Lactobacillus plantarum C88 protects against aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury in mice via inhibition of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses and excessive apoptosis

Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus modulates MCLR-induced oogenesis disorders in zebrafish: Evidence from the transcriptome

Microcystin-LR (MCLR) produced by cyanobacterial blooms have received global attention. MCLR has been recognized as a reproductive toxin to fish and poses a threat to ecosystem stability. It has been proven that probiotic dietary management can improve reproductive performance of fish. It is worth paying attention to exploring whether probiotic management can alleviate the reproductive toxicity caused by MCLR. In this investigation, adult zebrafish were exposed to different doses of MCLR solution (0, 2.2, and 22 μg/L) with or without the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation for a duration of 28 days. The results showed that female zebrafish spawning was reduced after exposure to MCLR, but this reduction was reversed when L. rhamnosus GG was added. To elucidate how L. rhamnosus GG mitigates reproductive toxicity caused by MCLR, we examined a series of indicators of MCLR accumulation, ovarian histology, hormones, and transcriptome levels. Our study showed that L. rhamnosus GG could alleviate oogenesis disorders and ultimately attenuate MCLR-induced reproductive toxicity by reducing MCLR accumulation in the gonads, modulating the expression of endocrine system and auto/paracrine factors. The transcriptome results revealed that single or combined exposure of MCLR and L. rhamnosus GG mainly affected the endocrine system, energy metabolism, and RNA degradation and translation. Overall, our results provide new insights for alleviating MCLR-induced reproductive toxicity and help promote healthy aquaculture.

Protective Effects of Lactobacillus Strains Against Oxidative Stress and Immune Suppression in Mice Receiving Aflatoxin-Contaminated Diet

Mycotoxins like aflatoxins pose a significant threat to the health of both people and animals because of their deadly effects. This study aimed to investigate the potential of Lactobacillus strains in reducing the toxicity caused by aflatoxins in mice receiving a diet contaminated with aflatoxins. The mice were split up into various treatment groups, including a control group, an aflatoxin-treated group, and groups treated with the aflatoxin-contaminated diet along with Lactobacillus strains. Various parameters, including liver enzymes, blood parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, morphometric analysis of ileum, and gene expression, were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the Lactobacillus strains in mitigating aflatoxins toxicity. Results showed that mice in the aflatoxin-treated group had increased MDA levels, indicating oxidative stress. Alternatively, the Lactobacillus cocktail treatment group showed a decreasing trend in MDA levels, suggesting a reduction in lipid peroxidation. The morphometric analysis of ileum tissue demonstrated that the Lactobacillus-treated group exhibited improved structural integrity compared to the aflatoxin-treated group. Additionally, gene expression analysis revealed that the Lactobacillus treatment attenuated the downregulation of SOD gene expression and mitigated the upregulation of iNOS gene expression induced by aflatoxins. These findings suggest that Lactobacillus strains have the potential to reduce aflatoxin-induced toxicity by alleviating oxidative stress, preserving intestinal tissue integrity, and modulating gene expression associated with antioxidant defense and inflammation. This study provides evidence for the beneficial effects of Lactobacillus strains in reducing aflatoxin toxicity in mice. The findings obtained may contribute to the development of preventive or therapeutic strategies against mycotoxin-induced toxicity.

Exploring the Significance of Gut Microbiota in Diabetes Pathogenesis and Management-A Narrative Review

Type 2 diabetes is a disease with significant health consequences for the individual. Currently, new mechanisms and therapeutic approaches that may affect this disease are being sought. One of them is the association of type 2 diabetes with microbiota. Through the enteric nervous system and the gut-microbiota axis, the microbiota affects the functioning of the body. It has been proven to have a real impact on influencing glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. With dysbiosis, there is increased bacterial translocation through the disrupted intestinal barrier and increased inflammation in the body. In diabetes, the microbiota's composition is altered with, for example, a more abundant class of Betaproteobacteria. The consequences of these disorders are linked to mechanisms involving short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide, among others. Interventions focusing on the gut microbiota are gaining traction as a promising approach to diabetes management. Studies are currently being conducted on the effects of the supply of probiotics and prebiotics, as well as fecal microbiota transplantation, on the course of diabetes. Further research will allow us to fully develop our knowledge on the subject and possibly best treat and prevent type 2 diabetes.

Mechanistic insight into the hepatoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera Lam leaf extract and telmisartan against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis: plausible roles of TGF-β1/SMAD3/SMAD7 and HDAC2/NF-κB/PPARγ pathways

The increasing prevalence and limited therapeutic options for liver fibrosis necessitates more medical attention. Our study aims to investigate the potential molecular targets by which Moringa oleifera Lam leaf extract (Mor) and/or telmisartan (Telm) alleviate carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Liver fibrosis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of 50% CCl4 (1 ml/kg) every 72 hours, for 8 weeks. Intoxicated rats with CCl4 were simultaneously orally administrated Mor (400 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks) and/or Telm (10 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks). Treatment of CCl4-intoxicated rats with Mor/Telm significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities compared to CCl4 intoxicated group (P < 0.001). Additionally, Mor/Telm treatment significantly reduced the level of hepatic inflammatory, profibrotic, and apoptotic markers including; nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-βeta1 (TGF-β1), and caspase-3. Interestingly, co-treatment of CCl4-intoxicated rats with Mor/Telm downregulated m-RNA expression of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) (71.8%), and reduced protein expression of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (p-SMAD3) (70.6%) compared to untreated animals. Mor/Telm regimen also elevated p-SMAD7 protein expression as well as m-RNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) (3.6 and 3.1 fold, respectively p < 0.05) compared to CCl4 intoxicated group. Histopathological picture of the liver tissue intoxicated with CCl4 revealed marked improvement by Mor/Telm co-treatment. Conclusively, this study substantiated the hepatoprotective effect of Mor/Telm regimen against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through suppression of TGF-β1/SMAD3, and HDAC2/NF-κB signaling pathways and up-regulation of SMAD7 and PPARγ expression.

Adjunctive administration of parabiotic Lactobacillus sakei CVL-001 ameliorates drug-induced toxicity and pulmonary inflammation during antibiotic treatment for tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) treatment requires a long therapeutic duration and induces adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity, causing discontinuation of treatment. Reduced adherence to TB medications elevates the risk of recurrence and the development of drug resistance. Additionally, severe cavitary TB with a high burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and inflammation-mediated tissue damage may need an extended treatment duration, resulting in a higher tendency of drug-induced toxicity. We previously reported that the administration of Lactobacillus sakei CVL-001 (L. sakei CVL-001) regulates inflammation and improves mucosal barrier function in a murine colitis model. Since accumulating evidence has reported the functional roles of probiotics in drug-induced liver injury and pulmonary inflammation, we employed a parabiotic form of the L. sakei CVL-001 to investigate whether this supplement may provide beneficial effects on the reduction in drug-induced liver damage and pulmonary inflammation during chemotherapy. Intriguingly, L. sakei CVL-001 administration slightly reduced Mtb burden without affecting lung inflammation and weight loss in both Mtb-resistant and -susceptible mice. Moreover, L. sakei CVL-001 decreased T cell-mediated inflammatory responses and increased regulatory T cells along with an elevated antigen-specific IL-10 production, suggesting that this parabiotic may restrain excessive inflammation during antibiotic treatment. Furthermore, the parabiotic intervention significantly reduced levels of alanine aminotransferase, an indicator of hepatotoxicity, and cell death in liver tissues. Collectively, our data suggest that L. sakei CVL-001 administration has the potential to be an adjunctive therapy by reducing pulmonary inflammation and liver damage during anti-TB drug treatment and may benefit adherence to TB medication in lengthy treatment.

The Ameliorative Role of Lico A on Aflatoxin B1-Triggered Hepatotoxicity Partially by Activating Nrf2 Signal Pathway

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most harmful and toxic mycotoxins in foods and feeds, posing a serious health risk to both humans and animals, especially its hepatotoxicity. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an important nuclear transcription factor, is generally recognized as a potential target for phytochemicals to ameliorate liver injury. The current study sought to elucidate the molecular processes by which licochalcone A (Lico A), a compound derived from Xinjiang licorice Glycyrrhiza inflate, protects against AFB1 toxicity. In vivo, male wild-type (WT) and Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-/-) C57BL/6 mice were orally administered AFB1 at 1.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) with or without Lico A at 5 mg/kg. In vitro, AML12 cells were utilized to evaluate the protective effect and mechanism of Lico A against the AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity. Our findings demonstrated that AFB1 caused severe hepatotoxicity, while Lico A treatment successfully relieved the toxicity. Meanwhile, Lico A effectively improved liver injury, inflammatory mediators, oxidative insults, apoptosis, liver fibrosis, and pyroptosis, which contributed to the inhibition of toll receptor 4 (TLR4)-NF-κB/MAPK and NOD-like receptors protein 3 (NLRP3)/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway activation. Furthermore, Lico A was able to enhance the Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway. Intriguingly, Lico A still had a protective effect on AFB1-caused liver injury in mice via the inhibition of inflammation and pyroptosis, while apoptosis and liver fibrosis were blocked in the absence of Nrf2. To sum up, the present study first elucidated that Lico A ameliorated AFB1-induced hepatotoxic effects and its main mechanism involved the inhibitory effects on oxidative stress, apoptosis, liver fibrosis, inflammation, and pyroptosis, which might be partially dependent on the regulation of Nrf2. The work may enrich the role and mechanism of Lico A's resistance to liver injury caused by various factors, and its application is promising.

Ameliorative effects of Sida acuta and vitamin C on serum DNA damage, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in roosters fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets

The ameliorative effects of Sida acuta leaf meal (SALM) and vitamin C on the serum pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as DNA damage of cocks fed aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated diets were examined. The experiment was a completely randomized design with a total of 250 sexually mature Isa White cocks aged 24 weeks, randomly allotted into five experimental diets; each diet contained 5 replicates with 10 roosters. The diets were A (control/basal diet), B (A + 1 mg/kg AFB1), C (B + 200 mg/kg vitamin C), D (B + 2.5 g/kg SALM) and E (B + 5.0 g/kg SALM). Fresh and clean water was also provided for the whole experimental period of twelve weeks. Inclusion of 1 mg/kg AFB1 without vitamin C or SALM increased TNF-α and IL-1β as well as 8-OHdG and NF-κB in the serum significantly (P < 0.05) among the cocks on diet B. However, the fortification of AFB1 contaminated diets with vitamin C and SALM depressed serum TNF-α, IL-1β, 8-OHdG and NF-κB concentrations of the cocks significantly (P < 0.05). Conversely, serum IL-4 and IL-10 in birds given 1 mg/kg AFB1 without vitamin C or SALM decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in comparison with the roosters on the control. However, improvements (P < 0.05) in IL-4 and IL-10 concentrations with corresponding reduction (P < 0.05) in TNF-α, IL-1β, 8-OHdG and NF-κB concentrations were recorded among cocks fed Diets C, D and E, respectively. Therefore, dietary addition of SALM at the level used in this study was beneficial and has comparable effects with inorganic antioxidant (C vitamin) by significantly reducing the inflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage biomarkers as well as enhancing the anti-inflammatory cytokines thereby promoting the health status of the cocks fed AFB1 contaminated ration.

Evaluation of gut microbiota composition to screening for potential biomarker in AFB1-exposed sheep

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is an inevitable contaminant in animal feed and agricultural products, which seriously threatens the health of animals. However, there is currently no better diagnostic tool available than depending on clinical symptoms, pathophysiology, biochemical indicators, etc. Here, we profiled the fecal microbiomes of sheep exposed to and not exposed to AFB1 to identify potential non-invasive biomarkers of AFB1 intoxication by 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology, while measuring serum biochemical indexes. The results showed that the sheep exposed to AFB1 had significantly higher levels of the liver function indicators ALT (alanine transaminase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase), and their microbial profiles were different from those of the CON (Control) group. In detail, the relative abundance of seven phyla and three genera were overrepresented in the AFB1 group from top 10 relative abundance. Importantly, we found that Prevotella and Bifidobacterium were significantly different in the CON and AFB1 groups (p = 0.032 and p = 0.021, respectively) based on linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) and random forest analysis. Additionally, the area under curve (AUC) of ALT was 1 (95% CI 1.00-1.00; p < 0.001) and that of Bifidobacterium was 0.95 (95% CI 0.81-1.00; p = 0.0275), suggesting that Bifidobacterium correlated with ALT (r = 0.783, p < 0.01) may be a potential biomarker for AFB1 exposure in sheep.

Advances in the Study of Selenium-Enriched Probiotics: From the Inorganic Se into Se Nanoparticles

Selenium (Se) is a momentous metallic element that plays an irreplaceable role in biochemical activities. Se deficiency remains a nutritional challenge across the world. Organic Se supplementation is the most effective treatment means for Se deficiency. Organic Se transformed from Se-enriched probiotics show outstanding excellent properties in antibacteria, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and immunoregulation. Studying the influencing factors for Se enrichment capacity and enrichment mechanisms of Se-enriched probiotics is conducive to the exploit of more potent Se-enriched probiotics. Se-enriched probiotics transform inorganic Se into Se nanoparticles (SeNPs), which have been widely used in animal husbandry and biomedical field. In this paper, the novel development of Se-enriched probiotics is reviewed, and the bioactivities of SeNPs are assessed, so as to display their potential application prospects. The excellent role of SeNPs in anti-oxidation is summarized, and the mechanism by which SeNPs improve Se deficiency and boost animal health is explained.

Effects of Probiotic-Enriched Minas Cheese (Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05) on Cardiovascular Parameters in 5/6 Nephrectomized Rats

Dairy foods have become an interest in chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to their nutritional profile, which makes them a good substrate for probiotics incorporation. This study evaluated the effect of probiotic-enriched Minas cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-05 in an experimental rat model for CKD on cardiac, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 7/group): 5/6 nephrectomy + conventional Minas cheese (NxC); 5/6 nephrectomy + probiotic Minas cheese (NxPC); Sham + conventional Minas cheese (ShamC); Sham + probiotic Minas cheese (ShamPC). Offering 20 g/day of Minas cheese with Lact. acidophilus La-05 (108-109 log CFU/g) for 6 weeks. The cardiomyocyte diameter was determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in plasma, heart, kidney, and colon tissue was performed. At the end of supplementation, no significant changes in lipid profile and renal parameters were found. The NxPC group showed a decrease in cardiomyocyte diameter compared to the NxC group (16.99 ± 0.85 vs. 19.05 ± 0.56 μm, p = 0.0162); also they showed reduced plasmatic SOD activity (502.8 ± 49.12 vs. 599.4 ± 94.69 U/mL, p < 0.0001). In summary, probiotic-enriched Minas cheese (Lact. acidophilus La-05) consumption suggests a promisor cardioprotective effect and was able to downregulate SOD activity in a rat model of CKD.

Aflatoxin B1 triggers apoptosis in rabbit hepatocytes via mediating oxidative stress and switching on the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is considered the most toxic carcinogenic compound, and exposure to AFB1 is highly associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different doses of AFB1 on growth performance and the liver of rabbits, as well as explore its underlying mechanisms. A total of eighty 30-day-old meat rabbits were randomly divided into four treatments. The control group was fed a pollution-free diet, while the AFL, AFM, and AFH groups were fed contaminated diets containing 13 μg/kg, 19 μg/kg, and 25 μg/kg of AFB1, respectively. The results showed that AFB1 had detrimental effects on the production performance of rabbits, resulting in decreased weight gain. Additionally, AFB1 exposure was associated with increased activity of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as decreased levels of total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) in the serum. AFB1 induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) while inhibiting the activity of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity in liver tissues. AFB1 decreased the mRNA transcription and protein expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone-1 (NQO-1). AFB1 not only decreased the contents of cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2), cytochrome P4502A6 (CYP2A6) and cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4) but also increased the content of AFB1-DNA adducts in the liver. Furthermore, AFB1 enhanced the expression of cytochrome c (cyt-c), caspase-9, caspase-3, and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), while inhibiting the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Therefore, we demonstrated that AFB1 triggered apoptosis in rabbit hepatocytes via mediating oxidative stress and switching on the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and decreased rabbit performance.

Aflatoxin B1-induced dysfunction in male rats' reproductive indices were abated by Sorghum bicolor (L.Moench) hydrophobic fraction

The burden of infertility distresses millions of families worldwide. The harmful effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the reproductive system involve oxidative stress, culminating in inflammation and cellular apoptosis. The phytochemical in Sorghum bicolor is rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory activities. The effect of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (SBE-HP) extract -hydrophobic fraction- enriched in Apigenin (API) was investigated in rats chronically dosed with AFB1 and the likely mechanism (s) of SBE-HP to protect against AFB1-induced reproductive toxicity. Adult Wistar male rats (twenty-four) were selected randomly and allocated into four groups. Cohort 1 was administered 0.05 % carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); cohort 2 received AFB1 (50 µg/kg) alone; while cohorts 3 and 4 received 5 & 10 mg/kg of (SBE-HP) respectively, along with 50 µg/kg of AFB1. After 28 days, AFB1 induced remarkable reproductive toxicity as evidenced by increased sperm abnormalities, lowered sperm quality and motility, altered serum hormonal levels and testicular enzyme activities, decreased anti-oxidants, increased pro-oxidants, apoptotic and inflammatory biomarkers, as well as altered histoarchitectural structure of the testis, epididymis, and hypothalamus of rats. API-enriched extract of S. bicolor reduced AFB1-induced oxidative, inflammatory, apoptotic, and histological derangement by improving sperm function parameters, testicular enzymes, and reproductive hormones. Anti-oxidant levels and anti-inflammatory mediators were increased while decreases in the activities and levels of pro-oxidants, pro-inflammatory molecules and caspase-9 occurred in the rats' testes, epididymis, and hypothalamus. API-enriched S. bicolor protected the testes, epididymis, and hypothalamus of male rats exposed to AFB1 by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

Hepatoprotective effects of chlorogenic acid on mice exposed to aflatoxin B1: Modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is widely distributed in crops and feeds, and ingestion of AFB1-contaminated crops is harmful to human/animal health. This study was designed to investigate hepatoprotective effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA), due to its excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, on mice exposed to AFB1. Male Kunming mice were orally fed with CGA prior to daily AFB1 exposure for 18 consecutive days. The results showed that CGA treatment reduced the serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase, hepatic malondialdehyde content and pro-inflammatory cytokines synthesis, prevented histopathological changes of the liver, increased hepatic glutathione level, catalase activity and IL10 mRNA expression in mice subjected to AFB1. Taken together, CGA exerted the protective effect on AFB1-induced hepatic damage by modulating redox status and inflammation, suggesting that CGA may be a candidate compound for the treatment of aflatoxicosis.

Metabolomics and mass spectrometry imaging reveal the chronic toxicity of indoxacarb to adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) livers

Indoxacarb is a widely used insecticide in the prevention and control of agricultural pests, whereas its negative effects on non-target organisms remain largely unclear. Herein, we demonstrated the integrated metabolomics and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) methods to investigate the chronic exposure toxicity of indoxacarb at environmentally relevant concentrations in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver. Results showed that movement behaviors of zebrafish can be affected and catalase (CAT), glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities were significantly increased after indoxacarb exposure for 28 days. Pathological analysis of zebrafish livers also showed that cavitation and pathological reactions occur. Metabolomics results indicated that metabolic pathways of zebrafish liver could be significantly affected by indoxacarb, such as tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and various amino acid metabolisms. MSI results revealed the spatial differentiation of crucial metabolites involved in these metabolic pathways within zebrafish liver. Taken together, these integrated MSI and metabolomics results revealed that the toxicity of indoxacarb arises from metabolic pathways disturbance, which resulted in the decrease of liver detoxification ability. These findings will promote the current understanding of pesticide risks and metabolic disorders in zebrafish liver, which provide new insights into the environmental risk assessment of insecticides on aquatic organisms.

Protective effects of polydatin on ileum injury in mice exposed to aflatoxin B1

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is an extremely hazardous food/feed pollutant, posing a serious threat to health of human and animals. Particularly, exposure to AFB1 provokes enterocytes oxidative stress and inflammation, which lead to intestinal damage. Polydatin (PD), a stilbenoid glucoside, is known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is being investigated for use in various disorders. The present study was intended at investigating the protective efficacy of polydatin against AFB1-induced ileum damage in mice. Kunming male mice received oral gavage of AFB1 (300 μg/kg) and PD (100 mg/kg) for 18 days. The results showed that mice exposed to AFB1 exhibited the impaired morphology, the suppressed disaccharidase activities, the down-regulated mRNA expressions of tight junction protein genes, oxidative stress, inflammation and the up-regulated mRNA expressions of genes related to mitophagy in the ileum, whereas PD treatment reversed the AFB1-induced disruption of ileal structure, digestion, barrier function, redox and immune status. The findings of the present study suggested that polydatin may have a potential benefit in preventing AFB1-induced ileum damage.

Aflatoxin-B1-Exposure-Induced Hepatic Injury Could Be Alleviated by Polydatin through Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inhibiting Inflammation and Improving Mitophagy

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a toxic food/feed pollutant, exerting extensive deleterious impacts on the liver. Oxidative stress and inflammation are considered to be vital contributors to AFB1 hepatotoxicity. Polydatin (PD), a naturally occurring polyphenol, has been demonstrated to protect and/or treat liver disorders caused by various factors through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the role of PD in AFB1-induced liver injury is still elusive. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the protective effect of PD on hepatic injury in mice subjected to AFB1. Male mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, AFB1 and AFB1-PD groups. The results showed that PD protected against AFB1-induced hepatic injury demonstrated by the reduced serum transaminase activity, the restored hepatic histology and ultrastructure, which could be attributed to the enhanced glutathione level, the reduced interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations, the increased interleukin 10 expression at transcriptional level and the up-regulated mRNA expression related to mitophagy. In conclusion, PD could alleviate AFB1-induced hepatic injury by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation and improving mitophagy.

Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Potency of Selenium-Enriched Probiotic Mutants in Mice with Induced Ulcerative Colitis

Selenium-enriched Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium longum mutants were used as a protector against Piroxicam-induced ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study, 32 BALB/c male mice were distributed to four groups: the control group, the Piroxicam group which was given 0.8 mg Piroxicam, SP and SB groups which were given 0.8 mg Piroxicam, and plus Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium longum selenium-enriched mutants, respectively. Bodyweight; serum content of IgG, IgM, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10; CBC; myeloperoxidase enzyme activity; histopathological examination of colon and spleen; and expression of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 genes in colon and spleen with qRT-PCR were determined. Bodyweight was found to reduce in the Piroxicam group and then recovery in the SB group. Serum content of IgG, IL-2, and IL-10 reduced in the Piroxicam group, whereas IgG, TNF-α, and IL-6 increased in the Piroxicam group in comparison to the other groups. Myeloperoxidase activity witnessed a significant increase in the Piroxicam group compared with the other groups. No significant differences were observed between all groups in measurements of red cells, hemoglobin, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil in blood. Meanwhile, the white blood cells and platelets recorded the highest and lowest value, respectively, in the Piroxicam group. The colon of the Piroxicam group showed a noticeably massive infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. These inflammations were mildly reduced in the SP group, while the reduction in the SB group was significant. In the Piroxicam group, splenic parenchyma saw an increase in the number of melanomacrophages, while hypertrophic plasma cells were observed in the SP group. The spleen of the SB group exhibits a nearly normal form. TNF-α and IL-6 genes had significantly upregulated in the colon of the Piroxicam group compared to the control group, while they were significantly downregulated in the SB group. In contrast, IL-2 and IL-10 genes had upregulated in the colon of the SB group compared to the control groups, while they had downregulated in the Piroxicam group. The expression of these genes had not recorded significant differences between all groups in the spleen. Therefore, this study recommends Bifidobacterium longum selenium-enriched mutants as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory supplements.

Gut microbiome and human health: Exploring how the probiotic genus Lactobacillus modulate immune responses

The highest density of microbes resides in human gastrointestinal tract, known as “Gut microbiome”. Of note, the members of the genus Lactobacillus that belong to phyla Firmicutes are the most important probiotic bacteria of the gut microbiome. These gut-residing Lactobacillus species not only communicate with each other but also with the gut epithelial lining to balance the gut barrier integrity, mucosal barrier defence and ameliorate the host immune responses. The human body suffers from several inflammatory diseases affecting the gut, lungs, heart, bone or neural tissues. Mounting evidence supports the significant role of Lactobacillus spp. and their components (such as metabolites, peptidoglycans, and/or surface proteins) in modulatingimmune responses, primarily through exchange of immunological signals between gastrointestinal tract and distant organs. This bidirectional crosstalk which is mediated by Lactobacillus spp. promotes anti-inflammatory response, thereby supporting the improvement of symptoms pertaining to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), neuroinflammatory diseases (such as multiple sclerosis, alzheimer’s disease, parkinson’s disease), cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and chronic infections in patients. The metabolic disorders, obesity and diabetes are characterized by a low-grade inflammation. Genus Lactobacillus alleviates metabolic disorders by regulating the oxidative stress response and inflammatory pathways. Osteoporosis is also associated with bone inflammation and resorption. The Lactobacillus spp. and their metabolites act as powerful immune cell controllers and exhibit a regulatory role in bone resorption and formation, supporting bone health. Thus, this review demonstrated the mechanisms and summarized the evidence of the benefit of Lactobacillus spp. in alleviating inflammatory diseases pertaining to different organs from animal and clinical trials. The present narrative review explores in detail the complex interactions between the gut-dwelling Lactobacillus spp. and the immune components in distant organs to promote host’s health.

Deepening the Whole Transcriptomics of Bovine Liver Cells Exposed to AFB1: A Spotlight on Toll-like Receptor 2

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a food contaminant metabolized mostly in the liver and leading to hepatic damage. Livestock species are differently susceptible to AFB1, but the underlying mechanisms of toxicity have not yet been fully investigated, especially in ruminants. Thus, the aim of the present study was to better characterize the molecular mechanism by which AFB1 exerts hepatotoxicity in cattle. The bovine fetal hepatocyte cell line (BFH12) was exposed for 48 h to three different AFB1 concentrations (0.9 µM, 1.8 µM and 3.6 µM). Whole-transcriptomic changes were measured by RNA-seq analysis, showing significant differences in the expression of genes mainly involved in inflammatory response, oxidative stress, drug metabolism, apoptosis and cancer. As a confirmatory step, post-translational investigations on genes of interest were implemented. Cell death associated with necrosis rather than apoptosis events was noted. As far as the toxicity mechanism is concerned, a molecular pathway linking inflammatory response and oxidative stress was postulated. Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) activation, consequent to AFB1 exposure, triggers an intracellular signaling cascade involving a kinase (p38β MAPK), which in turn allows the nuclear translocation of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) and NF-κB, finally leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, a p38β MAPK negative role in cytoprotective genes regulation was postulated. Overall, our investigations improved the actual knowledge on the molecular effects of this worldwide relevant natural toxin in cattle.

The effect of curcumin on some cytokines, antioxidants and liver function tests in rats induced by Aflatoxin B1

Aflatoxins are common food contaminants threating human and animal health. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) toxication can lead to important health issues. Recent studies have revealed the therapeutic effect of curcumin (Cur) and have drawn attention in the pharmaceutical industry. The therapeutic efficacy of Cur on AFB1-induced oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory response, and hepatorenal damage has not been adequately studied. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective efficacy of Cur on several lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system enzymes, some pro-inflammatory cytokines, and liver function tests in rats suffering from chronic aflatoxicosis induced by AFB1 administered for sixty days. Rats were divided into five groups; Control (K), Dimethyl sulfoxide (D), Curcumin (Cur; 300 mg/kg/day, orally), AFB1 (AF; 250 μg/kg/day, oral) and AFB1+ Curcumin (AF + Cur). Oxidative stress caused by AFB1 caused an increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation product, and a decrease in glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. In addition, AFB1 led to increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-1b (IL-1b), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Liver function tests after chronic exposure to AFB1 showed that this toxic substance causes liver damage. Concomitant Cur administration normalized AFB1-induced oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and liver functions. This therapeutic effect of Cur on AFB1 was thought to be related to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Our results suggest that CUR supplementation in food as it shows beneficial effects particularly on liver impairment exerted by AFB1.

Ameliorative and Antioxidative Potential of Lactobacillus plantarum-Fermented Oat (Avena sativa) and Fermented Oat Supplemented with Sidr Honey against Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Rats

The ameliorative and antioxidative stress effects of probiotic-enriched fermented oat (FOE) or fermented oat with honey (HFOE) extracts on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats were examined. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AOA) were increased in FOE and HFOE after 72 h of fermentation, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reached 7.35 mg 100 g-1 in FOE and 8.49 mg 100 g-1 in HFOE. The β-glucan levels were slightly decreased to 2.45 g 100 g-1 DW in FOE and 2.63 g 100 g-1 DW in HFOE. The antidiabetic and hypolipidemic properties of FOE and HFOE were studied in a designed animal model with seven treated groups for 6 weeks. Groups were treated as follows: group 1 (negative group, NR) and group 2 (diabetic rats, DR) were administered 7 mL distilled water orally per day; group 3 (DR + MET) rats were orally administered 50 mg standard drug Metformin kg-1 daily; group 4 (DR + FOE1) diabetic rats were orally administered 3.5 mL FOE daily; group 5 (DR + FOE2) rats were orally administered 7 mL FOE daily; group 6 (DR + HFOE1) rats were orally administered 3.5 mL HFOE daily; and group 7 (DR + HFOE2) rats were orally administered 7 mL HFOE daily. The HFOE at the high dose had a synergistic effect, lowering random blood glucose (RBG) and fasting blood glucose (FBG). The hypolipidemic potential of HFOE at the high dose was indicated by significant reductions in triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (CHO), high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL), and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). In addition, 7 mL of HFOE improved liver and kidney function more effectively than other fermented extracts or Metformin. As well as the antioxidant enzyme activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malonaldehyde (MDA) were significantly enhanced after the administration of HFOE at 7 mL by 68.6%, 71.5%, 55.69%, and 15.98%, respectively, compared to the DR group. In conclusion, administration of L. plantarum-fermented oats supplemented with honey demonstrated antidiabetic effects and a potential approach for controlling glucose levels and lipid profiles, and protecting against oxidative stress.

Preventive effect of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY15 on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced acute liver injury in mice

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) is the main chemical causing liver damage. In this experiment, the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY15 treatment on CCl4 -induced acute liver injury was investigated using mice. Fifty adult mice were randomized into five study groups, each group with 10 ml kg-1 saline, 50 mg kg-1 silymarin, and 109 CFU kg-1 L. plantarum HFY15 and LDSB per day, and all the mice expect the normal group were injected 0.8% CCl4 (10 ml kg-1 ) on the 14th day. Following the 16 h induction of the liver injury, various biochemical markers were assessed for blood and liver tissue. After L. plantarum HFY15 treatment, the content of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglycerides (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in serum decreased by 67.7%, 65.0%, 41.9%, 59.5%, and 51.5%, respectively, and the level of antioxidant enzymes (total superoxide dismutation [T-SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione [GSH]) increased by more than twofold. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (INF-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) decreased by more than 45% in serum and live. What is more, L. plantarum HFY15 increased the expression of antiapoptosis genes Bcl-2 by eightfold, inhibiting the expression of proapoptotic genes Caspase-3 and Bax by about threefold. Lactobacillus plantarum HFY15 has obvious protective effects on CCl4 -induced liver injury by inhibiting oxidation, reducing the release of inflammatory factors, and exerting suppressive effect on apoptotic process in the CCl4 -induced liver injury. Lactobacillus plantarum HFY15 can be developed as edible lactic acid bacteria for preventing liver toxicity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: L. plantarum HFY15 can alleviate liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride toxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways.

Apigeninidin-rich Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench) extracts suppress A549 cells proliferation and ameliorate toxicity of aflatoxin B1-mediated liver and kidney derangement in rats

Sorghum bicolor plant has a high abundance of 3-deoxyanthocyanins, flavonoids and other polyphenol compounds that have been shown to offer numerous health benefits. Epidemiological studies have linked increased intake of S. bicolor to reduced risk of certain cancer types, including lung adenocarcinoma. S. bicolor extracts have shown beneficial effects in managing hepatorenal injuries. This study investigated the cytotoxic potential of three apigeninidin-rich extracts of S. bicolor (SBE-05, SBE-06 and SBE-07) against selected cancer cell lines and their ameliorative effect on aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁)-mediated hepatorenal derangements in rats. We observed that, among the three potent extracts, SBE-06 more potently and selectively suppressed the growth of lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) (IC₅₀ = 6.5 μg/mL). SBE-06 suppressed the expression of STAT3 but increased the expression of caspase 3. In addition, SBE-05, SBE-06 and SBE-07 inhibited oxidative and nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis and preserved the histoarchitectural networks of the liver and kidney of rats treated with AFB₁. These in vitro and in vivo studies indicate the potential of these cheap and readily accessible extracts for cancer therapy and as chemo-preventive agents in preventing aflatoxin-related health issues.

Characterising the Intestinal Bacterial and Fungal Microbiome Associated With Different Cytokine Profiles in Two Bifidobacterium strains Pre-Treated Rats With D-Galactosamine-Induced Liver Injury

Multiple probiotics have protective effects against different types of liver injury. Different intestinal microbes could be beneficial to the protective effects of the probiotics on the treated cohorts in different aspects. The current study was designed to determine the intestinal bacterial and fungal microbiome associated with different cytokine profiles in the Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum LI09 and Bifidobacterium catenulatum LI10 pretreated rats with D-galactosamine-induced liver injury. In this study, partition around medoids clustering analysis determined two distinct cytokine profiles (i.e., CP1 and CP2) comprising the same 11 cytokines but with different levels among the LI09, LI10, positive control (PC), and negative control (NC) cohorts. All rats in PC and NC cohorts were determined with CP1 and CP2, respectively, while the rats with CP1 in LI09 and LI10 cohorts had more severe liver injury than those with CP2, suggesting that CP2 represented better immune status and was the “better cytokine profile” in this study. PERMANOVA analyses showed that the compositions of both bacterial and fungal microbiome were different in the LI10 cohorts with different cytokine profiles, while the same compositions were similar between LI09 cohorts with different cytokine profiles. The phylotype abundances of both bacteria and fungi were different in the rats with different cytokine profiles in LI09 or LI10 cohorts according to similarity percentage (SIMPER) analyses results. At the composition level, multiple microbes were associated with different cytokine profiles in LI09 or LI10 cohorts, among which Flavonifractor and Penicillium were the bacterium and fungus most associated with LI09 cohort with CP2, while Parabacteroides and Aspergillus were the bacterium and fungus most associated with LI10 cohort with CP2. These microbes were determined to influence the cytokine profiles of the corresponding cohorts. At the structure level, Corynebacterium and Cephalotrichiella were determined as the two most powerful gatekeepers in the microbiome networks of LI09 cohort CP2, while Pseudoflavonifractor was the most powerful gatekeeper in LI10 cohort with CP2. These identified intestinal microbes were likely to be beneficial to the effect of probiotic Bifidobacterium on the immunity improvement of the treated cohorts, and they could be potential microbial biomarkers assisting with the evaluation of immune status of probiotics-treated cohorts.

Ex Vivo and In Vitro Studies Revealed Underlying Mechanisms of Immature Intestinal Inflammatory Responses Caused by Aflatoxin M1 Together with Ochratoxin A

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which are occasionally detected in milk and commercial baby foods, could easily enter and reach the gastrointestinal tract, posing impairment to the first line of defense and causing dysfunction of the tissue. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory roles of individual and combined AFM1 and OTA on the immature intestine. Thus, we used ELISA assays to evaluate the generation of cytokines from ex vivo CD-1 fetal mouse jejunum induced by AFM1 and OTA and explored the related regulatory pathways and pivot genes using RNA-seq analysis. It was found that OTA exhibited much stronger ability in stimulating pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 from jejunum tissues than AFM1 (OTA of 4 μM versus AFM1 of 50 μM), whereas the combination of the two toxins seemed to exert antagonistic actions. In addition, transcriptomics also showed that most gene members in the enriched pathway ‘cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction’ were more highly expressed in OTA than the AFM1 group. By means of PPI network analysis, NFKB1 and RelB were regarded as hub genes in response to OTA but not AFM1. In the human FHs 74 Int cell line, both AFM1 and OTA enhanced the content of reactive oxygen species, and the oxidative response was more apparent in OTA-treated cells in comparison with AFM1. Furthermore, OTA and AFM1 + OTA raised the protein abundance of p50/RelB, and triggered the translocation of the dimer from cytosol to nucleus. Therefore, the experimental data ex vivo and in vitro showed that OTA-induced inflammation was thought to be bound up with the up-regulation and translocation of NF-κB, though AFM1 seemed to have no obvious impact. Since it was the first attempt to uncover the appearances and inner mechanisms regarding inflammation provoked by AFM1 and OTA on immature intestinal models, further efforts are needed to understand the detailed metabolic steps of the toxin in cells and to clarify their causal relationship with the signals proposed from current research.

Integrative analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals the hepatotoxic mechanism of thiamethoxam on male Coturnix japonica

Thiamethoxam (TMX), a representative neonicotinoids, is widely used for seed coating. The consumption of TMX-coated seeds posed threat to birds during crop sowing. The hepatotoxicity of TMX has been reported in mammals, however, no clear evidence showed TMX-induced toxic effects on bird liver. In this study, male Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) were exposed to 20 or 200 mg/kg TMX-treated bird feed for 28 days. Results showed that Clothianidin (CLO), a TMX metabolite preferred to accumulate in quail plasma and liver, and inflammatory cell infiltration was found in quail livers. Oxidative stress-related biological processes were significantly enriched in both TMX treatment groups through transcriptomics analysis. Moreover, integrative analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics indicated ferroptosis and DNA damage was implicated in hepatotoxicity caused by high- and low-concentration of TMX exposure, respectively. High-dose TMX treatment decreased CAT activity and GSH concentration and increased expression of the ferroptosis-related gene. In addition, the up-regulation of 8-OHdG concentration and DNA repair-related genes expression demonstrated low-dose TMX triggered oxidative DNA damage. The present results highlight the toxicity of TMX to bird livers and contribute to a better understanding of the TMX toxic mechanism in birds.

Protective Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 1201 Combined with Galactooligosaccharide on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice

Acute liver injury (ALI) has a high mortality rate of approximately 20–40%, and it is imperative to find complementary and alternative drugs for treating ALI. A carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced ALI mouse model was established to explore whether dietary intervention can alleviate ALI in mice. Intestinal flora, intestinal integrity, biomarkers of hepatic function, systemic inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis signals were detected through a real-time PCR, hematoxylin-eosin staining, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and so on. The results showed that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 1201 had a strongly antioxidant ability, and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) could boost its growth. Based on these findings, the combination of L. plantarum 1201 and GOS, the synbiotic, was applied to prevent CCl₄-induced ALI in mice. The current research proved that GOS promoted the intestinal colonization of L. plantarum 1201, and the synbiotic improved the antioxidant capacity of the host, regulated the intestinal flora, repaired the intestinal barrier, inhibited the activation of the MAPK/NF-κB pathway, and then inhibited the apoptosis and autophagy pathways, relieving inflammation and liver oxidation; thereby, the ALI of mice was alleviated. These results suggest that synbiotics may become a new research direction for liver-protecting drugs.

Resveratrol Relieved Acute Liver Damage in Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) Induced by AFB1 via Modulation of Apoptosis and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways

Simple Summary

Aflatoxin B1 is ubiquitous in food and feed, which not only poses a great threat to animals, but also affects human health. It is unclear whether resveratrol can resist aflatoxin B1 damage in ducks’ livers. Therefore, the effect of resveratrol supplementation in the diets on liver injury aflatoxin B1was investigated through the gavage of aflatoxin B1. It was found that a diet that includes resveratrol can effectively protect ducks’ livers from acute injury caused by aflatoxin B1. Our study suggests that resveratrol serves as a potential phytochemical feed additive for the treatment of acute aflatoxin B1 poisoning in ducks

Abstract

The presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in feed is a serious threat to livestock and poultry health and to human food safety. Resveratrol (Res) is a polyphenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and other biological activities; however, it is not clear whether it can improve AFB1 induced hepatotoxicity. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Res on liver injury induced by AFB1 and its mechanisms. A total of 270 one-day-old male specific pathogen free (SPF) ducks, with no significant difference in weight, were randomly assigned to three groups: the control group, the AFB1 group and the AFB1 + Res group, which were fed a basic diet, a basic diet and a basic diet containing 500 mg/kg Res, respectively. On the 70th day, the ducks in theAFB1 group and the AFB1+ 500 mg/kg Res group were given 60 μg/kg AFB1 via gavage. When comparing the AFB1 group and the AFB1 + Res group and also with the control group, AFB1 significantly increased liver damage, cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and AFB1-DNA adduct content, increased oxidative stress levels and induced liver apoptosis, which was improved by Res supplementation. In sum, the addition of Res to feed can increase the activity of the II-phase enzyme, activate the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signal pathway, and protect ducks’ livers from the toxicity, oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction induced by AFB1.

Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis Alleviate Intestinal Inflammation and Microbial Disorder Induced by ETEC in a Murine Model

The purpose of this research is to explore the positive effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis on the tissue damage and microbial community in mice challenged by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Twenty-four mice were divided into four groups randomly: the CON group, ETEC group, LP-ETEC group and LB-ETEC group. Our results demonstrated that, compared with the ETEC group, the LP-ETEC and LB-ETEC groups experienced less weight loss and morphological damage of the jejunum. We measured proinflammatory factors of colonic tissue and found that L. plantarum and L. brevis inhibited the expression of proinflammatory factors such as IL-β, TNF-α, and IL-6 and promoted that of the tight junction protein such as claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1. Additionally, L. plantarum and L. brevis altered the impact of ETEC on the intestinal microbial community of mice, significantly increased the abundance of probiotics such as Lactobacillus, and reduced that of pathogenic bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Clostridia, Epsilonproteobacteria, and Helicobacter. Therefore, we believe that L. plantarum and L. brevis can stabilize the intestinal microbiota and inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, thus protecting mice from the gut inflammation induced by ETEC.

Therapeutic potential of beta-caryophyllene against aflatoxin B1-Induced liver toxicity: biochemical and molecular insights in rats

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin highly toxic and carcinogenic to humans due to its potential to induce oxidative stress. The Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) have been highlighted for its broad spectrum of pharmacological effects. The present study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of BCP against the susceptibility of hepatic and renal tissues to AFB1 toxicity, in biochemical parameters to assess organ function, tissue oxidation, and the immunocontent of oxidative and inflammatory proteins. Male Wistar rats was exposed to AFB1 (250 μg/kg, i.g.) and/or BCP (100 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 successive days. It was found that exposure to AFB1 did not change the measured renal toxicity parameters. Also, AFB1 increased liver injury biomarkers (gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase) and reduced levels of non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses (ascorbic acid and non-protein thiol), however did not cause changes in the lipid peroxidation levels. Moreover, AFB1 interfered in oxidative pathway regulated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein (Keap1)/nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), overacting Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) activity. Lastly, a main effect of AFB1 on the total interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) was observed. Remarkably, the associated treatment of AFB1 + BCP improved altered liver parameters. In addition, BCP and AFB1 + BCP groups showed an increase in the levels of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ). Thus, these results indicated that BCP has potential protective effect against AFB1 induced hepatotoxicity.

Hepatotoxicity of food-borne mycotoxins: molecular mechanism, anti-hepatotoxic medicines and target prediction

Mycotoxins are metabolites produced by fungi. The widespread contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins is a global food safety problem and a serious threat to people's health. Most food-borne mycotoxins have strong hepatotoxicity. However, no effective methods have been found to prevent or treat Mycotoxin- Induced Liver Injury (MILI) in clinical and animal husbandry. In this paper, the molecular mechanisms and potential anti-MILI medicines of six food-borne MILI are reviewed, and their targets are predicted by network toxicology, which provides a theoretical basis for further study of the toxicity mechanism of MILI and the development of effective strategies to manage MILI-related health problems in the future and accelerate the development of food safety.

Effects of oral administration of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on serum immunity indexes, colonic immune factors, fecal odor, and fecal flora in mice

To evaluate the effects of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on growth, immunity indexes, fecal flora, and fecal odor in mice, 40 mice were randomly allotted to four groups, and each was administrated with nothing, S. platensis, probiotics, or both for 28 days, respectively. Then, many indexes were measured. The results showed that S. platensis was more effective (P < 0.001) than probiotics in improving mice's feed conversion ration (FCR). In immunity, probiotics administration increased (P < 0.042) serum IgE, IgM, IFN-γ, colonic AHR, TLR4, and NF-κB protein expression and decreased (P < 0.039) serum IL-1α, IL-21, IL-22, and colonic ARNT gene expression. However, the S. platensis showed weaker effect, which increased (P < 0.025) the serum IgE, IgM, TNF-α, and the colonic AHR and NF-κB protein expression, and decreased (P < 0.01) serum IL-21. Probiotics consumption decreased the fecal odor by decreasing (P < 0.02) fecal Escherichia coli, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and skatole contents, and the S. platensis decreased (P = 0.04) the IAA. These results indicated that oral administration of probiotics, S. platensis, or both of them in mice probably benefited body's immunity and reduced fecal odor. However, their mechanisms were still unclear and need further study.

Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus by-products on gingival epithelial cells challenged with Porphyromonas gingivalis

OBJECTIVE

Probiotics are usually given as living cells, but their effects may be also achieved by postbiotics. We hypothesized that probiotics products (spent media and lysate) altered the response induced by P. gingivalis in gingival epithelial cells (GECS).

METHODS

Immortalized human OBA-9 GECs (∼2,5 × 10⁵cells/well) were challenged with P. gingivalis ATCC33277, and co-infected with L. rhamnosus Lr-32 for 4 h. L. rhamnosus Lr-32 spent medium or cells lysate was added to GECs co-infected with P. gingivalis. Another set of OBA-9 GECs were first exposed to P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and then to the living probiotic or probiotic products. Transcription of genes encoding inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL-8) and receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) were evaluated by RT-qPCR. P. gingivalis growth under L. rhamnosus Lr-32 postbiotics was also evaluated.

RESULTS

L. rhamnosus Lr-32 spent media decreased cell viability, while living cells and cell lysates did not. L. rhamnosus Lr-32 lysate, but not spent media, upregulated transcription of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL-8) in GECs infected with P. gingivalis. Transcription of TRL2 was upregulated in all experimental groups compared to control, whereas TLR4 was upregulated by the probiotic or its postbiotics in P. gingivalis infected cells. Spent media and lysates reduced the growth of P. gingivalis.

CONCLUSION

L. rhamnosus Lr-32 cell components rather than live probiotic enhanced the expression of inflammatory mediators in P. gingivalis infected gingival epithelial cells. The increased potential of Lr-32 cell lysates to promote immune response to the periodontopathogen may favor pathogen elimination but may also lead to additional deleterious effects of the exacerbated inflammation.

Neuroimmune disruptions from naturally occurring levels of mycotoxins

Substantial pieces of evidence support the potential of exogenous toxins in disrupting neuroimmune homeostasis. It appears that mycotoxins are one of the noticeable sources of naturally occurring substances dysregulating the immune system, which involves the physiology of many organs, such as the central nervous system (CNS). The induction of inflammatory responses in microglial cells and astrocytes, the CNS resident cells with immunological characteristics, could interrupt the hemostasis upon even with low-level exposure to mycotoxins. The inevitable widespread occurrence of a low level of mycotoxins in foods and feed is likely increasing worldwide, predisposing individuals to potential neuroimmunological dysregulations. This paper reviews the current understanding of mycotoxins' neuro-immunotoxic features under low-dose exposure and the possible ways for detoxification and clearance as a perspective.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10 can alleviate liver apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by aflatoxin B1

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin often found in food and livestock feed. It can affect human and animal health and is especially damaging to the liver. This study aims to evaluate whether Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (hereafter referred to as B. amyloliquefaciens) B10 can alleviate the toxic effects of AFB1 and, if so, what mechanism is responsible for its action. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) Kunming mice (5-6 weeks old) were divided into four groups (Control, AFB1, B10 strain, and AFB1 + B10 strain) and conducted continuously via gavage for 28 days. Oxidation indices (MDA, T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT) were then measured using their liver tissues and liver coefficient were calculated. Apoptosis was determined using the TUNEL method. Gene expression was determined for Bax, Bcl-2, BIP, CHOP, JNK, Caspase-12, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, and protein expression was detected for Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3. Our results showed that AFB1 induced the oxidative damage and apoptosis in the livers of mice. However, for mice given B. amyloliquefaciens B10, the biochemical indices, pathological changes, the expressions of genes and proteins related to oxidative stress and apoptosis were significantly reversed. The results indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens B10 antagonizes oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by AFB1 in the livers of mice. The results of this study are of significance for the future use of this strain to reduce the harm of AFB1 to human health and animal reproductive performance.

Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation: A Door to the Body

Hosting millions of microorganisms, the digestive tract is the primary and most important part of bacterial colonization. On one side, in cases of opportunistic invasion, the abundant bacterial population inside intestinal tissues may face potential health problems such as inflammation and infections. Therefore, the immune system has evolved to sustain the host-microbiota symbiotic relationship. On the other hand, to maintain host immune homeostasis, the intestinal microflora often exerts an immunoregulatory function that cannot be ignored. A field of great interest is the association of either microbiota or probiotics with the immune system concerning clinical uses. This microbial community regulates some of the host's metabolic and physiological functions and drives early-life immune system maturation, contributing to their homeostasis throughout life. Changes in gut microbiota can occur through modification in function, composition (dysbiosis), or microbiota-host interplays. Studies on animals and humans show that probiotics can have a pivotal effect on the modulation of immune and inflammatory mechanisms; however, the precise mechanisms have not yet been well defined. Diet, age, BMI (body mass index), medications, and stress may confound the benefits of probiotic intake. In addition to host gut functions (permeability and physiology), all these agents have profound implications for the gut microbiome composition. The use of probiotics could improve the gut microbial population, increase mucus-secretion, and prevent the destruction of tight junction proteins by decreasing the number of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). When LPS binds endothelial cells to toll-like receptors (TLR 2, 4), dendritic cells and macrophage cells are activated, and inflammatory markers are increased. Furthermore, a decrease in gut dysbiosis and intestinal leakage after probiotic therapy may minimize the development of inflammatory biomarkers and blunt unnecessary activation of the immune system. In turn, probiotics improve the differentiation of T-cells against Th2 and development of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10. The present narrative review explores the interactions between gut microflora/probiotics and the immune system starting from the general perspective of a biological plausibility to get to the in vitro and in vivo demonstrations of a probiotic-based approach up to the possible uses for novel therapeutic strategies.

Harnessing the potential of Lactobacillus species for therapeutic delivery at the lumenal-mucosal interface

Lactobacillus species have been studied for over 30 years in their role as commensal organisms in the human gut. Recently there has been a surge of interest in their abilities to natively and recombinantly stimulate immune activities, and studies have identified strains and novel molecules that convey particular advantages for applications as both immune adjuvants and immunomodulators. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in Lactobacillus-related activity at the gut/microbiota interface, the efforts to probe the boundaries of the direct and indirect therapeutic potential of these bacteria, and highlight the continued interest in harnessing the native capacity for the production of biogenic compounds shown to influence nervous system activity. Taken together, these aspects underscore Lactobacillus species as versatile therapeutic delivery vehicles capable of effector production at the lumenal-mucosal interface, and further establish a foundation of efficacy upon which future engineered strains can expand.

Curcumin protects against Aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury in broilers via the modulation of long non-coding RNA expression

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent hepatotoxic and carcinogenic agent. Curcumin possesses potential anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective effects. However, the role of LncRNAs in the protective mechanisms of curcumin against AFB1-induced liver damage is still elusive. Experimental broilers were randomly divided into 1) control group, 2) AFB1 group (1 mg/kg feed), 3) cur + AFB1 group (1 mg/kg AFB1 plus 300 mg/kg curcumin diet) and 4) curcumin group (300 mg/kg curcumin diet). Liver transcriptome analyses and qPCR were performed to identify shifts in genes expression. In addition, histopathological assessment and oxidant status were determined. Dietary AFB1 caused hepatic morphological injury, significantly increased the production of ROS, decreased liver antioxidant enzymes activities and induced inflammation and apoptosis. However, dietary curcumin partially attenuated the abnormal morphological changes, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in liver tissues. Transcriptional profiling results showed that 34 LncRNAs and 717 mRNAs were differentially expressed with AFB1 and curcumin co-treatment in livers of broilers. Analysis of the LncRNA-mRNA network, GO and KEGG enrichment data suggested that oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis pathway were crucial in curcumin's alleviating AFB1-induced liver damage. In conclusion, curcumin prevented AFB1-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis through LncRNAs. These results provide new insights for unveiling the protective mechanisms of curcumin against AFB1-induced liver damage.

Contamination of Aflatoxins Induces Severe Hepatotoxicity Through Multiple Mechanisms

Aflatoxins (AFs) are commonly contaminating mycotoxins in foods and medicinal materials. Since they were first discovered to cause “turkey X” disease in the United Kingdom in the early 1960s, the extreme toxicity of AFs in the human liver received serious attention. The liver is the major target organ where AFs are metabolized and converted into extremely toxic forms to engender hepatotoxicity. AFs influence mitochondrial respiratory function and destroy normal mitochondrial structure. AFs initiate damage to mitochondria and subsequent oxidative stress. AFs block cellular survival pathways, such as autophagy that eliminates impaired cellular structures and the antioxidant system that copes with oxidative stress, which may underlie their high toxicities. AFs induce cell death via intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways and influence the cell cycle and growth via microribonucleic acids (miRNAs). Furthermore, AFs induce the hepatic local inflammatory microenvironment to exacerbate hepatotoxicity via upregulation of NF-κB signaling pathway and inflammasome assembly in the presence of Kupffer cells (liver innate immunocytes). This review addresses the mechanisms of AFs-induced hepatotoxicity from various aspects and provides background knowledge to better understand AFs-related hepatoxic diseases.

Diet containing grape seed meal by-product counteracts AFB1 toxicity in liver of pig after weaning

Liver is the earliest target for AFB1 toxicity in both human and animals. In the last decade, plant derived by-products have been used in animal feed to reduce AFB1 induced toxicity. In the present study we investigated whether the presence of 8% grape seed meal by-product is able to counteract the hepatotoxic effects produced by AFB1 in liver of pig after weaning exposed to the toxin through the contaminated feed for 28 days. Twenty four weaned cross-bred TOPIGS-40 piglets with an average body weight of 9.13±0.03 were allocated to the following experimentally treatments: control diet without AFB1 (normal compound feed for weaned pigs); contaminated diet with 320 mg kg^-1 AFB1; GSM diet (compound feed plus 8% grape seed meal) and AFB1+GSM diet (320 mg kg^-1 AFB1 contaminated feed plus 8% grape seed meal). Pigs fed AFB1 diet had altered performance, body weight decreasing with 25.1% (b.w.: 17.17 kg for AFB1 vs 22.92 kg for control). Exposure of piglets to AFB1 contaminated diet caused liver oxidative stress as well as liver histological damage, manly characterized by inflammatory infiltrate, fibrosis and parenchyma cells vacuolation when compared to control and GSM meal group. 94.12% of the total analysed genes (34) related to inflammation and immune response was up-regulated. The addition of GSM into the AFB1 diet diminished the gene overexpression and ameliorate histological liver injuries and oxidative stress. The protective effect of GSM diet in diminishing the AFB1 harmful effect was mediated through the decreasing of gene and protein expression of MAPKs and NF-κB signalling overexpressed by AFB1 diet. The inclusion of grape seed by-products in the diet of pigs after weaning might be used as a novel nutritional intervention to reduce aflatoxin toxicity.

Aflatoxins as a risk factor for liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Liver cirrhosis is characterized by fibrosis and nodule formation in the liver, due to a chronic injury, and subsequent alteration of the normal architecture of the liver. Even though there is a huge effort to elucidate the possible etiologic factors of liver cirrhosis, a significant number of cases are cryptogenic, especially in Sub Saharan Africa, where there is a high burden of aflatoxin exposure. Aflatoxins are known to cause hepatocellular carcinoma, which share similar etiologic factors with liver cirrhosis. This study aimed to assess the association between aflatoxin exposure and the risk of liver cirrhosis.

Methods

Relevant studies were identified through systematic searches conducted in Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar. Also, by searching the references of retrieved articles. The abstracts and full text were screened for eligibility and the risk of bias was assessed for each study using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for observational studies. The extracted data from included studies using Microsoft Excel were exported to Stata software version 15.0 for analyses. The overall pooled estimation of outcomes was calculated using a random-effects model of DerSimonian–Laird method at a 95% confidence level. The heterogeneity of studies was determined using I2 statistics. The presence of publication bias between studies was evaluated using the Begg’s and Egger’s tests and funnel plot. The protocol of this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the Prospero database with reference number ID: CRD42019148481.

Results

A total of 5 studies published between the years 2005 and 2018 that met the pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. The meta-analysis showed that a significant increase in the risk of liver cirrhosis is associated with aflatoxin exposure (unadjusted pooled odds ratio (OR) = 3.35, 95% CI: 2.74–4.10, p = 0.000; I² = 88.3%, p = 0.000; adjusted OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.84–3.39, p = 0.000; I² = 0%, p = 0.429).

Conclusions

The present meta-analysis suggests that aflatoxin exposure is associated with a higher risk of liver cirrhosis.