infection was confirmed by several laboratory tests, and rabies virus (RABV) strains SXBJ15 and SXYL15 were isolated and characterized from farm A and B, respectively. The two strains were found to have a high genomic sequence similarity to the dog-associated China clade I strains previously identified in the neighbouring area. SXBJ15 was shown to have a higher mouse pathogenicity (1.07) than SXYL15 (0.45). RABV was also detected in the saliva and salivary glands from the affected cattle. The potential causes were investigated on the farm, and the biosecurity scores were 20 and 64 (a full score of 82) for farms A and B, respectively. The rabies infection is likely to result from rabid free-roaming dogs (FRDs). On farm A with more cow deaths, the rabies transmission between animals can be attributed to the improper disposal of aborted foetuses and placental materials as a food source for rabid FRDs, high stocking density and drinking water sharing. Additionally, vaccinating cattle with a canine vaccine was shown to help stop the spread of rabies in herds. These results indicate that the occurrence of RABV on cattle farms can be prevented by improving biosecurity measures to control the entry of rural FRDs on the farm and immunizing farm cattle against rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Jianqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juncheng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Departments of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Liu H, Li L, Yuan X, Si X, Zhang M, Duan M, Shi N. Rabies viruses in specific wild fur animals in northern China, 2017-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2307-2312. [PMID: 32434283 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, rabies virus (RABV) has been detected in numerous specific wild fur animals in northern China. Therefore, we performed an epidemiologic investigation of RABV in the main fur animal farming provinces during 2017-2019. The results showed that brain tissue samples from eight animals that presented with central nervous symptoms were positive for rabies virus according to direct fluorescent antibody assays and RT-PCR. The phylogenetic relationships and distributions of the viruses were determined, and the results indicated that they belonged to Cosmopolitan and Arctic-related lineages. Serological investigations revealed a RABV positivity rate of 2.78% (34/1,222) in fur animals. A total of 79 unimmunized breeders were negative for serum antibodies, and 9.62% of 52 immunized breeders (5/52) were not seroconverted. The results emphasize that specific wild fur animals are potential sources of RABV and that the current vaccination programme for animals and breeders is deficient, indicating the need for mandatory rabies vaccination to eliminate rabies transmission from dogs to farmed fur animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Lixia Li
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xingkui Si
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Maolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Duan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Shi
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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15
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Yu J, Xiao H, Yang W, Dellicour S, Kraemer MUG, Liu Y, Cai J, Huang ZXY, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Huang W, Zhang H, Gilbert M, Tian H. The impact of anthropogenic and environmental factors on human rabies cases in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2544-2553. [PMID: 32348020 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human rabies is a public health problem in Asia, especially in less-developed regions where the disease is under-reported because of a lack of epidemiological surveillance. To address this gap, we collected data on human rabies in Yunnan Province, China, between 2005 and 2016. Using statistical mapping techniques, we correlated the occurrence of human rabies to environmental (elevation, precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], temperature and distance to the nearest main rivers) and anthropogenic (human and dog population density, distance to the nearest main roads and gross domestic product [GDP]) factors. We used a performance score, the average area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (0.88), to validate our risk model. Using this model, we found that environmental factors were more strongly associated with human rabies occurrence than anthropogenic factors. Areas with elevation below 2000 metres, GDP per capita between $750 and $4500/year and NDVI below 0.07 were associated with greater risk of human rabies. Rabies control in China should specifically target these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng X Y Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Wenli Huang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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16
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Kazadi Kawaya E, Marcotty T, Mulumba Mfumu-Kazadi L, Van Gucht S, Kirschvink N. Factors of maintenance of rabies transmission in dogs in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104928. [PMID: 32113177 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kazadi Kawaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kinshasa, BP 127 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Faculty of Sciences, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Integrated Veterinary Research, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61-5000, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Tanguy Marcotty
- Faculty of Sciences, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Integrated Veterinary Research, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Steven Van Gucht
- National Reference Laboratory of Rabies, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat, 14-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Kirschvink
- Faculty of Sciences, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Integrated Veterinary Research, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61-5000, Namur, Belgium
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17
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Du Z, Chen Q, Lyu X, Wang T, Wang C. Analyzing the distribution of rabies clinics and achievements of standardized rabies clinics implementation in mainland China. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:955. [PMID: 31829178 PMCID: PMC6907271 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For rabies prevention and treatment, the Chinese government has been establishing standardized rabies clinics since 2016. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of rabies clinics and the achievements of newly-implemented standardized rabies clinics in mainland China, for the purpose of providing further rabies control strategies. METHODS The number of rabies clinics, including per million inhabitants in each region, was determined. We sampled 1200 clinics from 8 provinces by multi-stage stratified sampling, and a questionnaire survey was carried out to record each clinic's achievements. Data collected from 1185 questionnaires were analyzed. RESULTS We found that rabies clinics were mostly located in the southwest, central, and eastern regions of China; these accounted for 67.1% of all clinics. The eastern and south regions showed the lowest number of rabies clinics per million inhabitants (0.15 and 0.12, respectively). The total standard-reaching rate of rabies clinics in mainland China was only 11.0%, with significant differences in the rate among regions (X2 = 33.004, p < 0.001). Specifically, the qualified rates of supporting facilities and functional areas were 13.9% (X2 = 34.003, p < 0.001) and 56.1% (X2 = 9.943, p = 0.019), respectively. Vaccines with 2 different substrates and professional flushing equipment were provided by 40.5% (X2 = 27.935, p = 0.001) and 37.7% (X2 = 54.922, p = 0.001) of clinics, respectively. CONCLUSION Regional differences do exist in the distribution of rabies clinics in mainland China, with relative low number per million population in south and eastern China. There are few standardized rabies clinics in mainland China. Efforts are needed to establish supporting facilities, especially for wound treatment and vaccination. Future research should focus on the improvement of rabies clinics standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Du
- Trauma Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Qingjun Chen
- Department of Emergency, Beijing Hepingli Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjun Lyu
- China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Viral Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Tianbing Wang
- Trauma Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Chuanlin Wang
- Trauma Center, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 South Xizhimen Street, Beijing, 100044, China. .,Department of Emergency, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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18
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Qian MB, Chen J, Bergquist R, Li ZJ, Li SZ, Xiao N, Utzinger J, Zhou XN. Neglected tropical diseases in the People's Republic of China: progress towards elimination. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:86. [PMID: 31578147 PMCID: PMC6775666 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, considerable progress has been made in the control and elimination of the country's initial set of 11 neglected tropical diseases. Indeed, elimination as a public health problem has been declared for lymphatic filariasis in 2007 and for trachoma in 2015. The remaining numbers of people affected by soil-transmitted helminth infection, clonorchiasis, taeniasis, and echinococcosis in 2015 were 29.1 million, 6.0 million, 366 200, and 166 100, respectively. In 2017, after more than 60 years of uninterrupted, multifaceted schistosomiasis control, has seen the number of cases dwindling from more than 10 million to 37 600. Meanwhile, about 6000 dengue cases are reported, while the incidence of leishmaniasis, leprosy, and rabies are down at 600 or fewer per year. Sustained social and economic development, going hand-in-hand with improvement of water, sanitation, and hygiene provide the foundation for continued progress, while rigorous surveillance and specific public health responses will consolidate achievements and shape the elimination agenda. Targets for poverty elimination and strategic plans and intervention packages post-2020 are important opportunities for further control and elimination, when remaining challenges call for sustainable efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Zhong-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus isolated from humans in Henan province, China. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2811-2817. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Dhillon J, Hoopes J, Epp T. Scoping decades of dog evidence: a scoping review of dog bite-related sequelae. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2019; 110:364-375. [PMID: 30378009 PMCID: PMC6964408 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-018-0145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There has been considerable literature published focusing on various sequelae to dog bites over the last three decades. Much of the literature has focused on rabies, particularly canine rabies variant, which accounts for the majority of rabies deaths worldwide. This paper describes the complications, the pathogens, and other sequelae resulting from dog bites documented in the literature. METHODS This paper used evidence found through a scoping review which charted the published peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed gray literature and online information relating to dog bite incidents. Each complication or sequela was additionally assessed from the viewpoint of Canadian Indigenous, rural, and geographically remote communities, which experience a high number of dog bite incidents annually. SYNTHESIS Peer-reviewed literature (N = 693; case report, original research, and review articles) provided detailed information on specific pathogens, infections, and diseases of interest, especially rabies. However, in addition to these, the sequelae from dog bites may include moderate to severe injuries that further result in anxiety around dogs or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CONCLUSIONS While a lot of focus in the literature is on rabies as a sequela to dog bites, the impacts of anxiety and PTSD are not as well articulated. Treatment of dog bite injuries may be standardized; however, improved collaborations between diverse health professionals (physicians, veterinarians, counseling services, animal behaviourists, and others) could be of considerable benefit in decreasing the effects of dog bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Dhillon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
- Animal Health Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0Y9, Canada
| | | | - Tasha Epp
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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21
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Wang L, Wu X, Bao J, Song C, Du J. Phylodynamic and transmission pattern of rabies virus in China and its neighboring countries. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2119-2129. [PMID: 31147766 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal disease caused by infection with rabies virus (RABV), and human rabies is still a critical public-health concern in China. Although there have been some phylogenetic studies about RABV transmission patterns, with the accumulation of more rabies sequences in recent years, there is an urgent need to update and clarify the spatial and temporal patterns of RABV circulating in China on a national scale. In this study, we collected all available RABV nucleoprotein gene sequences from China and its neighboring countries and performed comparative analysis. We identified six significant subclades of RABV circulating in China and found that each of them has a specific geographical distribution, reflecting possible physical barriers to gene flow. The phylogeographic analysis revealed minimal viral movement among different geographical locations. An analysis using Bayesian coalescent methods indicated that the current RABV strains in China may come from a common ancestor about 400 years ago, and currently, China is amid the second event of increasing RABV population since the 1950s, but the population has decreased gradually. We did not detect any evidence of recombination in the sequence dataset, nor did we find any evidence for positive selection during the expansion of RABV. Overall, geographic location and neutral genetic drift may be the main factors in shaping the phylogeography of RABV transmission in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an Ninth Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junpeng Bao
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Changxin Song
- Department of Computer, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Jianqiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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22
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Walper SA, Lasarte Aragonés G, Sapsford KE, Brown CW, Rowland CE, Breger JC, Medintz IL. Detecting Biothreat Agents: From Current Diagnostics to Developing Sensor Technologies. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1894-2024. [PMID: 30080029 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a fundamental understanding of the pathogenicity of most biothreat agents has been elucidated and available treatments have increased substantially over the past decades, they still represent a significant public health threat in this age of (bio)terrorism, indiscriminate warfare, pollution, climate change, unchecked population growth, and globalization. The key step to almost all prevention, protection, prophylaxis, post-exposure treatment, and mitigation of any bioagent is early detection. Here, we review available methods for detecting bioagents including pathogenic bacteria and viruses along with their toxins. An introduction placing this subject in the historical context of previous naturally occurring outbreaks and efforts to weaponize selected agents is first provided along with definitions and relevant considerations. An overview of the detection technologies that find use in this endeavor along with how they provide data or transduce signal within a sensing configuration follows. Current "gold" standards for biothreat detection/diagnostics along with a listing of relevant FDA approved in vitro diagnostic devices is then discussed to provide an overview of the current state of the art. Given the 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus in Western Africa and the recent 2016 spread of Zika virus in the Americas, discussion of what constitutes a public health emergency and how new in vitro diagnostic devices are authorized for emergency use in the U.S. are also included. The majority of the Review is then subdivided around the sensing of bacterial, viral, and toxin biothreats with each including an overview of the major agents in that class, a detailed cross-section of different sensing methods in development based on assay format or analytical technique, and some discussion of related microfluidic lab-on-a-chip/point-of-care devices. Finally, an outlook is given on how this field will develop from the perspective of the biosensing technology itself and the new emerging threats they may face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Guillermo Lasarte Aragonés
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Kim E. Sapsford
- OMPT/CDRH/OIR/DMD Bacterial Respiratory and Medical Countermeasures Branch, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Carl W. Brown
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Clare E. Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | - Joyce C. Breger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
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23
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Guo D, Yin W, Yu H, Thill JC, Yang W, Chen F, Wang D. The role of socioeconomic and climatic factors in the spatio-temporal variation of human rabies in China. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:526. [PMID: 30348094 PMCID: PMC6198482 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a significant public health problem in China. Previous spatial epidemiological studies have helped understand the epidemiology of animal and human rabies in China. However, quantification of effects derived from relevant factors was insufficient and complex spatial interactions were not well articulated, which may lead to non-negligible bias. In this study, we aimed to quantify the role of socio-economic and climate factors in the spatial distribution of human rabies to support decision making pertaining to rabies control in China. METHODS We conducted a multivariate analysis of human rabies in China with explicit consideration for spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence effects. The panel of 20,368 cases reported between 2005 and 2013 and their socio-economic and climate factors was implemented in regression models. Several significant covariates were extracted, including the longitude, the average temperature, the distance to county center, the distance to the road network and the distance to the nearest rabies case. The GMM was adopted to provide unbiased estimation with respect to heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation. RESULTS The analysis explained the inferred relationships between the counts of cases aggregated to 271 spatially-defined cells and the explanatory variables. The results suggested that temperature, longitude, the distance to county centers and the distance to the road network are positively associated with the local incidence of human rabies while the distance to newly occurred rabies cases has a negative correlation. With heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation taken into consideration, the estimation of regression models performed better. CONCLUSIONS It was found that climatic and socioeconomic factors have significant influence on the spread of human rabies in China as they continuously affect the living environments of humans and animals, which critically impacts on how timely local citizens can gain access to post-exposure prophylactic services. Moreover, through comparisons between traditional regression models and the aggregation model that allows for heterogeneity and spatial effects, we demonstrated the validity and advantage of the aggregation model. It outperformed the existing models and decreased the estimation bias brought by omission of the spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence effects. Statistical results are readily translated into public health policy takeaways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhuai Guo
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4th South Fourth Road Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19th Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Wenwu Yin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jean-Claude Thill
- Department of Geography & Earth Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Weishi Yang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.,Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of East Asian Studies, The University of Arizona, 1512 E. First Street, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4th South Fourth Road Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19th Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
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24
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Zhang JM, Zhang ZS, Deng YQ, Wu SL, Wang W, Yan YS. Incidence of human rabies and characterization of rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in dogs in Fujian Province, Southeast China, 2002-2012. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:599. [PMID: 28854892 PMCID: PMC5577672 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a global fatal infectious viral disease that is characterized by a high mortality after onset of clinical symptoms. Recently, there has been an increase in the incidence of rabies in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of human rabies and characterize the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in dogs sampled from Fujian Province, Southeast China from 2002 to 2012. Methods Data pertaining to human rabies cases in Fujian Province during the period from 2002 through 2012 were collected, and the epidemiological profiles were described. The saliva and brain specimens were collected from dogs in Quanzhou, Longyan and Sanming cities of the province, and the rabies virus antigen was determined in the canine saliva specimens using an ELISA assay. Rabies virus RNA was extracted from canine brain specimens, and rabies virus nucleoprotein gene was amplified using a nested RT-PCR assay, followed by sequencing and genotyping. Results A total of 226 human rabies cases were reported in Fujian Province from 2002 to 2012, in which 197 cases were detected in three cities of Quanzhou, Longyan and Sanming. ELISA assay revealed positive rabies virus antigen in six of eight rabid dogs and 165 of 3492 seemingly healthy dogs. The full-length gene fragment of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene was amplified from the brain specimens of seven rabid dogs and 12 seemingly healthy dogs. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these 19 rabies virus nucleoprotein genes all belonged to genotype I, and were classified into three genetic groups. Sequencing analysis showed a 99.7% to 100% intra-group and an 86.4% to 89.3% inter-group homology. Conclusions This study is the first description pertaining to the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases and characterization of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene in dogs in Fujian Province, Southeast China. Our findings may provide valuable knowledge for the development of strategies targeting the prevention and control of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362002, China.,School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350004, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 248 East Street, Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, 362002, China.
| | - Yan-Qin Deng
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China
| | - Shou-Li Wu
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350004, China.,Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, No. 117 Yangxiang, Meiyuan, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China. .,Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasites and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, 214064, China.
| | - Yan-Sheng Yan
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350004, China.,Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350001, China
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25
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Huang XY, Li XL, Wu SY, Gu YL, Lv XJ, Klena JD, Xu BL. Bites from the same dog, different outcomes for two patients: a case report. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:107. [PMID: 28676127 PMCID: PMC5497382 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a serious reemerging zoonosis in China. At present human rabies cases are primarily diagnosed based on clinical presentation. CASE PRESENTATION In August 2012, a woman and her son were attacked by a stray dog in Henan, China. The son received rabies postexposure prophylaxis (wound treatment followed by vaccine, no immunoglobulin), however, the mother did not. Rabies infection was subsequently laboratory confirmed in the mother and she died in December; her son is alive and healthy after 2 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION This report documents that the timely utilization of postexposure prophylaxis is a required measure in preventing rabies after exposure to an animal bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yong Huang
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xing-Le Li
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shu-Yu Wu
- International Emerging Infections Program, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Global Disease Detection Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu-Lei Gu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin-Jun Lv
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - John David Klena
- International Emerging Infections Program, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Global Disease Detection Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bian-Li Xu
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Zhengzhou, China.
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Fahrion AS, Taylor LH, Torres G, Müller T, Dürr S, Knopf L, de Balogh K, Nel LH, Gordoncillo MJ, Abela-Ridder B. The Road to Dog Rabies Control and Elimination-What Keeps Us from Moving Faster? Front Public Health 2017; 5:103. [PMID: 28555183 PMCID: PMC5430047 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, a vaccine preventable neglected tropical disease, still claims an estimated 35,000-60,000 human lives annually. The international community, with more than 100 endemic countries, has set a global target of 0 human deaths from dog-transmitted rabies by 2030. While it has been proven in several countries and regions that elimination of rabies as a public health problem is feasible and tools are available, rabies deaths globally have not yet been prevented effectively. While there has been extensive rabies research, specific areas of implementation for control and elimination have not been sufficiently addressed. This article highlights some of the commonest perceived barriers for countries to implementing rabies control and elimination programs and discusses possible solutions for sociopolitical, organizational, technical, and resource-linked requirements, following the pillars of the global framework for the elimination of dog-mediated human rabies adopted at the global rabies meeting in December 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Fahrion
- Neglected Zoonotic Diseases, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Löffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lea Knopf
- Neglected Zoonotic Diseases, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katinka de Balogh
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Louis H. Nel
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Neglected Zoonotic Diseases, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ruan S. Modeling the transmission dynamics and control of rabies in China. Math Biosci 2017; 286:65-93. [PMID: 28188732 PMCID: PMC7094565 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human rabies was first recorded in ancient China in about 556 BC and is still one of the major public-health problems in China. From 1950 to 2015, 130,494 human rabies cases were reported in Mainland China with an average of 1977 cases per year. It is estimated that 95% of these human rabies cases are due to dog bites. The purpose of this article is to provide a review about the models, results, and simulations that we have obtained recently on studying the transmission of rabies in China. We first construct a basic susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered (SEIR) type model for the spread of rabies virus among dogs and from dogs to humans and use the model to simulate the human rabies data in China from 1996 to 2010. Then we modify the basic model by including both domestic and stray dogs and apply the model to simulate the human rabies data from Guangdong Province, China. To study the seasonality of rabies, in Section 4 we further propose a SEIR model with periodic transmission rates and employ the model to simulate the monthly data of human rabies cases reported by the Chinese Ministry of Health from January 2004 to December 2010. To understand the spatial spread of rabies, in Section 5 we add diffusion to the dog population in the basic SEIR model to obtain a reaction-diffusion equation model and determine the minimum wave speed connecting the disease-free equilibrium to the endemic equilibrium. Finally, in order to investigate how the movement of dogs affects the geographically inter-provincial spread of rabies in Mainland China, in Section 6 we propose a multi-patch model to describe the transmission dynamics of rabies between dogs and humans and use the two-patch submodel to investigate the rabies virus clades lineages and to simulate the human rabies data from Guizhou and Guangxi, Hebei and Fujian, and Sichuan and Shaanxi, respectively. Some discussions are provided in Section 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigui Ruan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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Nel LH, Taylor LH, Balaram D, Doyle KA. Global partnerships are critical to advance the control of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases: The case of the Global Alliance for Rabies Control. Acta Trop 2017; 165:274-279. [PMID: 26519885 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for innovation to improve control of all Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (NZDs). The Global Alliance for Rabies Control was formed to prevent human deaths from rabies and relieve the burden of rabies in other animal populations, especially dogs. It aims to identify reasons for the neglect of rabies in developing countries and to develop strategies to improve rabies control. Through initiatives such as World Rabies Day and the Partners for Rabies Prevention, progress has been made towards increased awareness of the burden of rabies transmitted by dogs at scales from local to international. An evidence base of the feasibility of canine rabies elimination has been built up and now easier access to information and tools enables countries to design and implement rabies elimination strategies in a logical way, utilizing the structures of regional networks for rabies control. The body of evidence has built consensus amongst international stakeholders in rabies control and is now being used to encourage international policy change, attract investment and increase delivery of effective rabies control programmes in canine rabies endemic countries.
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Taylor LH, Hampson K, Fahrion A, Abela-Ridder B, Nel LH. Difficulties in estimating the human burden of canine rabies. Acta Trop 2017; 165:133-140. [PMID: 26721555 PMCID: PMC5178864 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Current passive surveillance data for canine rabies, particularly for the regions where the burden is highest, are inadequate for appropriate decision making on control efforts. Poor enforcement of existing legislation and poor implementation of international guidance reduce the effectiveness of surveillance systems, but another set of problems relates to the fact that canine rabies is an untreatable condition which affects very poor sectors of society. This results in an unknown, but potentially large proportion of rabies victims dying outside the health system, deaths that are unlikely to be recorded by surveillance systems based on health center records. This article critically evaluates the potential sources of information on the number of human deaths attributable to canine rabies, and how we might improve the estimates required to move towards the goal of global canine rabies elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise H Taylor
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, 529Humboldt Street, Suite 1, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA; Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Katie Hampson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fahrion
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Louis H Nel
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, 529Humboldt Street, Suite 1, Manhattan, Kansas 66502, USA; Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Zhang Y, Zhang S, Li L, Hu R, Lin H, Liu H, Liu F, Shao H, Liu Y. Ineffectiveness of rabies vaccination alone for post-exposure protection against rabies infection in animal models. Antiviral Res 2016; 135:56-61. [PMID: 27737787 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most reported vaccination failures among rabies-exposed patients were due to fail to timely co-administer rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). Considering that such protection failure might be caused by low antigen titers in the vaccine, scientists improved antigen titers to 4.0 IU or even higher, yet the failure remained. Therefore, it becomes vital to develop more efficacious vaccine against rabies. In our evaluation of a novel PIKA rabies vaccine, we used multiple animal models (beagles, golden hamsters and Kunming mice) to mimic post-exposure scenarios. All animals were challenged with wild-type rabies virus, followed by vaccination with either rabies vaccines commercially available or PIKA rabies vaccines. As 100% of animals survived after administration of traditional rabies vaccines and rabies immunoglobulin, 80% of animals survived with rabies immunoglobulin alone. Strikingly, animals receiving traditional rabies vaccines alone showed extremely low survival rates, indicating insignificant benefit for exposed animals (p > 0.05, compared to unvaccinated control groups). To the contrary, 40-80% of animals receiving the experimental PIKA rabies vaccines were protected (p < 0.05, compared to unvaccinated control groups). If the above results are fully confirmed, we may conclude that currently as high as 99% of post-exposure patients who are seeking protection against rabies, but only receiving rabies vaccination, could be meaningless.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Yisheng Biopharma Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Lietao Li
- Yisheng Biopharma Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | | | - Hua Liu
- Yisheng Biopharma Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Yisheng Biopharma Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Yisheng Biopharma Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Yisheng Biopharma Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.
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Zhou H, Vong S, Liu K, Li Y, Mu D, Wang L, Yin W, Yu H. Human Rabies in China, 1960-2014: A Descriptive Epidemiological Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004874. [PMID: 27500957 PMCID: PMC4976867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies in China remains a public health problem. In 2014, nearly one thousand rabies-related deaths were reported while rabies geographic distribution has expanded for the recent years. This report used surveillance data to describe the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in China including determining high-risk areas and seasonality to support national rabies prevention and control activities. Methods We analyzed the incidence and distribution of human rabies cases in mainland China using notifiable surveillance data from 1960–2014, which includes a detailed analysis of the recent years from 2004 to 2014. Results From 1960 to 2014, 120,913 human rabies cases were reported in mainland China. The highest number was recorded in 1981(0.7/100,000; 7037 cases), and in 2007(0.3/100,000; 3300 cases). A clear seasonal pattern has been observed with a peak in August (11.0% of total cases), Human rabies cases were reported in all provinces with a yearly average of 2198 from 1960 to 2014 in China, while the east and south regions were more seriously affected compared with other regions. From2004 to 2014, although the number of cases decreased by 65.2% since 2004 from 2651 to 924 cases, reported areas has paradoxically expanded from 162 prefectures to 200 prefectures and from southern to the central and northern provinces of China. Farmers accounted most of the cases (65.0%); 50–59 age group accounted for the highest proportion (20.5%), and cases are predominantly males with a male-to-female ratio of 2.4:1 on average. Conclusions Despite the overall steady decline of cases since the peak in 2007, the occurrence of cases in new areas and the spread trend were obvious in China in recent years. Further investigations and efforts are warranted in the areas have high rabies incidence to control rabies by interrupting transmission from dogs to humans and in the dog population. Furthermore, elimination of rabies should be eventually the ultimate goal for China. China is a high-risk environment for rabies, with human rabies cases second only to India globally. This paper reviews 55 years of rabies epidemiology in mainland China, and detailed analysis of data in recent years. In this study, notifiable surveillance data were analyzed and found that rabies still remains a serious public health problem in China, the east and south regions were more seriously affected compared with other regions, however, the occurrence of cases in new areas and the spread trend were obvious in China in recent years. Moreover, males in rural areas had higher risk of infection than residents in urban areas, a clear seasonal pattern has been observed with a peak in August. These findings indicated a clear need to increase government and public consciousness with regard to the potential risk of rabies and the means of avoiding the disease. Further efforts should be strengthen specially in the high spot areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Torch High Technology Industry Development Center, Ministry of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Sirenda Vong
- World Health Organization, China Office, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Xiaogan Center for Disease Control and prevention, Xiaogan City, China
| | - Yu Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Di Mu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwu Yin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Health Care Providers' Knowledge and Practice Gap towards Joint Zoonotic Disease Surveillance System: Challenges and Opportunities, Gomma District, Southwest Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3942672. [PMID: 27579311 PMCID: PMC4992522 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3942672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Health care providers play a crucial role for realization of joint zoonotic diseases surveillance by human and animal health sectors, yet there is limited evidence. Hence, this study aimed to determine knowledge and practice gap of health care providers towards the approach for Rabies and Anthrax in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from December 16, 2014, to January 14, 2015. Eligible health care providers were considered for the study. Data were entered in to Epi-data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results. A total of 323 (92.02%) health care providers participated in the study. Three hundred sixteen (97.8%) of participants reported that both human and animal health sectors can work together for zoonotic diseases while 96.9% of them replied that both sectors can jointly conduct surveillance. One hundred seventeen (36.2%) of them reported that their respective sectors had conducted joint surveillance for zoonotic diseases. Their involvement was, however, limited to joint outbreak response. Conclusion. There is good opportunity in health care providers' knowledge even though the practice was unacceptably low and did not address all surveillance components. Therefore, formal joint surveillance structure should be in place for optimal implementation of surveillance.
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Zhou H, Zhu W, Zeng J, He J, Liu K, Li Y, Zhou S, Mu D, Zhang K, Yu P, Li Z, Zhang M, Chen X, Guo C, Yu H. Probable Rabies Virus Transmission through Organ Transplantation, China, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:1348-52. [PMID: 27331337 PMCID: PMC4982156 DOI: 10.3201/eid2208.151993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During July 2015, physicians at a hospital in Beijing, China, diagnosed rabies in 2 patients who had each received a kidney from a common organ donor who had died from acute progressive encephalitis of unknown cause. The patients had rabies incubation periods of 42 and 48 days. Altered mental status developed in both patients and progressively worsened to deep coma within 80 days after transplantation; both patients died. Two other transplant recipients received corneas but remained well after receiving timely rabies prophylaxis. An effective regulatory system for testing donors should be implemented to decrease the occurrence of donor-derived infectious diseases. In addition, health education should be improved to enhance public awareness of transplant-associated infectious diseases. Transplant recipients and other persons with exposure to organs or tissues from donors with rabies must be provided consistent health monitoring and follow-up, including rabies postexposure prophylaxis; any remaining organs and tissues must be quarantined and not transplanted.
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Zhou X, Yap P, Tanner M, Bergquist R, Utzinger J, Zhou XN. Surveillance and response systems for elimination of tropical diseases: summary of a thematic series in Infectious Diseases of Poverty. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:49. [PMID: 27179509 PMCID: PMC4868018 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The peer-reviewed journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty provides a new platform to engage with, and disseminate in an open-access format, science outside traditional disciplinary boundaries. The current piece reviews a thematic series on surveillance-response systems for elimination of tropical diseases. Overall, 22 contributions covering a broad array of diseases are featured – i.e. clonorchiasis, dengue, hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), H7N9 avian influenza, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), rabies, schistosomiasis and tuberculosis (TB). There are five scoping reviews, a commentary, a letter to the editor, an opinion piece and an editorial pertaining to the theme “Elimination of tropical disease through surveillance and response”. The remaining 13 articles are original contributions mainly covering (i) drug resistance; (ii) innovation and validation in the field of mathematical modelling; (iii) elimination of infectious diseases; and (iv) social media reports on disease outbreak notifications released by national health authorities. Analysis of the authors’ affiliations reveals that scientists from the People’s Republic of China (P.R. China) are prominently represented. Possible explanations include the fact that the 2012 and 2014 international conferences pertaining to surveillance-response mechanisms were both hosted by the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD) in Shanghai, coupled with P.R. China’s growing importance with regard to the control of infectious diseases. Within 4 to 22 months of publication, three of the 22 contributions were viewed more than 10 000 times each. With sustained efforts focusing on relevant and strategic information towards control and elimination of infectious diseases, Infectious Diseases of Poverty has become a leading journal in the field of surveillance and response systems in infectious diseases and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, No. 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiling Yap
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Topical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang X, Hou F, Li X, Zhou L, Liu Y, Zhang T. Study of surveillance data for class B notifiable disease in China from 2005 to 2014. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 48:7-13. [PMID: 27094249 PMCID: PMC7110548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The surveillance of infection is very important for public health management and disease control. It has been 10 years since China implemented its new web-based infection surveillance system, which covers the largest population in the world. Methods In this study, time series data were collected for 28 infectious diseases reported from 2005 to 2014 . Seasonality and long-term trends were explored using decomposition methods. Seasonality was expressed by calculating the seasonal indices. Long-term trends in the diseases were assessed using a linear regression model on the deseasonalized series. Results During the 10-year period, 38 982 567 cases and 126 372 deaths were reported in the system. The proportion of deaths caused by AIDS increased from 12% in 2005 to 78% in 2014. There were six diseases for which the seasonal index range was greater than 2: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, anthrax, cerebrospinal meningitis, and measles . Among the 28 diseases, the incidence of syphilis increased fastest, with an average increase of 0.018626/100 000 every month after adjustment for seasonality. Conclusions Effective surveillance is helpful in gaining a better understanding of the infection behaviour of infectious diseases; this will greatly facilitate disease control and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 17 Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fengsu Hou
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China; Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Institute of State Governance, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 17 Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Sichuan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 17 Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, No. 17 Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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G/hiwot TT, Sime AG, Deresa B, Tafese W, Hajito KW, Gemeda DH. Community Health Seeking Behavior for Suspected Human and Animal Rabies Cases, Gomma District, Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149363. [PMID: 26959816 PMCID: PMC4784896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timely presentation to appropriate health service provider of sick animals/humans from zoonotic diseases like rabies is important for early case/outbreak detection and management. However, data on community's health seeking practice for rabies in Ethiopia is limited. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine community's health seeking behavior on rabies, Southwest Ethiopia. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January 16-February 14, 2015 to collect data from 808 respondents where the respondents were selected using multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using interviewer administered structured questionnaire by trained epidemiology graduate level students. Data were entered to Epidata version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20 for windows. RESULT Eight hundred three (99.4%) respondents participated in the study. Out of 28 respondents who reported their family members' exposure to rabies, 8 of them replied that the exposed family members sought treatment from traditional healers. More than nine in ten respondents perceived that humans and domestic animals with rabies exposure should seek help of which 85% of them suggested modern health care facilities as the preferred management option for the sick humans and domestic animals. However, among those who reported sick domestic animals, near to 72% of them had either slaughtered for human consumption, sold immediately, visited traditional healer, given home care or did nothing for the sick domestic animals. CONCLUSION Majority of the respondents had favorable perception of seeking treatment from modern health care facilities for rabies. However, significant number of them had managed inappropriately for the sick domestic animals from rabies. Hence, raising awareness of the community about management of sick domestic animals from rabies and the need for reporting to both human and animal health service providers is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsegaye Tewelde G/hiwot
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Medical Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Abiot Girma Sime
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Medical Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Benti Deresa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Wubit Tafese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kifle Weldemichael Hajito
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Medical Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Desta Hiko Gemeda
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Medical Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Nguyen A, Nguyen H, Pham T, Hoang T, Olowokure B. Awareness of rabies prevention and control measures among public health workers in Northern Vietnam. Public Health 2015; 129:1591-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yao HW, Yang Y, Liu K, Li XL, Zuo SQ, Sun RX, Fang LQ, Cao WC. The spatiotemporal expansion of human rabies and its probable explanation in mainland China, 2004-2013. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003502. [PMID: 25692883 PMCID: PMC4334667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rabies is a significant public health concern in mainland China. However, the neglect of rabies expansion and scarce analyses of the dynamics have made the spatiotemporal spread pattern of human rabies and its determinants being poorly understood. METHODS We collected geographic locations and timeline of reported human rabies cases, rabies sequences and socioeconomic variables for the years 2004-2013, and integrated multidisciplinary approaches, including epidemiological characterization, hotspots identification, risk factors analysis and phylogeographic inference, to explore the spread pattern of human rabies in mainland China during the last decade. RESULTS The results show that human rabies distribution and hotspots were expanding from southeastern regions to north or west regions, which could be associated with the evolution of the virus, especially the clade I-G. A Panel Poisson Regression analysis reveals that human rabies incidences had significant correlation with the education level, GDP per capita, temperature at one-month lag and canine rabies outbreak at two-month lag. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in the overall human rabies incidence was accompanied by a westward and northward expansion of the circulating region in mainland China. Higher risk of human rabies was associated with lower level of education and economic status. New clades of rabies, especial Clade I-G, played an important role in recent spread. Our findings provide valuable information for rabies control and prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Lou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Qing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Xi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Li R, Li Y, Wen S, Wen H, Nong Y, Mo Z, Xie F, Pellegrini M. Immunogenicity and safety of purified chick-embryo cell rabies vaccine under Zagreb 2-1-1 or 5-dose Essen regimen in Chinese children 6 to 17 years old and adults over 50 years: a randomized open-label study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:435-42. [PMID: 25692350 PMCID: PMC4514244 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.994460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this Phase IIIb, open-label, randomized study was to demonstrate the non-inferiority of immune responses and to assess the safety of a purified chick-embryo cell rabies vaccine (PCECV) in healthy Chinese children (6 to 17 years) and older adults (≥51 years) following 2 alternative intramuscular (IM) simulated post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens: 4-dose Zagreb or 5-dose Essen regimen. Serum samples were collected prior to vaccination on Days 1 and 15 and on day 43 to assess immune response by rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) concentrations. Solicited adverse events (AEs) were recorded for up to 7 days following each vaccine dose, and unsolicited AEs throughout the entire study period. PCECV vaccination induced a strong immune response at Day 15, and the non-inferiority in immune response of the Zagreb vs. the Essen regimen was demonstrated in children and older adults. At Day 15,100% of children (N = 224), and 99% of subjects ≥51 years of age (N = 376) developed adequate RVNA concentrations (≥0.5 IU/mL); at Day 43 all subjects achieved RVNA concentrations ≥0.5 IU/mL, for both PEP regimens. The well-known tolerability and safety profile of the PCECV was again observed in this study following either Zagreb or Essen regimens. Rabies PEP vaccination with PCECV following a Zagreb regimen induced immune responses non-inferior to those of the Essen regimen, and had a similar safety and tolerability profile to the Essen regimen in Chinese children, adolescents, and adults over 51 years. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01680016.
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Key Words
- AE, adverse event
- CI, confidence interval
- Essen regimen
- GMC, geometric mean concentration
- IM, intramuscular
- NIFDC, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control
- PCECV, purified chick-embryo cell rabies vaccine
- PEP, post-exposure prophylaxis
- PPS, per-protocol set
- RFFIT, Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test
- RVNA, rabies virus neutralizing antibody
- Zagreb regimen
- immunogenicity
- intramuscular post-exposure prophylaxis; purified chick-embryo cell rabies vaccine
- rabies
- rabies virus neutralizing antibody
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Affiliation(s)
- RongCheng Li
- Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Guangxi, China
| | - YanPing Li
- Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Guangxi, China
| | - ShuQing Wen
- Mengshan Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Mengshan, Guangxi, China
| | - HuiChun Wen
- Mengshan Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Mengshan, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Nong
- Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Guangxi, China
| | - Zhaojun Mo
- Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Guangxi, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics Inc.; Cambridge, MA USA
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Wu Q, Yu F, Xu J, Li Y, Chen H, Xiao S, Fu ZF, Fang L. Rabies-virus-glycoprotein-pseudotyped recombinant baculovirus vaccine confers complete protection against lethal rabies virus challenge in a mouse model. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Yin JH, Zhou SS, Xia ZG, Wang RB, Qian YJ, Yang WZ, Zhou XN. Historical patterns of malaria transmission in China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 86:1-19. [PMID: 25476879 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The historical patterns of malaria transmission in the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 2010 are presented in this chapter to illustrate the changes in epidemiological features and malaria burden during five decades. A significant reduction of malaria incidence has resulted in initiation of a national malaria elimination programme. However, challenges in malaria elimination have been identified. Foci (or hot spots) have occurred in unstable transmission areas, indicating an urgent need for strengthened surveillance and response in the transition stage from control to elimination.
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Wang L, Cao Y, Tang Q, Liang G. Role of the blood-brain barrier in rabies virus infection and protection. Protein Cell 2013; 4:901-3. [PMID: 24264143 PMCID: PMC4875407 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an acute, progressive encephalitis caused by infection with rabies virus (RABV). It is one of the most important zoonotic infections and causes more than 70,000 human deaths annually ( http://www.rabiescontrol.net ). It has long been held that a rabies infection is lethal in humans once the causative RABV reaches the central nervous system (CNS); however, this concept was challenged by the recent recovery of a small number of rabies patients. An analysis of these patients revealed that the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) played a major role in protection against the virus. The main reason for the survival of these patients was enhanced BBB permeability after infection with the causative agent (usually bat-originated RABV showing reduced pathogenicity), which allowed immune cells to enter the tissues of the CNS and clear the infection (Willoughby et al., 2005). These findings have been confirmed in animal infection experiments (Wang et al., 2005; Roy and Hooper, 2007, 2008; Faber et al., 2009). Thus, the BBB has attracted the attention of scientists interested in the pathogenesis of, and therapeutic approaches, for rabies. This paper introduces the role of the BBB in rabies infections and protection of the CNS and provides insight into future treatments for patients with clinical rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Yuxi Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
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Zinsstag J. Towards a science of rabies elimination. Infect Dis Poverty 2013; 2:22. [PMID: 24088333 PMCID: PMC3854129 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-2-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Wenwu Yin and co-workers conducted a systematic review on challenges and needs to eliminate rabies in China (Yin et al., 2013 in this journal). Their analysis shows that there is considerable overrepresentation of laboratory and basic epidemiology research. On the other hand, information on effective control activities and policies are nearly absent. Currently we know enough to control and eliminate dog rabies effectively. Continuing basic research while not engaging in the control of rabies appears almost cynical. Why is it not attractive to do research on effective control and elimination? Let us move now from the biological understanding to the science of rabies elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Associated Institute to the University of Basel, PO Box CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland.
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