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Minwuyelet A, Abiye M, Zeleke AJ, Getie S. Plasmodium gametocyte carriage in humans and sporozoite rate in anopheline mosquitoes in Gondar zuria district, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306289. [PMID: 38950022 PMCID: PMC11216604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the overall burden of malaria is decreasing in Ethiopia, a recent report of an unpredictable increased incidence may be related to the presence of community-wide gametocyte-carrier individuals and a high proportion of infected vectors. This study aimed to reveal the current prevalence of gametocyte-carriage and the sporozoite infectivity rate of Anopheles vectors for Plasmodium parasites. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 01 to June 30/2019. A total of 53 households were selected using systematic random sampling and a 242 study participants were recruited. Additionally,515 adult female Anopheles mosquitoes were collected using Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps and mouth aspirators. Parasite gametocytemia was determined using giemsa stain microscopy, while sporozoite infection was determined by giemsa staining microscopy and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among the total 242 study participants, 5.4% (95%, CI = 2.9-8.3) of them were positive for any of the Plasmodium species gametocyte. Furthermore, being female [AOR = 15.5(95%, CI = 1.71-140.39)], age group between 15-29 years old [AOR = 16.914 (95%, CI = 1.781-160.63)], no ITNs utilization [AOR = 16.7(95%, CI = 1.902 -146.727)], and high asexual parasite density [(95%, CI = 0.057-0.176, P = 0.001, F = 18.402)] were identified as statistically significant factors for gametocyte carriage. Whereas sporozoite infection rate was 11.6% (95%, CI = 8.2-15.5) and 12.7% (95%, CI = 9.6-16.3) by microscopy and ELISA, respectively. Overall, this study indicated that malaria remains to be an important public health problem in Gondar Zuria district where high gametocyte carriage rate and sporozoite infection rate could sustain its transmission and burden. Therefore, in Ethiopia, where malaria elimination program is underway, frequent, and active community-based surveillance of gametocytemia and sporozoite infection rate is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awoke Minwuyelet
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melkam Abiye
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Getie
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Kassie GA, Azeze GA, Gebrekidan AY, Lombebo AA, Adella GA, Haile KE, Welda GD, Efa AG, Asgedom YS. Asymptomatic malaria infection and its associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2024; 24:e00339. [PMID: 38323191 PMCID: PMC10844853 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Asymptomatic malaria during pregnancy is a significant public health concern in malaria-endemic regions, which worsens the various effects of malaria on the mother and fetus and increases maternal and neonatal mortality. To date, no meta-analysis has been conducted on asymptomatic malaria in pregnant women in Ethiopia. Thus, we aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and its associated factors in pregnant women in Ethiopia. Methods PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane, AJOL, and Ethiopian University repositories were systematically searched to identify studies reporting the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia. A random effects model was used to perform the analysis. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed with the I-squared tests, and subgroup analyses were performed to identify the sources of heterogeneity. Results Ten articles with 3277 study participants were included in this review. The pooled prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection among pregnant women in Ethiopia was 7.03% (95% CI: 6.23-9.12); I2 = 81.2%). In the species-specific pooled prevalence estimate, Plasmodium falciparum prevalence was 5.34% (95%CI: 3.38-7.3; I2 = 87.8%), and Plasmodium vivax prevalence was 1.69% (95%CI: 1.2-5; I2 = 91.5%).Not using insecticide-treated bed nets [OR = 7.36, 95% CI (2.75, 19.73)], being primi-gravida [OR = 1.86, 95% CI (1.23, 2.82)]; lack of health education about malaria prevention [OR = 6.86, 95% CI (2.90, 11.44)] were predictors of asymptomatic malaria infection during pregnancy. Conclusion This study revealed that asymptomatic malaria was prevalent among pregnant women in Ethiopia. This suggests that relying merely on reported symptoms may result in missed malaria cases. Therefore, regular screening and treatment protocols for malaria are recommended in antenatal care. It is also crucial to ensure that pregnant women have access to insecticide-treated bed nets and other effective malaria prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizachew Ambaw Kassie
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Gedion Asnake Azeze
- School of midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
| | - Amanuel Yosef Gebrekidan
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Afework Alemu Lombebo
- School of Medicine, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Asmare Adella
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Kirubel Eshetu Haile
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Dendir Welda
- School of Anesthesia, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Amelework Gonfa Efa
- School of Medicine, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Yordanos Sisay Asgedom
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Gemechu T, Dedecha W, Gelchu M, Husen O, Jarso H. Asymptomatic Malaria During Pregnancy: Prevalence, Influence on Anemia and Associated Factors in West Guji Zone, Ethiopia - A Community-Based Study. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6747-6755. [PMID: 37876858 PMCID: PMC10591643 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s431877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnant women with asymptomatic malaria parasitemia are at increased risk of anaemia, stillbirth, miscarriage, and preterm delivery. The asymptomatic nature of the population makes diagnosis difficult, and there is generally a lack of urgency to address this specific outcome. Objective This study aimed to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and associated factors among pregnant women in West Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 557 asymptomatic pregnant women in the West Guji Zone from February to March 2022. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics. Approximately 2 milliliters of peripheral blood was collected for microscopy to identify species and parasite density. Epi-Data and SPSS were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Binary logistic regression was used to identify risk factors. Results The prevalence of malaria among asymptomatic pregnant women was 24.10% (95% CI: 20.55%-27.65%). The prevalence of Plasmodium vivax and falciparum prevalence was 73 (54.5%) and 61 (45.5%), respectively. Of the study subjects, 105 (78.4%) had mild parasitemia and 29 (21.6%) had moderate parasitemia. Pregnant women with Plasmodium infection were anaemic in two-thirds (66.5%) of cases. Living near standing water (AOR=2.6, 95% CI: 1.74-3.96), having a history of Plasmodium species infection (AOR=2.12, 95% CI: 1.36-3.31), not using indoor residual spraying (AOR=2.0, 95% CI: 1.32-3.14), and not using insecticide-treated bed nets (AOR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.02-2.55) were all factors that were significantly associated with asymptomatic infection. Pregnant women with Plasmodium infection had a significantly higher rate of anaemia than those who were not infected (OR = 6.31, p = 0.000). Conclusion Pregnant women had a significant prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection. Regular screening, appropriate treatment for those who test positive, and health education for pregnant women should be provided by the West Guji Zone Health Bureau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibeso Gemechu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Institute of Health, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
| | - Wako Dedecha
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Institute of Health, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
| | - Miesa Gelchu
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
| | - Oliyad Husen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Institute of Health, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
| | - Habtemu Jarso
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Science, Madda Walabu University Shashemene Campus, Shashemene, Ethiopia
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Amaral LC, Salazar YEAR, de Alvarenga DAM, de Pina-Costa A, Nunes AJD, de Souza Junior JC, Gonçalves GHP, Hirano ZMB, Moreira SB, Pissinatti A, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, de Sousa TN, Alves de Brito CF. Detection of Plasmodium simium gametocytes in non-human primates from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Malar J 2023; 22:170. [PMID: 37268984 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium species of non-human primates (NHP) are of great interest because they can naturally infect humans. Plasmodium simium, a parasite restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, was recently shown to cause a zoonotic outbreak in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The potential of NHP to act as reservoirs of Plasmodium infection presents a challenge for malaria elimination, as NHP will contribute to the persistence of the parasite. The aim of the current study was to identify and quantify gametocytes in NHP naturally-infected by P. simium. METHODS Whole blood samples from 35 NHP were used in quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assays targeting 18S rRNA, Pss25 and Pss48/45 malaria parasite transcripts. Absolute quantification was performed in positive samples for 18S rRNA and Pss25 targets. Linear regression was used to compare the quantification cycle (Cq) and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between the copy numbers of 18S rRNA and Pss25 transcripts. The number of gametocytes/µL was calculated by applying a conversion factor of 4.17 Pss25 transcript copies per gametocyte. RESULTS Overall, 87.5% of the 26 samples, previously diagnosed as P. simium, were positive for 18S rRNA transcript amplification, of which 13 samples (62%) were positive for Pss25 transcript amplification and 7 samples (54%) were also positive for Pss48/45 transcript. A strong positive correlation was identified between the Cq of the 18S rRNA and Pss25 and between the Pss25 and Pss48/45 transcripts. The 18S rRNA and Pss25 transcripts had an average of 1665.88 and 3.07 copies/µL, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between the copy number of Pss25 and 18S rRNA transcripts. Almost all gametocyte carriers exhibited low numbers of gametocytes (< 1/µL), with only one howler monkey having 5.8 gametocytes/µL. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, a molecular detection of P. simium gametocytes in the blood of naturally-infected brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) was reported here, providing evidence that they are likely to be infectious and transmit P. simium infection, and, therefore, may act as a reservoir of malaria infection for humans in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cotta Amaral
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Anete Madureira de Alvarenga
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anielle de Pina-Costa
- Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Escola de Enfermagem Aurora de Afonso Costa, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia Dutra Nunes
- Programa de Conservação do Bugio Ruivo, Joinville, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial, Brazil
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau - FURB, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cesar de Souza Junior
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial, Brazil
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau - FURB, Blumenau, Brazil
| | | | - Zelinda Maria Braga Hirano
- Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial, Indaial, Brazil
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau - FURB, Blumenau, Brazil
| | | | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro/INEA, Guapimirim, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taís Nóbrega de Sousa
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Ferreira Alves de Brito
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Balcha F, Menna T, Lombamo F. Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and associated factors among pregnant women at Boset District in East Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Malar J 2023; 22:28. [PMID: 36698185 PMCID: PMC9878930 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria infection during pregnancy is a significant public health problem that puts pregnant women at risk. Interruption of transmission of asymptomatic malaria among a population remained a challenge and the host serves as a reservoir for the malaria parasite; and is also recognized as a major barrier to malaria elimination. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and associated factors among pregnant women in the Boset District, East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and associated factors in pregnant women from February to March 2022. Using multistage sample techniques, 328 asymptomatic pregnant women were enrolled. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A rapid test and Giemsa-stained blood smear microscopy were used to diagnose Plasmodium infections. Epi info version 7 was used to code, enter, and clean data before being uploaded to SPSS version 25.0 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression were employed to find the associated factors. Variables in the multivariable model with a p-value < 0.05 were considered significantly associated with asymptomatic malaria. RESULTS Of the total 328 pregnant women who participated in this study, 9(2.74%) and 10(3.05%) were confirmed to be infected with Plasmodium species by microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests, respectively. Asymptomatic malaria during pregnancy was found to be significantly associated with not using an insecticide-treated bed net [(P = 0.002, AOR: 9.61; 95% CI (2.22-41.53)], lack of consultation and health education about malaria prevention during Antenatal care attendance [(P = 0.04, AOR: 4.05; 95% CI (1.02, 16.05)], and living close stagnant water [(P = 0.02, AOR: 4.43; 95% CI (1.17,16.82)]. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that asymptomatic malaria is prevalent in pregnant women. Not using insecticide-treated bed nets, inadequate health education during antenatal care, and living close to stagnant water are significantly associated with malaria infection. Thus, using insecticide-treated bed nets, health education, and avoiding stagnant water from residential areas could play significant roles in preventing asymptomatic malaria among pregnant women in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufa Balcha
- School of Public Health, Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Menna
- grid.460724.30000 0004 5373 1026School of Public Health, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fantu Lombamo
- grid.460724.30000 0004 5373 1026School of Public Health, St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Briggs J, Murray M, Nideffer J, Jagannathan P. Sex-Linked Differences in Malaria Risk Across the Lifespan. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 441:185-208. [PMID: 37695429 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35139-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high burden of malaria worldwide, there is surprisingly scarce research on sex-based differences in malaria outside of pregnancy. A more thorough understanding of sexual dimorphism in malaria, and what underlies these sex-based differences, could elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving malaria pathogenesis and has the potential to inform malaria control efforts, including new vaccines. This review summarizes our current understanding of sex-based differences in the epidemiology of malaria across the lifespan, potential sex- or gender-based mechanisms driving these differences, and the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Briggs
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Margaret Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jason Nideffer
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States.
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A survey of simian Plasmodium infections in humans in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18546. [PMID: 36329096 PMCID: PMC9633791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The simian parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is the predominant species causing human malaria infection, including hospitalisations for severe disease and death, in Malaysian Borneo. By contrast, there have been only a few case reports of knowlesi malaria from Indonesian Borneo. This situation seems paradoxical since both regions share the same natural macaque hosts and Anopheles mosquito vectors, and therefore have a similar epidemiologically estimated risk of infection. To determine whether there is a true cross-border disparity in P. knowlesi prevalence, we conducted a community-based malaria screening study using PCR in Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan. Blood samples were taken between April and September 2019 from 1000 people aged 6 months to 85 years attending health care facilities at 27 study sites within or close to jungle areas. There were 16 Plasmodium positive samples by PCR, five human malarias (two Plasmodium vivax, two Plasmodium ovale and one Plasmodium malariae) and 11 in which no species could be definitively identified. These data suggest that, if present, simian malarias including P. knowlesi are rare in the Kapuas Hulu District of West Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo compared to geographically adjacent areas of Malaysian Borneo. The reason for this discrepancy, if confirmed in other epidemiologically similar regions of Indonesian Borneo, warrants further studies targeting possible cross-border differences in human activities in forested areas, together with more detailed surveys to complement the limited data relating to monkey hosts and Anopheles mosquito vectors in Indonesian Borneo.
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Goshu EM, Zerefa MD, Tola HH. Occurrence of asymptomatic malaria infection and living conditions in the lowlands of Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:94. [PMID: 36064653 PMCID: PMC9444277 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A significant decline in malaria burden was documented in previously high burden African countries. Even though the global decline in malaria burden is significant, about 95% of it was typically found in 29 African countries and the decline was affected by COVID-19 in 2020. The considerable reduction in malaria incidence was noted due to effective prevention and treatment efforts, and rapid changes in living conditions. The relationship between the occurrence of asymptomatic malaria infection and household living conditions is well unstudied. This study aimed to determine the association between household living conditions and the occurrence of asymptomatic malaria in the lowlands of Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2021 in twelve villages of Gambella, Southern Nation Nationalities and People Region and Afar in Ethiopia. A total of 1366 households were randomly selected, interviewed, and tested for malaria by rapid diagnostic test and blood film microscopic examination. Multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the independent association between living conditions and asymptomatic malaria infection. Results The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection among individuals living in dwellings built with traditional floor/wall/roof ranges from 8.1% to 8.4% while it ranges from 2.0% to 4.6% among those living in modern floor/wall/roof houses. Dwellings built with traditional wall materials (P = 0.050), spending nights with cattle in the same house (P < 0.001), and availability of kitchen in the main house with no partition (P = 0.004) were significantly associated with asymptomatic malaria infection. Conclusions Asymptomatic malaria infection was 4.3 times higher among occupants residing in dwellings built with traditional wall materials; 5.6 times higher among households spending nights with cattle in the same house, and 2.3 times higher among households with kitchen in the main house with no partition. Therefore, policies and strategies on malaria elimination need to address or target improvements of the above listed living conditions for the community. A multi sectoral action is required to use these social determinants as a vector control strategic addition; and malaria elimination programs are expected to coordinate the implementation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-01018-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endale Mengesha Goshu
- Water and Public Health Stream, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Meseret Dessalegne Zerefa
- Water and Public Health Stream, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habteyes Hailu Tola
- Tuberculosis/HIV Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Abebaw A, Aschale Y, Kebede T, Hailu A. The prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria and its associated factors in Debre Elias district communities, Northwest Ethiopia. Malar J 2022; 21:167. [PMID: 35659661 PMCID: PMC9166605 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization 2021 malaria report, it is considered to be endemic in 85 countries and territories. Malaria elimination programmes have also faced many challenges, such as widespread asymptomatic carriers in endemic regions, and they should be considered in malaria-control programmes in endemic areas for successful transmission interruption. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria infections, and associated factors in Debre Elias district communities, Northwest Ethiopia from May to Jun 2018. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among selected kebeles in Debre Elias district, Amhara region, North-western Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling technique was carried out to select representative households. A total of 440 randomly selected households were included, of which one individual per household was sampled for laboratory examination. Malaria prevalence was determined by light microscopy of stained blood films and using CareStart™ Malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/Pv) Combo rapid diagnostic test (RDT). A structured questionnaire was employed to collect socio-demographic data and associated risk factors. Data entry and analysis were carried out using Epi data 3.1 and SPSS version 23 software, respectively. The association between dependent and independent variables was explored by using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Statistically significant association was declared at P-value of < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 440 (333 asymptomatic and 107 symptomatic) individuals were included in this study. The overall prevalence of malaria was 5% with the majority (59.1%) of infections caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Among asymptomatic participants, 4.8% (n = 16, 95% CI = 2.6-7.3) and 4.2% (n = 14, 95% CI = 2.1-6.5) were diagnosed and confirmed by RDT and light microscopy respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of malaria among 107 symptomatic individuals was 7.5% (n = 8, 95% CI = 2.8-12.6) by either RDT or light microscopy. Utilization of insecticide-treated net (ITN), availability of ITN, house with eave, previous history of malaria infection, and family history of malaria infection were significantly associated with malaria infection (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, the prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria was moderate. Screening of both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria in the community is very important to scale up intervention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abtie Abebaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box: 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box: 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Kebede
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Cao Y, Lu G, Zhou H, Wang W, Liu Y, Yang M, Liang C, Zhu G, Cao J. Case-based malaria surveillance and response: implementation of 1-3-7 approach in Jiangsu Province, China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 116:1-31. [PMID: 35752445 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Following initiation of China's National Malaria Elimination Action Plan (NMEAP) in 2010, China's 1-3-7 surveillance and response approach was developed and rolled out in China to facilitate the malaria control programme and accelerate the progress of malaria elimination. Innovative strategies and interventions have been developed and implemented in Jiangsu Province to facilitate case-based malaria surveillance and response. A total of 9879 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province from 2001 to 2020. Since 2012, no indigenous malaria cases have been reported in Jiangsu Province. However, in recent years, there has been a substantial increase of imported cases from abroad. To continue improving the malaria surveillance and response system, Jiangsu Province has conducted population-based health education to improve the healthcare seeking behaviour of malaria patients, strengthened the capacity of health facilities to improve the performance of malaria diagnosis and treatment, and strengthened health workforce capacity to improve the implementation of 1-3-7 approach. Continually improving surveillance and response system can play a critical role in the early detection and rapid response of individual malaria cases and prevent the re-establishment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guangyu Lu
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Huayun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weiming Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yaobao Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Cheng Liang
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guoding Zhu
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission (NHC) on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
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11
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Melese Y, Alemu M, Yimer M, Tegegne B, Tadele T. Asymptomatic Malaria in Households and Neighbors of Laboratory Confirmed Cases in Raya Kobo District, Northeast Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2022; 32:623-630. [PMID: 35813680 PMCID: PMC9214748 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v32i3.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is the leading vector-borne parasitic disease that is causing high morbidity and mortality worldwide. So far huge efforts to control and eliminate malaria are hindered by the occurrence of asymptomatic carriers that are a potential source of infection. Yet, there is a scarcity of data nationally and in the current study area as well. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in Northeast Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 involving a total of 270 study participants recruited via purposive non-probability sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, individual and household factors related to asymptomatic malaria. Data were entered in Epi Data 3.1 version and analyzed by using SPSS version 20, and p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was 7.0%, with 3.0%, 5.2%, and 12.0%, respectively by Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT), Microscopy and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The majority of infections (73.7%) were identified from index households. Previous malaria history (AOR: 4.030, 95% CI: 1.021-15.903), living with index cases (AOR: 3.880, 95% CI: 1.275-11.806) and family size > 6 members (AOR: 4.820, 95% CI: 1.260-18.437) were significant predictors of asymptomatic malaria. Conclusion Reactive case detection had identified considerably higher asymptomatic malaria cases in the community. Therefore, active case investigation should be established in the community by tracking the symptomatic cases at the health facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megbaru Alemu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Yimer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tigist Tadele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
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12
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Tamiru A, Tolossa T, Regasa B, Mosisa G. Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and associated factors in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221088085. [PMID: 35433001 PMCID: PMC9006361 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221088085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Active detection of asymptomatic malaria cases and resolution of associated factors are essential for malaria elimination. There are no nationwide estimates for asymptomatic malaria and associated factors in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aims to generate comprehensive and conclusive evidence from various studies conducted in Ethiopia. Published articles from various electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Scopes, Cochrane Library, the Web of Science, and African Journals Online were accessed. Also, unpublished studies from Addis Ababa digital library were identified. All observational study designs were included in the search. Data were extracted on the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using STATA version 14.1. A random-effects model was fitted to estimate the pooled prevalence of asymptomatic malaria. A meta-regression and subgroup analysis was computed to see heterogeneity. The publication bias was assessed by the funnel plots and Egger's statistical tests. The analysis found that the pooled burden of asymptomatic malaria was 6.7 (95% confidence interval = 4.60, 8.79). The pooled prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum was 3.75 (95% confidence interval = 2.25, 5.18), and that of Plasmodium vivax was 2.22 (95% confidence interval = 1.46, 2.99). Factors such indoor residual spray service (odds ratio = 0.46; 95% confidence interval = 0.26, 0.81), never used insecticide-treated nets (odds ratio = 6.36; 95% confidence interval = 4.01, 10.09), and presence of stagnant water in the vicinity (odds ratio = 3.24; 95% confidence interval = 1.20, 8.71) were found to have a significant association with asymptomatic malaria. This study highlighted that pooled prevalence of asymptomatic malaria is high and varied by population groups. Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was increased among those who never used insecticide-treated nets and were living near stagnant water by six and three times, respectively. The use of more sensitive diagnostic methods could yield a higher burden of the disease. Furthermore, active case detection is recommended for effective intervention toward elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afework Tamiru
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Tolossa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Bikila Regasa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Mosisa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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13
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Abdelmenan S, Teka H, Hwang J, Girma S, Chibsa S, Tongren E, Murphy M, Haile M, Dillu D, Kassim J, Behaksra S, Tadesse FG, Yukich J, Berhane Y, Worku A, Keating J, Zewde A, Gadisa E. Evaluation of the effect of targeted Mass Drug Administration and Reactive Case Detection on malaria transmission and elimination in Eastern Hararghe zone, Oromia, Ethiopia: a cluster randomized control trial. Trials 2022; 23:267. [PMID: 35392979 PMCID: PMC8989114 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reactive and proactive case detection measures are widely implemented by national malaria elimination programs globally. Ethiopia decided to include Reactive Case Detection (RCD) and targeted Mass Drug Administration (tMDA) approaches as part of their elimination strategy along with rigorous evaluation. The purpose of this study is to compare the impact of RCD and tMDA on malaria elimination over the 2-year study period, by looking at the annual parasite incidence before and after the intervention. Methods The study will be conducted in the East Hararghe zone of Ethiopia. Malaria transmission in the area is low to moderate. This study will deploy a community-based, three-arm, cluster-randomized control trial implemented over 2 years. Forty-eight clusters (16 clusters per arm) will be selected based on the annual number of confirmed malaria cases seen in the cluster. All clusters will receive the current standard of care in terms of malaria elimination interventions provided by the national malaria control program. In addition, following the identification of malaria parasite infection, individuals who reside within a 100-m radius of the index case will receive a diagnosis for malaria and treatment if positive in the RCD arm or presumptive treatment in the tMDA arm. The primary effectiveness endpoint will be measured at baseline and endline for each intervention arm and compared to the control arm using a difference in difference approach. Discussion This randomized controlled trial will provide evidence of the impact of the proposed intervention approaches for malaria elimination. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04241705. Registration date: January 27, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semira Abdelmenan
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Hiwot Teka
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jimee Hwang
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samuel Girma
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sheleme Chibsa
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eric Tongren
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Matthew Murphy
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Jawar Kassim
- Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Yemane Berhane
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Worku
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ayele Zewde
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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14
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Mengesha E, Zerefa MD, Tola HH. Asymptomatic malaria and nurturing factors in lowlands of Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000659. [PMID: 36962734 PMCID: PMC10022318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although asymptomatic malaria cases are reservoirs of malaria parasites, there is limited evidence on the burden and nurturing factors in malaria endemic areas during dry season. Thus, this study aims to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection and nurturing factors in endemic areas of Ethiopia during dry season.A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in malaria endemic areas in Ethiopia. Six villages with a total of 1,366 households from three malaria endemic regions of Ethiopia were selected by stratified random sampling method. One asymptomatic member of the household was randomly selected from each household. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic and other factors. Finger prick blood samples for malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and blood film were collected and examined. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the nurturing factors with asymptomatic malaria infection. The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection was 7.7% with both blood film microscopic examination and malaria RDT. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominantly observed type of malaria species (48.0%). The presence of bodies of water around the households (adjusted odds ratio (AOR = 5.4; 95% CI (2.7 ─ 9.7); p < 0.000), infrequent indoor residual spray (IRS) applied four to six months ago (AOR = 3.5; 95% CI (1.0─11.6); p = 0.045) and more than six months (AOR = 5.2; 95% CI (1.3─20.5); p = 0.019) and personal protection measure for malaria prevention (LLIN, repellent and clothing) (AOR = 0.41; 95% CI (0.2 ─ 0.9); p = 0.028) were associated significantly with asymptomatic malaria infection. The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection during dry season was considerable. Strong interventions that target stagnant bodies of water, infrequent household IRS spray and personal protection measure for malaria prevention is required to decrease asymptomatic malaria infection during dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endale Mengesha
- Water and Public Health Stream, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Dessalegne Zerefa
- Water and Public Health Stream, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habteyes Hailu Tola
- Tuberculosis/HIV Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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15
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Farinas MDLRN, Aschar M, Costa-Nascimento MDJ, Di Santi SM. An algorithm based on molecular protocols to improve the detection of Plasmodium in autochthonous malarial areas in the Atlantic Forest biome. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e18. [PMID: 35239862 PMCID: PMC8901118 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the most important vector-borne disease in the world and a challenge for control programs. In Brazil, 99% of cases occur in the Amazon region. In the extra-Amazonian region, a non-endemic area, epidemiological surveillance focuses on imported malaria and on autochthonous outbreaks, including cases with mild symptoms and low parasitemia acquired in the Atlantic Forest biome. In this scenario, cases are likely to be underreported, since submicroscopic parasitemias are not detected by thick blood smear, considered the reference test. Molecular tests are more sensitive, detecting asymptomatic individuals and mixed infections. The aim of this study was to propose a more efficient alternative to detect asymptomatic individuals living in areas of low malaria endemicity, as they are reservoirs of Plasmodium that maintain transmission locally. In total, 955 blood samples from residents of 16 municipalities with autochthonous malaria outbreaks in the Sao Paulo State were analyzed; 371 samples were collected in EDTA tubes and 584 in filter paper. All samples were initially screened by a genus-specific qPCR targeting ssrRNA genes (limit of detection of 1 parasite/µL). Then, positive samples were subjected to a nested PCR targeting ssrRNA and dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase genes (limit of detection of 10 parasites/µL) to determine Plasmodium species. The results showed a statistically significant difference (K = 0.049; p < 0.0001) between microscopy positivity (6.9%) and qPCR (22.9%) for EDTA-blood samples. Conversely, for samples collected in filter paper, no statistical difference was observed, with 2.6% positivity by thick blood smear and 3.1% for qPCR (K = 0.036; p = 0.7). Samples positive by qPCR were assayed by a species-specific nested PCR that was in turn positive in 26% of samples (16 P. vivax and 4 P. malariae ). The results showed that molecular protocols applied to blood samples from residents in areas with autochthonous transmission of malaria were useful to detect asymptomatic patients who act as a source of transmission. The results showed that the genus-specific qPCR was useful for screening positives, with the subsequent identification of species by nested PCR. Additional improvements, such as standardization of blood plotting on filter paper and a more sensitive protocol for species determination, are essential. The qPCR-based algorithm for screening positives followed by nested PCR will contribute to more efficient control of malaria transmission, offering faster and more sensitive tools to detect asymptomatic Plasmodium reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Maria Di Santi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Secretaria da Saúde de São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Niang M, Sandfort M, Mbodj AF, Diouf B, Talla C, Faye J, Sane R, Thiam LG, Thiam A, Badiane A, Vigan-Womas I, Diagne N, Diene Sarr F, Mueller I, Sokhna C, White M, Toure-Balde A. Fine-scale Spatiotemporal Mapping of Asymptomatic and Clinical Plasmodium falciparum Infections: Epidemiological Evidence for Targeted Malaria Elimination Interventions. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:2175-2183. [PMID: 33677477 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A detailed understanding of the contribution of the asymptomatic Plasmodium reservoir to the occurrence of clinical malaria at individual and community levels is needed to guide effective elimination interventions. This study investigated the relationship between asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum carriage and subsequent clinical malaria episodes in the Dielmo and Ndiop villages in Senegal. METHODS The study used a total of 2792 venous and capillary blood samples obtained from asymptomatic individuals and clinical malaria datasets collected from 2013 to 2016. Mapping, spatial clustering of infections, and risk analysis were performed using georeferenced households. RESULTS High incidences of clinical malaria episodes were observed to occur predominantly in households of asymptomatic P falciparum carriers. A statistically significant association was found between asymptomatic carriage in a household and subsequent episode of clinical malaria occurring in that household for each individual year (P values were 0.0017, 6 × 10-5, 0.005, and 0.008 for the years 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 respectively) and the combined years (P = 8.5 × 10-8), which was not found at the individual level. In both villages, no significant patterns of spatial clustering of P falciparum clinical cases were found, but there was a higher risk of clinical episodes <25 m from asymptomatic individuals in Ndiop attributable to clustering within households. CONCLUSION The findings provide strong epidemiological evidence linking the asymptomatic P falciparum reservoir to clinical malaria episodes at household scale in Dielmo and Ndiop villagers. This argues for a likely success of a mass testing and treatment intervention to move towards the elimination of malaria in the villages of Dielmo and Ndiop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makhtar Niang
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie & Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mirco Sandfort
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites & Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Adja Fatou Mbodj
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie & Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Babacar Diouf
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie & Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Talla
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Pôle Epidémiologie, Recherche Clinique et Science des données, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Joseph Faye
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Pôle Epidémiologie, Recherche Clinique et Science des données, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Rokhaya Sane
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie & Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Laty Gaye Thiam
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie & Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Alassane Thiam
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie & Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Abdoulaye Badiane
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Pôle Epidémiologie, Recherche Clinique et Science des données, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ines Vigan-Womas
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie & Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Fatoumata Diene Sarr
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Pôle Epidémiologie, Recherche Clinique et Science des données, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ivo Mueller
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites & Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- VITROME, Campus international IRD-UCAD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Michael White
- Malaria: Parasites and Hosts Unit, Department of Parasites & Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Aissatou Toure-Balde
- Institut Pasteur Dakar, Pôle Immunophysiopathologie & Maladies Infectieuses, Dakar, Sénégal
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Akindeh NM, Ngum LN, Niba PTN, Ali IM, Ayem OLO, Chedjou JPK, Fomboh CT, Ekollo AHM, Mbu’u CM, Mbacham WF. Assessing Asymptomatic Malaria Carriage of Plasmodium falciparum and Non- falciparum Species in Children Resident in Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8110960. [PMID: 34828673 PMCID: PMC8623063 DOI: 10.3390/children8110960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is still a threat to public health as it remains the first endemic disease in the world. It is a pervasive parasitic disease in tropical and subtropical regions where asymptomatic malaria infection among humans serves as a significant reservoir for transmission. A rapid and correct diagnosis is considered to be an important strategy in the control of the disease especially in children, who are the most vulnerable group. This study assessed the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in children at the Nkolbisson health area in Yaoundé, Cameroon. A cross-sectional study design and a convenience sampling plan were used. A total of 127 participants were recruited after informed and signed consent from parents and/or guardians. Blood samples were collected by finger-pricking and venipuncture from children aged 6 months to 10 years and then screened for asymptomatic parasitemia by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), light microscopy (LM) staining with Giemsa and 18S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for speciation. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. The study identified 85 children who were positive from the PCR, 95 positive from the RDT and 71 from the LM, revealing a malaria prevalence of 66.9%, 74.8% and 55.9%, respectively. The prevalence was not observed to be dependent on the sex and age group of the participants. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species followed by Plasmodium malariae and then Plasmodium ovale. The RDT and LM had the same sensitivity (90.6%) with a slight difference in their specificity (RDT: 57.1%; LM: 54.8%). The RDT also demonstrated higher positive and negative predictive values compared with those of the LM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nji Mbuh Akindeh
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
- Correspondence: (N.M.A.); (W.F.M.); Tel.: +237-675354405 (N.M.A.); +237-677579180 (W.F.M.)
| | - Lesley Ngum Ngum
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
- Institute of Medicine and Medicinal Plants Studies, Dschang 00237, Cameroon
| | - Peter Thelma Ngwa Niba
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
| | - Innocent Mbulli Ali
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang 00237, Cameroon
| | - Ornella Laetitia Oben Ayem
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
| | - Jean Paul Kengne Chedjou
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Calvino Tah Fomboh
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
| | - Aristid Herve Mbange Ekollo
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Institut Universitaire de Technologie, University of Ngoundere, Ngoundere BP 61207, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Mbanwi Mbu’u
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
| | - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
- Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon; (L.N.N.); (P.T.N.N.); (I.M.A.); (O.L.O.A.); (J.P.K.C.); (C.T.F.); (A.H.M.E.); (C.M.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, Messa, Yaoundé P.O. Box 3851, Cameroon
- Correspondence: (N.M.A.); (W.F.M.); Tel.: +237-675354405 (N.M.A.); +237-677579180 (W.F.M.)
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Feleke DG, Alemu Y, Yemanebirhane N. Performance of rapid diagnostic tests, microscopy, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and PCR for malaria diagnosis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 2021; 20:384. [PMID: 34579729 PMCID: PMC8474705 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid accurate diagnosis followed by effective treatment is very important for malaria control. Light microscopy remains the “golden standard” method for malaria diagnosis. Diagnostic test method must have sufficient level of accuracy for detecting malaria parasites. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), microscopy, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the malaria diagnosis in Ethiopia. Methods Data bases such as PubMed, PubMed central, Science direct databases, Google scholar, and Scopus were searched from September to October, 2020 for studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of RDTs, microscopy, LAMP and PCR methods for malaria diagnosis. Results A total of 29 studies published between 2001 and 2020 were analysed using review manager, Midas (Stata) and Meta-disc. The sensitivity and specificity of studies comparing RDT with microscopy varies from 79%–100% to 80%–100%, respectively. The sensitivity of LAMP (731 tests) was 100% and its specificity was varies from 85 to 99% when compared with microscopy and PCR. Considerable heterogeneity was observed between studies included in this meta-analysis. Meta-regression showed that blinding status and target antigens were the major sources of heterogeneity (P < 0.05). RDT had an excellent diagnostic accuracy (Area under the ROC Curve = 0.99) when compared with microscopy. Its specificity was quite good (93%–100%) except for one outlier (28%), but lower “sensitivity” was observed when PCR is a reference test. This indicates RDT had a good diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.83). Microscopy showed a very good diagnostic accuracy when compared with PCR. Conclusions The present study showed that microscopy and RDTs had high efficiency for diagnosing febrile malaria patients. The diagnostic accuracy of RDT was excellent when compared with microscopy. This indicates RDTs have acceptable sensitivities and specificities to be used in resource poor settings as an alternative for microscopy. In this study, LAMP showed an excellent sensitivities and specificities. Furthermore, the need of minimum equipment and relatively short time for obtaining results can made LAMP one of the best alternatives especially for accurate diagnosis of asymptomatic malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Getacher Feleke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Yonas Alemu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Sumbele IUN, Teh RN, Nkeudem GA, Sandie SM, Moyeh MN, Shey RA, Shintouo CM, Ghogomu SM, Batiha GES, Alkazmi L, Kimbi HK. Asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium falciparum infection in children in the Mount Cameroon area: a cross-sectional study on altitudinal influence, haematological parameters and risk factors. Malar J 2021; 20:382. [PMID: 34565353 PMCID: PMC8474836 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Mount Cameroon area has experienced a 57.2% decline in confirmed malaria cases between 2006 and 2013 with the implementation of different control measures but, the disease is still of public health concern. The objective of the study was to assess the burden of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection, altitudinal influence on it, their effect on haematological parameters as well as identify the risk factors of infection. Methodology A cross-sectional community-based survey involving 1319 children of both sexes aged 6 months to 14 years was conducted between July 2017 and May 2018. Malaria parasitaemia was confirmed by Giemsa-stained microscopy, sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection by 18S mRNA using nested PCR and full blood count analysis was done using an auto haematology analyser. Results Malaria parasite, asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection and anaemia were prevalent in 36.4%, 34.0%, 43.8% and 62.3% of the children, respectively. The risk of having sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection was highest in children 5‒9 (OR = 3.13, P < 0.001) and 10‒14 years of age (OR = 8.18, P < 0.001), non-insecticide treated net users (OR = 1.69, P < 0.04) and those anaemic (OR = 9.01, P < 0.001). Children with sub-microscopic infection had a significantly lower mean haemoglobin (9.86 ± 1.7 g/dL, P < 0.001), red blood cell counts (4.48 ± 1.1 × 1012/L, P < 0.001), haematocrit (31.92%, P < 0.001), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (313.25 ± 47.36, P = 0.035) and platelet counts (280.83 ± 112.62, P < 0.001) than their negative counterparts. Children < 5 years old (73.8%), having asymptomatic (69.8%) and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection (78.3%) as well as resident in the middle belt (72.7%) had a higher prevalence of anaemia than their peers. Conclusion The meaningful individual-level heterogeneity in the burden of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infection in addition to its corollary on haematological variables among children in the different attitudinal sites of the Mount Cameroon Region accentuate the need for strategic context specific planning of malaria control and preventative measures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-03916-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ule Ngole Sumbele
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Rene Ning Teh
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Social Economy and Family Management, Higher Technical Teachers' Training College, University of Buea, Kumba, Cameroon
| | - Gillian Asoba Nkeudem
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Social Economy and Family Management, Higher Technical Teachers' Training College, University of Buea, Kumba, Cameroon
| | | | - Marcel Nyuylam Moyeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Robert Adamu Shey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Luay Alkazmi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helen Kuokuo Kimbi
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
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Feufack-Donfack LB, Sarah-Matio EM, Abate LM, Bouopda Tuedom AG, Ngano Bayibéki A, Maffo Ngou C, Toto JC, Sandeu MM, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Ayong L, Awono-Ambene P, Morlais I, Nsango SE. Epidemiological and entomological studies of malaria transmission in Tibati, Adamawa region of Cameroon 6 years following the introduction of long-lasting insecticide nets. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:247. [PMID: 33964974 PMCID: PMC8106832 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Cameroon. Implementation of control interventions requires prior knowledge of the local epidemiological situation. Here we report the results of epidemiological and entomological surveys carried out in Tibati, Adamawa Region, Cameroon, an area where malaria transmission is seasonal, 6 years after the introduction of long-lasting insecticidal bed nets. METHODS Cross-sectional studies were carried out in July 2015 and 2017 in Tibati. Thick blood smears and dried blood spots were collected from asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals in the community and at health centers, respectively, and used for the molecular diagnosis of Plasmodium species. Adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor residual spraying and identified morphologically and molecularly. The infection status of Plasmodium spp. was determined by quantitative PCR, and positivity of PCR-positive samples was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Overall malaria prevalence in our study population was 55.0% (752/1367) and Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent parasite species (94.3%), followed by P. malariae (17.7%) and P. ovale (0.8%); 92 (12.7%) infections were mixed infections. Infection parameters varied according to clinical status (symptomatic/asymptomatic) and age of the sampled population and the collection sites. Infection prevalence was higher in asymptomatic carriers (60.8%), but asexual and sexual parasite densities were lower. Prevalence and intensity of infection decreased with age in both the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Heterogeneity in infections was observed at the neighborhood level, revealing hotspots of transmission. Among the 592 Anopheles mosquitoes collected, 212 (35.8%) were An. gambiae, 172 (29.1%) were An. coluzzii and 208 (35.1%) were An. funestus (s.s.). A total of 26 (4.39%) mosquito specimens were infected by Plasmodium sp. and the three Anopheles mosquitoes transmitted Plasmodium at equal efficiency. Surprisingly, we found an An. coluzzii specimen infected by Plasmodium vivax, which confirms circulation of this species in Cameroon. The positivity of all 26 PCR-positive Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes was successively confirmed by sequencing analysis. CONCLUSION Our study presents the baseline malaria parasite burden in Tibati, Adamawa Region, Cameroon. Our results highlight the high malaria endemicity in the area, and hotspots of disease transmission are identified. Parasitological indices suggest low bednet usage and that implementation of control interventions in the area is needed to reduce malaria burden. We also report for the first time a mosquito vector with naturally acquired P. vivax infection in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Brice Feufack-Donfack
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- CNRS UPR 9022, Inserm U 963, Université de Strasbourg, 2, allée Konrad Roentgen, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Elangwe Milo Sarah-Matio
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Marcel Abate
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Aline Gaelle Bouopda Tuedom
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de l’Université de Douala (FMSP–UD), BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Albert Ngano Bayibéki
- Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé-Campus Messa, BP 1110, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Christelle Maffo Ngou
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Claude Toto
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, BP 288, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Marcel Sandeu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaounde, 13591 Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, PO Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de l’Université de Douala (FMSP–UD), BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, BP 288, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Eveline Nsango
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de l’Université de Douala (FMSP–UD), BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
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Subussa BW, Eshetu T, Degefa T, Ali MM. Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection and associated factors among pregnant women in the Merti district, Oromia, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248074. [PMID: 33765017 PMCID: PMC7993780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection (API) that occurs during pregnancy increases the risk of stillbirths, abortion, premature delivery, and low birth weight. API also hinders the control and prevention of malaria as infected hosts serve as silent reservoirs for transmission of Plasmodium species in the community. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of API and associated factors among pregnant women. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Merti district, Oromia, Ethiopia among 364 pregnant women from March to September 2018. METHODS Sociodemographic and obstetrics features were collected using a structured questionnaire. About 2ml of blood was collected from participants to detect Plasmodium species, gametocyte carriage rate, parasite density, and anemia. RESULTS The prevalence of API among pregnant women was 3.6%. The proportion of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax was 6(46.2%) and 7(53.8%) respectively. Out of 13 Plasmodium species identified, Gametocyte carriage rate was 4(30.7%). The geometric mean density of the asexual stage of the parasites was 994.7(interquartile [IQR], 320 to 2200) parasites/ul. The geometric mean gametocyte density was 303.3 (interquartile range [IQR], 160 to 600). The proportion of anemia among Plasmodium-infected participants was 12(92.3%). Previous infection by Plasmodium species (AOR = 5.42; 95% CI: 1.19-29.03, p = 0.047), lack of insecticide-treated bed net use (AOR = 6.52; 95% CI: 1.17-36.44, p = 0.032), and living close to stagnant water (AOR = 4.18; 95% CI (1.12-17.36, p = 0.049) were significantly associated with API. Anemia was significantly higher among Plasmodium-infected than non-infected pregnant women (x2 = 27.62, p <0.001). CONCLUSION In the current study, a relatively high prevalence of API was detected among pregnant women. Identifying API in the community is important to prevent the unwanted outcomes of Plasmodium infection and its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Wake Subussa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Arsi University, Assella, Ethiopia
| | - Teferi Eshetu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Degefa
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Musa Mohammed Ali
- Schools of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Hailemeskel E, Tebeje SK, Behaksra SW, Shumie G, Shitaye G, Keffale M, Chali W, Gashaw A, Ashine T, Drakeley C, Bousema T, Gadisa E, Tadesse FG. The epidemiology and detectability of asymptomatic plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum infections in low, moderate and high transmission settings in Ethiopia. Malar J 2021; 20:59. [PMID: 33482841 PMCID: PMC7821398 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As countries move to malaria elimination, detecting and targeting asymptomatic malaria infections might be needed. Here, the epidemiology and detectability of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections were investigated in different transmission settings in Ethiopia. METHOD A total of 1093 dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected from afebrile and apparently healthy individuals across ten study sites in Ethiopia from 2016 to 2020. Of these, 862 were from community and 231 from school based cross-sectional surveys. Malaria infection status was determined by microscopy or rapid diagnostics tests (RDT) and 18S rRNA-based nested PCR (nPCR). The annual parasite index (API) was used to classify endemicity as low (API > 0 and < 5), moderate (API ≥ 5 and < 100) and high transmission (API ≥ 100) and detectability of infections was assessed in these settings. RESULTS In community surveys, the overall prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections by microscopy/RDT, nPCR and all methods combined was 12.2% (105/860), 21.6% (183/846) and 24.1% (208/862), respectively. The proportion of nPCR positive infections that was detectable by microscopy/RDT was 48.7% (73/150) for P. falciparum and 4.6% (2/44) for P. vivax. Compared to low transmission settings, the likelihood of detecting infections by microscopy/RDT was increased in moderate (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.4; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.6-7.2, P = 0.002) and high endemic settings (AOR = 5.1; 95% CI 2.6-9.9, P < 0.001). After adjustment for site and correlation between observations from the same survey, the likelihood of detecting asymptomatic infections by microscopy/RDT (AOR per year increase = 0.95, 95% CI 0.9-1.0, P = 0.013) declined with age. CONCLUSIONS Conventional diagnostics missed nearly half of the asymptomatic Plasmodium reservoir detected by nPCR. The detectability of infections was particularly low in older age groups and low transmission settings. These findings highlight the need for sensitive diagnostic tools to detect the entire parasite reservoir and potential infection transmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Wollo University, PO Box, 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Surafel K Tebeje
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sinknesh W Behaksra
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Shumie
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getasew Shitaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Migbaru Keffale
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wakweya Chali
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abrham Gashaw
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Ashine
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box, 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Minwuyelet A, Eshetu T, Milikit D, Aschale Y. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Plasmodium Infection in Gondar Zuria District, Northwest Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3969-3975. [PMID: 33177847 PMCID: PMC7649210 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s278932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the major public health problems worldwide. In Ethiopia, an increase in malaria incidence may be attributed to the presence of community-wide asymptomatic Plasmodium infection. This study aims to assess asymptomatic Plasmodium infection and associated factors in Gondar Zuria district, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar Zuria district from May to June 2019. Angacha and Hamsafeg villages were randomly selected from Tachtseda and Hamsafeg kebeles, respectively. Fifty-three (53) households were selected using systematic random sampling to recruit a total of 251 study participants. Sociodemographic data were collected using structured questionnaires. Thin and thick blood films were prepared and examined for evidence of parasites. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 23. The association between dependent (asymptomatic Plasmodium infection) and independent (sex, age group, family size and previous history of malaria) variables was explored using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Statistically significant association was declared at a P-value of <0.05. Results A total of 251 individuals were tested, of whom 53.4% were females and 33.5% were above the age of 30 years. The prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection was 12%. The highest prevalence of malaria was observed in females (6.4%) and among the age group 15–29 years (4.4%). The majority (70%) of study participants had <500 parasites/μL of blood. A high parasitemia level (ie ≥1000 parasites/μL of blood) was observed in the age group 15–29 years. Age group, bed net usage and previous history of malaria were significantly associated with asymptomatic Plasmodium infection (P<0.05). Conclusion Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection remains an important public health problem in the study area. Further studies using more sensitive diagnostic methods are required to scale up the eradication and control program of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awoke Minwuyelet
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tegegne Eshetu
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnaneh Milikit
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Zerdo Z, Bastiaens H, Anthierens S, Massebo F, Masne M, Biresaw G, Shewangizaw M, Tunje A, Chisha Y, Yohannes T, Van Geertruyden JP. Long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net ownership, utilization and associated factors among school-age children in Dara Mallo and Uba Debretsehay districts, Southern Ethiopia. Malar J 2020; 19:369. [PMID: 33059669 PMCID: PMC7559455 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among school-age children (SAC) in sub-Saharan Africa. SAC account for more than 60% of the reservoir of malaria transmission, but they are given less emphasis in prioritizing malaria prevention interventions. This study was aimed at assessing the ownership of long-lasting insecticide treated bed nets (LLINs), its utilization and factors associated with ownership of LLINs by households and LLINs utilization among SAC in malaria-prone areas of Dara Mallo and Uba Debretsehay districts in Southern Ethiopia, October to December 2019. Methods This study is part of a baseline assessment in a cluster-randomized controlled trial. The data was collected through interview and observation, following a structured questionnaire, of 2261 SAC households. Univariable and multivariable multilevel logistic regressions were used to assess the association between LLINs ownership and utilization and potential predictor variables. Odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to determine the strength and statistical significance of association. Results The ownership of at least one LLIN by households of SAC was about 19.3% (95% CI 17.7–21.0%) but only 10.3% % (95% CI 7.7–13.7%) of these households had adequate access of bed nets to the household members. Ownership of bed net was marginally affected by living in semi-urban area (adjusted OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.0–6.9) and occupational status of the household head being a civil servant (adjusted OR = 2.7; 95% CI 0.9–7.9). About 7.8% (95% CI 6.7–10.0%) of all SAC participated in the study and 40.4% (95% CI 57.4–66.7%) of children in households owning at least one LLIN passed the previous night under LLIN. LLIN utilization by SAC conditional to presence of at least one net in the household was significantly correlated with education level of mother above grade 6 (adjusted OR = 3.4; 95% CI 1.3–9.3) and the household size to bed net ratio less than or equal to 2 (adjusted OR = 20.7; 95% CI 4.7–132.5). Conclusion Ownership of bed net was lower than universal coverage of at least one bed net for two individuals. It is important to monitor replacement needs and educate mothers with low education level with their SAC on the benefit of consistent utilization of bed nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun Zerdo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia. .,Global Health Institute, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Hilde Bastiaens
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sibyl Anthierens
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fekadu Massebo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Matewos Masne
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Gelila Biresaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Misgun Shewangizaw
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Abayneh Tunje
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Yilma Chisha
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Yohannes
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Girma S, Cheaveau J, Mohon AN, Marasinghe D, Legese R, Balasingam N, Abera A, Feleke SM, Golassa L, Pillai DR. Prevalence and Epidemiological Characteristics of Asymptomatic Malaria Based on Ultrasensitive Diagnostics: A Cross-sectional Study. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:1003-1010. [PMID: 30475992 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the global public-health objectives for malaria evolve from malaria control towards malaria elimination, there is increasing interest in the significance of asymptomatic infections and the optimal diagnostic test to identify them. METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional study of asymptomatic individuals (N = 562) to determine the epidemiological characteristics associated with asymptomatic malaria. Participants were tested by rapid diagnostic tests (CareStart, Standard Diagnostics [SD] Bioline, and Alere ultrasensitive RDT [uRDT]), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to determine malaria positivity. Hemoglobin values were recorded, and anemia was defined as a binary variable, according to World Health Organization guidelines. RESULTS Compared to reference qRT-PCR, LAMP had the highest sensitivity (92.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 86.4-96.5), followed by uRDT Alere Malaria (33.9%, 95% CI 25.5-43.1), CareStart Malaria (14.1%, 95% CI 8.4-21.5), microscopy (5.0%, 95% CI 1.8-10.5), and SD Bioline (5.0%, 95% CI 1.8-10.5). For Plasmodium falciparum specimens only, the sensitivity for uRDT Alere Malaria was 50.0% (95% CI 38.8-61.3) and SD Bioline was 7.3% (95% CI 2.7-15.3). Based on multivariate regression analysis with qRT-PCR as the gold standard, for every 3.2% increase in the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria, hemoglobin decreased by 1 gram per deciliter (prevalence ratio 0.968, 95% CI 0.940-0.997; P = .032). Deletions (4.8%) in hrp2 were noted. CONCLUSIONS While uRDT Alere Malaria has superior sensitivity to rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy in detecting asymptomatic malaria, LAMP is superior still. Ultrasensitive diagnostics provide the accurate prevalence estimates of asymptomatic malaria required for elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seble Girma
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.,Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - James Cheaveau
- Clinical Section of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, Alberta.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta
| | - Abu Naser Mohon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta
| | - Dewdunee Marasinghe
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Ruth Legese
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta
| | - Nirujah Balasingam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta
| | - Adugna Abera
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Sindew M Feleke
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Dylan R Pillai
- Clinical Section of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, Alberta.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Alberta.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Feleke DG, Adamu A, Gebreweld A, Tesfaye M, Demisiss W, Molla G. Asymptomatic malaria infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in malaria endemic areas of North-Shoa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Malar J 2020; 19:67. [PMID: 32046733 PMCID: PMC7014710 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-3152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effort to reduce the burden of malaria should target transmission in the community by accurate identification of asymptomatic infections. In malaria-endemic areas, asymptomatic malaria infection is still associated with complications. Malaria during pregnancy is characterized by anaemia and placental malaria, leading to low birth weight and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to provide reliable data on the burden of asymptomatic malaria among pregnant women in malaria endemic areas of North-Shoa, Ethiopia. Methods Cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence and predictors of asymptomatic malaria in pregnant women from November 2018 to January 2019. Multistage sampling technique was employed to include 263 study participants. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20.0 statistical software. In all comparisons, p-values ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection was 5.7% (15/263) and 3.4% (9/263) by using microscopy and RDTs, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum was a dominant species 9 (3.4%) and Plasmodium vivax accounted for 6 (2.3%) of Plasmodium infections as detected by microscopy. Multivariate analysis showed that ITN usage and haemoglobin level had a statistically significant association with Plasmodium infection after adjusting other possible factors. Compared to those who were using ITN always, the odds of Plasmodium infection was 18.16 times higher (95% CI 1.84–179.07) in pregnant women who were not using ITN, and 5.19 times higher (95% CI 0.55–49.21) in pregnant women who were using ITN sometimes. Asymptomatic malaria infected pregnant women were 3.78 times (95% CI 0.98–14.58) more likely to be anaemic compared to non-infected pregnant women. Conclusion The present study showed asymptomatic malaria is prevalent in pregnant women and it has statistically significance association with the haemoglobin level of pregnant women. This indicates pregnant women have to be screened for asymptomatic malaria to avoid health consequences of malaria infection during pregnancy for the mother and fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Getacher Feleke
- Departmentof Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
| | - Aderaw Adamu
- Departmentof Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Angesom Gebreweld
- Departmentof Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Melkam Tesfaye
- Departmentof Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Wondmagegn Demisiss
- Departmentof Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Genet Molla
- Departmentof Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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Surendra H, Supargiyono, Ahmad RA, Kusumasari RA, Rahayujati TB, Damayanti SY, Tetteh KKA, Chitnis C, Stresman G, Cook J, Drakeley C. Using health facility-based serological surveillance to predict receptive areas at risk of malaria outbreaks in elimination areas. BMC Med 2020; 18:9. [PMID: 31987052 PMCID: PMC6986103 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to improve malaria burden estimates in low transmission settings, more sensitive tools and efficient sampling strategies are required. This study evaluated the use of serological measures from repeated health facility-based cross-sectional surveys to investigate Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax transmission dynamics in an area nearing elimination in Indonesia. METHODS Quarterly surveys were conducted in eight public health facilities in Kulon Progo District, Indonesia, from May 2017 to April 2018. Demographic data were collected from all clinic patients and their companions, with household coordinates collected using participatory mapping methods. In addition to standard microscopy tests, bead-based serological assays were performed on finger-prick bloodspot samples from 9453 people. Seroconversion rates (SCR, i.e. the proportion of people in the population who are expected to seroconvert per year) were estimated by fitting a simple reversible catalytic model to seroprevalence data. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with malaria exposure, and spatial analysis was performed to identify areas with clustering of high antibody responses. RESULTS Parasite prevalence by microscopy was extremely low (0.06% (95% confidence interval 0.03-0.14, n = 6) and 0 for P. vivax and P. falciparum, respectively). However, spatial analysis of P. vivax antibody responses identified high-risk areas that were subsequently the site of a P. vivax outbreak in August 2017 (62 cases detected through passive and reactive detection systems). These areas overlapped with P. falciparum high-risk areas and were detected in each survey. General low transmission was confirmed by the SCR estimated from a pool of the four surveys in people aged 15 years old and under (0.020 (95% confidence interval 0.017-0.024) and 0.005 (95% confidence interval 0.003-0.008) for P. vivax and P. falciparum, respectively). The SCR estimates in those over 15 years old were 0.066 (95% confidence interval 0.041-0.105) and 0.032 (95% confidence interval 0.015-0.069) for P. vivax and P. falciparum, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the potential use of health facility-based serological surveillance to better identify and target areas still receptive to malaria in an elimination setting. Further implementation research is needed to enable integration of these methods with existing surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Surendra
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Medika, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia
| | - Supargiyono
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Medika, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia
| | - Riris A. Ahmad
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Medika, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia
| | - Rizqiani A. Kusumasari
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Medika, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia
| | | | - Siska Y. Damayanti
- District Health Office of Kulon Progo, Jln. Suparman No 1, Wates, 55611 Indonesia
| | - Kevin K. A. Tetteh
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | | | - Gillian Stresman
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Jackie Cook
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT UK
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Wangchuk S, Gyeltshen S, Dorji K, Wangdi T, Dukpa T, Namgay R, Dorjee S, Tobgay T, Chaijaroenkul W, Na-Bangchang K. Malaria elimination in Bhutan: asymptomatic malaria cases in the Bhutanese population living in malaria-risk areas and in migrant workers from India. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019; 61:e52. [PMID: 31531630 PMCID: PMC6746194 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, Bhutan reported 54 cases of malaria, of which six were indigenous, 14 introduced and 34 imported. Considering the continuous reduction in the number of indigenous cases, Bhutan plans to eliminate malaria by 2025 under the Bhutan Malaria Elimination Strategy. The study was conducted to assess the presence of asymptomatic plasmodial infection in both, Bhutanese population living in malaria-risk areas and in migrant workers to guide the elimination strategies. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2016 in 750 Bhutanese people and 473 migrant workers. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections were investigated by using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Prevalence of asymptomatic plasmodial infection based on PCR was 0.27% (95% CI: 0.05–1.07%) among Bhutanese people with a mean age of 43 years old. The proportions of males and females were 45% and 55%, respectively. Among migrant workers, the prevalence of asymptomatic plasmodial infection was 0.42% (95% CI: 0.07–1.69%) with a mean age of 30 years old. The majority of migrant workers were from the neighboring Indian State of West Bengal (57.51%), followed by Assam (12.26%). RDT in both study groups did not detect any plasmodial infection. The presence of a low prevalence of asymptomatic plasmodial infection indicates that the current elimination strategies and interventions are effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Wangchuk
- Bhutan Ministry of Health, Royal Center for Disease Control, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Sonam Gyeltshen
- Bhutan Ministry of Health, Royal Center for Disease Control, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Kunzang Dorji
- Bhutan Ministry of Health, Royal Center for Disease Control, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Tenzin Wangdi
- Bhutan Ministry of Health, Department of Public Health, Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Tobgyel Dukpa
- Bhutan Ministry of Health, Department of Public Health, Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Rinzin Namgay
- Bhutan Ministry of Health, Department of Public Health, Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Sithar Dorjee
- Bhutan Agriculture and Food Regulatory Authority, Thimphu, Bhutan.,Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Science, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Tashi Tobgay
- Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Science, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Wanna Chaijaroenkul
- Thammasat University, Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Thammasat University, Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Low genetic diversity and complexity of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections among febrile patients in low transmission areas in Senegal. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215755. [PMID: 31022221 PMCID: PMC6483351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Submicroscopic Plasmodium infections are common in malaria endemic countries, but very little studies have been done in Senegal. This study investigates the genetic diversity and complexity of submicroscopic P. falciparum infections among febrile patients in low transmission areas in Senegal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hundred and fifty blood samples were collected from febrile individuals living in Dielmo and Ndiop (Senegal) between August 2014 and January 2015, tested for microscopic and sub-microscopic P. falciparum infections and characterized for their genetic diversity and complexity of infections using msp-1 and msp-2 genotyping. RESULTS Submicroscopic P. falciparum infections were 19.6% and 25% in Dielmo and Ndiop, respectively. K1 and 3D7 were the predominant msp-1 and msp-2 allelic types with respective frequencies of 67.36% and 67.10% in microscopic isolates and 58.24% and 78% in submicroscopic ones. Frequencies of msp-1 allelic types were statistically comparable between the studied groups (p>0.05), and were respectively 93.54% vs 87.5% for K1, 60% vs 54.83% for MAD20 and 41.93% vs 22.5% for RO33 while frequencies of msp-2 allelic types were significantly highest in the microscopy group for FC27 (41.93% vs 10%, Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.001) and 3D7 (61.29% vs 32.5%, Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.02). Multiplicities of infection were lowest in submicroscopic P. falciparum isolates. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed a high submicroscopic P. falciparum carriage among patients in the study areas, and that submicroscopic P. falciparum isolates had a lower genetic diversity and complexity of malaria infections.
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Gari T, Lindtjørn B. Reshaping the vector control strategy for malaria elimination in Ethiopia in the context of current evidence and new tools: opportunities and challenges. Malar J 2018; 17:454. [PMID: 30518395 PMCID: PMC6282332 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The core vector control measures, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), reduce the risk of malaria infection by targeting indoor biting mosquitoes. These two interventions are found to be effective in malaria control, but not sufficient to eliminate malaria. The main challenges with LLINs and IRS are insecticide resistance, misuse of the interventions, host behaviour, such as staying out-door during early night or sleeping outdoor without using protective measures, and vector behaviour including feeding on bovine blood, outdoor biting and outdoor resting. Therefore, for complete interruption of malaria transmission in a defined area there is a need to consider a variety of interventions that can help prevent out-door as well as indoor malaria transmission. In Ethiopia, to achieve the malaria elimination goal, a mix of vector control tools, such as intensifying the use of LLINs and IRS, and supplemented by use of ivermectin administration, zooprophylaxis, odour-baited mosquito trapping, improving housing and larva control measures tailored to the local situation of malaria transmission, may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taye Gari
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Plasmodium genomics: an approach for learning about and ending human malaria. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:1-27. [PMID: 30402656 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Malaria causes high levels of morbidity and mortality in human beings worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about half a million people die of this disease each year. Malaria is caused by six species of parasites belonging to the Plasmodium genus: P. falciparum, P. knowlesi, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale curtisi, and P. ovale wallikeri. Currently, malaria is being kept under control with varying levels of elimination success in different countries. The development of new molecular tools as well as the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and novel bioinformatic approaches has improved our knowledge of malarial epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, vaccine development, and surveillance strategies. In this work, the genetics and genomics of human malarias have been analyzed. Since the first P. falciparum genome was sequenced in 2002, various population-level genetic and genomic surveys, together with transcriptomic and proteomic studies, have shown the importance of molecular approaches in supporting malaria elimination.
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Aschale Y, Mengist A, Bitew A, Kassie B, Talie A. Prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors among asymptomatic migrant laborers in West Armachiho District, Northwest Ethiopia. Res Rep Trop Med 2018; 9:95-101. [PMID: 30050360 PMCID: PMC6047623 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s165260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a febrile illness caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries and becomes a challenge to a highly endemic area of Africa including Ethiopia. The West Armachiho district is a malaria-endemic lowland area where communities are experiencing hyperendemic malaria transmission. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malaria and the associated risk factors among asymptomatic migrant laborers in the West Armachiho district, Northwest Ethiopia. Materials and methods Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2016 on 385 migrant laborers selected by proportionate two-stage sampling method in Agricultural camps of the West Armachiho district. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and risk factors. Capillary blood was collected for Giemsa-stained blood film examination to detect and identify Plasmodium parasites. Data were coded, entered, checked for completeness, and analyzed using SPSS version-20 statistical software. Multivariate logistic regression was used to asses significantly associated risk factors. A P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The prevalence of malaria was found to be 18.4% (n=71). Education level, home area or origin of migrant laborers, number of visits, outdoor sleeping, and bed net utilization were associated with the risk of malaria (P<0.05). Conclusion Malaria was high in this study area and associated with outdoor sleeping, number of visits, home area, and bed net utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, DebreMarkos, Ethiopia,
| | - Abeba Mengist
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, DebreMarkos, Ethiopia
| | - Abebaw Bitew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, DebreMarkos, Ethiopia
| | - Bekalu Kassie
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, DebreMarkos, Ethiopia
| | - Asmare Talie
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, DebreMarkos University, DebreMarkos, Ethiopia
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Gari T, Loha E, Deressa W, Solomon T, Lindtjørn B. Malaria increased the risk of stunting and wasting among young children in Ethiopia: Results of a cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190983. [PMID: 29324840 PMCID: PMC5764317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given the high prevalence of malnutrition in a malaria-endemic setting, improving nutritional status could serve as a tool to prevent malaria. However, the relationship between the two conditions remains unclear. Therefore, this study assessed the association between under-nutrition and malaria among a cohort of children aged 6 to 59 months old. METHODS Two cohorts of children were followed for 89 weeks in a rural Rift Valley area of Ethiopia. In the first approach (malaria-malnutrition), a cohort of 2,330 non-stunted and 4,204 non-wasted children were included to assess under-nutrition (outcome) based on their previous malaria status (exposure). In the second approach (malnutrition-malaria), a cohort of 4,468 children were followed-up to measure malaria (outcome), taking under-nutrition as an exposure. A weekly home visit was carried out to identify malaria cases. Four anthropometry surveys were conducted, and generalized estimating equation (GEE) method was used to measure the association between undernutrition and malaria. RESULTS The prevalence of stunting was 44.9% in December 2014, 51.5% in August 2015, 50.7% in December 2015 and 48.1% in August 2016. We observed 103 cases with 118 episodes of malaria, 684 new stunting and 239 new wasting cases. The incidence rate per 10,000 weeks of observation was 3.8 for malaria, 50.4 for stunting and 8.2 for wasting. Children with malaria infection, [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.9; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.2-2.9)] and younger age (AOR = 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.5) were more likely to be stunted. Furthermore, children with malaria infection (AOR = 8.5; 95% CI, 5.0-14.5) and young age group (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.1) were more likely to be wasted. However, stunting and wasting were not risk factors of subsequent malaria illness. CONCLUSIONS Malaria infection was a risk factor for stunting and wasting, but stunting or wasting was not associated with subsequent malaria illness. As our study shows that malaria is a risk factor for stunting and wasting, a close follow-up of the nutritional status of such children may be needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION PACT R2014 11000 882128 (8 September 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taye Gari
- School of Public and Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eskindir Loha
- School of Public and Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tarekegn Solomon
- School of Public and Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Lima GF, Arroyo Sanchez MC, Levi JE, Fujimori M, da Cruz Caramelo L, Sanchez AR, Ramos-Sanchez EM, Inoue J, de Jesus Costa-Nascimento M, Mendrone A, Di Santi SM. Asymptomatic infections in blood donors harbouring Plasmodium: an invisible risk detected by molecular and serological tools. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2018; 16:17-25. [PMID: 27893347 PMCID: PMC5770310 DOI: 10.2450/2016.0118-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion-transmitted malaria due to asymptomatic Plasmodium infections is a challenge for blood banks. There is a lack of data on the prevalence of asymptomatic infected blood donors and the incidence of transfusion-transmitted malaria in low endemicity areas worldwide. We estimated the frequency of blood donors harbouring Plasmodium in an area in which asymptomatic infections have been reported. MATERIAL AND METHODS To estimate the frequency of blood donors harbouring Plasmodium we used microscopy and molecular tools. Serological tests were applied to measure the exposure of candidates to Plasmodium antigens. Venous blood was collected from 91 candidates attending the "Pró-Sangue" Blood Centre Foundation in São Paulo, who lived in the municipality of Juquitiba, São Paulo, Brazil, where sporadic autochthonous cases of malaria have been described. Blood samples were used for parasitological, molecular and serological studies. RESULTS Among the 91 samples examined, rare Plasmodium forms were observed in two donors. Genus real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated Plasmodium amplification in three candidates and species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction identified P. malariae in two. ELISA-IgG was reactive in 42.9% of samples for P. vivax (Pv-MSP119) and in 6.6% for P. falciparum (Pf-Zw). ELISA-IgM was reactive in 2.2% of samples for P. vivax and in 4.4% for P. falciparum. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was reactive for P. malariae in 15.4% of cases. DISCUSSION Reservoirs of Plasmodium represent a challenge for blood banks, since studies have shown that high levels of submicroscopic infections can occur in low transmission areas. The risk of transfusion-transmitted malaria presented here points to the need to conduct molecular investigations of candidate donors with any positive malarial antibody test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José E. Levi
- ”Pró-Sangue” Blood Centre Foundation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mahyumi Fujimori
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Juliana Inoue
- Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvia M. Di Santi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Epidemic Disease Control Unit, São Paulo, Brazil
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Plasmodium Detection and Differentiation by Direct-on-Blood PCR Nucleic Acid Lateral Flow Immunoassay. J Mol Diagn 2018; 20:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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The detection of cryptic Plasmodium infection among villagers in Attapeu province, Lao PDR. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006148. [PMID: 29261647 PMCID: PMC5754130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the malaria burden in the Lao PDR has gradually decreased, the elimination of malaria by 2030 presents many challenges. Microscopy and malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are used to diagnose malaria in the Lao PDR; however, some studies have reported the prevalence of sub-microscopic Plasmodium infections or asymptomatic Plasmodium carriers in endemic areas. Thus, highly sensitive detection methods are needed to understand the precise malaria situation in these areas. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cross-sectional malaria field survey was conducted in 3 highly endemic malaria districts (Xaysetha, Sanamxay, Phouvong) in Attapeu province, Lao PDR in 2015, to investigate the precise malaria endemicity in the area; 719 volunteers from these villages participated in the survey. Microscopy, RDTs and a real-time nested PCR were used to detect Plasmodium infections and their results were compared. A questionnaire survey of all participants was also conducted to estimate risk factors of Plasmodium infection. Numbers of infections detected by the three methods were microscopy: P. falciparum (n = 1), P. vivax (n = 2); RDTs: P. falciparum (n = 2), P. vivax (n = 3); PCR: Plasmodium (n = 47; P. falciparum [n = 4], P. vivax [n = 41], mixed infection [n = 2]; 6.5%, 47/719). Using PCR as a reference, the sensitivity and specificity of microscopy were 33.3% and 100.0%, respectively, for detecting P. falciparum infection, and 7.0% and 100.0%, for detecting P. vivax infection. Among the 47 participants with parasitemia, only one had a fever (≥37.5°C) and 31 (66.0%) were adult males. Risk factors of Plasmodium infection were males and soldiers, whereas a risk factor of asymptomatic Plasmodium infection was a history of ≥3 malaria episodes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE There were many asymptomatic Plasmodium carriers in the study areas of Attapeu province in 2015. Adult males, probably soldiers, were at high risk for malaria infection. P. vivax, the dominant species, accounted for 87.2% of the Plasmodium infections among the participants. To achieve malaria elimination in the Lao PDR, highly sensitive diagnostic tests, including PCR-based diagnostic methods should be used, and plans targeting high-risk populations and elimination of P. vivax should be designed and implemented.
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Carrasco-Escobar G, Gamboa D, Castro MC, Bangdiwala SI, Rodriguez H, Contreras-Mancilla J, Alava F, Speybroeck N, Lescano AG, Vinetz JM, Rosas-Aguirre A, Llanos-Cuentas A. Micro-epidemiology and spatial heterogeneity of P. vivax parasitaemia in riverine communities of the Peruvian Amazon: A multilevel analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8082. [PMID: 28808240 PMCID: PMC5556029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria has steadily increased in the Peruvian Amazon over the last five years. This study aimed to determine the parasite prevalence and micro-geographical heterogeneity of Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia in communities of the Peruvian Amazon. Four cross-sectional active case detection surveys were conducted between May and July 2015 in four riverine communities in Mazan district. Analysis of 2785 samples of 820 individuals nested within 154 households for Plasmodium parasitaemia was carried out using light microscopy and qPCR. The spatio-temporal distribution of Plasmodium parasitaemia, dominated by P. vivax, was shown to cluster at both household and community levels. Of enrolled individuals, 47% had at least one P. vivax parasitaemia and 10% P. falciparum, by qPCR, both of which were predominantly sub-microscopic and asymptomatic. Spatial analysis detected significant clustering in three communities. Our findings showed that communities at small-to-moderate spatial scales differed in P. vivax parasite prevalence, and multilevel Poisson regression models showed that such differences were influenced by factors such as age, education, and location of households within high-risk clusters, as well as factors linked to a local micro-geographic context, such as travel and occupation. Complex transmission patterns were found to be related to human mobility among communities in the same micro-basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacióny Desarrollo, Facultad de Cienciasy Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
- Facultad de Salud Públicay Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacióny Desarrollo, Facultad de Cienciasy Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celularesy Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Juan Contreras-Mancilla
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacióny Desarrollo, Facultad de Cienciasy Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Niko Speybroeck
- Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andres G Lescano
- Facultad de Salud Públicay Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celularesy Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Angel Rosas-Aguirre
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Research Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Facultad de Salud Públicay Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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Niang M, Thiam LG, Sane R, Diagne N, Talla C, Doucoure S, Faye J, Diop F, Badiane A, Diouf B, Camara D, Diene-Sarr F, Sokhna C, Richard V, Toure-Balde A. Substantial asymptomatic submicroscopic Plasmodium carriage during dry season in low transmission areas in Senegal: Implications for malaria control and elimination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182189. [PMID: 28771615 PMCID: PMC5542561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the progress towards malaria elimination, the accurate diagnosis of low-density asymptomatic infections is critical. Low-density asymptomatic submicroscopic malaria infections may act as silent reservoirs that maintain low-level residual malaria transmission in the community. Light microscopy, the gold standard in malaria diagnosis lacks the sensitivity to detect low-level parasitaemia. In this study, the presence and prevalence of submicroscopic Plasmodium carriage were investigated to estimate the parasites reservoir among asymptomatic individuals living in low transmission areas in Dielmo and Ndiop, Senegal during the dry season. Methods A total of 2,037 blood samples were collected during cross-sectional surveys prior the malaria transmission season in July 2013 (N = 612), June 2014 (N = 723) and June 2015 (N = 702) from asymptomatic individuals living in Dielmo and Ndiop, Senegal. Samples were used to determine the prevalence of submicroscopic Plasmodium carriage by real time PCR (qPCR) in comparison to microscopy considered as gold standard. Results The prevalence of submicroscopic Plasmodium carriage was 3.75% (23/612), 12.44% (90/723) and 6.41% (45/702) in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. No Plasmodium carriage was detected by microscopy in 2013 while microscopy-based prevalence of Plasmodium carriage accounted for only 0.27% (2/723) and 0.14% (1/702) in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum accounted for the majority of submicroscopic infections and represented 86.95% (20/23), 81.11% (73/90) and 95.55 (43/45) of infections in 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively. Conclusion Low-density submicroscopic asymptomatic Plasmodium carriage is common in the study areas during the dry season indicating that traditional measures are insufficient to assess the scale of parasite reservoir when transmission reaches very low level. Control and elimination strategies may wish to consider using molecular methods to identify parasites carriers to guide Mass screening and Treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makhtar Niang
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Rokhaya Sane
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Nafissatou Diagne
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, URMITE, URMITE UMR 198, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Talla
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Souleymane Doucoure
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, URMITE, URMITE UMR 198, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Joseph Faye
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Fode Diop
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Babacar Diouf
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Diogop Camara
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Cheikh Sokhna
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, URMITE, URMITE UMR 198, Dakar, Sénégal
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Sumari D, Mwingira F, Selemani M, Mugasa J, Mugittu K, Gwakisa P. Malaria prevalence in asymptomatic and symptomatic children in Kiwangwa, Bagamoyo district, Tanzania. Malar J 2017; 16:222. [PMID: 28545457 PMCID: PMC5445421 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria prevalence continues to decline across sub-Saharan Africa as a result of various intervention strategies. However, the diseases still poses a public health concern in the region. While symptomatic malaria is recognized and treated, asymptomatic infections become increasingly important for interrupting transmission. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess malaria prevalence in symptomatic and asymptomatic children in Kiwangwa ward in Bagamoyo District in Tanzania. METHODS Four hundred school-aged children in Kiwanga ward were recruited in the study; 200 from Kiwangwa dispensary and 200 from nearby schools. Primary health parameters were examined and blood samples collected and examined for Plasmodium falciparum prevalence using rapid diagnostic test (RDT), light microscopy (LM) and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) targeting transcripts of A-type 18s rRNA of P. falciparum. Gametocytes were detected by LM and RT-qPCR targeting transcripts of gametocyte specific marker, Pfs25. RESULTS Overall P. falciparum prevalence was 73.3, 40.8 and 36.3% by RT-qPCR, RDT and LM in the study area, respectively (P < 0.001). As expected symptomatic children had a significantly higher prevalence of 89, 67.5 and 64.5% by qPCR, RDT and LM, compared to 57.5, 14 and 8% in the asymptomatic group, respectively. However, gametocyte prevalence in asymptomatic individuals was higher by both LM (2%) and qPCR (14%) than in symptomatic individuals LM (0.5%) and qPCR (3%). CONCLUSIONS A substantial difference in prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic infections observed in Kiwangwa ward underpins the use of molecular tools in malaria surveillance aiming at estimating prevalence and transmission. Notably, the higher gametocytaemia observed in asymptomatic children indicates the reservoir infections and points to the need for detection and treatment of both asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Sumari
- Intervention and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Felista Mwingira
- Biological Sciences Department, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, P. O. Box 2329, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Majige Selemani
- Intervention and Clinical Trials Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Department of Statistics, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35047, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Joseph Mugasa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, P. O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Kefas Mugittu
- Muvek Laboratories, P. O. Box 105270, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Paul Gwakisa
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Genome Sciences Centre and Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Tadesse FG, van den Hoogen L, Lanke K, Schildkraut J, Tetteh K, Aseffa A, Mamo H, Sauerwein R, Felger I, Drakeley C, Gadissa E, Bousema T. The shape of the iceberg: quantification of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia and gametocytaemia in five low endemic settings in Ethiopia. Malar J 2017; 16:99. [PMID: 28253867 PMCID: PMC5335517 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread presence of low-density asymptomatic infections with concurrent gametocytes may be a stumbling block for malaria elimination. This study investigated the asymptomatic reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in schoolchildren from five settings in northwest Ethiopia. METHODS Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in June and November 2015, enrolling 551 students from five schools and 294 students from three schools, respectively. Finger prick whole blood and plasma samples were collected. The prevalence and density of P. falciparum and P. vivax parasitaemia and gametocytaemia were determined by 18S rRNA quantitative PCR (qPCR) and pfs25 and pvs25 reverse transcriptase qPCR. Antibodies against blood stage antigens apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) and merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-119) were measured for both species. RESULTS Whilst only 6 infections were detected by microscopy in 881 slides (0.7%), 107 of 845 blood samples (12.7%) were parasite positive by (DNA-based) qPCR. qPCR parasite prevalence between sites and surveys ranged from 3.8 to 19.0% for P. falciparum and 0.0 to 9.0% for P. vivax. The median density of P. falciparum infections (n = 85) was 24.4 parasites/µL (IQR 18.0-34.0) and the median density of P. vivax infections (n = 28) was 16.4 parasites/µL (IQR 8.8-55.1). Gametocyte densities by (mRNA-based) qRT-PCR were strongly associated with total parasite densities for both P. falciparum (correlation coefficient = 0.83, p = 0.010) and P. vivax (correlation coefficient = 0.58, p = 0.010). Antibody titers against P. falciparum AMA-1 and MSP-119 were higher in individuals who were P. falciparum parasite positive in both surveys (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). DISCUSSION This study adds to the available evidence on the wide-scale presence of submicroscopic parasitaemia by quantifying submicroscopic parasite densities and concurrent gametocyte densities. There was considerable heterogeneity in the occurrence of P. falciparum and P. vivax infections and serological markers of parasite exposure between the examined low endemic settings in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum G Tadesse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Medical Biotechnology Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lotus van den Hoogen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kjerstin Lanke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jodie Schildkraut
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Tetteh
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hassen Mamo
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Robert Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Molecular Evidence of High Proportion of Plasmodium vivax Malaria Infection in White Nile Area in Sudan. J Parasitol Res 2016; 2016:2892371. [PMID: 27980861 PMCID: PMC5131248 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2892371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is a predominant malaria species that infects humans in the African continent. A recent WHO report estimated 95% and 5% of P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria cases, respectively, in Sudan. However many laboratory reports from different areas in Sudan indicated otherwise. In order to verify, we selected four hundred suspected malaria cases from Aljabalain area located in the White Nile state, central Sudan, and diagnosed them with quality insured microscopy and species-specific nested PCR. Our results indicated that the proportion of P. vivax infections among suspected malaria cases was high. We found that on average 20% and 36.5% of malaria infections in both study areas were caused by P. vivax using both microscopy and PCR, respectively. This change in pattern is likely due to the recent demographic changes and high rate of immigration from neighbouring countries in the recent years. This is the first extensive clinical study of its kind that shows rising trend in P. vivax malaria cases in White Nile area, Sudan.
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Motshoge T, Ababio GK, Aleksenko L, Read J, Peloewetse E, Loeto M, Mosweunyane T, Moakofhi K, Ntebele DS, Chihanga S, Motlaleng M, Chinorumba A, Vurayai M, Pernica JM, Paganotti GM, Quaye IK. Molecular evidence of high rates of asymptomatic P. vivax infection and very low P. falciparum malaria in Botswana. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:520. [PMID: 27682611 PMCID: PMC5041318 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botswana is one of eight SADC countries targeting malaria elimination by 2018. Through spirited upscaling of control activities and passive surveillance, significant reductions in case incidence of Plasmodium falciparum (0.96 - 0.01) was achieved between 2008 and 2012. As part of the elimination campaign, active detection of asymptomatic Plasmodium species by a highly sensitive method was deemed necessary. This study was carried out to determine asymptomatic Plasmodium species carriage by nested PCR in the country, in 2012. METHOD A cross-sectional study involving 3924 apparently healthy participants were screened for Plasmodium species in 14 districts (5 endemic: Okavango, Ngami, Tutume, Boteti and Bobirwa; and 9 epidemic: North East, Francistown, Serowe-Palapye, Ghanzi, Kweneng West, Kweneng East, Kgatleng, South East, and Good Hope). Venous blood was taken from each participant for a nested PCR detection of Plasmodium species. RESULTS The parasite rates of asymptomatic Plasmodium species detected were as follows: Plasmodium falciparum, 0.16 %; Plasmodium vivax, 4.66 %; Plasmodium malariae, (Pm) 0.16 %; Plasmodium ovale, 0 %, mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax), 0.055 %; and (P. vivax and P. malariae), 0.027 %, (total: 5.062 %). The high proportion of asymptomatic reservoir of P. vivax was clustered in the East, South Eastern and Central districts of the country. There appeared to be a correlation between the occurrence of P. malariae infection with P. vivax infection, with the former only occurring in districts that had substantial P. vivax circulation. The median age among 2-12 year olds for P. vivax infection was 5 years (Mean 5.13 years, interquartile range 3-7 years). The odds of being infected with P. vivax decreased by 7 % for each year increase in age (OR 0.93, 95 % CI 0.87-1.00, p = 0.056). CONCLUSION We have confirmed low parasite rate of asymptomatic Plasmodium species in Botswana, with the exception of P.vivax which was unexpectedly high. This has implication for the elimination campaign so a follow up study is warranted to inform decisions on new strategies that take this evidence into account in the elimination campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thato Motshoge
- Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana.,Biological Sciences Department, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Grace K Ababio
- University of Ghana School of Allied Health and Biomedical Sciences, Accra, Ghana
| | - Larysa Aleksenko
- Department of Pathology, University of Namibia School of Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - John Read
- School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Elias Peloewetse
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mazhani Loeto
- School of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Kentse Moakofhi
- World Health Organization, Botswana Country Office, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Davies S Ntebele
- Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Program, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Simon Chihanga
- Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Program, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mpho Motlaleng
- Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Program, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Moses Vurayai
- Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Program, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Jeffrey M Pernica
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Giacomo M Paganotti
- University of Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Isaac K Quaye
- University of Namibia School of Medicine, Windhoek, PBAG13301, Namibia.
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Comparative Performance Evaluation of Routine Malaria Diagnosis at Ho Municipal Hospital. J Parasitol Res 2016; 2016:5837890. [PMID: 27747097 PMCID: PMC5055952 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5837890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in quality performance score had been reported for the routinely used diagnostic methods for malaria at different settings. There is therefore a need to evaluate the test performance of the routine diagnostic methods for malaria detection in Ho, a setting with no recorded quality evaluation on malaria diagnosis. The hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted comprising 299 outpatients. Patients were first seen and presumptively diagnosed with malaria by a clinician and were referred to the laboratory for confirmation (microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Test). The performance analysis included sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristics (ROC), weighted kappa, Youden index, and p value. Out of the 299 patients, 221 patients were positive by presumptive diagnosis, 35 were positive by Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), and 25 were positive by microscopy. Using microscopy as the gold standard, RDT had sensitivity of 62.5% and specificity of 92.73%, whilst presumptive diagnosis had a sensitivity of 70.83% and specificity of 25.82%. The RDT recorded ROC of 0.697 with p value of 0.0001. The presumptive diagnosis recorded ROC of 0.506 with p value of 0.7304. Though none of the test methods evaluated over the gold standard achieved the WHO recommended diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, the RDT achieved an acceptable agreement with the gold standard.
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Haanshuus CG, Chandy S, Manoharan A, Vivek R, Mathai D, Xena D, Singh A, Langeland N, Blomberg B, Vasanthan G, Sitaram U, Appasamy J, Nesaraj J, Henry A, Patil S, Alvarez-Uria G, Armstrong L, Mørch K. A High Malaria Prevalence Identified by PCR among Patients with Acute Undifferentiated Fever in India. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158816. [PMID: 27389396 PMCID: PMC4936667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately one million malaria cases were reported in India in 2015, based on microscopy. This study aims to assess the malaria prevalence among hospitalised fever patients in India identified by PCR, and to evaluate the performance of routine diagnostic methods. Methods During June 2011-December 2012, patients admitted with acute undifferentiated fever to seven secondary level community hospitals in Assam (Tezpur), Bihar (Raxaul), Chhattisgarh (Mungeli), Maharashtra (Ratnagiri), Andhra Pradesh (Anantapur) and Tamil Nadu (Oddanchatram and Ambur) were included. The malaria prevalence was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), routine microscopy, and a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) with PCR as a reference method. Results The malaria prevalence by PCR was 19% (268/1412) ranging from 6% (Oddanchatram, South India) to 35% (Ratnagiri, West India). Among malaria positive patients P. falciparum single infection was detected in 46%, while 38% had P. vivax, 11% mixed infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax, and 5% P. malariae. Compared to PCR, microscopy had sensitivity of 29% and specificity of 98%, while the RDT had sensitivity of 24% and specificity of 99%. Conclusions High malaria prevalence was identified by PCR in this cohort. Routine diagnostic methods had low sensitivity compared to PCR. The results suggest that malaria is underdiagnosed in rural India. However, low parasitaemia controlled by immunity may constitute a proportion of PCR positive cases, which calls for awareness of the fact that other pathogens could be responsible for the febrile disease in submicroscopic malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Gill Haanshuus
- National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sara Chandy
- Infectious Diseases Training and Research Center, Department of Medicine Unit-1 and Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Anand Manoharan
- Infectious Diseases Training and Research Center, Department of Medicine Unit-1 and Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Rosario Vivek
- Infectious Diseases Training and Research Center, Department of Medicine Unit-1 and Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Dilip Mathai
- Infectious Diseases Training and Research Center, Department of Medicine Unit-1 and Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Deepika Xena
- Infectious Diseases Training and Research Center, Department of Medicine Unit-1 and Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ashita Singh
- Baptist Christian Hospital, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Nina Langeland
- National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Blomberg
- National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - George Vasanthan
- Infectious Diseases Training and Research Center, Department of Medicine Unit-1 and Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Usha Sitaram
- Infectious Diseases Training and Research Center, Department of Medicine Unit-1 and Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Anil Henry
- Christian Hospital, Mungeli, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Suvarna Patil
- B.K.L. Walawalkar Hospital, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Kristine Mørch
- National Centre for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Sumari D, Mugasa J, Selemani M, Shekalaghe S, Mugittu K, Gwakisa P. Prevalence of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in asymptomatic children in low transmission settings in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. MALARIAWORLD JOURNAL 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 38601353 PMCID: PMC11003206 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10798301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Falciparum malaria in endemic areas continues to occur in asymptomatic cases, which contribute to the persistence of transmission as well as the size of the parasite reservoirs. Recent successes in malaria control have resulted in renewed interest in malaria eradication and identification of the human infectious reservoir is essential for this. In this study, we evaluated prevalence of microscopic and submicroscopic gametocytes that were obtained from asymptomatic primary school children from Bagamoyo rural in Tanzania. Materials and methods Samples were collected from 501 asymptomatic primary school children (6-14 years of age) from 7 villages in Bagamoyo district. Participants were screened for malaria in the field using RDT, and samples were brought to the laboratory for microscopy and molecular analysis. Parasite density was determined by microscopy, and gametocyte carriage identification was performed by RT-qPCR targeting gametocyte-specific genes. Results Asymptomatic infection was found to be 45.1% (95% : CI=40.7-49.6) by RT-qPCR, followed by RDT, 14.2% (95%: CI=11.2-17.5) and microscopy 6.8% (95%: CI=4.7-9.4). Parasite prevalence by microscopy was 12% (23/191) in boys compared to 3.6% (11/310) in girls (p<0.001). Gametocytes were detected in 12.6% (226/501) of the asymptomatic school children by RT-qPCR compared to only 0.8% (4/501) of the children by microscopy (P=0.008). Conclusions Asymptomatic infection and submicroscopic gametocyte carriage were high in the study area. The detection of asymptomatic cases with circulating submicroscopic P. falciparum gametocytes in school children indicates that these form a substantive gametocyte reservoir that sustains malaria transmission. Asymptomatic carriers and submicroscopic infections should therefore be considered when implementing elimination strategies of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Sumari
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Branch, Biomedical Thematic group, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Joseph Mugasa
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Majige Selemani
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Branch, Biomedical Thematic group, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Department of Statistics, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35047, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Seif Shekalaghe
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Branch, Biomedical Thematic group, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Kefas Mugittu
- Muvek Laboratories, P.O. Box 105270, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Paul Gwakisa
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Arusha, Tanzania
- Genome Science Centre and Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Phommasone K, Adhikari B, Henriques G, Pongvongsa T, Phongmany P, von Seidlein L, White NJ, Day NPJ, M Dondorp A, Newton PN, Imwong M, Mayxay M. Asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in 18 villages of southern Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR (Laos). Malar J 2016; 15:296. [PMID: 27234446 PMCID: PMC4882819 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large fraction of Plasmodium infections do not cause clinical signs and symptoms of disease and persist at densities in blood that are not detectable by microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests. These infections may be critical as a transmission reservoir in areas of low malaria endemicity. Understanding the epidemiology of these infections would be helpful for malaria elimination. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Thapangthong and Nong Districts of Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR, to determine the prevalence of parasitaemia. A total of 888 blood samples were collected from afebrile volunteers aged ≥15 years in 18 villages during March and July 2015. Plasmodium infections were diagnosed by rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and high volume, ultra-sensitive quantitative polymerase chain reaction (uPCR). Results uPCR detected Plasmodium infections in 175 of 888 samples (20 %). The species distribution was Plasmodiumfalciparum 3.6 % (32/888), Plasmodium vivax 11.1 % (99/888), mixed infections with P. falciparum and P. vivax 1.6 % (14/888) and Plasmodium of undetermined species 3.4 % (30/888). RDT identified only 2 % (18/888) positive cases. Using uPCR as reference, the sensitivity and specificity of RDTs were 28 and 100 %, respectively, in detecting P. falciparum infections, and 3 and 99 % in detecting asymptomatic P. vivax infections. The K13 kelch propeller domain C580Y mutation, associated with reduced susceptibility to artemisinin derivatives, was found in 75 % (12/18) of P. falciparum isolates from Thapangthong and in 7 % (2/28) from Nong (p < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, males were more likely to have P. vivax infections [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.76 (95 % CI 2.84–8.00)] while older villagers were at lower risk for parasitaemia [aOR for increasing age 0.98 (95 % CI 0.96–0.99)]. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections in southern Savannakhet. Artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum strains form an increasing proportion of the parasite population in Thapangthong District and are already present in the more remote Nong District. This worrying trend has wider implications for Laos and could reverse the gains achieved by the successful control of malaria in Laos and the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS). Rapid elimination of P. falciparum has to be a top priority in Laos as well as in the wider GMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koukeo Phommasone
- Microbiology Laboratory, Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Bipin Adhikari
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gisela Henriques
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tiengkham Pongvongsa
- Savannakhet Provincial Health Department, Nakhon Sawan, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR
| | - Panom Phongmany
- Savannakhet Provincial Health Department, Nakhon Sawan, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR
| | - Lorenz von Seidlein
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas J White
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul N Newton
- Microbiology Laboratory, Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mallika Imwong
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Microbiology Laboratory, Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Vientiane, Lao PDR.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao PDR
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