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Xu W, Chen H, Xiao H. mTORC2: A neglected player in aging regulation. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31363. [PMID: 38982866 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, through integrating external and internal signals, facilitating gene transcription and protein translation, as well as by regulating mitochondria and autophagy functions. mTOR kinase operates within two distinct protein complexes known as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), which engage separate downstream signaling pathways impacting diverse cellular processes. Although mTORC1 has been extensively studied as a pro-proliferative factor and a pro-aging hub if activated aberrantly, mTORC2 received less attention, particularly regarding its implication in aging regulation. However, recent studies brought increasing evidence or clues for us, which implies the associations of mTORC2 with aging, as the genetic elimination of unique subunits of mTORC2, such as RICTOR, has been shown to alleviate aging progression in comparison to mTORC1 inhibition. In this review, we first summarized the basic characteristics of mTORC2, including its protein architecture and signaling network. We then focused on reviewing the molecular signaling regulation of mTORC2 in cellular senescence and organismal aging, and proposed the multifaceted regulatory characteristics under senescent and nonsenescent contexts. Next, we outlined the research progress of mTOR inhibitors in the field of antiaging and discussed future prospects and challenges. It is our pleasure if this review article could provide meaningful information for our readers and call forth more investigations working on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Xu
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghan Chen
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyi Xiao
- The Lab of Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Onisiforou A, Zanos P, Georgiou P. Molecular signatures of premature aging in Major Depression and Substance Use Disorders. Sci Data 2024; 11:698. [PMID: 38926475 PMCID: PMC11208564 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and substance-use disorders (SUDs) often lead to premature aging, increasing vulnerability to cognitive decline and other forms of dementia. This study utilized advanced systems bioinformatics to identify aging "signatures" in MDD and SUDs and evaluated the potential for known lifespan-extending drugs to target and reverse these signatures. The results suggest that inhibiting the transcriptional activation of FOS gene family members holds promise in mitigating premature aging in MDD and SUDs. Conversely, antidepressant drugs activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, a common mechanism in rapid-acting antidepressants, may accelerate aging in MDD patients, making them unsuitable for those with comorbid aging-related conditions like dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, this innovative approach identifies potential anti-aging interventions for MDD patients, such as Deferoxamine, Resveratrol, Estradiol valerate, and natural compounds like zinc acetate, genistein, and ascorbic acid, regardless of comorbid anxiety disorders. These findings illuminate the premature aging effects of MDD and SUDs and offer insights into treatment strategies for patients with comorbid aging-related conditions, including dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onisiforou
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Panos Zanos
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Polymnia Georgiou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Ansarin A, Mahdavi AM, Javadivala Z, Shanehbandi D, Zarredar H, Ansarin K. The cross-talk between leptin and circadian rhythm signaling proteins in physiological processes: a systematic review. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10427-10443. [PMID: 37874505 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, modern lifestyles and disrupted sleep patterns cause circadian clock rhythm impairments that are associated with altered leptin levels, which subsequently affect a wide range of physiological processes and have significant health burdens on societies. Nevertheless, there has been no systematic review of circadian clock genes and proteins, leptin, and related signaling pathways. METHODS Accordingly, we systematically reviewed circadian clock proteins, leptin, and molecular mechanisms between them by searching Pubmed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar until September 2022. After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 animal studies were selected. The risk of bias was assessed in each study. RESULTS The results clarified the reciprocal interconnected relationship between circadian clock genes and leptin. Circadian clock genes regulate leptin expression and signaling via different mechanisms, such as CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimers, which increase the expression of PPARs. PPARs induce the expression of C/EBPα, a key factor in upregulating leptin expression. CLOCK-BMAL1 also induces the expression of Per1 and Rev-erb genes. PER1 activates mTORC1 and mTORC1 enhances the expression of C/EBPα. In addition, REV-ERBs activate the leptin signaling pathway. Also, leptin controls the expression of circadian clock genes by triggering the AMPK and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways, which regulate the activity of PPARs. Moreover, the roles of these molecular mechanisms are elucidated in different physiological processes and organs. CONCLUSIONS Crosstalk between circadian clock genes and leptin and their affecting elements should be considered in the selection of new therapeutic targets for related disorders, especially obesity and metabolic impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Ansarin
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Pashmineh Research Complex, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box: 5448151429, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aida Malek Mahdavi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Pashmineh Research Complex, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box: 5448151429, Tabriz, Iran
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Javadivala
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Pashmineh Research Complex, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box: 5448151429, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Ansarin
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Pashmineh Research Complex, Daneshgah Street, P.O. Box: 5448151429, Tabriz, Iran.
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4
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Green CL, Trautman ME, Chaiyakul K, Jain R, Alam YH, Babygirija R, Pak HH, Sonsalla MM, Calubag MF, Yeh CY, Bleicher A, Novak G, Liu TT, Newman S, Ricke WA, Matkowskyj KA, Ong IM, Jang C, Simcox J, Lamming DW. Dietary restriction of isoleucine increases healthspan and lifespan of genetically heterogeneous mice. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1976-1995.e6. [PMID: 37939658 PMCID: PMC10655617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Low-protein diets promote health and longevity in diverse species. Restriction of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine, and valine recapitulates many of these benefits in young C57BL/6J mice. Restriction of dietary isoleucine (IleR) is sufficient to promote metabolic health and is required for many benefits of a low-protein diet in C57BL/6J males. Here, we test the hypothesis that IleR will promote healthy aging in genetically heterogeneous adult UM-HET3 mice. We find that IleR improves metabolic health in young and old HET3 mice, promoting leanness and glycemic control in both sexes, and reprograms hepatic metabolism in a sex-specific manner. IleR reduces frailty and extends the lifespan of male and female mice, but to a greater degree in males. Our results demonstrate that IleR increases healthspan and longevity in genetically diverse mice and suggests that IleR, or pharmaceuticals that mimic this effect, may have potential as a geroprotective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michaela E Trautman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Krittisak Chaiyakul
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Raghav Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yasmine H Alam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Reji Babygirija
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Heidi H Pak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michelle M Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mariah F Calubag
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Chung-Yang Yeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Anneliese Bleicher
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Grace Novak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Teresa T Liu
- George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 93705, USA
| | - Sarah Newman
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Will A Ricke
- George M. O'Brien Center of Research Excellence, Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 93705, USA
| | - Kristina A Matkowskyj
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Irene M Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Judith Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Nutrition and Metabolism Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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5
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Mannick JB, Lamming DW. Targeting the biology of aging with mTOR inhibitors. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:642-660. [PMID: 37142830 PMCID: PMC10330278 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutic rapamycin promotes health and longevity in diverse model organisms. More recently, specific inhibition of mTORC1 to treat aging-related conditions has become the goal of basic and translational scientists, clinicians and biotechnology companies. Here, we review the effects of rapamycin on the longevity and survival of both wild-type mice and mouse models of human diseases. We discuss recent clinical trials that have explored whether existing mTOR inhibitors can safely prevent, delay or treat multiple diseases of aging. Finally, we discuss how new molecules may provide routes to the safer and more selective inhibition of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) in the decade ahead. We conclude by discussing what work remains to be done and the questions that will need to be addressed to make mTOR inhibitors part of the standard of care for diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Noureddine S, Nie J, Schneider A, Menon V, Fliesen Z, Dhahbi J, Victoria B, Oyer J, Robles-Carrillo L, Nunes ADDC, Ashiqueali S, Janusz A, Copik A, Robbins PD, Musi N, Masternak MM. microRNA-449a reduces growth hormone-stimulated senescent cell burden through PI3K-mTOR signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213207120. [PMID: 36976763 PMCID: PMC10083567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213207120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, a hallmark of aging, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many major age-related disorders, including neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, and metabolic disease. Therefore, investigating novel methods to reduce or delay the accumulation of senescent cells during aging may attenuate age-related pathologies. microRNA-449a-5p (miR-449a) is a small, noncoding RNA down-regulated with age in normal mice but maintained in long-living growth hormone (GH)-deficient Ames Dwarf (df/df) mice. We found increased fibroadipogenic precursor cells, adipose-derived stem cells, and miR-449a levels in visceral adipose tissue of long-living df/df mice. Gene target analysis and our functional study with miR-449a-5p have revealed its potential as a serotherapeutic. Here, we test the hypothesis that miR-449a reduces cellular senescence by targeting senescence-associated genes induced in response to strong mitogenic signals and other damaging stimuli. We demonstrated that GH downregulates miR-449a expression and accelerates senescence while miR-449a upregulation using mimetics reduces senescence, primarily through targeted reduction of p16Ink4a, p21Cip1, and the PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway. Our results demonstrate that miR-449a is important in modulating key signaling pathways that control cellular senescence and the progression of age-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Noureddine
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32827
| | - Jia Nie
- Sam and Ann Barshop Insititute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX78229
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-610Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Vinal Menon
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Zoubeida Fliesen
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, California University of Science & Medicine, Colton, CA92324
| | - Joseph Dhahbi
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, California University of Science & Medicine, Colton, CA92324
| | - Berta Victoria
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32827
| | - Jeremiah Oyer
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32827
| | - Liza Robles-Carrillo
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32827
| | - Allancer Divino De Carvalho Nunes
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32827
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Sarah Ashiqueali
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32827
| | - Artur Janusz
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32827
- Celon Pharma Innovative Drugs Research & Development Department, Celon Pharma S.A., 05-152Kazun Nowy, Poland
| | - Alicja Copik
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32827
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Sam and Ann Barshop Insititute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX78229
- San Antonio Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX78229
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, LA90048
| | - Michal M. Masternak
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32827
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355Poznan, Poland
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Carneiro ACA, de Carvalho JF, de Sá DC, Rodrigues CEM. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance in Adult Patients with Acne: Association with Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Acne Severity. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2023; 21:109-114. [PMID: 36472551 DOI: 10.1089/met.2022.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the pilosebaceous unit, and there are conflicting evidences regarding its association with metabolic syndrome (MS) and insulin resistance (IR). Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with 162 acne patients, over 20 years of age, matched for age and sex with 78 healthy controls without acne. The measured parameters included waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol. Acne severity was determined according to the Global Acne Grading System. The criteria used for the diagnosis of MS were those of the Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome Statement, adjusted for South Americans, and the IR was calculated using the HOMA-IR. Results: The prevalence of MS was significantly higher in cases, compared to controls (12.3% vs. 2.6%, P = 0.014), as was the prevalence of IR (11.7% vs. 3.8%, P = 0.047). In addition, MS and IR showed a positive correlation with the degree of acne severity (P = 0.011 and P = 0.021, respectively). HDL levels were significantly lower in cases (P = 0.012) and showed an association with acne severity (P = 0.038). In the logistic regression model, the risk factor that independently influenced both MS and IR in patients with acne was the WC (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Adults with acne, especially the most severe cases, are significantly more likely to have MS, IR, and lower HDL levels, compared to controls without acne.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos Ewerton Maia Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, University of Fortaleza (Unifor), Ceará, Brazil.,Federal University of Ceara (UFC), Ceará, Brazil
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Brazill JM, Shin D, Magee K, Majumdar A, Shen IR, Cavalli V, Scheller EL. Knockout of TSC2 in Nav1.8+ neurons predisposes to the onset of normal weight obesity. Mol Metab 2023; 68:101664. [PMID: 36586433 PMCID: PMC9841058 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and nutrient oversupply increase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in multiple cell types and organs, contributing to the onset of insulin resistance and complications of metabolic disease. However, it remains unclear when and where mTOR activation mediates these effects, limiting options for therapeutic intervention. The objective of this study was to isolate the role of constitutive mTOR activation in Nav1.8-expressing peripheral neurons in the onset of diet-induced obesity, bone loss, and metabolic disease. METHODS In humans, loss of function mutations in tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) lead to maximal constitutive activation of mTOR. To mirror this in mice, we bred Nav1.8-Cre with TSC2fl/fl animals to conditionally delete TSC2 in Nav1.8-expressing neurons. Male and female mice were studied from 4- to 34-weeks of age and a subset of animals were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24-weeks. Assays of metabolism, body composition, bone morphology, and behavior were performed. RESULTS By lineage tracing, Nav1.8-Cre targeted peripheral sensory neurons, a subpopulation of postganglionic sympathetics, and several regions of the brain. Conditional knockout of TSC2 in Nav1.8-expressing neurons (Nav1.8-TSC2KO) selectively upregulated neuronal mTORC1 signaling. Male, but not female, Nav1.8-TSC2KO mice had a 4-10% decrease in body size at baseline. When challenged with HFD, both male and female Nav1.8-TSC2KO mice resisted diet-induced gains in body mass. However, this did not protect against HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction and bone loss. In addition, despite not gaining weight, Nav1.8-TSC2KO mice fed HFD still developed high body fat, a unique phenotype previously referred to as 'normal weight obesity'. Nav1.8-TSC2KO mice also had signs of chronic itch, mild increases in anxiety-like behavior, and sex-specific alterations in HFD-induced fat distribution that led to enhanced visceral obesity in males and preferential deposition of subcutaneous fat in females. CONCLUSIONS Knockout of TSC2 in Nav1.8+ neurons increases itch- and anxiety-like behaviors and substantially modifies fat storage and metabolic responses to HFD. Though this prevents HFD-induced weight gain, it masks depot-specific fat expansion and persistent detrimental effects on metabolic health and peripheral organs such as bone, mimicking the 'normal weight obesity' phenotype that is of growing concern. This supports a mechanism by which increased neuronal mTOR signaling can predispose to altered adipose tissue distribution, adipose tissue expansion, impaired peripheral metabolism, and detrimental changes to skeletal health with HFD - despite resistance to weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Brazill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - David Shin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Kristann Magee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Anurag Majumdar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ivana R Shen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Erica L Scheller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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9
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Regan JC, Lu YX, Ureña E, Meilenbrock RL, Catterson JH, Kißler D, Fröhlich J, Funk E, Partridge L. Sexual identity of enterocytes regulates autophagy to determine intestinal health, lifespan and responses to rapamycin. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:1145-1158. [PMID: 37118538 PMCID: PMC10154239 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological attenuation of mTOR presents a promising route for delay of age-related disease. Here we show that treatment of Drosophila with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin extends lifespan in females, but not in males. Female-specific, age-related gut pathology is markedly slowed by rapamycin treatment, mediated by increased autophagy. Treatment increases enterocyte autophagy in females, via the H3/H4 histone-Bchs axis, whereas males show high basal levels of enterocyte autophagy that are not increased by rapamycin feeding. Enterocyte sexual identity, determined by transformerFemale expression, dictates sexually dimorphic cell size, H3/H4-Bchs expression, basal rates of autophagy, fecundity, intestinal homeostasis and lifespan extension in response to rapamycin. Dimorphism in autophagy is conserved in mice, where intestine, brown adipose tissue and muscle exhibit sex differences in autophagy and response to rapamycin. This study highlights tissue sex as a determining factor in the regulation of metabolic processes by mTOR and the efficacy of mTOR-targeted, anti-aging drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Regan
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Yu-Xuan Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Enric Ureña
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - James H Catterson
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Disna Kißler
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jenny Fröhlich
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emilie Funk
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.
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10
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Simcox J, Lamming DW. The central moTOR of metabolism. Dev Cell 2022; 57:691-706. [PMID: 35316619 PMCID: PMC9004513 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) functions as a central regulator of metabolism, integrating diverse nutritional and hormonal cues to control anabolic processes, organismal physiology, and even aging. This review discusses the current state of knowledge regarding the regulation of mTOR signaling and the metabolic regulation of the four macromolecular building blocks of the cell: carbohydrate, nucleic acid, lipid, and protein by mTOR. We review the role of mTOR in the control of organismal physiology and aging through its action in key tissues and discuss the potential for clinical translation of mTOR inhibition for the treatment and prevention of diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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11
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Murphy ME, Narasimhan A, Adrian A, Kumar A, Green CL, Soto-Palma C, Henpita C, Camell C, Morrow CS, Yeh CY, Richardson CE, Hill CM, Moore DL, Lamming DW, McGregor ER, Simmons HA, Pak HH, Bai H, Denu JM, Clark J, Simcox J, Chittimalli K, Dahlquist K, Lee KA, Calubag M, Bouska M, Yousefzadeh MJ, Sonsalla M, Babygirija R, Yuan R, Tsuji T, Rhoads T, Menon V, Jarajapu YP, Zhu Y. Metabolism in the Midwest: research from the Midwest Aging Consortium at the 49 th Annual Meeting of the American Aging Association. GeroScience 2022; 44:39-52. [PMID: 34714522 PMCID: PMC8554732 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela E Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Akilavalli Narasimhan
- Institute On the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexis Adrian
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- U54 George M. O'Brien Center for Benign Urology Research, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Ankur Kumar
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Cara L Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Carolina Soto-Palma
- Institute On the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chathurika Henpita
- Institute On the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christina Camell
- Institute On the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher S Morrow
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Chung-Yang Yeh
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Claire E Richardson
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Cristal M Hill
- Neurosignaling Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70809, USA
| | - Darcie L Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Eric R McGregor
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Heather A Simmons
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53175, USA
| | - Heidi H Pak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - John M Denu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Josef Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Judith Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Kishore Chittimalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Korbyn Dahlquist
- Institute On the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kyoo-A Lee
- Institute On the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mariah Calubag
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Mark Bouska
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Matthew J Yousefzadeh
- Institute On the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michelle Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Reji Babygirija
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Rong Yuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62794, USA
| | - Tadataka Tsuji
- Section On Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Timothy Rhoads
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Vinal Menon
- Institute On the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yagna Pr Jarajapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62794, USA.
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12
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Green CL, Lamming DW, Fontana L. Molecular mechanisms of dietary restriction promoting health and longevity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:56-73. [PMID: 34518687 PMCID: PMC8692439 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restriction with adequate nutrition is the gold standard for delaying ageing and extending healthspan and lifespan in diverse species, including rodents and non-human primates. In this Review, we discuss the effects of dietary restriction in these mammalian model organisms and discuss accumulating data that suggest that dietary restriction results in many of the same physiological, metabolic and molecular changes responsible for the prevention of multiple ageing-associated diseases in humans. We further discuss how different forms of fasting, protein restriction and specific reductions in the levels of essential amino acids such as methionine and the branched-chain amino acids selectively impact the activity of AKT, FOXO, mTOR, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which are key components of some of the most important nutrient-sensing geroprotective signalling pathways that promote healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Charles Perkins Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy.
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13
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Hoong CWS, Chua MWJ. SGLT2 Inhibitors as Calorie Restriction Mimetics: Insights on Longevity Pathways and Age-Related Diseases. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6226811. [PMID: 33857309 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors induce glycosuria, reduce insulin levels, and promote fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. By promoting a nutrient deprivation state, SGLT2 inhibitors upregulate the energy deprivation sensors AMPK and SIRT1, inhibit the nutrient sensors mTOR and insulin/IGF1, and modulate the closely linked hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α/HIF-1α pathways. Phosphorylation of AMPK and upregulation of adiponectin and PPAR-α favor a reversal of the metabolic syndrome which have been linked to suppression of chronic inflammation. Downregulation of insulin/IGF1 pathways and mTOR signaling from a reduction in glucose and circulating amino acids promote cellular repair mechanisms, including autophagy and proteostasis which confer cellular stress resistance and attenuate cellular senescence. SIRT1, another energy sensor activated by NAD+ in nutrient-deficient states, is reciprocally activated by AMPK, and can deacetylate and activate transcription factors, such as PCG-1α, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and nuclear factor E2-related factor (NRF)-2, that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis. FOXO3 transcription factor which target genes in stress resistance, is also activated by AMPK and SIRT1. Modulation of these pathways by SGLT2 inhibitors have been shown to alleviate metabolic diseases, attenuate vascular inflammation and arterial stiffness, improve mitochondrial function and reduce oxidative stress-induced tissue damage. Compared with other calorie restriction mimetics such as metformin, rapamycin, resveratrol, and NAD+ precursors, SGLT2 inhibitors appear to be the most promising in the treatment of aging-related diseases, due to their regulation of multiple longevity pathways that closely resembles that achieved by calorie restriction and their established efficacy in reducing cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Evidence is compelling for the role of SGLT2 inhibitors as a calorie restriction mimetic in anti-aging therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline W S Hoong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of General Medicine, Woodlands Health Campus, National Healthcare Group Singapore, Woodlands Health Campus Singapore, 768024, Singapore
| | - Marvin W J Chua
- Endocrinology Service, Department of General Medicine, Sengkang General Hospital, SingHealth Group Singapore, Sengkang General Hospital Singapore, 544886, Singapore
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14
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Duran-Ortiz S, List EO, Basu R, Kopchick JJ. Extending lifespan by modulating the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis: coming of age. Pituitary 2021; 24:438-456. [PMID: 33459974 PMCID: PMC8122064 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress made in the years of aging research have allowed the opportunity to explore potential interventions to slow aging and extend healthy lifespan. Studies performed in yeast, worms, flies and mice subjected to genetic and pharmacological interventions have given insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with longevity. Furthermore, it is now possible to effectively modulate pathways that slow aging at different stages of life (early life or at an adult age). Interestingly, interventions that extend longevity in adult mice have had sex-specific success, suggesting a potential link between particular pathways that modulate aging and sex. For example, reduction of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis at an adult age extends lifespan preferentially in females. Moreover, several postnatal dietary interventions tested by the 'Intervention Testing Program (ITP)' from the National Institute of Aging (NIA) have shown that while pharmacological interventions like rapamycin affect the IGF-1/insulin pathway and preferentially extend lifespan in females; dietary compounds that target other cellular pathways are effective only in male mice-indicating mutually exclusive sex-specific pathways. Therefore, a combination of interventions that target non-overlapping aging-related pathways appears to be an effective approach to further extend healthy lifespan in both sexes. Here, we review the germline and postnatal mouse lines that target the GH/IGF-1 axis as a mechanism to extend longevity as well as the dietary compounds that tested positive in the NIA program to increase lifespan. We believe that the interventions reviewed in this paper could constitute feasible combinations for an extended healthy lifespan in both male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, USA
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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15
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Sunjaya AP, Sunjaya AF. Targeting ageing and preventing organ degeneration with metformin. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2021; 47:101203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Garratt M. Why do sexes differ in lifespan extension? Sex-specific pathways of aging and underlying mechanisms for dimorphic responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/nha-190067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Males and females typically have different lifespans and frequently differ in their responses to anti-aging interventions. These sex-specific responses are documented in mice and Drosophila species, in addition to other organisms where interventions have been tested. While the prevalence of sex-specific responses to anti-aging interventions is now recognised, the underlying causes remain poorly understood. This review first summarises the main pathways and interventions that lead to sex-specific lifespan responses, including the growth-hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH-IGF1) axis, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling, and nutritional and pharmacological interventions. After summarising current evidence, several different potential causes for sex-specific responses are discussed. These include sex-differences in xenobiotic metabolism, differing disease susceptibility, sex-specific hormone production and chromosomes, and the relative importance of different signalling pathways in the control of male and female life-history. Understanding why sex-differences in lifespan-extension occur should provide a greater understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the aging process in each sex, and will be crucial for understanding the full implications of these treatments if they are translated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garratt
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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17
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Noordin MAM, Noor MM, Aizat WM. The Impact of Plant Bioactive Compounds on Aging and Fertility of Diverse Organisms: A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:1287-1299. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200429101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is expected that in 2050, there will be more than 20% of senior citizens aged over 60 years
worldwide. Such alarming statistics require immediate attention to improve the health of the aging
population. Since aging is closely related to the loss of antioxidant defense mechanisms, this situation
eventually leads to numerous health problems, including fertility reduction. Furthermore, plant extracts
have been used in traditional medicine as potent antioxidant sources. Although many experiments had
reported the impact of various bioactive compounds on aging or fertility, there is a lack of review papers
that combine both subjects. In this review, we have collected and discussed various bioactive
compounds from 26 different plant species known to affect both longevity and fertility. These compounds,
including phenolics and terpenes, are mostly involved in the antioxidant defense mechanisms
of diverse organisms such as rats, mites, fruit flies, roundworms, and even roosters. A human clinical
trial should be considered in the future to measure the effects of these bioactive compounds on human
health and longevity. Ultimately, these plant-derived compounds could be developed into health supplements
or potential medical drugs to ensure a healthy aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Akram Mohd Noordin
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mahanem Mat Noor
- Centre for Biotechnology and Functional Food, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Aizat
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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18
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Dumas SN, Lamming DW. Next Generation Strategies for Geroprotection via mTORC1 Inhibition. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:14-23. [PMID: 30794726 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of mTORC1 (mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1) with the pharmaceutical rapamycin prolongs the lifespan and healthspan of model organisms including rodents, with evidence now emerging that rapamycin and its analogs may also have rejuvenative effects in dogs and humans. However, the side effects associated with long-term rapamycin treatment, many of which are due to inhibition of a second mTOR complex, mTORC2, have seemed to preclude the routine use of rapamycin as a therapy for age-related diseases. Here, we discuss recent findings suggesting that strong, chronic inhibition of both mTOR complexes may not be necessary to realize the geroprotective effects of rapamycin. Instead, modestly but specifically inhibiting mTORC1 via a variety of emerging techniques, including intermittent or transient treatment with rapamycin derivatives, or specific dietary regimens, may be sufficient to promote health and longevity with reduced side effects. We will also discuss prospects for the development of new molecules that, by harnessing the detailed molecular understanding of mTORC1 signaling developed over the last decade, will provide new routes to the selective inhibition of mTORC1. We conclude that therapies based on the selective inhibition of mTORC1 may soon permit the safer treatment of diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Dumas
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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19
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Mechanisms of cancer stem cell therapy. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:581-592. [PMID: 32791136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis and are involved in drug and radiation resistance, metastasis, tumor relapse and initiation. Remarkably, they have other abilities such as inheritance of self-renewal and de-differentiation. Hence, targeting CSCs is considered a potential anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. Recent advances in the identification of biomarkers to recognize CSCs and the development of new techniques to evaluate tumorigenic and carcinogenic roles of CSCs are instrumental to this approach. Elucidation of signaling pathways that regulate CSCs colony progression and drug resistance are critical in establishing effective targeted therapies. CSCs play a central key role in immunomodulation, immune evasion and effector immunity, which alters immune system balancing. These include mTOR, SHH, NOTCH and Wnt/β-catering in cancer progression. In this review article, we discuss the importance of these CSCs pathways in cancer therapy.
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20
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Arriola Apelo SI, Lin A, Brinkman JA, Meyer E, Morrison M, Tomasiewicz JL, Pumper CP, Baar EL, Richardson NE, Alotaibi M, Lamming DW. Ovariectomy uncouples lifespan from metabolic health and reveals a sex-hormone-dependent role of hepatic mTORC2 in aging. eLife 2020; 9:56177. [PMID: 32720643 PMCID: PMC7386906 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of mTOR (mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin) signaling by rapamycin promotes healthspan and longevity more strongly in females than males, perhaps because inhibition of hepatic mTORC2 (mTOR Complex 2) specifically reduces the lifespan of males. Here, we demonstrate using gonadectomy that the sex-specific impact of reduced hepatic mTORC2 is not reversed by depletion of sex hormones. Intriguingly, we find that ovariectomy uncouples lifespan from metabolic health, with ovariectomized females having improved survival despite paradoxically having increased adiposity and decreased control of blood glucose levels. Further, ovariectomy unexpectedly promotes midlife survival of female mice lacking hepatic mTORC2, significantly increasing the survival of those mice that do not develop cancer. In addition to identifying a sex hormone-dependent role for hepatic mTORC2 in female longevity, our results demonstrate that metabolic health is not inextricably linked to lifespan in mammals, and highlight the importance of evaluating healthspan in mammalian longevity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian I Arriola Apelo
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Jacqueline A Brinkman
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Emma Meyer
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Mark Morrison
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Jay L Tomasiewicz
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, United States
| | - Cassidy P Pumper
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Emma L Baar
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Nicole E Richardson
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Mohammed Alotaibi
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States
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21
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Kazemi A, Speakman JR, Soltani S, Djafarian K. Effect of calorie restriction or protein intake on circulating levels of insulin like growth factor I in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:1705-1716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Zhang J, Deng Y, Khoo BL. Fasting to enhance Cancer treatment in models: the next steps. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:58. [PMID: 32370764 PMCID: PMC7201989 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-term fasting (STF) is a technique to reduce nutrient intake for a specific period. Since metabolism plays a pivotal role in tumor progression, it can be hypothesized that STF can improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of STF in cell and animal tumor models. However, large-scale clinical trials must be conducted to verify the safety and effectiveness of these diets. In this review, we re-examine the concept of how metabolism affects pathophysiological pathways. Next, we provided a comprehensive discussion of the specific mechanisms of STF on tumor progression, derived through studies carried out with tumor models. There are currently at least four active clinical trials on fasting and cancer treatment. Based on these studies, we highlight the potential caveats of fasting in clinical applications, including the onset of metabolic syndrome and other metabolic complications during chemotherapy, with a particular focus on the regulation of the epithelial to mesenchymal pathway and cancer heterogeneity. We further discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the current state-of-art tumor models for assessing the impact of STF on cancer treatment. Finally, we explored upcoming fasting strategies that could complement existing chemotherapy and immunotherapy strategies to enable personalized medicine. Overall, these studies have the potential for breakthroughs in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Yanlin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Bee Luan Khoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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23
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Majidinia M, Mir SM, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Asghari R, Kafil HS, Safa A, Mahmoodpoor A, Yousefi B. MicroRNAs, DNA damage response and ageing. Biogerontology 2020; 21:275-291. [PMID: 32067137 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is a multifactorial and integrated gradual deterioration affecting the most of biological process of cells. MiRNAs are differentially expressed in the cellular senescence and play important role in regulating of genes expression involved in features of ageing. The perception of miRNAs functions in ageing regulation can be useful in clarifying the mechanisms underlying ageing and designing of therapeutic strategies. The preservation of genomic integrity through DNA damage response (DDR) is related to the process of cellular senescence. The recent studies have shown that miRNAs has directly regulated the expression of numerous proteins in DDR pathways. In this review study, DDR pathways, miRNA biogenesis and functions, current finding on DDR regulations, molecular biology of ageing and the role of miRNAs in these processes have been studied. Finally, a brief explanation about the therapeutic function of miRNAs in ageing regarding its regulation of DDR has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Mir
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Roghaieh Asghari
- Anesthesiology Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Stem Cell Center Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Safa
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam. .,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Anesthesiology Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Stem Cell Center Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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24
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Bellantuono I, de Cabo R, Ehninger D, Di Germanio C, Lawrie A, Miller J, Mitchell SJ, Navas-Enamorado I, Potter PK, Tchkonia T, Trejo JL, Lamming DW. A toolbox for the longitudinal assessment of healthspan in aging mice. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:540-574. [PMID: 31915391 PMCID: PMC7002283 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The number of people aged over 65 is expected to double in the next 30 years. For many, living longer will mean spending more years with the burdens of chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Although researchers have made rapid progress in developing geroprotective interventions that target mechanisms of aging and delay or prevent the onset of multiple concurrent age-related diseases, a lack of standardized techniques to assess healthspan in preclinical murine studies has resulted in reduced reproducibility and slow progress. To overcome this, major centers in Europe and the United States skilled in healthspan analysis came together to agree on a toolbox of techniques that can be used to consistently assess the healthspan of mice. Here, we describe the agreed toolbox, which contains protocols for echocardiography, novel object recognition, grip strength, rotarod, glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), body composition, and energy expenditure. The protocols can be performed longitudinally in the same mouse over a period of 4-6 weeks to test how candidate geroprotectors affect cardiac, cognitive, neuromuscular, and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bellantuono
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Healthy Lifespan Institute and MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - R de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Ehninger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - C Di Germanio
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Lawrie
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Miller
- Robert and Arlene KogodCenter on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S J Mitchell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I Navas-Enamorado
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P K Potter
- Department of Biological and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - T Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene KogodCenter on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J L Trejo
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - D W Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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25
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Chellappa K, Brinkman JA, Mukherjee S, Morrison M, Alotaibi MI, Carbajal KA, Alhadeff AL, Perron IJ, Yao R, Purdy CS, DeFelice DM, Wakai MH, Tomasiewicz J, Lin A, Meyer E, Peng Y, Arriola Apelo SI, Puglielli L, Betley JN, Paschos GK, Baur JA, Lamming DW. Hypothalamic mTORC2 is essential for metabolic health and longevity. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13014. [PMID: 31373126 PMCID: PMC6718533 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that regulates growth and metabolism. mTOR is found in two protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, that have distinct components and substrates and are both inhibited by rapamycin, a macrolide drug that robustly extends lifespan in multiple species including worms and mice. Although the beneficial effect of rapamycin on longevity is generally attributed to reduced mTORC1 signaling, disruption of mTORC2 signaling can also influence the longevity of worms, either positively or negatively depending on the temperature and food source. Here, we show that loss of hypothalamic mTORC2 signaling in mice decreases activity level, increases the set point for adiposity, and renders the animals susceptible to diet-induced obesity. Hypothalamic mTORC2 signaling normally increases with age, and mice lacking this pathway display higher fat mass and impaired glucose homeostasis throughout life, become more frail with age, and have decreased overall survival. We conclude that hypothalamic mTORC2 is essential for the normal metabolic health, fitness, and lifespan of mice. Our results have implications for the use of mTORC2-inhibiting pharmaceuticals in the treatment of brain cancer and diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyani Chellappa
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Jacqueline A. Brinkman
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
| | - Sarmistha Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Mark Morrison
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
| | - Mohammed I. Alotaibi
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Kathryn A. Carbajal
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
| | - Amber L. Alhadeff
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and SciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Isaac J. Perron
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Rebecca Yao
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Cole S. Purdy
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Denise M. DeFelice
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Matthew H. Wakai
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
| | - Jay Tomasiewicz
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Department of Dairy ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Emma Meyer
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Department of Dairy ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Yajing Peng
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Waisman CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Sebastian I. Arriola Apelo
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Department of Dairy ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Waisman CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
| | - J. Nicholas Betley
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and SciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Georgios K. Paschos
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Joseph A. Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Dudley W. Lamming
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWIUSA
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training ProgramUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
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26
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Yu D, Tomasiewicz JL, Yang SE, Miller BR, Wakai MH, Sherman DS, Cummings NE, Baar EL, Brinkman JA, Syed FA, Lamming DW. Calorie-Restriction-Induced Insulin Sensitivity Is Mediated by Adipose mTORC2 and Not Required for Lifespan Extension. Cell Rep 2019; 29:236-248.e3. [PMID: 31577953 PMCID: PMC6820997 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) extends the healthspan and lifespan of diverse species. In mammals, a broadly conserved metabolic effect of CR is improved insulin sensitivity, which may mediate the beneficial effects of a CR diet. This model has been challenged by the identification of interventions that extend lifespan and healthspan yet promote insulin resistance. These include rapamycin, which extends mouse lifespan yet induces insulin resistance by disrupting mTORC2 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2). Here, we induce insulin resistance by genetically disrupting adipose mTORC2 via tissue-specific deletion of the mTORC2 component Rictor (AQ-RKO). Loss of adipose mTORC2 blunts the metabolic adaptation to CR and prevents whole-body sensitization to insulin. Despite this, AQ-RKO mice subject to CR experience the same increase in fitness and lifespan on a CR diet as wild-type mice. We conclude that the CR-induced improvement in insulin sensitivity is dispensable for the effects of CR on fitness and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Yu
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Shany E Yang
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Blake R Miller
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew H Wakai
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dawn S Sherman
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicole E Cummings
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emma L Baar
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Brinkman
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Faizan A Syed
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA.
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27
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Javid H, Soltani A, Mohammadi F, Hashemy SI. Emerging roles of microRNAs in regulating the mTOR signaling pathway during tumorigenesis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:10874-10883. [PMID: 30719752 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a large Ser/Thr protein kinase that belongs to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family and mediates various physiological and pathological processes, especially cell proliferation, protein synthesis, autophagy, and cancer development. The mTOR expression is transient and tightly regulated in normal cells, but it is overactivated in cancer cells. Recently, several studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in the regulation of mTOR and mTOR-associated processes, some acting as inhibitors and the others as activators. Although it is still in infancy, the strategy of combining both miRNAs and mTOR inhibitors might provide an approach to selectively sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapy-induced DNA damage and subsequently attenuating the tumor cell growth and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Javid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arash Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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28
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Hernández-Saavedra D, Moody L, Xu GB, Chen H, Pan YX. Epigenetic Regulation of Metabolism and Inflammation by Calorie Restriction. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:520-536. [PMID: 30915465 PMCID: PMC6520046 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic caloric restriction (CR) without malnutrition is known to affect different cellular processes such as stem cell function, cell senescence, inflammation, and metabolism. Despite the differences in the implementation of CR, the reduction of calories produces a widespread beneficial effect in noncommunicable chronic diseases, which can be explained by improvements in immuno-metabolic adaptation. Cellular adaptation that occurs in response to dietary patterns can be explained by alterations in epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA. In this review, we define these modifications and systematically summarize the current evidence related to CR and the epigenome. We then explain the significance of genome-wide epigenetic modifications in the context of disease development. Although substantial evidence exists for the widespread effect of CR on longevity, there is no consensus regarding the epigenetic regulations of the underlying cellular mechanisms that lead to improved health. We provide compelling evidence that CR produces long-lasting epigenetic effects that mediate expression of genes related to immuno-metabolic processes. Epigenetic reprogramming of the underlying chronic low-grade inflammation by CR can lead to immuno-metabolic adaptations that enhance quality of life, extend lifespan, and delay chronic disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guanying Bianca Xu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Hong Chen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Yuan-Xiang Pan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,Address correspondence to Y-XP (e-mail: )
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29
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Mentoor I, Engelbrecht AM, Nell T. Fatty acids: Adiposity and breast cancer chemotherapy, a bad synergy? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 140:18-33. [PMID: 30553399 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Globally, breast cancer continues to be a major concern in women's health. Lifestyle related risk factors, specifically excess adipose tissue (adiposity) has reached epidemic proportions and has been identified as a major risk factor in the development of breast cancer. Dysfunctional adipose tissue has evoked research focusing on its association with metabolic-related conditions, breast cancer risk and progression. Adipose dysfunction in coordination with immune cells and inflammation, are responsible for accelerated cell growth and survival of cancer cells. Recently, evidence also implicates adiposity as a potential risk factor for chemotherapy resistance. Chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to negatively impact adipose tissue. Since adipose tissue is a major storage site for fatty acids, it is not unlikely that these negative effects may disrupt adipose tissue homeostasis. It is therefore argued that fatty acid composition may be altered due to the chemotherapeutic pharmacokinetics, which in turn could have severe health related outcomes. The underlying molecular mechanisms elucidating the effects of fatty acid composition in adiposity-linked drug resistance are still unclear and under explored. This review focuses on the potential role of adiposity in breast cancer and specifically emphasizes the role of fatty acids in cancer progression and treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Mentoor
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Stellenbosch University Main Campus, Stellenbosch 7600, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa
| | - A-M Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Stellenbosch University Main Campus, Stellenbosch 7600, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa
| | - Theo Nell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Stellenbosch University Main Campus, Stellenbosch 7600, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa.
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30
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Lamming DW, Bar-Peled L. Lysosome: The metabolic signaling hub. Traffic 2019; 20:27-38. [PMID: 30306667 PMCID: PMC6294686 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
For the past five decades, the lysosome has been characterized as an unglamorous cellular recycling center. This notion has undergone a radical shift in the last 10 years, with new research revealing that this organelle serves as a major hub for metabolic signaling pathways. The discovery that master growth regulators, including the protein kinase mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin), make their home at the lysosomal surface has generated intense interest in the lysosome's key role in nutrient sensing and cellular homeostasis. The transcriptional networks required for lysosomal maintenance and function are just being unraveled and their connection to lysosome-based signaling pathways revealed. The catabolic and anabolic pathways that converge on the lysosome connect this organelle with multiple facets of cellular function; when these pathways are deregulated they underlie multiple human diseases, and promote cellular and organismal aging. Thus, understanding how lysosome-based signaling pathways function will not only illuminate the fascinating biology of this organelle but will also be critical in unlocking its therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudley W. Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Liron Bar-Peled
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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31
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Forouzesh F, Agharezaee N. Review on the molecular signaling pathways involved in controlling cancer stem cells and treatment. THE JOURNAL OF QAZVIN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/qums.22.3.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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33
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Cummings NE, Lamming DW. Regulation of metabolic health and aging by nutrient-sensitive signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 455:13-22. [PMID: 27884780 PMCID: PMC5440210 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
All organisms need to be capable of adapting to changes in the availability and composition of nutrients. Over 75 years ago, researchers discovered that a calorie restricted (CR) diet could significantly extend the lifespan of rats, and since then a CR diet has been shown to increase lifespan and healthspan in model organisms ranging from yeast to non-human primates. In this review, we discuss the effects of a CR diet on metabolism and healthspan, and highlight emerging evidence that suggests that dietary composition - the precise macronutrients that compose the diet - may be just as important as caloric content. In particular, we discuss recent evidence that suggests protein quality may influence metabolic health. Finally, we discuss key metabolic pathways which may influence the response to CR diets and altered macronutrient composition. Understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the effects of CR and dietary composition on health and longevity may allow the design of novel therapeutic approaches to age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Cummings
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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34
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Kimoto A, Izu H, Fu C, Suidasari S, Kato N. Effects of low dose of ethanol on the senescence score, brain function and gene expression in senescence-accelerated mice 8 (SAMP8). Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1433-1440. [PMID: 28810607 PMCID: PMC5525595 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating epidemiological evidence suggests light to moderate alcohol intake reduces risk of several chronic diseases. However, there is limited information regarding the effects of low alcohol intake in animal studies. This study investigated the effect of low ethanol dosage on senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP8), an animal model of aging and neurodegenaration. Male SAMP8 mice (11 weeks old) had free access to a commercial stock diet with drinking water containing 0, 1 or 2% (v/v) ethanol for 15 weeks. The total grading score of senescence in the 1%-ethanol group was, in large part, the lowest among the three groups. Analysis using the open-field test revealed a significant elevation (+77%, P<0.05) in the rearing activity (index of seeking behavior) in the 1%-ethanol group, but not in the 2%-ethanol group. In addition, 2% ethanol elevated spontaneous locomotor activity (+75%, P<0.05), whereas 1% ethanol did not. Scrutiny of serum parameters indicated intake of 1% ethanol significantly decreased serum insulin levels (-13%, P<0.05), whereas 2% did not. Intake of 2% ethanol significantly elevated (2.5-fold, P<0.05) S100a8 mRNA (an inflammatory signal) in the brain, but that of 1% ethanol did not. Intriguingly, 1% ethanol intake remarkably elevated (10-fold, P<0.05) mRNA of brain alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1), which metabolizes lipid-peroxidation products and is involved in the synthesis of retinoic acid, a neuroprotective factor. Of note, 2%-ethanol intake did not exert this effect. Taken together, intake of 1% ethanol is likely to be beneficial for SAMP8 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kimoto
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hanae Izu
- Quality and Evaluation Research Division, National Research Institute of Brewing, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Churan Fu
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Sofya Suidasari
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Norihisa Kato
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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35
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Lushchak O, Strilbytska O, Piskovatska V, Storey KB, Koliada A, Vaiserman A. The role of the TOR pathway in mediating the link between nutrition and longevity. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 164:127-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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36
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Abstract
Freeze tolerance is an amazing winter survival strategy used by various amphibians and reptiles living in seasonally cold environments. These animals may spend weeks or months with up to ∼65% of their total body water frozen as extracellular ice and no physiological vital signs, and yet after thawing they return to normal life within a few hours. Two main principles of animal freeze tolerance have received much attention: the production of high concentrations of organic osmolytes (glucose, glycerol, urea among amphibians) that protect the intracellular environment, and the control of ice within the body (the first putative ice-binding protein in a frog was recently identified), but many other strategies of biochemical adaptation also contribute to freezing survival. Discussed herein are recent advances in our understanding of amphibian and reptile freeze tolerance with a focus on cell preservation strategies (chaperones, antioxidants, damage defense mechanisms), membrane transporters for water and cryoprotectants, energy metabolism, gene/protein adaptations, and the regulatory control of freeze-responsive hypometabolism at multiple levels (epigenetic regulation of DNA, microRNA action, cell signaling and transcription factor regulation, cell cycle control, and anti-apoptosis). All are providing a much more complete picture of life in the frozen state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet M. Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Figueira I, Fernandes A, Mladenovic Djordjevic A, Lopez-Contreras A, Henriques CM, Selman C, Ferreiro E, Gonos ES, Trejo JL, Misra J, Rasmussen LJ, Xapelli S, Ellam T, Bellantuono I. Interventions for age-related diseases: Shifting the paradigm. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 160:69-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Molina-Serrano D, Schiza V, Demosthenous C, Stavrou E, Oppelt J, Kyriakou D, Liu W, Zisser G, Bergler H, Dang W, Kirmizis A. Loss of Nat4 and its associated histone H4 N-terminal acetylation mediates calorie restriction-induced longevity. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1829-1843. [PMID: 27799288 PMCID: PMC5167350 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in histone modifications are an attractive model through which environmental signals, such as diet, could be integrated in the cell for regulating its lifespan. However, evidence linking dietary interventions with specific alterations in histone modifications that subsequently affect lifespan remains elusive. We show here that deletion of histone N‐alpha‐terminal acetyltransferase Nat4 and loss of its associated H4 N‐terminal acetylation (N‐acH4) extend yeast replicative lifespan. Notably, nat4Δ‐induced longevity is epistatic to the effects of calorie restriction (CR). Consistent with this, (i) Nat4 expression is downregulated and the levels of N‐acH4 within chromatin are reduced upon CR, (ii) constitutive expression of Nat4 and maintenance of N‐acH4 levels reduces the extension of lifespan mediated by CR, and (iii) transcriptome analysis indicates that nat4Δ largely mimics the effects of CR, especially in the induction of stress‐response genes. We further show that nicotinamidase Pnc1, which is typically upregulated under CR, is required for nat4Δ‐mediated longevity. Collectively, these findings establish histone N‐acH4 as a regulator of cellular lifespan that links CR to increased stress resistance and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vassia Schiza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Emmanouil Stavrou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jan Oppelt
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dimitris Kyriakou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Wei Liu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gertrude Zisser
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Bergler
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz, Austria
| | - Weiwei Dang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonis Kirmizis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Restriction of dietary protein decreases mTORC1 in tumors and somatic tissues of a tumor-bearing mouse xenograft model. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31233-40. [PMID: 26378060 PMCID: PMC4741600 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced dietary protein intake and intermittent fasting (IF) are both linked to healthy longevity in rodents, and are effective in inhibiting cancer growth. The molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of chronic protein restriction (PR) and IF are unclear, but may be mediated in part by a down-regulation of the IGF/mTOR pathway. In this study we compared the effects of PR and IF on tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model of breast cancer. We also investigated the effects of PR and IF on the mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, inhibition of which extends lifespan in model organisms including mice. The mTOR protein kinase is found in two distinct complexes, of which mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is responsive to acute treatment with amino acids in cell culture and in vivo. We found that both PR and IF inhibit tumor growth and mTORC1 phosphorylation in tumor xenografts. In somatic tissues, we found that PR, but not IF, selectively inhibits the activity of the amino acid sensitive mTORC1, while the activity of the second mTOR complex, mTORC2, was relatively unaffected by PR. In contrast, IF resulted in increased S6 phosphorylation in multiple metabolic tissues. Our work represents the first finding that PR may reduce mTORC1 activity in tumors and multiple somatic tissues, and suggest that PR may represent a highly translatable option for the treatment not only of cancer, but also other age-related diseases.
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40
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Rejuvenating immunity: "anti-aging drug today" eight years later. Oncotarget 2016; 6:19405-12. [PMID: 25844603 PMCID: PMC4637294 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014 year ended with celebration: Everolimus, a rapamycin analog, was shown to improve immunity in old humans, heralding ‘a turning point’ in research and new era in human quest for immortality. Yet, this turning point was predicted a decade ago. But what will cause human death, when aging will be abolished?
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The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin: The Grand ConducTOR of Metabolism and Aging. Cell Metab 2016; 23:990-1003. [PMID: 27304501 PMCID: PMC4910876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery that rapamycin, a small molecule inhibitor of the protein kinase mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin), can extend the lifespan of model organisms including mice, interest in understanding the physiological role and molecular targets of this pathway has surged. While mTOR was already well known as a regulator of growth and protein translation, it is now clear that mTOR functions as a central coordinator of organismal metabolism in response to both environmental and hormonal signals. This review discusses recent developments in our understanding of how mTOR signaling is regulated by nutrients and the role of the mTOR signaling pathway in key metabolic tissues. Finally, we discuss the molecular basis for the negative metabolic side effects associated with rapamycin treatment, which may serve as barriers to the adoption of rapamycin or similar compounds for the treatment of diseases of aging and metabolism.
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Arriola Apelo SI, Lamming DW. Rapamycin: An InhibiTOR of Aging Emerges From the Soil of Easter Island. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016; 71:841-9. [PMID: 27208895 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin (sirolimus) is a macrolide immunosuppressant that inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein kinase and extends lifespan in model organisms including mice. Although rapamycin is an FDA-approved drug for select indications, a diverse set of negative side effects may preclude its wide-scale deployment as an antiaging therapy. mTOR forms two different protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2; the former is acutely sensitive to rapamycin whereas the latter is only chronically sensitive to rapamycin in vivo. Over the past decade, it has become clear that although genetic and pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 extends lifespan and delays aging, inhibition of mTORC2 has negative effects on mammalian health and longevity and is responsible for many of the negative side effects of rapamycin. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular and physiological effects of rapamycin treatment, and we discuss how the use of alternative rapamycin treatment regimens or rapamycin analogs has the potential to mitigate the deleterious side effects of rapamycin treatment by more specifically targeting mTORC1. Although the side effects of rapamycin are still of significant concern, rapid progress is being made in realizing the revolutionary potential of rapamycin-based therapies for the treatment of diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian I Arriola Apelo
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.
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43
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Davis K, Chamseddine D, Harper JM. Nutritional limitation in early postnatal life and its effect on aging and longevity in rodents. Exp Gerontol 2016; 86:84-89. [PMID: 27167581 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient limitation in the form of chronic dietary restriction (DR), or more specifically a life-long reduction of total daily nutritional intake, was first shown to extend longevity in rats more than eight decades ago and is one of the most robust anti-aging interventions known. More recently, it has become apparent that dietary restriction limited to only the first few weeks of life in rodents is also capable of significantly impacting aging and longevity. The imposition of nutrient limitation is often achieved via the manipulation of litter size or the modulation of maternal nutrient intake during the lactational period. Not surprisingly, nutrient limited pups are smaller at weaning, and remain so throughout their life, while exhibiting signs of slowed aging. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms that account for the anti-aging effects of postnatal undernutrition with an emphasis on those pathways that parallel changes seen with chronic DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallie Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - Douja Chamseddine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA
| | - James M Harper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
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44
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Çerman AA, Aktaş E, Altunay İK, Arıcı JE, Tulunay A, Ozturk FY. Dietary glycemic factors, insulin resistance, and adiponectin levels in acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 75:155-62. [PMID: 27061046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.02.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence to support the relationship between acne vulgaris and diet. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations among dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, milk consumption, insulin resistance, and adiponectin levels in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. METHODS The dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, milk consumption, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor)-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, adiponectin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance values of 50 patients with acne vulgaris and 36 healthy control subjects were measured. RESULTS Glycemic index and glycemic load levels were significantly higher (P = .022 and P = .001, respectively) and serum adiponectin levels were significantly lower (P = .015) in patients with acne than in the control subjects. There was an inverse correlation between serum adiponectin concentration and glycemic index (P = .049, r = -0.212). LIMITATIONS This study used a cross-sectional design and the study population was limited to young, nonobese adults. CONCLUSION A high-glycemic-index/-load diet was positively associated with acne vulgaris. Adiponectin may be a pathogenetic cofactor contributing to the development of the disease. Further research on adiponectin levels in patients with acne in terms of development of insulin resistance might be important in this possible relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Aksu Çerman
- Dermatology Department, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ezgi Aktaş
- Dermatology Department, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İlknur Kıvanç Altunay
- Dermatology Department, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Janset Erkul Arıcı
- Dermatology Department, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysın Tulunay
- Immunology Department, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feyza Yener Ozturk
- Endocrinology Department, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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45
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Baar EL, Carbajal KA, Ong IM, Lamming DW. Sex- and tissue-specific changes in mTOR signaling with age in C57BL/6J mice. Aging Cell 2016; 15:155-66. [PMID: 26695882 PMCID: PMC4717274 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the mTOR (mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin) signaling pathway robustly extends the lifespan of model organisms including mice. The precise molecular mechanisms and physiological effects that underlie the beneficial effects of rapamycin are an exciting area of research. Surprisingly, while some data suggest that mTOR signaling normally increases with age in mice, the effect of age on mTOR signaling has never been comprehensively assessed. Here, we determine the age‐associated changes in mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 2) signaling in the liver, muscle, adipose, and heart of C57BL/6J.Nia mice, the lifespan of which can be extended by rapamycin treatment. We find that the effect of age on several different readouts of mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity varies by tissue and sex in C57BL/6J.Nia mice. Intriguingly, we observed increased mTORC1 activity in the liver and heart tissue of young female mice compared to male mice of the same age. Tissue and substrate‐specific results were observed in the livers of HET3 and DBA/2 mouse strains, and in liver, muscle and adipose tissue of F344 rats. Our results demonstrate that aging does not result in increased mTOR signaling in most tissues and suggest that rapamycin does not promote lifespan by reversing or blunting such an effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Baar
- Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison WI USA
| | - Kathryn A. Carbajal
- Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison WI USA
| | - Irene M. Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
| | - Dudley W. Lamming
- Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison WI USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
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46
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Dietary Restriction and Nutrient Balance in Aging. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:4010357. [PMID: 26682004 PMCID: PMC4670908 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4010357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dietary regimens that favour reduced calorie intake delay aging and age-associated diseases. New evidences revealed that nutritional balance of dietary components without food restriction increases lifespan. Particular nutrients as several nitrogen sources, proteins, amino acid, and ammonium are implicated in life and healthspan regulation in different model organisms from yeast to mammals. Aging and dietary restriction interact through partially overlapping mechanisms in the activation of the conserved nutrient-signalling pathways, mainly the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IIS) and the Target Of Rapamycin (TOR). The specific nutrients of dietary regimens, their balance, and how they interact with different genes and pathways are currently being uncovered. Taking into account that dietary regimes can largely influence overall human health and changes in risk factors such as cholesterol level and blood pressure, these new findings are of great importance to fully comprehend the interplay between diet and humans health.
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47
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Length of paternal lifespan is manifested in the DNA methylome of their nonagenarian progeny. Oncotarget 2015; 6:30557-67. [PMID: 26436701 PMCID: PMC4741551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The heritability of lifespan is 20-30%, but only a few genes associated with longevity have been identified. To explain this discrepancy, the inheritance of epigenetic features, such as DNA methylation, have been proposed to contribute to the heritability of lifespan.We investigated whether parental lifespan is associated with DNA methylation profile in nonagenarians. A regression model, adjusted for differences in blood cell proportions, identified 659 CpG sites where the level of methylation was associated with paternal lifespan. However, no association was observed between maternal lifespan and DNA methylation. The 659 CpG sites associated with paternal lifespan were enriched outside of CpG islands and were located in genes associated with development and morphogenesis, as well as cell signaling. The largest difference in the level of methylation between the progeny of the shortest-lived and longest-lived fathers was identified for CpG sites mapping to CXXC5. In addition, the level of methylation in three Notch-genes (NOTCH1, NOTCH3 and NOTCH4) was also associated with paternal lifespan.There are implications for the inheritance of acquired traits via epigenetic mechanisms in mammals. Here we describe DNA methylation features that are associated with paternal lifespan, and we speculate that the identified CpG sites may represent intergenerational epigenetic inheritance.
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48
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Neuroscience of learning and memory for addiction medicine: from habit formation to memory reconsolidation. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 223:91-113. [PMID: 26806773 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Identifying effective pharmacological treatments for addictive disorders has remained an elusive goal. Many different classes of drugs have shown some efficacy in preclinical models, but the number of effective clinical therapeutics has remained stubbornly low. The persistence of drug use and the high frequency of relapse is at least partly attributable to the enduring ability of environmental stimuli associated with drug use to maintain behavioral patterns of drug use and induce craving during abstinence. We propose that stimuli associated with drug use exert such powerful control over behavior through the development of abnormally strong memories, and their ability to initiate subconscious sequences of motor actions (habits) that promote uncontrolled drug use. In this chapter, we will review the evidence suggesting that drugs of abuse strengthen associations with cues in the environment and facilitate habit formation. We will also discuss potential mechanisms for disrupting memories associated with drug use to help improve treatments for addiction.
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49
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de Cavanagh EMV, Inserra F, Ferder L. Angiotensin II blockade: how its molecular targets may signal to mitochondria and slow aging. Coincidences with calorie restriction and mTOR inhibition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H15-44. [PMID: 25934099 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00459.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR), renin angiotensin system blockade (RAS-bl), and rapamycin-mediated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition increase survival and retard aging across species. Previously, we have summarized CR and RAS-bl's converging effects, and the mitochondrial function changes associated with their physiological benefits. mTOR inhibition and enhanced sirtuin and KLOTHO signaling contribute to the benefits of CR in aging. mTORC1/mTORC2 complexes contribute to cell growth and metabolic regulation. Prolonged mTORC1 activation may lead to age-related disease progression; thus, rapamycin-mediated mTOR inhibition and CR may extend lifespan and retard aging through mTORC1 interference. Sirtuins by deacetylating histone and transcription-related proteins modulate signaling and survival pathways and mitochondrial functioning. CR regulates several mammalian sirtuins favoring their role in aging regulation. KLOTHO/fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) contribute to control Ca(2+), phosphate, and vitamin D metabolism, and their dysregulation may participate in age-related disease. Here we review how mTOR inhibition extends lifespan, how KLOTHO functions as an aging suppressor, how sirtuins mediate longevity, how vitamin D loss may contribute to age-related disease, and how they relate to mitochondrial function. Also, we discuss how RAS-bl downregulates mTOR and upregulates KLOTHO, sirtuin, and vitamin D receptor expression, suggesting that at least some of RAS-bl benefits in aging are mediated through the modulation of mTOR, KLOTHO, and sirtuin expression and vitamin D signaling, paralleling CR actions in age retardation. Concluding, the available evidence endorses the idea that RAS-bl is among the interventions that may turn out to provide relief to the spreading issue of age-associated chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M V de Cavanagh
- Center of Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Austral University Hospital, Derqui, Argentina; School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Felipe Inserra
- Center of Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Austral University Hospital, Derqui, Argentina; School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - León Ferder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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