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Di X, Jing R, Qin X, Liang X, Wang L, Xu Y, Sun Y, Huang Q. The role and transcriptomic mechanism of cell wall in the mutual antagonized effects between selenium nanoparticles and cadmium in wheat. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134549. [PMID: 38733789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) has been reported as a beneficial role in alleviating cadmium (Cd) toxicity in plant. However, underlying molecular mechanisms about SeNPs reducing Cd accumulation and alleviating Cd toxicity in wheat are not well understood. A hydroponic culture was performed to evaluate Cd and Se accumulation, cell wall components, oxidative stress and antioxidative system, and transcriptomic response of wheat seedlings after SeNPs addition under Cd stress. Results showed that SeNPs application notably reduced Cd concentration in root and in shoot by 56.9% and 37.3%, respectively. Additionally, SeNPs prompted Cd distribution in root cell wall by 54.7%, and increased lignin, pectin and hemicellulose contents by regulating cell wall biosynthesis and metabolism-related genes. Further, SeNPs alleviated oxidative stress caused by Cd in wheat through signal transduction pathways. We also observed that Cd addition reduced Se accumulation by downregulating the expression level of aquaporin 7. These results indicated that SeNPs alleviated Cd toxicity and reduced Cd accumulation in wheat, which were associated with the synergetic regulation of cell wall biosynthesis pathway, uptake transporters, and antioxidative system via signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Di
- Innovation Team of Heavy Metal Ecotoxicity and Pollution Remediation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Rui Jing
- Innovation Team of Heavy Metal Ecotoxicity and Pollution Remediation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xu Qin
- Innovation Team of Heavy Metal Ecotoxicity and Pollution Remediation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xuefeng Liang
- Innovation Team of Heavy Metal Ecotoxicity and Pollution Remediation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Innovation Team of Heavy Metal Ecotoxicity and Pollution Remediation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yingming Xu
- Innovation Team of Heavy Metal Ecotoxicity and Pollution Remediation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yuebing Sun
- Innovation Team of Heavy Metal Ecotoxicity and Pollution Remediation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Qingqing Huang
- Innovation Team of Heavy Metal Ecotoxicity and Pollution Remediation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China.
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Duan Y, Xu Z, Liu H, Wang Y, Zou X, Zhang Z, Xu L, Xu M. Genome-Wide Identification of the TGA Gene Family and Expression Analysis under Drought Stress in Brassica napus L. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6355. [PMID: 38928064 PMCID: PMC11203523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
TGA transcription factors belong to Group D of the bZIP transcription factors family and play vital roles in the stress response of plants. Brassica napus is an oil crop with rich economic value. However, a systematic analysis of TGA gene family members in B. napus has not yet been reported. In this study, we identified 39 full-length TGA genes in B. napus, renamed TGA1~TGA39. Thirty-nine BnTGA genes were distributed on 18 chromosomes, mainly located in the nucleus, and differences were observed in their 3D structures. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 39 BnTGA genes could be divided into five groups. The BnTGA genes in the same group had similar structure and motif compositions, and all the BnTGA genes had the same conserved bZIP and DOG1 domains. Phylogenetic and synteny analysis showed that the BnTGA genes had a close genetic relationship with the TGA genes of the Brassica juncea, and BnTGA11 and BnTGA29 may play an important role in evolution. In addition, qRT-PCR revealed that three genes (BnTGA14/17/23) showed significant changes in eight experimental materials after drought treatment. Meanwhile, it can be inferred from the results of drought treatment on different varieties of rapeseed that the stress tolerance of parental rapeseed can be transmitted to the offspring through hybridization. In short, these findings have promoted the understanding of the B. napus TGA gene family and will contribute to future research aimed at B. napus resistant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Duan
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.D.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zishu Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.D.); (Z.X.)
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Leshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Leshan 614000, China; (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xudong Zou
- Leshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Leshan 614000, China; (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Leshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Leshan 614000, China; (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ling Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Y.D.); (Z.X.)
| | - Mingchao Xu
- Leshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Leshan 614000, China; (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
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A D, Zhang Y, Huang H, Pan Y, Di HJ, Yi Y, Zhang X, Yang J. Unraveling the mechanism of interaction: accelerated phenanthrene degradation and rhizosphere biofilm/iron plaque formation influenced by phenolic root exudates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:35853-35863. [PMID: 38743334 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Phenolic root exudates (PREs) secreted by wetland plants facilitate the accumulation of iron in the rhizosphere, potentially providing the essential active iron required for the generation of enzymes that degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, thereby enhancing their biodegradation. However, the underlying mechanisms involved are yet to be elucidated. This study focuses on phenanthrene (PHE), a typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutant, utilizing representative PREs from wetland plants, including p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids. Using hydroponic experiments, 16S rRNA sequencing, and multiple characterization techniques, we aimed to elucidate the interaction mechanism between the accelerated degradation of PHE and the formation of rhizosphere biofilm/iron plaque influenced by PREs. Although all four types of PREs altered the biofilm composition and promoted the formation of iron plaque on the root surface, only caffeic acid, possessing a similar structure to the intermediate metabolite of PHE (catechol), could accelerate the PHE degradation rate. Caffeic acid, notable for its catechol structure, plays a significant role in enhancing PHE degradation through two main mechanisms: (a) it directly boosts PHE co-metabolism by fostering the growth of PHE-degrading bacteria, specifically Burkholderiaceae, and by facilitating the production of the key metabolic enzyme catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12O) and (b) it indirectly supports PHE biodegradation by promoting iron plaque formation on root surfaces, thereby enriching free iron for efficient microbial synthesis of C12O, a crucial factor in PHE decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Centre for Soil and Environmental Research, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Hanjie Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yuan Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Hong J Di
- Centre for Soil and Environmental Research, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Yunqiang Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Jiewen Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
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Li A, Wang Y, Zou J, Yin J, Zhang S, Li X, Shen H, Liu J, Sun Z. Phosphorus deficiency-induced cell wall pectin demethylesterification enhances cadmium accumulation in roots of Salix caprea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 357:120691. [PMID: 38554452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Regions affected by heavy metal contamination frequently encounter phosphorus (P) deficiency. Numerous studies highlight crucial role of P in facilitating cadmium (Cd) accumulation in woody plants. However, the regulatory mechanism by which P affects Cd accumulation in roots remains ambiguous. This study aims to investigate the effects of phosphorus (P) deficiency on Cd accumulation, Cd subcellular distribution, and cell wall components in the roots of Salix caprea under Cd stress. The results revealed that under P deficiency conditions, there was a 35.4% elevation in Cd content in roots, coupled with a 60.1% reduction in Cd content in shoots, compared to the P sufficiency conditions. Under deficient P conditions, the predominant response of roots to Cd exposure was the increased sequestration of Cd in root cell walls. The sequestration of Cd in root cell walls increased from 37.1% under sufficient P conditions to 66.7% under P deficiency, with pectin identified as the primary Cd binding site under both P conditions. Among cell wall components, P deficiency led to a significant 31.7% increase in Cd content within pectin compared to P sufficiency conditions, but did not change the pectin content. Notably, P deficiency significantly increased pectin methylesterase (PME) activity by regulating the expression of PME and PMEI genes, leading to a 10.4% reduction in the degree of pectin methylesterification. This may elucidate the absence of significant changes in pectin content under P deficiency conditions and the concurrent increase in Cd accumulation in pectin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicated an increase in carboxyl groups in the root cell walls under P deficiency compared to sufficient P treatment. The results provide deep insights into the mechanisms of higher Cd accumulation in root mediated by P deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yuancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Junzhu Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jiahui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China; College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- College of Rural Revitalization, Henan Open University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong, 274000, China
| | - Hao Shen
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Junxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Zhenyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Bao Q, Bao Y, Shi J, Sun Y. Nano zero-valent iron and melatonin synergistically alters uptake and translocation of Cd and As in soil-rice system and mechanism in soil chemistry and microbiology. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108550. [PMID: 38452466 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (Fe) is a promising nanomaterial for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils. Melatonin (MT) is essential to alleviate environmental stress in plants. However, the conjunction effects of Fe and MT (FeMT) on rice Cd, As accumulation and the mechanism of soil chemical and microbial factors interaction are unclear. Here, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluated the effects of the FeMT for rice Cd, As accumulation and underlying mechanisms. The findings showed that FeMT significantly reduced grains Cd by 92%-87% and As by over 90%, whereas improving grains Fe by over 213%. Soil available-Cd and iron plaques-Cd (extracted by dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate solution, DCB-Cd) significantly regulated roots Cd, thus affected Cd transport to grains. Soil pH significantly affected soil As and DCB-As, which further influenced roots As uptake and the transport to shoots and grains. The interactions between the soil bacterial community and soil Fe, available Fe, and DCB-Fe together affected root Fe absorption and transportation in rice. FeMT significantly influenced rhizosphere soil bacterial α- and β-diversity. Firmicutes as the dominant phylum exhibited a significant positive response to FeMT measure, and acted a key role in reducing soil Cd and As availability mainly by improving iron-manganese plaques. The increase of soil pH caused by FeMT was beneficial only for Actinobacteriota growth, which reduced Cd, As availability probably through complexation and adsorption. FeMT also showed greater potential in reducing human health and ecological risks by rice consumption and straw returning. These results showed the important role of both soil chemical and microbial factors in FeMT-mediated rice Cd, As reduction efficiency. This study opens a novel strategy for safe rice production and improvement of rice iron nutrition level in heavy-metals polluted soil, but also provides new insights into the intricate regulatory relationships among soil biochemistry, toxic elements, microorganism, and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongli Bao
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjing, 300191, China.
| | - Yinrong Bao
- Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jiahao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjing, 300191, China
| | - Yuebing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjing, 300191, China
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6
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Li X, Xu B, Sahito ZA, Chen S, Liang Z. Transcriptome analysis reveals cadmium exposure enhanced the isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis and disease resistance in Coptis chinensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:115940. [PMID: 38218103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Coptis chinensis Franch is a perennial herb from the Ranunculaceae family with a long history of medicinal use. As the medicinal part, the rhizome of coptis often accumulates excessive cadmium (Cd) even at low concentrations in the soil, which not only compromises its medicinal safety but also raises concerns about adverse effects on human health. Therefore, effective strategies are needed to mitigate this accumulation and ensure its safe use in traditional medicine. This study utilized transcriptome profiling and physiological analysis to explore molecular mechanisms associated with ecological significance and the active accumulation of Cd in C. chinensis. The response to Cd in C. chinensis was assessed through RNA sequencing, Cd determination and isoquinoline alkaloid measurement using its roots, stems, and leaves. The transcriptome revealed, a total of 2667, 2998, or 2815 up-regulated deferentially expressed genes in roots, stems or leaves in response to Cd exposure. Furthermore, we identified phenylpropanoid and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis as the key pathways response to Cd exposure, which suggests that C. chinensis may improve its tolerance to Cd through regulating the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. Under Cd exposure, plant-pathogen interaction in leaves was identified as the key pathway, which indicates that upregulation of genes involved in plant-pathogen interaction could enhance disease resistance in C. chinensis. WGCNA analysis identified WRKY8 (Cluster-55763.31419) and WRKY47 (Cluster-55763.221590) as potential regulators of secondary metabolic synthesis and plant-pathogen interaction pathway in C. chinensis triggered by Cd. The measurement of berberine, coptisine, palmatine, and epiberberine also demonstrated that Cd simulated the four isoquinoline alkaloids in roots. Therefore, our study not only presented a transcriptome expression profiles that revealed significant upregulation of genes involved in metal transport and detoxification pathways but also suggested a possible mechanism to cope with Cd accumulation. This knowledge provides a new insight into gene manipulation for controlling Cd accumulation, enhancing resistance and promoting synthesis of secondary metabolites with potential medicinal properties in other medicinal plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Tianjin Tasly Modern TCM Resources Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Zulfiqar Ali Sahito
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaoning Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine, Shaoxing 312000, China.
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7
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Xu Z, Duan Y, Liu H, Xu M, Zhang Z, Xu L. Analysis of WAK Genes in Nine Cruciferous Species with a Focus on Brassica napus L. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13601. [PMID: 37686407 PMCID: PMC10487794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The wall-associated kinase family contributes to plant cell elongation and pathogen recognition. Nine Cruciferous species were studied for identification and molecular evolution of the WAK gene family. Firstly, 178 WAK genes were identified. A phylogenetic tree was constructed of the Cruciferous WAK proteins into four categories, of which the Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea and Brassica napus genes in the U's triangle were more closely related. The WAK gene family was unevenly distributed in B. napus chromosomal imaging, with the largest number of BnWAK genes located on chromosome C08. In the expression analysis, the expression patterns of the WAK gene family varied under different stress treatments, and some members of BnWAKs were significantly different under stress treatments. This study lays a foundation for further revealing the functional mechanisms of the WAK gene family in Brassica napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yi Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hui Liu
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mingchao Xu
- Leshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Leshan 614000, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Leshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Leshan 614000, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Ghio AJ, Stewart M, Sangani RG, Pavlisko EN, Roggli VL. Asbestos and Iron. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12390. [PMID: 37569765 PMCID: PMC10419076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Theories of disease pathogenesis following asbestos exposure have focused on the participation of iron. After exposure, an open network of negatively charged functional groups on the fiber surface complexes host metals with a preference for iron. Competition for iron between the host and the asbestos results in a functional metal deficiency. The homeostasis of iron in the host is modified by the cell response, including increased import to correct the loss of the metal to the fiber surface. The biological effects of asbestos develop in response to and are associated with the disruption of iron homeostasis. Cell iron deficiency in the host following fiber exposure activates kinases and transcription factors, which are associated with the release of mediators coordinating both inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Relative to serpentine chrysotile, the clearance of amphiboles is incomplete, resulting in translocation to the mesothelial surface of the pleura. Since the biological effect of asbestos is dependent on retention of the fiber, the sequestration of iron by the surface, and functional iron deficiency in the cell, the greater clearance (i.e., decreased persistence) of chrysotile results in its diminished impact. An inability to clear asbestos from the lower respiratory tract initiates a host process of iron biomineralization (i.e., asbestos body formation). Host cells attempt to mobilize the metal sequestered by the fiber surface by producing superoxide at the phagosome membrane. The subsequent ferrous cation is oxidized and undergoes hydrolysis, creating poorly crystalline iron oxyhydroxide (i.e., ferrihydrite) included in the coat of the asbestos body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Ghio
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Matthew Stewart
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Rahul G. Sangani
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Elizabeth N. Pavlisko
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (E.N.P.); (V.L.R.)
| | - Victor L. Roggli
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (E.N.P.); (V.L.R.)
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Liu S, Ji X, Chen Z, Xie Y, Ji S, Wang X, Pan S. Silicon facilitated the physical barrier and adsorption of cadmium of iron plaque by changing the biochemical composition to reduce cadmium absorption of rice roots. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114879. [PMID: 37037106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Silicon effectively inhibits cadmium (Cd) uptake in rice, iron plaque on root surface was the primary link and first interface of Cd entering into rice root. To elucidate the mechanism of iron plaque under silicon treatment on root Cd uptake, the morphological characteristics of iron plaque, mechanisms of Cd adsorption of iron plaque and effect of iron plaque on Cd uptake by rice roots of Yuzhenxiang (YZX) and Xiangwanxian (XWX) rice varieties were studied by employing energy spectrum analysis technique, non-invasive micro-test technique, and isothermal-kinetic adsorption method. Scanning electron microscopy-X-ray energy dispersive (SEM-EDX) analysis showed that denser crystal structure of iron plaque was observed at Si treatment, silicon promoted the thickening of iron plaque and strengthened the isolation of iron plaque to Cd, which reduced the Cd content of white roots of YZX and XWX varieties by 30.2% and 20.9% respectively. However, the blocking effect of iron plaque on Cd was weakened under silicon treatment with iron plaque removed, Cd content in iron plaque of YZX and XWX cultivars was significantly decreased by 36.3% and 18.4%, Cd concentrations in white root and shoot was significantly increased, and the influxes of Cd2+ at elongation and maturation zone of root were increased in multiples. The results of adsorption test showed that the adsorption process of iron plaque was mainly a monolayer adsorption completed by boundary diffusion. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results demonstrated that silicon changed the biochemical composition of iron plaque and increased the density of the carbon-oxygen bound groups on iron plaque, which is the most likely reasons for the higher affinity of Cd adsorption ability of iron plaque observed in the silicon treated iron plaque. This study suggested the silicon-facilitated iron plaque have played critical effects in controlling the Cd accumulation in rice roots by changing the morphology and chemical composition of iron plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saihua Liu
- Key Lab of Prevention, Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Hunan Institute of Agro-Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xionghui Ji
- Key Lab of Prevention, Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Hunan Institute of Agro-Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, MEE, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Yunhe Xie
- Key Lab of Prevention, Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Hunan Institute of Agro-Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Shengying Ji
- Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Geographical Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Shufang Pan
- Key Lab of Prevention, Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Hunan Institute of Agro-Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
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Wang L, Wu K, Liu Z, Li Z, Shen J, Wu Z, Liu H, You L, Yang G, Rensing C, Feng R. Selenite reduced uptake/translocation of cadmium via regulation of assembles and interactions of pectins, hemicelluloses, lignins, callose and Casparian strips in rice roots. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130812. [PMID: 36709735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) can reduce cadmium (Cd) uptake/translocation via regulating pectins, hemicelluloses and lignins of plant root cell walls, but the detailed molecular mechanisms are not clear. In this study, six hydroponic experiments were set up to explore the relationships of uptake/translocation inhibition of Cd by selenite (Se(IV)) with cell wall component (CWC) synthesis and/or interactions. Cd and Se was supplied (alone or combinedly) at 1.0 mg L-1 and 0.5 mg L-1, respectively, with the treatment without Cd and Se as the control. When compared to the Cd1 treatment, the Se0.5Cd1 treatment 1) significantly increased total sugar concentrations in pectins, hemicelluloses and callose, suggesting an enhanced capacity of binding Cd or blocking Cd translocation; 2) stimulated the deposition of Casparian strips (CS) in root endodermis and exodermis to block Cd translocation; 3) stimulated the release of C-O-C (-OH- or -O-) and CO (carboxyl, carbonyl, or amide) to combine Cd; 4) regulated differential expression genes (DEGs) and metabolites (DMs) correlated with synthesis and/or interactions of CWSs to affect cell wall net structure to affect root cell division, subsequent root morphology and finally elemental uptake; and 5) stimulated de-methylesterification of pectins via reducing expression abundances of many DMs and DEGs in the Yang Cycle to reduce supply of methyls to homogalacturonan, and regulated gene expressions of pectin methylesterase to release carboxyls to combine Cd; and 6) down-regulated gene expressions associated with Cd uptake/translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiZhen Wang
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - KongYuan Wu
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - ZiQing Liu
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - ZengFei Li
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - ZiHan Wu
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - LeXing You
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - GuiDi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - RenWei Feng
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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11
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Li H, Feng B, Li J, Fu W, Wang W, Chen T, Liu L, Wu Z, Peng S, Tao L, Fu G. RGA1 alleviates low-light-repressed pollen tube elongation by improving the metabolism and allocation of sugars and energy. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1363-1383. [PMID: 36658612 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Low-light stress compromises photosynthetic and energy efficiency and leads to spikelet sterility; however, the effect of low-light stress on pollen tube elongation in the pistil remains poorly understood. The gene RGA1, which encodes a Gα-subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein, enhanced low-light tolerance at anthesis by preventing the cessation of pollen tube elongation in the pistil of rice plants. In this process, marked increases in the activities of acid invertase (INV), sucrose synthase (SUS) and mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain complexes, as well as the relative expression levels of SUTs (sucrose transporter), SWEETs (sugars will eventually be exported transporters), SUSs, INVs, CINs (cell-wall INV 1), SnRK1A (sucrose-nonfermenting 1-related kinase 1) and SnRK1B, were observed in OE-1 plants. Accordingly, notable increases in contents of ATP and ATPase were presented in OE-1 plants under low-light conditions, while they were decreased in d1 plants. Importantly, INV and ATPase activators (sucrose and Na2 SO3 , respectively) increased spikelet fertility by improving the energy status in the pistil under low-light conditions, and the ATPase inhibitor Na2 VO4 induced spikelet sterility and decreased ATPase activity. These results suggest that RGA1 could alleviate the low-light stress-induced impairment of pollen tube elongation to increase spikelet fertility by promoting sucrose unloading in the pistil and improving the metabolism and allocation of energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Crop Production and Physiology Center (CPPC), College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baohua Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juncai Li
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Weimeng Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lianmeng Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihai Wu
- Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- Crop Production and Physiology Center (CPPC), College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Longxing Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanfu Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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12
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Zhang H, Xie S, Wan N, Feng B, Wang Q, Huang K, Fang Y, Bao Z, Xu F. Iron plaque effects on selenium and cadmium stabilization in Cd-contaminated seleniferous rice seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:22772-22786. [PMID: 36303005 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake of selenium (Se)-enriched rice has benefit for avoiding Se-deficient disease, but there is a risk of excessive cadmium (Cd) intake. Through hydroponic culture and adsorption-desorption experiments, this paper focused on Se and Cd uptake in rice seedlings associated with the interactive effects of Se (Se4+ or Se6+), Cd, and iron (Fe) plaque. The formation of Fe plaque was promoted by Fe2+ and inhibited by Cd but not related with Se species. Shoot Se (Se4+ or Se6+) uptake was not affected by Fe plaque in most treatments, except that shoot Se concentrations were decreased by Fe plaque when Se4+ and Cd co-exposure. Shoot Cd concentrations were always inhibited by Fe plaque, regardless of Se species. Inhibiting Cd adsorption onto root surface (Se4+ + Cd) or increased Cd retention in Fe plaque (Se6+ + Cd) is an important mechanism for Fe plaque to reduce Cd uptake by rice. However, we found that DCB Cd concentrations (Cd adsorbed by Fe plaque) were not always positively correlated with Fe plaque amounts and always negatively correlated with the distribution ratios of Cd mass in root to that in Fe plaque (abbreviated as DRCMRF; r = - 0.942**); meanwhile, with the increase of DCB Fe concentration, the directions of variations of DCB Cd concentration and DRCMRF were affected by Se species. It indicated that the root system is also an important factor to affect DCB Cd concentration and inhibit Cd uptake, which is mediated by Se species. This paper provides a new understanding of Fe plaque-mediated interactive effect of Se and Cd uptakes in rice, which is beneficial for the remediation of Cd-contaminated and Cd-contaminated seleniferous areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (GPMR), Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shuyun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (GPMR), Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Neng Wan
- WuHan Natural Resources and Planning Bureau, Wuhan, 430034, China
| | - Boxin Feng
- Xi'an Center of Mineral Resources Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Kangjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zhengyu Bao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Ankang Se-Resources Hi-Tech Co., Ltd, Ankang, 725000, China
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13
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Liu J, Otie V, Matsuura A, Junichi K, Irshad M, Zheng Y, Fujimaki H, An P. Pectin Characteristics Affect Root Growth in Spinach under Salinity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3130. [PMID: 36432859 PMCID: PMC9696937 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In understanding the role of root cell wall mechanisms in plant tolerance to salinity, it is important to elucidate the changes in the pectin composition and physical properties of the cell wall. Two salt-sensitive (Helan 3 and Prius β) and one salt-tolerant (R7) spinach cultivars were used to investigate the pectin polysaccharides, the characteristics of pectin, including the degree of pectin methy-lesterification, the HG:RG-I ratio, neutral side chains (galactan/arabinangalactan), and elasticity and viscosity parameters in the root elongation zone under salinity. Root growth was inhibited by salinity, whereas the root diameter was thickened in all cultivars. Salinity significantly reduced cell wall extensibility in all cultivars, and increased cell wall viscosity in Helan 3 and R7 relative to Prius β. Pectin was significantly increased under salinity stress. Cell wall viscosity was affected by pectin due to the molar proportion of uronic acid and/or pectin characteristics (HG:RG-I ratio). The molar proportion of uronic acid in pectin was reduced in Helan 3 and R7 compared with Prius β. The length and degree of pectin methy-lesterification of neutral side chains were significantly decreased in the R7 cultivar, with no significant changes in the other two cultivars. Demethylation of pectin could alter root growth and boost salt tolerance in the R7 cultivar. In this study, it is shown that cell wall pectin played important roles in regulating the root growth of Spinacia oleracea L. under salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Victoria Otie
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar 540271, Nigeria
| | - Asana Matsuura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa-Village, Kamiina-County Nagano, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kashiwagi Junichi
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Yuanrun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plants, West China Subalpine Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Haruyuki Fujimaki
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Ping An
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
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14
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Li H, Zhang H, Yang Y, Fu G, Tao L, Xiong J. Effects and oxygen-regulated mechanisms of water management on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157484. [PMID: 35868402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation has been considered an effective approach for decreasing cadmium (Cd) uptake and accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa), but increasing evidence shows that the effects of different water management strategies on Cd accumulation in rice are contradictory in different studies, and the detailed regulatory mechanisms remain unconfirmed. Most previous studies have shown that irrigation regulates Cd accumulation in rice mainly by affecting Cd bioavailability, pH and redox potential (Eh) in soil, and few reports have focused on the function of oxygen (O2) in regulating the physiological mechanisms of rice on Cd tolerance or accumulation. Here, we concluded that irrigation affects Cd bioavailability, pH and Eh in soil mainly by regulating O2 content. In addition, recent studies have also shown that irrigation-regulated O2 also affects Cd accumulation in rice by affecting iron plaque (IP), the radial oxygen loss (ROL) barrier, the cell wall and mass flow in rice roots. All these results indicate that O2 is the key factor in irrigation-regulated Cd accumulation in rice, and dramatic result variations from different irrigation experiments are due to the different rhizosphere O2 conditions. This review will help clarify the effects and regulatory mechanisms of irrigation on Cd accumulation in rice and reveal the roles of O2 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubo Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiquan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanfu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Longxing Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xiong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Jiaofeng G, Yang H, Peng Z, Bohan L, Hang Z. Increasing phosphorus inhibits the retention and prevention of cadmium by iron plaque and promotes cadmium accumulation in rice plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135642. [PMID: 35817186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) plaque is an important component of rice roots because it influences the uptake and transport of cadmium (Cd) in rice. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was developed to investigate the influence of phosphorus (P) on the formation of iron plaque on the root surface as well as the influence on Cd uptake in rice plants. Three important results were obtained, as follows. (1) During the formation of iron plaque induced by exogenous Fe, P supply was beneficial for the iron plaque formation, but it restrained the Cd retention capability, resulting in a decrease in Cd in iron plaque by 35.48-61.93%, and leading to an increase in Cd in rice roots from 72.13 mg kg-1 to 112.78 mg kg-1 (2) After the iron plaque induction, the formation of iron plaque was inhibited by P supply, resulting in the amount of iron plaque decreasing by 18.46-54.57%, and the Cd in iron plaque decreased by 3.93-31.78%. Then, the Cd retention capability and the prevention effect simultaneously decreased, and as a result, the Cd in rice roots increased from 100.83 mg kg-1 to 146.03 mg kg-1 (3) Without exogenous Fe induction, P sufficiency continued to increase the amount of iron plaque and decrease the Cd in iron plaque, and increase the Cd in rice plants. These results suggested that P supply increases the amount of iron plaque, which is ineffective for Cd retention, such as non-reddish-brown iron plaque (NIP), and then decreases the capacity of iron plaque to retain Cd. Additionally, the P supply decreased the amount of formed iron plaque, causing the decreasing prevention effect. Therefore, excessive application of P fertilizer should be avoided in Cd-contaminated paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Jiaofeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Huo Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Zeng Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Liao Bohan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Zhou Hang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
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16
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de Oliveira JPV, Pereira MP, Duarte VP, Corrêa FF, de Castro EM, Pereira FJ. Root anatomy, growth, and development of Typha domingensis Pers. (Typhaceae) and their relationship with cadmium absorption, accumulation, and tolerance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:19878-19889. [PMID: 35080729 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Typha domingensis Pers. is a plant that grows in marshy environments, where cadmium (Cd) accumulates. The root is the first organ that comes into contact with the metal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Cd on the roots of T. domingensis. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using different Cd concentrations: (1) 0 µM (control), (2) 10 µM, and (3) 50 µM, with 10 replicates for 90 days. The plants were placed in plastic containers containing 5 L of nutrient solution modified with the different Cd concentrations. At the end of the experiment, the roots were measured, sampled, fixed, and subjected to usual plant microtechniques. The slides were observed and photographed under light microscopy and analyzed in ImageJ software. To measure Cd absorption, atomic-absorption spectrometry was used. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and comparison of means by the Scott-Knott test at P < 0.05. When exposed to 50 µM of Cd, the roots accumulated 99.35% of the Cd. At this concentration, there was a reduction in the exodermis but there was an increase in the diameter of the cortical cells and in the proportion of aerenchyma in the cortex. There was an increase in the root cap, which guaranteed the protection of the primary meristems. Therefore, T. domingensis adjusts its root anatomy improving the Cd tolerance and shows potential for phytoremediation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Márcio Paulo Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário, zip code: 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Politi Duarte
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário, zip code: 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fogaroli Corrêa
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário, zip code: 37200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio José Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza (ICN), Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva 700, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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17
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Siddique AB, Rahman MM, Islam MR, Naidu R. Influences of soil pH, iron application and rice variety on cadmium distribution in rice plant tissues. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:152296. [PMID: 34896503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental contaminant, and its increasing concentrations in rice poses significant risks to human health. Globally, rice is a staple food for millions of people, and consequently, effective strategies to reduce Cd accumulation in rice are needed. This study investigates the effect of soil pH (Soil 1: 4.6; Soil 2: 6.6) and iron (Fe) application (at 0, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg) on Fe plaque formation, Cd sequestration in Fe plaques and Cd bioaccumulation in different parts of the rice plant for three different Cd-graded paddy soils (0, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively) using two Australian rice cultivars under glasshouse conditions. Results show that grain and straw yield declined as Cd toxicity increased, and the toxic effects of Cd were lower in the Quest cultivar than in the Langi cultivar. With applications of Cd at 1.0 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg, Cd concentrations in rice grown in Soil 1 were 1.09 mg/kg and 1.37 mg/kg, respectively, while those in rice grown in Soil 2 were 0.38 mg/kg and 0.52 mg/kg, respectively. Soil pH significantly affected the bioaccumulation of Cd in different parts of the rice plant. At both levels of Cd application, Cd concentration was highest in the root, followed by the stem, leaf, husk and grain. Cd was more concentrated in Fe plaques formed by the application of Fe than in rice plant tissues. The Quest cultivar had a higher ability to produce Fe plaques and a 1.3- and 1.4-times higher Cd concentration compared with the Langi cultivar in Soils 1 and 2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Bakkar Siddique
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Agriculture, Noakhali Science and Technology University (NSTU), Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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18
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Guo J, Xie S, Huang Y, Chen M, Wang G. Effects and mechanisms of Cd remediation with zeolite in brown rice (Oryza sativa). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112813. [PMID: 34563886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of zeolite amendment on the Cd absorption and accumulation of two varieties of rice, ZY-18 (Zheyou 18, hybrid indica) and DL-5 (Donglian 5, conventional indica), planted in a slightly Cd-contaminated paddy soil, and the associated mechanisms were studied based on a pot experiment. The results showed that zeolite addition significantly reduced the Cd availability in the soil by the increasing of soil pH and the Cd sorption capacity of soil, as well as the reduction of Eh, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the water-soluble Fe/Mn in the soil. The decrease in the amount of Fe and Cd in iron plaques on rice roots treated with zeolite resulted in the reduction of Cd uptake by rice roots. Zeolite application decreased the Cd contents in the roots, stems and leaves, and finally the brown rice through the inhibition of uptake and translocation of Cd by rice plant. The Cd concentration in rice grains of ZY-18 was more decreased than that of DL-5, which was attributed to its higher pH and lower Eh, DOC, and Cd availability in the soil, higher mounts of iron plaque and Cd in plaques on rice roots, and lower root-to-grain transfer factor (TFroot-grain) of ZY-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxia Guo
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Shengcong Xie
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yongxin Huang
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Miaofen Chen
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Guo Wang
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
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19
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Wei W, Peng H, Xie Y, Wang X, Huang R, Chen H, Ji X. The role of silicon in cadmium alleviation by rice root cell wall retention and vacuole compartmentalization under different durations of Cd exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112810. [PMID: 34571424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) plays a pivotal role in mitigating phytotoxicity caused by cadmium (Cd). However, few former reports focused on the internal mechanism how Si assisted in alleviating Cd stress in rice under different durations of Cd exposure. Herein, the effects of Si on subcellular distribution of Cd in rice roots under short-term (12 h) and long-term (20 d) Cd exposure were explored. Results showed that Si decreased shoot Cd concentration but had little impact on root Cd levels. Under short-term Cd exposure, subcellular distribution analysis showed that Si increased the ratio of Cd in root cell wall by 23.2~24.0%, and decreased the ratio of Cd in root soluble fraction by 20.6~21.5%. This suggested that Si supply improved root retention of Cd by fixing it on the cell wall and thus restricted intracellular transportation of Cd. Further analysis unraveled that pectin (especially ionic-soluble pectin) of the cell wall was the main binding component, and Si supply induced more Cd accumulation in covalent-soluble pectin and hemicellulose. Moreover, the overexpression of germin-like proteins (GLPs) proved the role of cell wall in moderating Cd toxicity. Under long-term Cd exposure, Si promoted phytochelatin 2 (PC2) and phytochelatin 3 (PC3) synthesis in cytosol, at the same time, Si down-regulated the expression of the Cd efflux-related protein multidrug resistance-associated protein-like ATP-binding cassette transporters (MRP-like ABC transporters) and limited Cd transportation from vacuole to cytosol. Taken together, Si rather predominates in limiting Cd translocation by the cell wall of root under short-term Cd exposure and promoting vacuole compartmentalization to mitigate the Cd toxicity under long-term exposure, instead of reducing the absorption of Cd in rice roots, thereby decreasing Cd delivery into shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Hua Peng
- Institute of Agro-Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural, Science (HAAS), Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yunhe Xie
- Institute of Agro-Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural, Science (HAAS), Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xionghui Ji
- Long Ping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; Institute of Agro-Environment and Ecology, Hunan Academy of Agricultural, Science (HAAS), Changsha 410125, China.
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Díaz AS, da Cunha Cruz Y, Duarte VP, de Castro EM, Magalhães PC, Pereira FJ. The role of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in the formation of root cortical aerenchyma under cadmium contamination. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:2323-2333. [PMID: 34625976 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate root cortical aerenchyma formation in response to Cd-driven hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) production and the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the alleviation of Cd oxidative stress in maize roots and its effects on aerenchyma development. Maize plants were subjected to continuous flooding for 30 days, and the following treatments were applied weekly: Cd(NO3 )2 at 0, 10, and 50 μM and Na2 [Fe(CN)5 NO]·2H2 O (an NO donor) at 0.5, 0.1, and 0.2 μM. The root biometrics; oxidative stress indicators H2 O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA); and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were analyzed. The root dry and fresh masses decreased at higher concentrations of NO and Cd. H2 O2 also decreased at higher NO concentrations; however, MDA increased only at higher Cd levels. SOD activity decreased at higher concentrations of NO, but CAT activity increased. Aerenchyma development decreased in response to NO. Consequently, NO acts as an antagonist to Cd, decreasing the concentration of H2 O2 by reducing SOD activity and increasing CAT activity. Although H2 O2 is directly linked to aerenchyma formation, increased H2 O2 concentrations are necessary for root cortical aerenchyma development.
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21
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Zhang H, Xie S, Bao Z, Carranza EJM, Tian H, Wei C. Synergistic inhibitory effect of selenium, iron, and humic acid on cadmium uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings in hydroponic culture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64652-64665. [PMID: 34318411 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se), iron (Fe), and humic acid (HA) are beneficial fertilizers that inhibit cadmium (Cd) uptake in crops and are crucial for agricultural yields as well as human health. However, the joined effect of Se, Fe, and HA on Cd uptake in rice are still poorly understood. Therefore, a hydroponic culture experiment was established to evaluate the combined effect of Se (Se4+ or Se6+), Fe, and HA on the biomass, Cd uptake, and Cd translocation of/in rice seedlings. Compared to Se6+ application, Se4+ application in most treatments resulted in lower Cd translocations from roots to shoots, leading to a significant decrease in shoot Cd concentrations. Compared to the treatments with Se4+ or Fe2+ application, joined application of Se4+ and Fe2+ inhibited Cd uptake in shoots by decreasing Cd adsorption onto (iron plaque) and uptake by roots, and alleviating Cd translocation from root to shoot. Compared to the treatments with Se6+ or Fe2+ application, joined application of Se6+ and Fe2+ inhibited Cd uptake in shoots by sequestering (retaining) Cd onto root surface (iron plaque). HA inhibited Cd uptake in all treatments by decreasing the bioavailability of Cd in the nutrient solution through complexation. The simultaneous application of Se, Fe, and HA decreased the shoot Cd concentrations the most, followed by the combined application of two fertilizers and their individual application; the mean shoot Cd concentration in the Fe-SeIV-HA2 treatment was the lowest among all the treatments, at only 11.39 % of those in the control treatments. The 3-way ANOVA results indicated that the Cd concentrations in shoots were significantly affected by Se, Fe, HA, and certain of their interactions (Fe×Se and Se×HA) (p< 0.05). The above findings suggest that the joined application of Se, Fe, and HA ameliorated Cd uptake mainly by inhibiting Cd adsorption onto (iron plaque) and uptake by roots and the translocation from roots to shoots (Fe×Se4+), retaining (sequestering) Cd in iron plaque (Fe×Se6+), and decreasing Cd availability in nutrient solution (HA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life and Environment, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (GPMR), Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shuyun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (GPMR), Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Zhengyu Bao
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences, Hangzhou, 311305, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Ankang Se-Resources Hi-Tech Co., Ltd., Ankang, 725000, China
| | - Emmanuel John M Carranza
- Geological Sciences, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 3629, South Africa
| | - Huan Tian
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences, Hangzhou, 311305, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Ankang Se-Resources Hi-Tech Co., Ltd., Ankang, 725000, China
| | - Changhua Wei
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Zhong S, Li X, Li F, Liu T, Huang F, Yin H, Chen G, Cui J. Water Management Alters Cadmium Isotope Fractionation between Shoots and Nodes/Leaves in a Soil-Rice System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12902-12913. [PMID: 34520188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The drainage of rice soils increases Cd solubility and results in high Cd concentrations in rice grains. However, plant Cd uptake is limited by sorption to iron plaques, and Cd redistribution in the plant is regulated by the nodes. To better understand the interplay of Cd uptake and redistribution in rice under drained and flooded conditions, we determined stable Cd isotope ratios and the expression of genes coding transporters that can transport Cd into the plant cells in a pot experiment. In soil, both water management practices showed similar patterns of isotope variation: the soil solution was enriched in heavy isotopes, and the root Fe plaque was enriched in light isotopes. In rice, the leaves were heavier (Δ114/110Cdleaf-shoot = 0.17 to 0.96‰) and the nodes were moderately lighter (Δ114/110Cdnode-shoot = -0.26 to 0.00‰) relative to the shoots under flooded conditions, indicating preferential retention of light isotopes in nodes and export of heavy isotopes toward leaves. This is generally reversed under drained conditions (Δ114/110Cdleaf-shoot = -0.25 to -0.04‰, Δ114/110Cdnode-shoot = 0.10 to 0.19‰). The drained treatment resulted in significantly higher expression of OsHMA2 and OsLCT1 (phloem loading) but lower expression of OsHMA3 (vacuolar sequestration) in nodes and flag leaves relative to the flooded treatment. It appeared that OsHMA2 and OsLCT1 might preferentially transport isotopically heavier Cd, and the excess Cd was purposefully retranslocated via the phloem under drained conditions when the vacuoles could not retain more Cd. Cd in seeds was isotopically heavier than that in stems under both water management practices, indicating that heavy isotopes were preferentially transferred toward seeds via the phloem, leaving light isotopes retained in stems. These findings demonstrate that the Fe plaque preferentially adsorbs and occludes light Cd isotopes on the root surface, and distinct water management practices alter the gene expression of key transporters in the nodes, which corresponds to a change in isotope fractionation between shoots and nodes/leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songxiong Zhong
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fangbai Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Tongxu Liu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Fang Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Haoming Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guojun Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jianghu Cui
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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23
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Zhang JY, Zhou H, Zeng P, Wang SL, Yang WJ, Huang F, Huo Y, Yu SN, Gu JF, Liao BH. Nano-Fe 3O 4-modified biochar promotes the formation of iron plaque and cadmium immobilization in rice root. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130212. [PMID: 33740654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rice as a paddy field crops, iron-containing materials application could induce its iron plaque formation, thereby affecting cadmium (Cd) transportation in the rhizosphere and its uptake in root. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three exogenous iron materials, namely nano-Fe3O4-modified biochar (BC-Fe), chelated iron (EDTA-Fe), and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), on the iron plaque formation on the surface of rice root, and to investigate the effects of formed iron plaque on the absorption, migration, and transportation of Cd and Fe in rice plant. The results showed that yellow-brown and brown iron plaque was formed on surface cells of the Fe-treated rice root, and some black particles were embedded in the iron plaque formed by BC-Fe. The proportion of crystallized iron plaque (31.8%-35.9%) formed by BC-Fe was much higher than that formed by EDTA-Fe and FeSO4. The Cd concentrations in the crystallized iron plaque formed by BC-Fe were 7.64-13.0 mg·kg-1, and increased with the increasing of Fe concentrations in the plaque. The Cd translocation factor from root to stem (TFr-s) and the Cd translocation factor from stem to leaf (TFs-l) with BC-Fe treatment decreased by 84.7% and 80.0%, respectively. The results demonstrated that application BC-Fe promoted the formation of iron plaque and enhanced the sequestration of Cd and Fe in roots, thus reduced the transportation and accumulation of Cd in aerial rice tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Hang Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Peng Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Shi-Long Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Yang Huo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Shu-Ning Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Jiao-Feng Gu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Bo-Han Liao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
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24
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Xu Y, Feng J, Li H. How intercropping and mixed systems reduce cadmium concentration in rice grains and improve grain yields. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123762. [PMID: 33254775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ecological theories can be applied to improve agricultural sustainability. In our study, a core hypothesis behind this claim is that "selfish behaviour" of rice cultivars results in "aversion" to a toxic substance in a multi-cropping system. We studied Changliangyou 772, a low-cadmium rice cultivar, cultivated with 11 different rice cultivars in intercropping and mixed systems. Rice cultivars with medium grain yield, ranging from 25 to 45 g plant-1, had distinctly higher yields in mixtures. Rice varieties with lower grain cadmium concentrations in monocultures had greater reductions in grain cadmium in the mixtures. In the intercropping systems, the yields of Changliangyou 772 were positively correlated with those of the neighbouring rice cultivars, while the grain cadmium showed a negative correlation with the grain cadmium of intercrops in the monocultures. The neighbouring cultivars with low grain cadmium concentrations in the intercropping showed higher cadmium concentrations in the monocultures. The intercropping and mixtures reduced the grain cadmium in two ways: 1) they increased the soil pH, resulting in lower cadmium bioavailability; and 2) they enhanced the iron plaque (Ip). However, a high Ip or cadmium concentration that was too high in the Ip weakened the Ip to block cadmium uptake by the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanggui Xu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment / Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jiayi Feng
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huashou Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment / Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Yu H, Wu Y, Huang H, Zhan J, Wang K, Li T. The predominant role of pectin in binding Cd in the root cell wall of a high Cd accumulating rice line (Oryza sativa L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111210. [PMID: 32890925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall (CW) plays an important role in Cd accumulation in roots of metal-tolerant plants, including rice. The role of CW polysaccharides, especially pectin, in binding Cd in roots of a high Cd accumulating (HA) rice line of Lu527-8 and a non-high Cd accumulating (NHA) rice line of Lu527-4 was investigated in this study. About 59%-63% of Cd in roots of the two rice lines was bound to CWs, indicating that CW was the main site for Cd accumulation in roots of the two rice lines. Cd adsorbed on the root CWs of the HA was 1.1-1.2 times more than that of the NHA, demonstrating the root CWs of the HA showed greater Cd binding ability. Cd exposure induced more Cd accumulation in pectin and hemicellulose in the HA. In particular, up to 65% of Cd accumulation in root CWs of the HA was observed in pectin. The removal of pectin lead to a 50% decrease for the amounts of Cd adsorption on root CWs of the HA, indicating that pectin was the major binding site for Cd in root CWs of the HA. The HA showed greater pectin methylesterase activities, resulting in lower degree of pectin methylesterification along with more low-methylesterified pectins in root CWs than the NHA. The more accumulation of low-methylesterified pectins in CWs induced by Cd contributed greatly to the high Cd accumulation in roots of the HA rice line of Lu527-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Yu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Wu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huagang Huang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Zhan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Keji Wang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingxuan Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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26
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Chiao WT, Chen BC, Syu CH, Juang KW. Aspects of cultivar variation in physiological traits related to Cd distribution in rice plants with a short-term stress. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2020; 61:27. [PMID: 33044614 PMCID: PMC7550440 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-020-00304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotypic variations are seen in cadmium (Cd) tolerance and accumulation in rice plants. Cultivars that show low Cd translocation from the root into shoot can be selected to reduce Cd contamination in rice grains. This study aims to clarify the physiological regulation related to Cd absorption by rice plants for screening out the cultivars, which have relatively low Cd accumulation in grains. Eight Taiwan mega cultivars of paddy rice: japonica (TY3, TK9, TNG71, and KH145 cultivars), indica (TCS10 and TCS17 cultivars), and glutinous (TKW1 and TKW3 cultivars), which are qualified with the criteria for rice grain quality by the Council of Agriculture, Taiwan, were used for illustration. An experiment in hydroponics was conducted for the rice seedlings with a treatment of 50 μM CdCl2 for 7 days. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION After the Cd treatment, the reductions in shoot growth were more significant than those in root growth; however, Cd absorbed in the rice plant was sequestered much more in the root. The malondialdehyde (MDA) was preferentially accumulated in rice root but the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was increased more significantly in the shoot; the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), were pronounced more in rice shoot. CONCLUSIONS The rice cultivars preferentially accumulated Cd in the root rather than the shoot with the Cd treatment, which resulted in significant enhancements of MDA and growth reductions in the root. However, H2O2 accumulation was toward the shoot to retard shoot growth suddenly and then the root could keep a gradual growth. Also, the rice cultivars, which preferentially accumulate Cd in the root, would have the regulation tendency of SOD toward the shoot. Due to that SOD is responsible for H2O2 production, H2O2 accumulation would be thus toward the shoot. Moreover, the cultivars, which have a less regulation tendency of APX toward the shoot, would present higher translocation of Cd into the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Chiao
- Athena Institute of Holistic Wellness, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian, China
| | - Bo-Ching Chen
- Department of Natural Biotechnology, Nanhua University, Chiayi County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Hui Syu
- Agricultural Chemistry Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng Dist., Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Wei Juang
- Department of Agronomy, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan, ROC.
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27
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Xiao Y, Liu L, Li Z, Cheng Y. The Role of Cyanobacterial External Layers in Mass Transfer: Evidence from Temperature Shock Experiments by Noninvasive Microtest Technology. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060861. [PMID: 32517320 PMCID: PMC7356193 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwork on cyanobacterial external layers is crucial for an improved understanding of the persistent dominance of cyanobacteria in freshwaters. In this study, the role of two morphotypes of external layers in Microcystis and Nostoc in mass transfer and instantaneous temperature shock were explored by noninvasive microtest technology (NMT) after a series of pretreatments, to obtain the external layers retained or stripped samples. The results showed no statistical influence on photosynthetic activity between retained and stripped samples in both Microcystis and Nostoc. External-layer-retaining strains had higher net O2 effluxes than stripped strains. Moreover, the net NH4+ influx was significantly higher for the sheath retaining Nostoc than for the stripped sample, indicating that external layers might be an important feature driving mass transfer in cyanobacteria. However, the role of slime in NH4+ absorption was limited compared with that of sheath. In addition, external-layer-retaining strains exhibited a longer response time to instantaneous temperature shock, greater net O2 effluxes at a 4 °C shock and lower net O2 influx at a 35 °C shock, which were interpreted as reflecting a tolerance to temperature fluctuation over short time scales via a buffer function of external layers to stabilize cell activity, ameliorating the efficiency of photosynthesis and respiration. These results advance current knowledge regarding the external layers, especially the dense sheath, involved in the mass transfer in cyanobacteria, and provide new clues concerning the adaptive strategies of cyanobacteria under global climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhe Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-23-65935092; Fax: +86-23-65935000
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28
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Zhang JY, Zhou H, Gu JF, Huang F, Yang WJ, Wang SL, Yuan TY, Liao BH. Effects of nano-Fe 3O 4-modified biochar on iron plaque formation and Cd accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:113970. [PMID: 32014742 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nano-Fe3O4-modified biochar (BC-Fe) was prepared by the coprecipitation of nano-Fe3O4 on a rice husk biochar surface. The effects of BC-Fe on cadmium (Cd) bioavailability in soil and on Cd accumulation and translocation in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. 'H You 518') were investigated in a pot experiment with 7 application rates (0.05-1.6%, w/w). BC-Fe increased the biomass of the rice plants except for the roots and affected the concentration and accumulation of Cd and Fe in the plants. The Cd concentrations of brown rice were significantly decreased by 48.9%, 35.6%, and 46.5% by the 0.05%, 0.2%, and 0.4% BC-Fe treatments, respectively. Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased by 9.4%-164.1% in response to the application of BC-Fe (0.05-1.6%), while the soil Cd availability decreased by 6.81%-25.0%. However, 0.8-1.6% BC-Fe treatments promoted Cd transport to leaves, which could increase the risk of Cd accumulation in brown rice. Furthermore, BC-Fe application promoted the formation of iron plaque and enhanced the root interception of Cd. The formation of iron plaque reduced the toxicity of Cd to rice roots, but this barrier effect was limited and had an interval threshold (DCB-Fe: 22.5-27.3 g·kg-1) under BC-Fe treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Jiao-Feng Gu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Wen-Jun Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Shi-Long Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Teng-Yue Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Bo-Han Liao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China; Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Control of Rice Quality and Safety, Changsha, 410004, China
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29
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Yang X, Lin R, Zhang W, Xu Y, Wei X, Zhuo C, Qin J, Li H. Comparison of Cd subcellular distribution and Cd detoxification between low/high Cd-accumulative rice cultivars and sea rice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 185:109698. [PMID: 31574370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Salt-tolerant rice cultivar (sea rice) is a research hotspot worldwide due to its high yield in high salinity soil. However, knowledge regarding the cadmium (Cd) effects on the growth of sea rice is limited. To determine the short-term and long-term impact of Cd stress, relatively low/high Cd-accumulative rice cultivars and sea rice were grown to compare their growth responses to Cd stress over time. The results showed that sea rice presented the highest Cd concentrations in the root, stem, and leaves under 32-days of Cd stress. Cd stress shortened and thickened the rice root, and decreased the proportion of root diameters in the 0-0.2 mm range. Cd stress remarkably increased the Cd and Fe concentration in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) extracts, and the DCB-Cd and DCB-Fe concentrations were the highest in sea rice. The subcellular distribution of Cd in the rice roots indicated that Cd accumulated the most in the soluble fraction and cell wall. The contents of pectin and hemicellulose 2 in the root cell wall of the low-Cd accumulative rice variety CL755 were higher than those in MXZ and sea rice. Collectively, this work provides a general understanding of the Cd effects on sea rice growth and indicates that sea rice has a relatively high Cd accumulation compared with the other two rice cultivars. However, the specifically-related mechanism remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Rongkai Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Yongkang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Chen Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Junhao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Huashou Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
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30
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Huybrechts M, Cuypers A, Deckers J, Iven V, Vandionant S, Jozefczak M, Hendrix S. Cadmium and Plant Development: An Agony from Seed to Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163971. [PMID: 31443183 PMCID: PMC6718997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollution of agricultural soils with cadmium (Cd) should receive adequate attention as Cd accumulation in crops endangers human health. When Cd is present in the soil, plants are exposed to it throughout their entire life cycle. As it is a non-essential element, no specific Cd uptake mechanisms are present. Therefore, Cd enters the plant through transporters for essential elements and consequently disturbs plant growth and development. In this review, we will focus on the effects of Cd on the most important events of a plant's life cycle covering seed germination, the vegetative phase and the reproduction phase. Within the vegetative phase, the disturbance of the cell cycle by Cd is highlighted with special emphasis on endoreduplication, DNA damage and its relation to cell death. Furthermore, we will discuss the cell wall as an important structure in retaining Cd and the ability of plants to actively modify the cell wall to increase Cd tolerance. As Cd is known to affect concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phytohormones, special emphasis is put on the involvement of these compounds in plant developmental processes. Lastly, possible future research areas are put forward and a general conclusion is drawn, revealing that Cd is agonizing for all stages of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Huybrechts
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jana Deckers
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Verena Iven
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Vandionant
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marijke Jozefczak
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hendrix
- Environmental Biology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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