1
|
Dinh TTH, Lees DB, Van Dam PJ, McGarry DE. Use of infant simulators as an aid in pregnancy and parenting educational interventions for school-aged students: a scoping review. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2024; 39:351-374. [PMID: 38527293 PMCID: PMC11258800 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Schools and school teachers often focus on content aimed at delaying sexual debut and preventing teenage pregnancy, and address the impacts of risky behaviours on infant health. Infant simulators are increasingly used in health education courses. However, it is unclear how effective this education is. In this review, we examined the evidence for the effectiveness and use of pregnancy/parenting education programmes for school-aged students using infant simulators. Infant simulators are lifelike replicas of human newborn babies that have electronic capacity to mimic a range of infant behaviours. These may include feeding, comfort needs and nappy changing. Responses to these replicated behaviours may be recorded to provide feedback of the adequacy of the response for educational purposes and provide feedback to prospective parents and caregivers. This review followed the guidelines for conducting a scoping review developed by Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). After following the process as recommended by the JBI, 32 eligible articles were selected for inclusion. Eight themes emerged from the analysis and it was found that the use of infant simulators in terms of effectiveness was not conclusive. This may be due to lack of longitudinal studies examining the impact of the education provided. Furthermore, the literature did not address innovations of infant simulators that replicate infants with particular characteristics, those with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, shaken baby syndrome or challenges from parental substance use. Further research is required to determine the long-term impact of using infant simulators on reducing risky behaviours. Given these challenges, it is important to support initiatives for sex, pregnancy and parenting education among all students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Ha Dinh
- School of Nursing, University of Tasmania, Newnham Campus, Newnham Drive, Newnham, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
| | - David B Lees
- School of Nursing, University of Tasmania, Newnham Campus, Newnham Drive, Newnham, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
| | - Pieter J Van Dam
- School of Nursing, University of Tasmania, Domain Campus, 71 Brooker Avenue, Glebe, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Denise Elizabeth McGarry
- School of Nursing, University of Tasmania, Rozelle Campus, Corner of Church and Glover streets, Lilyfield, NSW 2039, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mebrahtu H, Chimbindi N, Zuma T, Dreyer J, Mthiyane N, Seeley J, Shahmanesh M, Sherr L, Harling G. Incident pregnancy and mental health among adolescent girls and young women in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: an observational cohort study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2024; 29:2371414. [PMID: 39035705 PMCID: PMC11259029 DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2024.2371414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy can place adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) at risk of poor mental health. However, evidence linking youth pregnancy to mental health in resource-limited settings is limited, especially where HIV incidence is high. We analysed a population-representative cohort of AGYW aged 13-25 in rural KwaZulu-Natal to assess how adolescent pregnancy predicts subsequent mental health. Among 1851 respondents, incident pregnancy (self-reported past-12-month) rose from 0.7% at age 14 to 22.1% by 18. Probable common mental disorder (CMD; 14-item Shona Symptom Questionnaire) prevalence was 19.1%. In adjusted Poisson regression recent pregnancy was associated with slightly higher probable CMD (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.19, 95%CI 0.96-1.49), and stronger association among 13-15 year-olds (aPR 3.25, 95%CI 1.50-7.03), but not with HIV serostatus. These findings suggest a possible incremental mental health impact of being pregnant earlier than peers, pointing to the need for age-appropriate mental health interventions for AGYW in resource-limited settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Mebrahtu
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Natsayi Chimbindi
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Thembelihle Zuma
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jaco Dreyer
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nondumiso Mthiyane
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Janet Seeley
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Maryam Shahmanesh
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Guy Harling
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sarwinanti, Widyawati, Warsini S, Hakimi M, Ramdani WF. Identify mental health needs of adolescent pregnant women: a qualitative study. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2024; 36:259-267. [PMID: 38713895 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2024-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to explore adolescent pregnant women related to their pregnancy experience about mental health needs during pregnancy for the prevention of depression during pregnancy. METHODS This research is a qualitative study design with a phenomenological approach. Data collection using interviews (in-depth interviews). This study involved 18 participants consisting of 12 pregnant women aged 15-19 years and 6 midwives who work at the health center. The criteria for informants of pregnant women are pregnant with Trimester I to III, age 15-19 years and not experiencing complications of pregnancy. RESULTS Based on interviews conducted with informants, five themes were obtained about the experiences and needs of pregnant women in adolescence. These themes are (1). Risk of depression, (2). Social and family support needs, (3). Needs of mental health services, (4). Obstacles for midwives in providing mental health services, and (5). needs of mental health information media. CONCLUSIONS Five needs of teenage pregnant women are factors that can support mental health to prevent depression during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarwinanti
- Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Widyawati
- Department of Pediatric and Maternity Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sri Warsini
- Department of Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Hakimi
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynaecology/Paediatrics and Reproductive, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wawan Febri Ramdani
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Aisyiyah University Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muthelo L, Mbombi MO, Mphekgwana P, Mabila LN, Dhau I, Tlouyamma J, Mashaba RG, Mothapo K, Ntimane CB, Seakamela KP, Nemuramba R, Maimela E, Sodi T. Exploring mental health problems and support needs among pregnant and parenting teenagers in rural areas Of Limpopo, South Africa. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:236. [PMID: 38614989 PMCID: PMC11015670 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-03040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, teenage pregnancy is among the most social problems, affecting 21 million adolescents aged 15-19. Due to the increased responsibility of prenatal and postnatal care for their infants without support, pregnant and parenting teenagers, tend to experience mental health problems. Factors contributing to these problems among pregnant and parenting teenagers in rural African settings have hardly received scholarly attention and, therefore, are less understood. The purpose of the study was to explore mental health and challenges among pregnant and parenting teenagers,. METHOD(S) The study adopted a qualitative descriptive, exploratory, and phenomenological design. Purposive sampling was used to select 22 pregnant and parenting teenagers 18 years or older. Data were collected in ten selected clinics within the Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS) of DIMAMO and analysed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS The findings reveal that pregnant and parenting teenagers in rural areas experience various mental challenges such as depression. These challenges are caused by social problems such as stigmatisation, lack of support from families and friends, as well as parenting demands that contribute to poor progress at school or dropouts. Pregnant teens expressed concerns about the lack of spousal support resulting from abandoning their partners. CONCLUSIONS Stress and depression were self-reported as mental problems among participants with various psychosocial implications, such as school dropout and miscarriage. There are various contributing factors to the mental health problems identified among pregnant and parenting teenagers, including inadequate family and spousal support. Access to integrated reproductive, psychosocial, and mental health services could be essential for these pregnant and parenting teenagers, to improve their mental well-being and improve the support system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livhuwani Muthelo
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Limpopo, SOVENGA, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa.
| | - Masenyani Oupa Mbombi
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Limpopo, SOVENGA, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Peter Mphekgwana
- Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, SOVENGA, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Linneth Nkateko Mabila
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Limpopo, SOVENGA, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Inos Dhau
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Limpopo, SOVENGA, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Joseph Tlouyamma
- Department of Computer Science, University of Limpopo, SOVENGA, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Reneilwe Given Mashaba
- DIMAMO Population Health Research Centre, University of Limpopo, SOVENGA, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Katlego Mothapo
- DIMAMO Population Health Research Centre, University of Limpopo, SOVENGA, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Cairo Bruce Ntimane
- DIMAMO Population Health Research Centre, University of Limpopo, SOVENGA, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Kagiso Peace Seakamela
- DIMAMO Population Health Research Centre, University of Limpopo, SOVENGA, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Rathani Nemuramba
- DIMAMO Population Health Research Centre, University of Limpopo, SOVENGA, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, South Africa
| | - Eric Maimela
- Department of Public Health, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, SOVENGA 0727, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Tholene Sodi
- Research Chair Mental Health, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Polokwane, 0727, SOVENGA, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ojeleye OA, Beckie TM, Oruche UM. Psychosocial Factors Associated With Perinatal Anxiety and Perinatal Depression Among Adolescents: A Rapid Review. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2024; 62:13-22. [PMID: 37646603 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20230821-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The current review examined the influence of psychosocial factors on adolescents' perinatal anxiety (PA) and perinatal depression (PND) across geographical regions. Three databases were searched for articles published between 2017 and 2022 and 15 articles were reviewed. We categorized factors into social, cultural, and environmental domains. Social factors included adolescent caregiver trust/attachment, social support, perceived social support, trauma/poly-traumatization, and peer solidarity. Cultural factors included feelings of shame, marital satisfaction, partner's rejection of pregnancy, lack of parental involvement in care, parenting stress, childhood household dysfunction, and adverse childhood events. Environmental factors included neighborhood support, food insecurity, domestic violence, going to church, going out with friends, and sources for obtaining information. Routine assessment of psychosocial factors among perinatal teens is crucial to identify those at higher risk for PA and PND. Further research is necessary to examine the influence of cultural and environmental factors on PA, PND, and perinatal outcomes among adolescents. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 62(2), 13-22.].
Collapse
|
6
|
Cooke LM, Moodley S, Paruk L. The profile of adolescent patients presenting to a tertiary maternal mental health clinic. S Afr J Psychiatr 2023; 29:2185. [PMID: 38223306 PMCID: PMC10784263 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v29i0.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Between March 2021 and April 2022, there were 90 037 documented adolescent pregnancies in South Africa. Statistics SA reports that this number is growing. Pregnancy places adolescents at greater risk of psychiatry-related morbidity and may have far-reaching consequences for their children. To date, there is no published data describing the patient profile of adolescent pregnancies in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Aim To describe the patient profile (demographics, schooling history and type of accommodation), pregnancy-related factors, substance use habits and contraceptive use in pregnant adolescents seen at a tertiary care maternal mental health clinic (MMHC). Setting The MMHC at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. Methods A retrospective file review of all pregnant adolescents referred to the MMHC between January and June 2022. Results The mean age of the patients was 15.2 years; 72% attended school and 97.4% planned to return. Most pregnancies were unplanned (97.9%), wanted (84%) and presented in the second (41.24%) and third (51.55%) trimesters. Most did not report using substances (76.7%). Fifty percent of the participants met the criteria for a major depressive disorder. Repeating a grade was an identifiable risk factor for an increased Edinburgh depression score. An unplanned pregnancy was associated with a higher risk factor assessment. Conclusion Pregnant adolescents represent a vulnerable population group. A greater understanding of this patient profile may inform early psychiatric and psychosocial interventions, improved service delivery and help-seeking behaviour. Contribution This study gives significant insights into the challenges faced, as well as the health and social needs of pregnant adolescents. This contributes to wholistic care and opportunities for early intervention, including awareness of contraceptive use and the risks of substance use and adolescent pregnancy on mental health, benefiting all South African adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luzaan M Cooke
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sanushka Moodley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Laila Paruk
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mhango W, Crowter L, Michelson D, Gaysina D. Psychoeducation as an active ingredient for interventions for perinatal depression and anxiety in youth: a mixed-method systematic literature review and lived experience synthesis. BJPsych Open 2023; 10:e10. [PMID: 38088162 PMCID: PMC10755556 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychoeducation is a common element in psychological interventions for youth depression and anxiety, but evidence about its use with youth perinatally is limited. AIMS This review aims to understand outcomes and mechanisms of psychoeducation for the indicated prevention and treatment of perinatal depression and anxiety in youth. METHOD For this review, we synthesised published quantitative and qualitative evidence. Seven databases (ASSIA, Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched for studies published before 10 August 2021. We also had consultations with a youth advisory group (N = 12). RESULTS In total, 20 studies met the inclusion criteria. Seven quantitative studies examined multicomponent interventions that included psychoeducation, and one study evaluated psychoeducation as a standalone intervention for postnatal depression. Multicomponent interventions showed significant effects on postnatal depression in two out of six studies, as well as being effective at reducing prenatal anxiety in one study. Standalone psychoeducation for postnatal depression was also effective in one study. Evidence from 12 qualitative studies, corroborated by commentaries from the youth advisory group, suggested that psychoeducation could increase knowledge about symptoms, generate awareness of relevant services and enhance coping. CONCLUSIONS Psychoeducation may be an important foundational ingredient of interventions for perinatal depression and, potentially, anxiety in adolescents and young adults through stimulating help-seeking and self-care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wezi Mhango
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK; and Department of Psychology, University of Malawi, Malawi
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pokharel A, Philip S, Pokharel A, Acharya N, Dahal S, Ransing R. Perinatal depression among teenage mothers in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Nepal: A cross-sectional study. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 90:103810. [PMID: 37913650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The teenage pregnancy has serious adverse effect on physical and mental health of mothers and infants. This cross-sectional study was aimed to assess proportion of perinatal depression and well-being of teenage mothers in Nepal. Perinatal women were evaluated using Mental Health Continuum Short Form, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Of 239 perinatal women, 12 (5%) were teenage with a mean age of 18.17 ± 0.93 years. 33.3% (n = 4) of teenage mothers had depressive symptoms, and 25% (n = 3) had moderate/languishing mental health. A high proportion of depression and poor mental health suggests that screening and supportive care should be provided for teenage mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Pokharel
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Neurosciences, and Addiction Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati 781101, India; Department of Psychiatry, Devdaha Medical College, 32907, Nepal
| | - Sharad Philip
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Neurosciences, and Addiction Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati 781101, India
| | - Aruna Pokharel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Devdaha Medical College, 32907, Nepal
| | - Nisha Acharya
- Medical Department, Rapti Academy of Health Sciences, Dang, Ghorahi 22400, Nepal
| | - Salina Dahal
- Medical Department, Rapti Academy of Health Sciences, Dang, Ghorahi 22400, Nepal
| | - Ramdas Ransing
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Neurosciences, and Addiction Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati 781101, India; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ajayi AI, Gebrekristos LT, Otukpa E, Kabiru CW. Adolescents' experience of mistreatment and abuse during childbirth: a cross-sectional community survey in a low-income informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e013268. [PMID: 37931941 PMCID: PMC10632810 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent girls in Africa have poorer maternal health outcomes than older women partly because they are less likely to access antenatal and facility-based delivery care. Mistreatment and abuse of adolescents during facility-based childbirth can further negatively impact their use of maternal healthcare services. Yet studies on this topic are limited. As a result, patterns of mistreatment and abuse, their association with care satisfaction, and the intention to use health facilities for future births or recommend facilities to others are poorly understood. This study estimates the prevalence of mistreatment and abuse of adolescent girls during facility-based childbirth in low-income settlements in an urban area. It also examines whether experiencing mistreatment and abuse during facility-based childbirth is associated with care satisfaction, willingness to recommend the facility to others, and intention to use the facility for subsequent childbirths. METHODS We used cross-sectional data collected from 491 adolescent mothers recruited through a household listing in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. Girls self-reported their experience of physical and verbal abuse, stigma and discrimination, lack of privacy, detainment (baby or mother detained in the clinic due to inability to pay user fees), neglect and abandonment during childbirth. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the categorical variables while binary logistic regression models were used to examine the association between experience of mistreatment and abuse and care satisfaction, willingness to recommend the facility to others and intention to use the facility for subsequent childbirths. RESULTS About one-third of adolescent mothers (32.2%) reported physical abuse, verbal abuse or stigma and discrimination from health providers. 1 in 10 reported neglect and abandonment during childbirth, and about a quarter (24%) reported a lack of privacy. Detainment was reported by approximately 17% of girls. Report of any physical abuse, verbal abuse, and stigma and discrimination was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of satisfaction with care (Adjusted Odds ration (AOR) 0.24; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.38), intention to use the facility for future births (AOR 0.32; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.48) and willingness to recommend the facility to others (AOR 0.23; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.36). Neglect and abandonment during childbirth, and lack of privacy were significantly associated with lower odds of being satisfied with the care, intention to use the facility for future births, and the willingness to recommend the facility to others. Experience of detention was associated with a lower likelihood of intention to use the facility for future births (AOR 0.55; 95% CI 0.34 to 90), but not with the willingness to recommend the facility to others or overall satisfaction with care. CONCLUSIONS Mistreatment and abuse of adolescent girls during childbirth are common in the study setting and are associated with lower levels of satisfaction with care, intention to use the facility for future births, or recommend it to others. Preservice and in-service training of health workers in the study setting should address the need for respectful care for adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Idowu Ajayi
- Sexual Reproductive Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Luwam T Gebrekristos
- Sexual Reproductive Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emmanuel Otukpa
- Sexual Reproductive Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Caroline W Kabiru
- Sexual Reproductive Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Daliri DB, Afaya A, Afaya RA, Abagye N. Postpartum depression: The prevalence and associated factors among women attending postnatal clinics in the Bawku municipality, Upper East Region of Ghana. PCN REPORTS : PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2023; 2:e143. [PMID: 38867815 PMCID: PMC11114418 DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Introduction This study examined postpartum depression (PPD) among mothers in the Bawku municipality of Ghana, aiming to assess its prevalence and associated risk factors. Methods A total of 242 women, 2-12 weeks postpartum, were randomly recruited for this cross-sectional analytical study. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used for depression screening, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to assess the factors associated with PPD. Results The study showed that 34.7% of the postpartum mothers were within the age range of 25-29, with a mean age of 27.9 (standard deviation [SD] ± 6.33). The prevalence of PPD was 50.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 43.9-56.9). Several significant risk factors were identified, including inadequate prenatal visits (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 13.44, 95% CI 3.66-49.37, P < 0.001), obstetric complications (aOR = 3.39, 95% CI 1.23-11.19, P = 0.019), less than 3 weeks postpartum (aOR = 8.14, 95% CI 1.95, 33.94, P = 0.004), 6-8 weeks postpartum (aOR = 7.72, 95% CI 1.71-34.80, P = 0.008), and stressful life events (aOR = 3.30, 95% CI 1.23-8.89, P = 0.018). Conclusion The study concluded that the prevalence of PPD in the Bawku municipality is higher than previously reported in Ghana, emphasizing the need for early identification of pregnant women at risk for PPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Bomansang Daliri
- Department of Global and International Health, School of Public HealthUniversity for Development StudiesTamaleGhana
- Presbyterian Psychiatric HospitalBolgatangaGhana
| | - Agani Afaya
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and MidwiferyUniversity of Health and Allied SciencesHoGhana
- Mo‐Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, College of NursingYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Richard Adongo Afaya
- Department of Midwifery and Women's Health, School of Nursing and MidwiferyUniversity for Development StudiesTamaleGhana
| | - Nancy Abagye
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and MidwiferyUniversity of GhanaAccraGhana
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zia Y, Nambala L, Stalter R, Muwonge TR, Ssebuliba T, Nakyanzi A, Nampewo O, Boyer J, Morrison S, Nsubuga R, Bagaya M, Nyanzi R, Matovu F, Yin M, Wyatt C, Mujugira A, Heffron R. Depression and PrEP uptake, interruption, and adherence among young women in Uganda. AIDS Care 2023; 35:1365-1374. [PMID: 36892945 PMCID: PMC11293432 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2023.2177250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a common cause of morbidity globally and can impact adherence to medications, posing challenges to medication-based HIV prevention. The objectives of this work are to describe the frequency of depression symptoms in a cohort of 499 young women in Kampala, Uganda and to determine the association of depression symptoms with use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Mild or greater depression, assessed by the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9), was experienced by 34% of participants at enrollment. Participants with mild depression symptoms tended to uptake PrEP, request PrEP refills, and adhere to PrEP with similar frequency to women with no/minimal signs of depression. These findings highlight opportunities to leverage existing HIV prevention programs to identify women who may benefit from mental health services and may not otherwise be screened.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03464266..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Zia
- Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Lydia Nambala
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Sacramento City College, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Randall Stalter
- Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Timothy R. Muwonge
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Timothy Ssebuliba
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Agnes Nakyanzi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Olivia Nampewo
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jade Boyer
- Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Rogers Nsubuga
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Monica Bagaya
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Nyanzi
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Flavia Matovu
- Makerere University – Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael Yin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Christina Wyatt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University School of Medicine, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Mujugira
- Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Renee Heffron
- Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ajayi AI, Athero S, Muga W, Kabiru CW. Lived experiences of pregnant and parenting adolescents in Africa: A scoping review. Reprod Health 2023; 20:113. [PMID: 37537592 PMCID: PMC10401816 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-023-01654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have not synthesized existing literature on the lived experiences of pregnant and parenting adolescents (aged 10-19) in Africa. Such evidence synthesis is needed to inform policies, programs, and future research to improve the well-being of the millions of pregnant or parenting adolescents in the region. Our study fills this gap by reviewing the literature on pregnant and parenting adolescents in Africa. We mapped existing research in terms of their substantive focus, and geographical distribution. We synthesized these studies based on thematic focus and identified gaps for future research. METHODS We used a three-step search strategy to find articles, theses, and technical reports reporting primary research published in English between January 2000 and June 2021 in PubMed, Jstor, AJOL, EBSCO Host, and Google Scholar. Three researchers screened all articles, including titles, abstracts, and full text, for eligibility. Relevant data were extracted using a template designed for the study. Overall, 116 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive and thematic analyses. RESULTS Research on pregnant and parenting adolescents is limited in volume and skewed to a few countries, with two-fifths of papers focusing on South Africa (41.4%). Most of the studies were African-led (81.9%), received no funding (60.3%), adopted qualitative designs (58.6%), and were published between 2016 and 2021 (48.3%). The studies highlighted how pregnancy initiates a cycle of social exclusion of girls with grave implications for their physical and mental health and social and economic well-being. Only 4.3% of the studies described an intervention. None of these studies employed a robust research design (e.g., randomized controlled trial) to assess the intervention's effectiveness. Adolescent mothers' experiences (26.7%) and their education (36.2%) were the most studied topics, while repeat pregnancy received the least research attention. CONCLUSION Research on issues affecting pregnant and parenting adolescents is still limited in scope and skewed geographically despite the large burden of adolescent childbearing in many African countries. While studies have documented how early pregnancy could result in girls' social and educational exclusion, few interventions to support pregnant and parenting adolescents exist. Further research to address these gaps is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Idowu Ajayi
- Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, New-Born, Child, and Adolescent Health (SRMNCAH) Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Sherine Athero
- Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, New-Born, Child, and Adolescent Health (SRMNCAH) Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Winstoun Muga
- Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, New-Born, Child, and Adolescent Health (SRMNCAH) Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Caroline W Kabiru
- Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, New-Born, Child, and Adolescent Health (SRMNCAH) Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Larsen A, Pintye J, Abuna F, Bhat A, Dettinger JC, Gomez L, Marwa MM, Ngumbau N, Odhiambo B, Phipps AI, Richardson BA, Watoyi S, Stern J, Kinuthia J, John-Stewart G. Risks of adverse perinatal outcomes in relation to maternal depressive symptoms: A prospective cohort study in Kenya. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2023; 37:489-504. [PMID: 37186316 PMCID: PMC10524238 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence gaps remain regarding the influence of prenatal psychosocial factors on adverse pregnancy outcomes. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate relationships between psychosocial factors and adverse perinatal outcomes among Kenyan women. METHODS We analysed data from a prospective cohort study enrolling HIV-negative women in pregnancy (NCT03070600) in 20 antenatal clinics in Western Kenya. Study nurses assessed depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10), social support using the Medical Outcomes Survey scale (MOS-SSS), intimate partner violence (IPV) with the Hurt, Insult, Threaten, Scream scale (HITS), and pregnancy outcomes at 6 weeks postpartum. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate relationships between depressive symptoms (moderate-to-severe [MSD, CESD-10 ≥10] and mild-to-severe [Mild-SD, CESD-10 ≥5]), low social support (MOS-SSS <72), and IPV (HITS ≥10) with adverse perinatal outcomes of pregnancy loss, stillbirth, preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age, and neonatal mortality. We also estimated the population attributable risk. RESULTS Among 4153 women, 23.9% (n = 994) had MSD, 54.7% (n = 2273) mild-SD, 37.3% (n = 1550) low social support, and 7.8% (n = 323) experienced IPV. Pregnancy loss was 5-fold higher among women with MSD (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 5.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.44, 10.42); 37.4% of losses were attributable to MSD. Mild-SD was associated with PTB (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.03, 1.87). Stillbirth risk more than doubled among women reporting low social support (HR 2.37, 95% CI 1.14, 4.94). CONCLUSIONS Adverse perinatal outcomes were common and associated with prenatal depressive symptoms and low social support in this large cohort of Kenyan mother-infant pairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Larsen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Services, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jillian Pintye
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Amritha Bhat
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Services, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Laurén Gomez
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nancy Ngumbau
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Amanda I. Phipps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbra A. Richardson
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Joshua Stern
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- The University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Obonyo G, Nyongesa V, Duffy M, Kathono J, Nyamai D, Mwaniga S, Yator O, Levy M, Lai J, Kumar M. Diverse policy maker perspectives on the mental health of pregnant and parenting adolescent girls in Kenya: Considerations for comprehensive, adolescent-centered policies and programs. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0000722. [PMID: 37339107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The pregnancy rate in Kenya among adolescent girls is among the highest in the world. Adolescent girls experience increased risk of anxiety and depression during pregnancy and postpartum which can result in poor health outcomes for both mother and baby, and negatively influence their life course. Mental health is often given low priority in health policy planning, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There is an urgent need to address the treatment gap and provide timely mental health promotion and preventative services, there is a need to focus on the shifting demographic of SSA-the young people. To understand perspectives on policymakers on the mental health prevention and promotion needs of pregnant and parenting adolescent girls, we carried out a series of interviews as part of UNICEF funded helping pregnant and parenting adolescents thrive project in Kenya. We interviewed 13 diverse health and social policy makers in Kenya to understand their perspectives on the mental health experiences of pregnant and parenting adolescent girls and their ideas for optimizing mental health promotion. Six principal themes emerged including the mental health situation for adolescent girls, risk factors for poor mental health and barriers to accessing services for adolescent girls, health seeking behavior effect on maternal and child health outcomes, mental health promotion, protective factors for good mental health, and policy level issues. Examination of existing policies is required to determine how they can fully and effectively be implemented to support the mental health of pregnant and parenting adolescent girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malia Duffy
- Health Across Humanity, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Saint Ambrose University, Davenport, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Joseph Kathono
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Nairobi Metropolitan Services, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Shillah Mwaniga
- Nairobi Metropolitan Services, Nairobi, Kenya
- Vrije University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Obadia Yator
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marcy Levy
- UNICEF Headquarters, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joanna Lai
- UNICEF Headquarters, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mbithi G, Mabrouk A, Sarki A, Odhiambo R, Namuguzi M, Dzombo JT, Atukwatse J, Kabue M, Mwangi P, Abubakar A. Mental health and psychological well-being of Kenyan adolescents from Nairobi and the Coast regions in the context of COVID-19. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:63. [PMID: 37208781 PMCID: PMC10198601 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high burden of mental health problems during adolescence and its associated negative consequences, it has remained neglected especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The 2019 novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has placed additional stress on adolescent mental health. However, there are few studies documenting the burden of mental health problems and even fewer mental health services in the region. In relation to the limited body of knowledge, the present study aims to determine the psychological well-being of adolescents and to assess the risks and associated factors of mental health problems among adolescents in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2022 among adolescents aged 13-19 years living in Nairobi, and the Coast region of Kenya. We utilized standardized psychological assessment tools including the Patient Health Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Scale, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, The World Health Organization- Five Well-Being Index Scale, and the Pandemic Anxiety Scale, to evaluate the psychological wellbeing of the adolescents. A linear regression model was used to evaluate the correlates associated with quality of life, pandemic anxiety, and emotional and behavioural problems among adolescents. Subsequently, a logistic regression model was used to assess factors associated with depression and general anxiety disorders. Variables with a p-value < 0.25 in the univariate model were included in the multivariable regression model. RESULTS The results are based on 797 participants who met the inclusion criteria. We found the prevalence of depression to be relatively higher among out-of-school adolescents at 36.0% compared to school-going adolescents at 20.6%. Furthermore, out-of-school adolescents had significantly higher anxiety scores when compared to their school-going counterparts (27.7% vs 19.1%) respectively. In-school adolescents had a better quality of life scores, lower pandemic anxiety scores, and lower emotional and behavioral problems scores compared to their out-of-school counterparts. Key risk factors associated with depression include; being out-of-school (OR = 1.96 (95% CI 1.33- 2.88) p-value = 0.001), loneliness (OR = 10.68 (95% CI 4.49-22.86) p-value < 0.001), and living in an unsafe neighborhood (OR = 2.24 (95% CI 1.52-3.29) p-value < 0.001). An older age (OR = 1.16 (95% CI 1.03-1.30) p-value = 0.015), being out-of-school (OR = 1.81 (95% CI 1.19-2.77) p-value = 0.006), and living in an unsafe neighborhood (OR = 2.01 (95% CI 1.33-3.04) p-value = 0.001 were key factors associated with anxiety. Furthermore, key factors positively correlated with quality of life include; high socioeconomic status (ß (Std.Err) = 0.58 (0.14) p-value < 0.001, talking to friends often (ß (Std.Err) = 2.32 (0.53) p-value < 0.001, and being close to parents (ß (Std.Err) = 1.37 (0.62) = 0.026. CONCLUSION Our findings imply that mental health support services targeting adolescents in the country should be prioritized, especially for those who are out-of-school.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Mbithi
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Adam Mabrouk
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ahmed Sarki
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Kampala, Uganda
- Family and Youth Health Initiative (FAYOHI), Jigawa State, Dutse, Nigeria
| | - Rachel Odhiambo
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mary Namuguzi
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Joseph Atukwatse
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret Kabue
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul Mwangi
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Neurosciences Group, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Winarni LM, Damayanti R, Afiyanti Y. Need Asseesment on Maternal Mental Health Care for Perinatal Mothers during COVID-19: A Qualitative Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 2023; 28:250-258. [PMID: 37575503 PMCID: PMC10412796 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_77_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Background During COVID-19 pandemic, the isolation, socialization, and extreme changes in daily life have some potential mental health consequences which should be recognized as a critical public health concern, especially for perinatal mothers. Therefore, it is very important to assess the needs for maternal mental health care in perinatal mothers during COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore mothers' needs for maternal mental health care in the perinatal period during COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods Realistic phenomenological approach was carried out in this qualitative study. The study was conducted at five community health centers in the city of Tangerang, Indonesia. In-depth interviews were conducted to 11 mothers who were pregnant, in labor, during puerperium and two months after giving birth with purposive sampling. Data were collected from May to August 2021. Interviews were conducted face to face, audio recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed by using Van Manen's phenomenological method. Result Initial finding revealed 254 codes, which were then reduced to 122 codes, 98 sub-categories, 22 categories, and 5 themes. There were five themes related to mothers' needs for mental health care during COVID-19, i.e., health protocol during pandemic, psychological support, health education, simple coping mechanism, and support system. Conclusions The needs can be fulfilled by the closest people the mothers have and healthcare system for perinatal mental health. Vaccination, health protocol, and psychological resilience should be delivered to mothers during COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lastri Mei Winarni
- Departement Public Health, Universitas Indonesia and Lecture in Midwifery Programme at Universitas Yatsi, Madani, Indonesia
| | - Rita Damayanti
- Departement Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| | - Yati Afiyanti
- Chief of Maternity Magister Programme at Nursing Faculty, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Khan JR, Muurlink O, Hu N, Awan N, Lingam R. Pregnancy, spousal connectedness, and young married women's mental health: an analysis of the Bangladesh adolescent health and wellbeing survey. Arch Womens Ment Health 2023; 26:235-244. [PMID: 36930396 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Mental health disorders are responsible for 125.3 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost globally, with depression in adolescents rising faster than in adults. In total, more than 90% of the 1.2 billion adolescents in the world live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite the rise in teenage marriage and pregnancy in LMICs, there is a paucity of research on the role of pregnancy as a risk factor for adolescent mental health, and the role of spousal connectedness as a potential protective factor. This study aims to address this gap. A total of 2408 currently married adolescent (aged 15-19 years) women from the Bangladesh Adolescent Health and Wellbeing Survey 2019-2020 were analysed. Multivariable models were used to assess the factors associated with depression symptoms and major depressive disorder (MDD). The prevalence of moderate/severe depressive symptoms or MDD among adolescents was 14.6%, well ahead of south Asian levels. The odds of having moderate/severe depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.37-2.76) or MDD (AOR=1.63, 95%CI 1.18-2.25) were higher in pregnant adolescent women than in non-pregnant adolescent women. A closer relationship with one's husband reduced the risk of developing moderate/severe depressive symptoms (AOR=0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.96) or MDD (AOR=0.91, 95% CI 0.86-0.97). Pregnancy and connectedness had no statistically significant interaction effect on depression. There is an urgent need for affordable and scalable interventions to reduce the risk of mental health morbidity in pregnant adolescent women especially in low- and middle-income countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jahidur Rahman Khan
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Olav Muurlink
- School of Business and Law, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nan Hu
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nabil Awan
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Institute of Statistical Research and Training, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Raghu Lingam
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumar M, Tele A, Kathono J, Nyongesa V, Yator O, Mwaniga S, Huang KY, McKay M, Lai J, Levy M, Cuijpers P, Quaife M, Unutzer J. Understanding depression treatment and perinatal service preferences of Kenyan pregnant adolescents: A discrete choice experiment. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0273274. [PMID: 36888596 PMCID: PMC9994687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding mental health treatment preferences of adolescents and youth is particularly important for interventions to be acceptable and successful. Person-centered care mandates empowering individuals to take charge of their own health rather than being passive recipients of services. METHODS We conducted a discrete choice experiment to quantitatively measure adolescent treatment preferences for different care characteristics and explore tradeoffs between these. A total of 153 pregnant adolescents were recruited from two primary healthcare facilities in the informal urban settlement of Nairobi. We selected eight attributes of depression treatment option models drawn from literature review and previous qualitative work. Bayesian d-efficient design was used to identify main effects. A total of ten choice tasks were solicited per respondent. We evaluated mean preferences using mixed logit models to adjust for within subject correlation and account for unobserved heterogeneity. RESULTS Respondents showed a positive preference that caregivers be provided with information sheets, as opposed to co-participation with caregivers. With regards to treatment options, the respondents showed a positive preference for 8 sessions as compared to 4 sessions. With regards to intervention delivery agents, the respondents had a positive preference for facility nurses as compared to community health volunteers. In terms of support, the respondents showed positive preference for parenting skills as compared to peer support. Our respondents expressed negative preferences of ANC service combined with older mothers as compared to adolescent friendly services and of being offered refreshments alone. A positive preference was revealed for combined refreshments and travel allowance over travel allowance or refreshments alone. A number of these suggestions were about enhancing their experience of maternity clinical care experience. CONCLUSION This study highlights unique needs of this population. Pregnant adolescents' value responsive maternity and depression care services offered by nurses. Participants shared preference for longer psychotherapy sessions and their preference was to have adolescent centered maternal mental health and child health services within primary care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Brain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Albert Tele
- Vrije University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Ikuze Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Kathono
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Nairobi Metropolitan Services, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Obadia Yator
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shillah Mwaniga
- Vrije University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Nairobi Metropolitan Services, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Keng Yen Huang
- New York University Medical School, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mary McKay
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joanna Lai
- UNICEF Headquarters, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marcy Levy
- UNICEF Headquarters, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Matthew Quaife
- London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Bloomsbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jurgen Unutzer
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ajayi AI, Chamdimba E, Sawadogo N, Gitahi N, Tarnagda AM, Ilboudo AK, Munthali A, Thakwalakwa C, Otukpa EO, Ushie BA, Kabiru CW. Socio-ecological factors associated with probable depression among pregnant and parenting adolescent girls: findings from a cross-sectional study in Burkina Faso and Malawi. Reprod Health 2023; 20:38. [PMID: 36882850 PMCID: PMC9990966 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-023-01588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant and parenting adolescent girls are at risk of poor mental health because of stigma and social exclusion. Despite one in four girls starting childbearing by the age of 19 in Africa, no study, to the best of our knowledge, has examined the multi-layered factors (individual, family, friends, and neighborhood-related factors) associated with depressive symptoms among pregnant and parenting girls in Africa. Our study contributes to addressing this gap by examining the socio-ecological factors associated with depression symptoms among pregnant and parenting adolescent girls. METHODS Our study adopted a cross-sectional design. Between March and September 2021, we interviewed 980 pregnant and parenting adolescent girls in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and 669 in Blantyre, Malawi. We recruited pregnant and parenting adolescent girls in randomly selected urban and rural enumeration areas in Burkina Faso (n = 71) and Malawi (n = 66). We assessed depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), which generated an overall score of 27. We considered a score of 10 or more as probable depression. We also obtained information on individual, family, friends, and neighborhood characteristics. We employed logistic regression models to examine the significant factors associated with probable depression among pregnant and parenting adolescent girls. RESULTS The prevalence of probable depression was 18.8% and 14.5% in Burkina Faso and Malawi, respectively. At the individual level, having secondary education was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of probable depression in Malawi (AOR: 0.47; 95% CI 0.27-0.82) but not in Burkina Faso. At the family level, denying paternity (AOR: 3.14; 95% CI 1.34-7.11 in Malawi) and no parental support (AOR: 2.08; 95% CI 1.22-3.55 in Burkina Faso) were associated with higher odds of probable depression. At the community level, perceived neighborhood safety was associated with a lower likelihood of probable depression in Malawi (AOR: 0.74; 95% CI 0.61-0.89) and Burkina Faso (AOR: 0.81; 95% CI 0.73-0.90). Having a safety net within the community was associated with lower odds of probable depression in Burkina Faso (AOR: 0.87; 95% CI 0.78-0.96) but not in Malawi. CONCLUSION Depressive symptoms are common among pregnant and parenting adolescents, suggesting the need to screen them regularly for depression during antenatal and postnatal visits. Factors associated with depression among pregnant and parenting girls operate at multiple levels suggesting a need for multilevel interventions that address all areas of vulnerabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Idowu Ajayi
- Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, New-born, Child and Adolescent Health (SRMNCAH) Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Manga Close, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Elita Chamdimba
- Centre for Social Research, University of Malawi, P. O. Box 280, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Nathalie Sawadogo
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de La Population, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, B.P. 7118, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Nyawira Gitahi
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St Room 500, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Abdoul Moumini Tarnagda
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de La Population, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, B.P. 7118, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoul Kader Ilboudo
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences de La Population, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, B.P. 7118, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Alister Munthali
- Centre for Social Research, University of Malawi, P. O. Box 280, Zomba, Malawi
| | | | - Emmanuel Oloche Otukpa
- Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, New-born, Child and Adolescent Health (SRMNCAH) Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Manga Close, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Boniface Ayanbekongshie Ushie
- Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, New-born, Child and Adolescent Health (SRMNCAH) Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Manga Close, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Caroline W Kabiru
- Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, New-born, Child and Adolescent Health (SRMNCAH) Unit, African Population and Health Research Center, Manga Close, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kesande C, Bapolisi A, Kaggwa MM, Nakimuli-Mpungu E, Maling S, Ashaba S. Prevalence and factors associated with psychological distress among pregnant and non-pregnant youth living with HIV in rural Uganda: a comparative study. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2023; 28:344-358. [PMID: 35260003 PMCID: PMC9458768 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2050270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Youth living with HIV (YLHIV) are prone to psychological distress, which may have detrimental effects on health outcomes. Pregnant youth have poor access to HIV care increasing the risk of vertical transmission of HIV to their infants. Both HIV and pregnancy are independently associated with poor mental health among adolescents. The factors that predispose women to poor mental health may also increase their risk of contracting HIV. Despite their desire to have children YLHIV are at a high risk of psychological distress. However, factors associated with psychological distress among YLHIV in rural Uganda are not well explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of, and factors associated with psychological distress among pregnant and non-pregnant YLHIV in south western Uganda. We enrolled 224 YLHIV aged 15-24 years both pregnant and nonpregnant (ratio 1:1) between December 2018 and March 2019. We obtained information on psychological distress and factors hypothesized to affect mental health outcomes among people living with HIV including internalized HIV stigma, intimate partner violence, self-esteem and social support. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to estimate factors independently associated with psychological distress. The prevalence of psychological distress was 48.2%% among pregnant YLHIV and 32.14% among non-pregnant YLHIV. Factors significantly associated with psychological distress among pregnant YLHIV were HIV stigma (AOR=4.61; 95% CI 1.63-13.84; P=0.004), physical abuse (AOR=4.97; 95% CI 1.41- 17.56; P= 0.013), and separation from partner (AOR =0.03; 95% CI 0.001-0.580; P=0.020).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kesande
- Mbarara University of science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Achille Bapolisi
- Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | | | - Samuel Maling
- Mbarara University of science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lamahewa K, Griffin S, Seward N, Temmerman M, West J, de Melo M, Raby E, Alonso A, Burnside B, Chissale F, Gheerawo R, Chepchichir EL, Mandlate F, Mahangue D, Mohiddin A, Neagu E, Salisbury TT. Protocol for intervention development to improve adolescent perinatal mental health in Kenya and Mozambique: The INSPIRE project. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
|
22
|
Mental Health Problems Across the HIV Care Continuum for Adolescents Living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review. AIDS Behav 2023:10.1007/s10461-023-03981-w. [PMID: 36650389 PMCID: PMC10350473 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-03981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mental health problems (e.g., anxiety, depression) are frequently experienced by adolescents living with HIV (ALWH) and can worsen HIV-related outcomes. This scoping review synthesizes the existing research on ALWHs' mental health problems at multiple steps along the HIV care continuum in sub-Saharan Africa. Searching PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO identified 34 peer-reviewed studies that met inclusion criteria. Most studies assessed ALWHs' mental health problems at the "Engaged or Retained in Care" continuum step, are cross-sectional, focus on depression and anxiety, and used measures developed in high-income countries. Studies identify mental health problems among ALWH as prevalent and barriers to care. Significant gaps remain in understanding how mental health problems and their relationships with HIV-related health outcomes shift across the continuum. Additional attention is needed, especially at the HIV testing and viral suppression steps, to generate a more comprehensive understanding of mental health needs and priority timepoints for intervention for ALWH.
Collapse
|
23
|
What to expect when girls are expecting: psychosocial support challenges and opportunities in the context and aftermath of teenage pregnancy in Kenya. Reprod Health 2022; 19:228. [PMID: 36544207 PMCID: PMC9768923 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-022-01544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An understanding of the psychosocial support challenges and opportunities in the context of teenage pregnancy is important for developing appropriate interventions for pregnant and parenting girls. This qualitative study was conducted in Homa Bay County, Kenya, to examine the experience of teenage pregnancy and the resultant psychosocial support needs from the perspectives of both pregnant/parenting girls and their own parents, who are typically expected to provide various forms of support. METHODS The study used a descriptive case study design, drawing on counseling case notes documented by psychologists who held counseling sessions with 20 pregnant or parenting girls and 6 of their parents as part of a psychosocial support intervention. The counseling case notes formed a qualitative data set, which was analyzed thematically. RESULTS Emerging master themes were related to pregnant and parenting girls' experience of sexual violence and adverse childbirth outcomes; psychological trauma confronted by girls and their parents alike; parental need for support in communicating with pregnant/parenting girls about sex and sexuality; and the availability of family support as a resource for teenage mothers. CONCLUSION Pregnant and parenting teenage girls require a range of psychosocial support responses that recognize the realities of sexual violence and other challenges in the lives of the girls themselves, as well as in the lives of their parents and caregivers. While parents and other caregivers can serve as an important resource for supporting affected girls, they often need assistance as well, in order to support pregnant/parenting girls effectively. These realities need to be taken into account to maximize the effectiveness of health and development programs for pregnant and parenting girls. Furthermore, emerging themes from actual counseling sessions with affected girls and parents can provide important insights into the potential psychosocial support needs of the broader population of pregnant and parenting girls.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kumar M, Yator O, Nyongesa V, Kagoya M, Mwaniga S, Kathono J, Gitonga I, Grote N, Verdeli H, Huang KY, McKay M, Swartz HA. Interpersonal Psychotherapy's problem areas as an organizing framework to understand depression and sexual and reproductive health needs of Kenyan pregnant and parenting adolescents: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:940. [PMID: 36522716 PMCID: PMC9756635 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripartum adolescents experience significant interpersonal transitions in their lives. Depression and emotional distress are often exacerbated by adolescents' responses to these interpersonal changes. Improved understanding of pregnancy-related social changes and maladaptive responses to these shifts may inform novel approaches to addressing the mental health needs of adolescents during the perinatal period. The paper aims to understand the sources of psychological distress in peripartum adolescents and map these to Interpersonal Psychotherapy's (IPT) problem areas as a framework to understand depression. METHOD We conducted interviews in two Nairobi primary care clinics with peripartum adolescents ages 16-18 years (n = 23) with experiences of depression, keeping interpersonal psychotherapy framework of problem areas in mind. We explored the nature of their distress, triggers, antecedents of distress associated with an unplanned pregnancy, quality of their relationships with their partner, parents, and other family members, perceived needs, and sources of support. RESULTS We found that the interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) framework of interpersonal problems covering grief and loss, role transitions, interpersonal disputes, and social isolation was instrumental in conceptualizing adolescent depression, anxiety, and stress in the perinatal period. CONCLUSION Our interviews deepened understanding of peripartum adolescent mental health focusing on four IPT problem areas. The interpersonal framework yields meaningful information about adolescent depression and could help in identifying strategies for addressing their distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Kumar
- grid.10604.330000 0001 2019 0495Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, 00100 (47074), Nairobi, Kenya ,grid.470490.eBrain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Obadia Yator
- grid.10604.330000 0001 2019 0495Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, 00100 (47074), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent Nyongesa
- grid.10604.330000 0001 2019 0495Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, 00100 (47074), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martha Kagoya
- grid.10604.330000 0001 2019 0495Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, 00100 (47074), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shillah Mwaniga
- Nairobi Metropolitan Services, Nairobi, Kenya ,grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Vrije University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joseph Kathono
- grid.10604.330000 0001 2019 0495Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Kenya and Nairobi Metropolitan Services, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isaiah Gitonga
- grid.95004.380000 0000 9331 9029Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Nancy Grote
- grid.34477.330000000122986657School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Helena Verdeli
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Global Mental Health Lab, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Keng Yen Huang
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753New York University, New York, USA
| | - Mary McKay
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Vice Provost of Interdisciplinary Initiatives, University of Washington, St Louis, USA
| | - Holly A. Swartz
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tele A, Kathono J, Mwaniga S, Nyongesa V, Yator O, Gachuno O, Wamalwa D, Amugune B, Cuijpers P, Saxena S, McKay M, Carvajal L, Lai J, Huang KY, Merali Z, Kumar M. Prevalence and risk factors associated with depression in pregnant adolescents in Nairobi, Kenya. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022; 10. [PMID: 36970124 PMCID: PMC10038142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescent parenthood can be associated with a range of adverse outcomes for young mothers such as depression, substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Identification of depression and understanding risk factors among pregnant adolescents is important for development of appropriate interventions and programs focused on adolescent mental health. This paper reports on the findings of the prevalence of depression and its associated risk factors among pregnant adolescents in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods We recruited 153 pregnant adolescent (14-18 years) who were accessing maternal health services in one of two Nairobi County primary health care facilities in the cross-sectional survey conducted in 2021. The Patient Health Questionnaire 9 was used to screen for depression. Multivariate Stepwise linear regression modelling was used to identify key predictors of depression. Results Using a cut off of 10 and above on PHQ-9, we found that 43.1% of the respondents were depressed. Depressive symptoms in were independently associated with being in school, experience of intimate partner violence, substance use within the family and having experienced pressure to use substances by family or peers. Limitations Cross-sectional by design and the applications of our findings are limited to settings that are similar to our study population. The PHQ-9 used has not been psychometrically validated locally in this sample. Conclusion We found a high prevalence of depressive symptoms among respondents. These risk factors identified merit further investigation. Comprehensive mental health screening needs to be integrated in primary and community health services on the possible presence of depression.
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang KY, Kumar M, Cheng S, Urcuyo AE, Macharia P. Applying technology to promote sexual and reproductive health and prevent gender based violence for adolescents in low and middle-income countries: digital health strategies synthesis from an umbrella review. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1373. [PMID: 36401323 PMCID: PMC9675248 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Adolescents in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) are facing numerous developmental, sexual and reproductive health (SRH) challenges including exposure to multidimensional violence. Gender-based violence (GBV) specifically intimate partner violence (IPV) are both highly prevalent in LMICs and are strongly linked with poor SRH outcomes. However, GBV and IPV interventions have not yet been adequately integrated in SRH due to individual, social, cultural, service, and resource barriers. To promote long-term SRH, a more holistic approach that integrates GBV and IPV, and adolescent development needs is imperative. Digital health has the potential to address multiple service setup, provision, and addressing access barriers through designing and providing integrated SRH care. However, there are no guidelines for an integrated digital SRH and development promotion for adolescents in LMICs. METHODS An umbrella review was conducted to synthesize evidence in three inter-related areas of digital health intervention literature: (i) SRH, (ii) GBV specifically IPV as a subset, and (iii) adolescent development and health promotion. We first synthesize findings for each area of research, then further analyze the implications and opportunities to inform approaches to develop an integrated intervention that can holistically address multiple SRH needs of adolescents in LMICs. Articles published in English, between 2010 and 2020, and from PubMed were included. RESULTS Seventeen review articles met our review inclusion criterion. Our primary finding is that application of digital health strategies for adolescent SRH promotion is highly feasible and acceptable. Although effectiveness evidence is insufficient to make strong recommendations for interventions and best practices suggestions, some user-centered design guidelines have been proposed for web-based health information and health application design for adolescent use. Additionally, several digital health strategies have also been identified that can be used to further develop integrated GBV-IPV-SRH-informed services to improve adolescent health outcomes. We generated several recommendations and strategies to guide future digital based SRH promotion research from our review. CONCLUSIONS Rigorous research that focuses on intervention effectiveness testing using a combination of digital health strategies and standardized albeit contextualized outcome measures would be important. Methodological improvement such as adoption of longitudinal experimental design will be crucial in generating evidence-based intervention and practice guidelines for adolescents in LMICs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Yen Huang
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30Th Street, 7Th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Brain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sabrina Cheng
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, 227 East 30Th Street, 7Th Floor, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Anya Elena Urcuyo
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Depression and anxiety in second and third trimesters among pregnant women in Kenya: a hospital-based prevalence study. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
28
|
Palfreyman A, Gazeley U. Adolescent perinatal mental health in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative evidence. Soc Sci Med 2022; 313:115413. [PMID: 36215926 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the contribution of mental ill-health to perinatal morbidity and mortality, the experiences of adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in low- and middle-income countries remain overlooked. This review explores potential intersecting vulnerabilities for perinatal mental health to identify the prevalence, risk factors, interventions, and implications for health services and future research. We searched mixed-methods English-language studies in four databases (MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Global Health, Embase) published between January 1, 2000 and April 30, 2022 reporting age-disaggregated data on the prevalence, risk factors, and interventions for AGYW's mental health during pregnancy through one year postpartum (quantitative) and/or the mental health experiences of AGYW in the perinatal period (qualitative). Our search yielded 3205 results, of which 48 met the inclusion criteria. Both regions observe a paucity of robust evidence and intervention evaluations, particularly South Asia. While meta-analysis was infeasible due to study heterogeneity, quantitative studies do identify individual-level risk factors for perinatal depression. Qualitative studies emphasise stigma's impact, among other societal-level social risk factors, on diverse perinatal mental health outcomes of importance to AGYW themselves. Rigorous evaluations of interventions are lacking bar two protocols with forthcoming results. Evidence gaps persist concerning prevalence of outcomes beyond depression and implications of AGYW's perinatal experiences including pregnancy/perinatal loss and obstetric and postpartum complications. High-quality research, including comparable prevalence and multi-method evidence identifying risk and protective factors and promising interventions is urgently needed to improve adolescent wellbeing in the perinatal period. A key strength of this review is our assessment of available evidence for both regions. In doing so, we address a critical blind spot of prior reviews that focused either on adult perinatal mental health in low- and middle-income countries, or on AGYW perinatal mental health in high-income settings but neglected the intersection of these potential vulnerabilities for these high-burden, low-resource contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Palfreyman
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Ursula Gazeley
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Perinatal depression and its impact on infant outcomes and maternal-nurse SMS communication in a cohort of Kenyan women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:723. [PMID: 36138357 PMCID: PMC9494796 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal depression is broadly defined as depressive symptoms during pregnancy or within the 12 months following delivery, affecting approximately 20-25% of pregnant and postpartum women in low- and middle-income countries. The wide accessibility of mobile phones allows mobile health (mHealth) interventions to be considered a solution to identify perinatal depression and provide appropriate referrals for treatment. This study, nested in a larger SMS communication project, examined the prevalence and correlates of perinatal depression, determined the association between antenatal depression and infant morbidity and mortality, and compared SMS communication patterns between women with and without perinatal depression. METHODS This was a prospective longitudinal cohort study of pregnant women seeking antenatal services at two public sector health clinics in Kenya. SMS messages were sent to participants with educational content related to their pregnancy and infant health and two-way SMS communication occurred with a nurse. Sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, SMS messaging behaviors, infant health status, and depressive symptoms were assessed by a standardized questionnaire administered at enrollment (30-36 weeks gestation) and follow-up (14 weeks postpartum). Generalized estimating equation (GEE) with Poisson link was used to evaluate correlates of perinatal depressive symptoms, infant outcomes, and frequency of SMS messaging. RESULTS Of the 572 women with complete follow-up information, 188 (32.9%) screened positive for elevated depressive symptoms (≥10 by EPDS scale) at some time point during pregnancy or postpartum. The strongest predictors of any depressive symptoms included interpersonal abuse during pregnancy, fewer years of schooling, and maternal unemployment. Antenatal depressive symptoms were associated with an increased risk of infant illness or hospitalization (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.13). Women with antenatal or persistent perinatal depressive symptoms sent fewer SMS messages during the study period than their counterparts without depression. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of elevated perinatal depressive symptoms was high in this cohort of Kenyan women. Our findings highlight the importance of screening perinatal women for experiences of symptoms of depression as well as abuse. Differences in messaging frequency between women with vs. without depressive symptoms presents an opportunity to provide more tailored support for those perinatal depression.
Collapse
|
30
|
Masiano SP, Yu X, Tembo T, Wetzel E, Mphande M, Khama I, Mkandawire A, Chitani M, Liwimbi O, Udedi M, Mazenga A, Nyasulu P, Abrams E, Ahmed S, Kim MH. The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and common mental disorders among pregnant women living with HIV in Malawi. J Affect Disord 2022; 312:159-168. [PMID: 35752220 PMCID: PMC9892657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to common mental disorders (CMDs) such as anxiety and depressive thoughts. We examined the prevalence of ACEs and their association with CMDs among pregnant women living with HIV (PWLHIV) in Malawi-an HIV endemic resource-limited setting. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of 798 PWLHIV enrolled in the VITAL Start trial in Malawi (10/2018 to 06/2021) (NCT03654898). ACE histories were assessed using WHO's Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) tool. Depressive symptoms (somatic complaints, reduced vital energy, anxiety, and depressive thoughts) were assessed using WHO's Self Reporting Questionnaire 20-Item (SRQ-20) tool. Log-binomial regressions were used to examine the association between cumulative ACEs and each depressive symptom, as well as identify ACEs driving this association. RESULTS The mean age of our sample was 27.5 years. Over 95 % reported having experienced ≥1 ACE. On average, each participant reported four ACEs; 11 % reported sexual abuse. About 52 % and 44 % reported anxiety and depressive thoughts, respectively. In regressions, cumulative ACE scores were significantly associated with depressive symptoms-even after adjusting for multiple testing. This association was primarily driven by reports of sexual abuse. LIMITATIONS Data on maternal ACEs were self-reported and could suffer from measurement error because of recall bias. CONCLUSIONS ACEs are widespread and have a graded relationship with depressive symptoms in motherhood. Sexual abuse was found to be a primary driver of this association. Earlier recognition of ACEs and provision of trauma-informed interventions to improve care in PWLHIV may reduce negative mental health sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Masiano
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi; Healthcare Delivery and Implementation Science Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, School of Public Health and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tapiwa Tembo
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Elizabeth Wetzel
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi; Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative at Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mtisunge Mphande
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Innocent Khama
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Angella Mkandawire
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mike Chitani
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Olive Liwimbi
- Ministry of Health, Zomba Mental Hospital, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Michael Udedi
- Ministry of Health, NCDs and Mental Health Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alick Mazenga
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Phoebe Nyasulu
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Elaine Abrams
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi; Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative at Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria H Kim
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi; Baylor International Pediatric AIDS Initiative at Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Atkins K, Kan L, Musau A, Reed J, Were D, Mohan D. Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of a scale to measure oral pre-exposure prophylaxis-related stigma among key and vulnerable populations in Kenya. J Int AIDS Soc 2022; 25 Suppl 1:e25929. [PMID: 35818870 PMCID: PMC9274213 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) services scale up throughout sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), clients continue to face challenges with sustained PrEP use. PrEP-related stigma has been shown to influence engagement throughout the HIV PrEP care continuum throughout SSA. Validated quantitative measures of PrEP-related stigma in SSA are of critical importance to better understand its impacts at each stage of the HIV PrEP care continuum. This study aimed to psychometrically evaluate a PrEP-related stigma scale for use among key and vulnerable populations in the context of a Kenya national PrEP programme. METHODS As part of a larger prospective cohort study nested within Kenya's Jilinde programme, this study used baseline data collected from 1135 participants between September 2018 and April 2020. We used exploratory factor analysis to evaluate the factor structure of a PrEP-related stigma scale. We also assessed convergent construct validity of the PrEP-Related Stigma Scale by testing for expected correlations with depression and uptake of HIV services. Finally, we examined the relationship between PrEP-related stigma and key demographic, psychosocial and behavioural characteristics. RESULTS We identified four dimensions of PrEP-related stigma: (1) interpersonal stigma, (2) PrEP norms, (3) negative self-image and (4) disclosure concerns. The scale demonstrated strong internal consistency (α = 0.84), was positively correlated with depressive symptoms and negatively correlated with uptake of HIV services. Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated associations between PrEP-related stigma and sex worker identity. CONCLUSIONS The adapted and validated PrEP-Related Stigma Scale can enable programmes to quantify how PrEP-related stigma and its dimensions may differentially impact outcomes on the HIV PrEP care continuum, evaluate stigma interventions and tailor programmes accordingly. Opportunities exist to validate the scale in other populations and explore further dimensions of PrEP-related stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Atkins
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lena Kan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jason Reed
- Jhpiego Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Diwakar Mohan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dow DE, O'Donnell KE, Mkumba L, Gallis JA, Turner EL, Boshe J, Shayo AM, Cunningham CK, Mmbaga BT. Sauti ya Vijana (SYV; The Voice of Youth): Longitudinal Outcomes of an Individually Randomized Group Treatment Pilot Trial for Young People Living with HIV in Tanzania. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:2015-2025. [PMID: 35067831 PMCID: PMC8784208 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sauti ya Vijana is a mental health and life skills intervention delivered by young adult group leaders for the improvement of HIV outcomes in young people living with HIV in Tanzania. This pilot randomized controlled trial estimated exploratory intervention effectiveness compared to standard of care. YPLWH (N = 105) were randomized to receive intervention or SOC. The mean age of participants was 18.1 years and 53% were female. Mean scores on mental health measures (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9], Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ], UCLA Trauma) were asymptomatic to mild in both study arms through 30-month follow-up with a non-significant fluctuation of 1-2 points. The mean self-reported adherence was higher in the intervention arm across all time points (but the confidence interval contained the null at all time points except 6 months). Risk ratio of virologic suppression (HIV RNA < 400 copies/mL) in the intervention arm compared to SOC was 1.15 [95% CI = 0.95, 1.39]) at 6-months, 1.17 [95% CI: 0.92, 1.48] at 12-months, and 0.99 [95% CI 0.76, 1.31] at 18-months. Though these findings were not powered for statistical significance, the trends in HIV outcomes suggest that SYV holds promise for improving antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and virologic suppression in YPLWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E Dow
- Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Global Health Institute, Box 3499, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Karen E O'Donnell
- Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Child and Family Health, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura Mkumba
- Family Health International 360, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John A Gallis
- Duke Global Health Institute, Box 3499, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Turner
- Duke Global Health Institute, Box 3499, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Judith Boshe
- Department of Psychiatry, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Aisa M Shayo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Coleen K Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Box 3499, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Duke Global Health Institute, Box 3499, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wado YD, Austrian K, Abuya BA, Kangwana B, Maddox N, Kabiru CW. Exposure to violence, adverse life events and the mental health of adolescent girls in Nairobi slums. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:156. [PMID: 35538470 PMCID: PMC9092809 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mental health problems rank among the leading causes of disability among young people globally. Young people growing up in urban slums are exposed to adverse childhood experiences, violence, and other adversities. There is limited research on how exposure to violence and adverse life events influence adolescents' mental health in urban poor settings. This study examines the associations between exposure to violence, adverse life events and self-reported depression in the slums of Nairobi. METHODS This study draws on data collected from 2106 adolescent girls aged 12-19 years who were interviewed in the third wave of the Adolescent Girls Initiative Kenya (AGI-K). Mental health was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9). Frequency distributions, bivariate chi-squared analysis and multi-variate regression models were computed to identify factors that are independently associated with depression. RESULTS About 13.3% of girls had symptoms of depression based on PHQ 9, 22% reported physical or sexual violence in the past year and about 47% of girls reported exposure to adverse life events in the family in the past year. After adjusting for the effects of socio-demographic factors, exposure to physical violence (AOR = 2.926, 95% CI 2.175-3.936), sexual violence (AOR = 2.519, 95% CI 1.637-3.875), perception of neighborhood safety (AOR = 1.533, 95% CI 1.159-2.028) and experience of adverse life events (AOR = 1.326, 95% CI 1.002-1.753) were significantly associated with self-reported depression. The presence of social support moderated the relationship between violence and mental health by reducing the strength of the association between violence and mental health in this setting. CONCLUSION Given the magnitude of violence victimisation, adverse life events and depressive symptoms, there is a need to design interventions that reduce exposure to violence and provide psychosocial support to adolescents exposed to adverse events in urban slums in Nairobi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Dibaba Wado
- African Population and Health Research Center, APHRC Campus, Manga Close, Off Kirawa Road, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | - Benta A Abuya
- African Population and Health Research Center, APHRC Campus, Manga Close, Off Kirawa Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Caroline W Kabiru
- African Population and Health Research Center, APHRC Campus, Manga Close, Off Kirawa Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Roberts KJ, Smith C, Cluver L, Toska E, Zhou S, Boyes M, Sherr L. Adolescent Motherhood and HIV in South Africa: Examining Prevalence of Common Mental Disorder. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:1197-1210. [PMID: 34570313 PMCID: PMC8940800 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mental health of adolescents (10–19 years) remains an overlooked global health issue, particularly within the context of syndemic conditions such as HIV and pregnancy. Rates of pregnancy and HIV among adolescents within South Africa are some of the highest in the world. Experiencing pregnancy and living with HIV during adolescence have both been found to be associated with poor mental health within separate explorations. Yet, examinations of mental health among adolescents living with HIV who have experienced pregnancy/parenthood remain absent from the literature. As such, there exists no evidence-based policy or programming relating to mental health for this group. These analyses aim to identify the prevalence of probable common mental disorder among adolescent mothers and, among adolescents experiencing the syndemic of motherhood and HIV. Analyses utilise data from interviews undertaken with 723 female adolescents drawn from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of adolescents living with HIV (n = 1059) and a comparison group of adolescents without HIV (n = 467) undertaken within the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Detailed study questionnaires included validated and study specific measures relating to HIV, adolescent motherhood, and mental health. Four self-reported measures of mental health (depressive, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and suicidality symptomology) were used to explore the concept of likely common mental disorder and mental health comorbidities (experiencing two or more common mental disorders concurrently). Chi-square tests (Fisher’s exact test, where appropriate) and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to assess differences in sample characteristics (inclusive of mental health status) according to HIV status and motherhood status. Logistic regression models were used to explore the cross-sectional associations between combined motherhood and HIV status and, likely common mental disorder/mental health comorbidities. 70.5% of participants were living with HIV and 15.2% were mothers. 8.4% were mothers living with HIV. A tenth (10.9%) of the sample were classified as reporting a probable common mental disorder and 2.8% as experiencing likely mental health comorbidities. Three core findings emerge: (1) poor mental health was elevated among adolescent mothers compared to never pregnant adolescents (measures of likely common mental disorder, mental health comorbidities, depressive, anxiety and suicidality symptoms), (2) prevalence of probable common mental disorder was highest among mothers living with HIV (23.0%) compared to other groups (Range:8.5–12.8%; Χ2 = 12.54, p = 0.006) and, (3) prevalence of probable mental health comorbidities was higher among mothers, regardless of HIV status (HIV & motherhood = 8.2%, No HIV & motherhood = 8.2%, Χ2 = 14.5, p = 0.002). Results identify higher mental health burden among adolescent mothers compared to never-pregnant adolescents, an increased prevalence of mental health burden among adolescent mothers living with HIV compared to other groups, and an elevated prevalence of mental health comorbidities among adolescent mothers irrespective of HIV status. These findings address a critical evidence gap, highlighting the commonality of mental health burden within the context of adolescent motherhood and HIV within South Africa as well as the urgent need for support and further research to ensure effective evidence-based programming is made available for this group. Existing antenatal, postnatal, and HIV care may provide an opportunity for mental health screening, monitoring, and referral.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colette Smith
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elona Toska
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Siyanai Zhou
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Boyes
- Curtin enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Australia
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Prevalence and correlates of depression among pregnant adolescents in primary maternal care in Nigeria. Arch Womens Ment Health 2022; 25:441-450. [PMID: 35089429 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-021-01198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
To examine the prevalence as well as the clinical and psychosocial factors associated with depression and depression severity in pregnant adolescents. Participants were consecutively registered pregnant adolescents presenting to 30 selected primary maternal and child healthcare centers in Ibadan, Nigeria, who were screened for enrolment into an intervention trial for perinatal depression (depression defined as a score of ≥ 12 on the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS] and met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for depression). Of the 1359 pregnant adolescents screened, 246 (18.1%) had depression. Mean age was 18.4 (sd 1.00), 58.9% were either married or cohabiting, 91.4% were primipara, and the mean gestational age was 23.8 weeks (sd 5.4 weeks). Food insecurity (going to bed hungry at least once in the previous week because there was no food to eat) was reported by 13.3%. In bivariate analysis, younger age, not living with a partner, unemployment, and food insecurity were associated with depression. In bivariate analysis, younger age, not living with a partner, unemployment and food insecurity were associated with depression, while younger age, being single and food insecurity were independently associated with being depressed in multivariate analysis. Severity of depression was related to age, higher anxiety and disability scores, lower quality of life scores across all domains and poorer attitudes towards pregnancy. Depression was associated with indices of higher social disadvantage among adolescents. Delaying childbearing and measures aimed at alleviating poverty may be important in preventing depression in this vulnerable group.
Collapse
|
36
|
Oboro OF, Ebulue V, Oboro VO, Ohenhen V, Oyewole A, Akindele R, Ala O, Oyeniran O, Isawumi A, Afolabi B. The magnitude and determinants of depressive symptoms amongst women in early pregnancy in Southern Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. S Afr J Psychiatr 2022; 28:1691. [PMID: 35747343 PMCID: PMC9210182 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v28i0.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antenatal depression (AD) is prevalent and associated with adverse pregnancy, maternal and child outcomes, yet no study has addressed its magnitude and predictors in early pregnancy in Nigeria. Aim To determine the prevalence and factors associated with AD in first half of pregnancy. Setting Multicentric health facilities in Southern Nigeria. Methods A multicentric health-facilities-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2018. Using pretested structure interviewer-administered questionnaires, antenatal depressive symptoms were assessed amongst 511 pregnant mothers with the Edinburg Postnatal Depressive Scale tool. Socio-demographic, socio-economic, clinical, family and social factors were also measured. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to describe and identify factors associated with AD. Results The prevalence of antenatal depressive symptoms in early pregnancy in this study was 29.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 26.6–32.9). Factors independently associated with AD were intimate partner violence (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] = 8.10, 95% CI 5.00–13.14), marital dissatisfaction (AOR 5.48, 95% CI 3.48–8.38), poor social support (AOR 4.70; 95% CI 2.99–7.38), past history of depression (AOR 4.67; 95% CI 2.47–8.80), previous pregnancy complication (AOR 2.50, 95% CI 1.57–3.89), low socio-economic status (AOR 2.41, 95% CI 1.61–3.66) and unplanned pregnancy (AOR 2.35, 95% CI 1.47–3.64). Conclusions The prevalence of antenatal depression is high with modifiable risk factors requiring context-specific policies such as provision of family, social and economic support for mothers at the earliest possible contact in the antenatal period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omolola F. Oboro
- Perinatal Mental Health Unit, OMVIAL Medical Group, Benin-City, Nigeria
| | - Vincent Ebulue
- Perinatal Mental Health Unit, OMVIAL Medical Group, Benin-City, Nigeria
| | - Victor O. Oboro
- Perinatal Mental Health Unit, OMVIAL Medical Group, Benin-City, Nigeria
| | - Victor Ohenhen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Central Hospital Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria
| | - Adeoye Oyewole
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Rasaq Akindele
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Olufemi Ala
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Olaolu Oyeniran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Adegboye Isawumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde Afolabi
- Department of General Practice, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mbwayo A, Kumar M, Mathai M, Mutavi T, Nungari J, Gathara R, McKay M, Ssewamala F, Hoagwood K, Petersen I, Bhana A, Huang KY. Strengthening System and Implementation Research Capacity for Child Mental Health and Family Well-being in Sub-Saharan Africa. GLOBAL SOCIAL WELFARE : RESEARCH, POLICY & PRACTICE 2022; 9:37-53. [PMID: 35330916 PMCID: PMC8939896 DOI: 10.1007/s40609-021-00204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) experience high rates of mental health problems, and the region has limited access to mental health resources and research capacity to address the needs. Despite the success of numerous evidence-based interventions (EBIs) and emerging methodology from the field of implementation science for addressing child mental health needs, most EBIs and implementation science methodology have not been applied in SSA contexts. The SMART-Africa Center aims to address these child welfare, mental health, services, and EBI implementation research gaps by establishing a regional trans-disciplinary collaborative center and studying strategies to strengthening mental health system and implementation research capacity. Our paper describes the overall framework and strategies that SMART-Africa team developed to strengthen capacity in three SSA countries (Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda) while focusing on its contextualization for the Kenyan school-community mental health settings. Methods to document the progress and impacts are also described. METHODS The design of the system and research strengthening activities is guided by a SMART-Africa Capacity Building framework. Two areas of capacity are focused. Mental health system capacity focuses on building political wills, leadership, transdisciplinary partnership, and stakeholders' global competency in evidence child mental health policy, intervention, and service implementation research. Implementation research capacity building focuses on building researchers' implementation research competency by carrying out an EBI implementation research (using a Hybrid Type II effectiveness-implementation). For illustration purpose, we describe how the system strengthening strategies has been applied in Kenya, and how the mixed methods design applied to assess the value and impacts of the capacity building activities. Feedback data and evaluation data collection using qualitative and quantitative methods for both areas of capacity building are still ongoing. Data will be analyzed and compared across countries in 2020-2021. CONCLUSION Our work has shown some feasibility of applying the theory-guided system strengthening model in improving child mental health service system and research capacity in one of the three SMART-Africa partnering countries. Our mental health landscape and resource mapping in Kenya also illustrated that capacity building in SSA countries involved complex dynamic, history, and some overlap efforts with multiple partnerships, and these are critical to consider in training activity and evaluation design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mbwayo
- University of Nairobi, Department of Psychiatry, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Manasi Kumar
- University of Nairobi, Department of Psychiatry, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Muthoni Mathai
- University of Nairobi, Department of Psychiatry, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Teresia Mutavi
- University of Nairobi, Department of Psychiatry, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Mary McKay
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | | | | | | | - Arvin Bhana
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Boateng GO, Workman CL, Miller JD, Onono M, Neilands TB, Young SL. The syndemic effects of food insecurity, water insecurity, and HIV on depressive symptomatology among Kenyan women. Soc Sci Med 2022; 295:113043. [PMID: 32482382 PMCID: PMC8869838 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease, especially for women of childbearing age. Social science scholarship has demonstrated significant relationships between mental health, food insecurity (FI), water insecurity (WI), and HIV. Little is known, however, about the temporal relationships between food and water insecurity or the mechanisms through which these multiple stressors may operate or interact to impact depression. We therefore used syndemic theory to explore the complex relationships between FI, WI, and HIV on depressive symptomatology among Kenyan women of mixed HIV status (n=183, NCT02979418). We sought to 1) understand the temporal relationships between time-variant risk factors for depression, i.e. FI and WI, and 2) assess how these factors potentially interacted with HIV to impact depressive symptomatology. We first assessed the bidirectional relationship between WI and FI using a cross-lagged three-wave, two-variable panel model. Next, we modeled depressive symptomatology at 21 months as a linear function of the potentially syndemic interaction between FI, WI, and HIV status, adjusting for household wealth. WI had a predominant predictive effect on FI (Bayesian posterior predictive p-value=0.13); there was no reverse causality for the influence of FI on WI. The interaction effect of FI, WI, and HIV was significantly associated with greater depressive symptomatology (β=0.06) at 21 months postpartum. These data suggest that water insecurity may be an important determinant of food insecurity. Further, the co-occurrence of FI, WI, and HIV increases the likelihood of maternal depressive symptomatology, i.e. there is a syndemic relationship. These findings suggest that the role of household WI in other adverse health outcomes beyond mental well-being should be examined, and that interventions to improve mental health will be more effective if they also consider concurrent resource insecurities, regardless of HIV status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Godfred O Boateng
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA; Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Cassandra L Workman
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA
| | - Joshua D Miller
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Torsten B Neilands
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sera L Young
- Department of Anthropology & Global Health, Faculty Fellow, Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mutahi J, Larsen A, Cuijpers P, Peterson SS, Unutzer J, McKay M, John-Stewart G, Jewell T, Kinuthia J, Gohar F, Lai J, Wamalwa D, Gachuno O, Kumar M. Mental health problems and service gaps experienced by pregnant adolescents and young women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 44:101289. [PMID: 35198916 PMCID: PMC8851289 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant adolescent girls and young women (AGYW, aged 12-24 years) are at high risk for mental health problems, particularly in the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) region. METHODS We performed a systematic review of mental health studies among pregnant AGYW in SSA published between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2020 in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Global Index Medicus following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42021230980). We used Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model to frame and synthesize results from included studies. FINDINGS Our search yielded 945 articles from which 18 studies were included (N = 8 quantitative, N = 9 qualitative, N = 1 case report). The most frequently studied mental health problem was depression (N = 9 studies); the most frequently utilized measurement tool was the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (N = 3). Studies reported life course factors, individual, microsystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem-level factors associated with mental health problems. Gaps in mental health service delivery for pregnant AGYW included lack of confidentiality, judgmental healthcare worker attitudes, and lack of services tailored to their unique needs. INTERPRETATION Gaps remain in research and services for mental health among pregnant AGYW in SSA. Integration of mental health services within school, community, and healthcare settings that are tailored to pregnant AGYW could strengthen health systems within SSA. FUNDING Author contributions were supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (F31HD101149 to AL) and the Fogarty International Center (K43TW010716 to MK). The funding agencies had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. The project itself was not funded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Mutahi
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, 00100 (19676), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anna Larsen
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherland
| | | | - Jurgen Unutzer
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mary McKay
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Teresa Jewell
- University of Washington Libraries, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - John Kinuthia
- Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fatima Gohar
- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, United States
| | - Joanna Lai
- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, United States
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Onesmus Gachuno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, 00100 (19676), Nairobi, Kenya
- Brain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Osborn L, Ronen K, Larsen AM, Richardson B, Khasimwa B, Chohan B, Matemo D, Unger J, Drake AL, Kinuthia J, John-Stewart G. Antenatal depressive symptoms in Kenyan women living with HIV: contributions of recent HIV diagnosis, stigma, and partner violence. AIDS Care 2022; 34:69-77. [PMID: 34579601 PMCID: PMC8758509 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2021.1981216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Depression among pregnant women living with HIV (WLWH) in sub-Saharan Africa leads to poor pregnancy and HIV outcomes. This cross-sectional analysis utilized enrollment data from a randomized trial (Mobile WAChX, NCT02400671) in six Kenyan public maternal and child health clinics. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), stigma with the Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness, and intimate partner violence (IPV) with the Abuse Assessment Screen. Correlates of moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms ("depression", PHQ-9 score ≥10) were assessed using generalized estimating equation models clustered by facility. Among 824 pregnant WLWH, 9% had depression; these women had more recent HIV diagnosis than those without depression (median 0.4 vs. 2.0 years since diagnosis, p = .008). Depression was associated with HIV-related stigma (adjusted Prevalence Ratio [aPR]:2.36, p = .025), IPV (aPR:2.93, p = .002), and lower social support score (aPR:0.99, p = .023). Using population-attributable risk percent to estimate contributors to maternal depression, 81% were attributable to stigma (27%), recent diagnosis (24%), and IPV (20%). Integrating depression screening and treatment in prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programs may be beneficial, particularly in women recently diagnosed or reporting stigma and IPV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bhavna Chohan
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - John Kinuthia
- Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya,University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Steventon Roberts K, Smith C, Toska E, Cluver L, Haag K, Wittesaele C, Langwenya N, Jochim J, Saal W, Shenderovich Y, Sherr L. Risk factors for poor mental health among adolescent mothers in South Africa. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2022; 27:67-84. [PMID: 36154770 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2124295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In South Africa, high rates of adolescent pregnancy and HIV pose prominent public health challenges with potential implications for mental wellbeing. It is important to understand risk factors for mental health difficulties among adolescent mothers affected by HIV. This study aims to identify the prevalence of likely common mental disorder among adolescent mothers (both living with and not living with HIV) and explores hypothesised risk factors for likely common mental disorder. Cross-sectional data from adolescent mothers (10-19 years; n=1002) utilised within these analyses are drawn from a cohort of young mothers residing in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. All mothers completed a detailed questionnaire consisting of standardised measures of sociodemographic characteristics, mental health, and hypothesised risk factors. Logistic regression models were utilised to explore associations between hypothesised risk factors and likely common mental disorder. Risk factors were clustered within a hypothesised socioecological framework and entered into models using a stepwise sequential approach. Interaction effects with maternal HIV status were additionally explored. The prevalence of likely common mental disorder among adolescent mothers was 12.6%. Adolescent mothers living with HIV were more likely to report likely common mental disorder compared to adolescent mothers not living with HIV (16.2% vs 11.2%, X2=4.41, p=0.04). Factors associated with likely common mental disorder were any abuse exposure (OR=2.54 [95%CI:1.20-5.40], p=0.01), a lack of perceived social support (OR=4.09 [95%CI:2.48-6.74], p=<0.0001), and community violence exposure (OR=2.09 [95%CI:1.33-3.27], p=0.001). There was limited evidence of interaction effects between risk factors, and maternal HIV status. Violence exposure and a lack of perceived support are major risk factors for poor mental health among adolescent mothers in South Africa. Violence prevention interventions and social support may help to reduce risk. Identified risk factors spanning individual, interpersonal, and community levels have the potential to impact adolescent maternal mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Steventon Roberts
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Colette Smith
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elona Toska
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | | | - Camille Wittesaele
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Nontokozo Langwenya
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Janina Jochim
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wylene Saal
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Yulia Shenderovich
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kumar M, Chu W, Gellatly R, Wambua GN, Becker KD, Chorpita BF. Identified needs of peripartum adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2013 to 2021: a mapping of domains for strengthening psychosocial interventions. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 45:101291. [PMID: 35016086 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent pregnancy and early motherhood pose significant socioeconomic and health risks in Sub-Saharan Africa, leading to considerable morbidity and mortality. To learn more about the needs of this population, we reviewed 24 articles featuring 21 samples covering 12,490 adolescents from 14 countries. Our coding revealed that adolescent mothers were studied more (85.7% of samples) than pregnant adolescents (61.9%). We summarized needs as per six categories. Resource needs were most prevalent, reported by 100% of samples, followed by ecology (85.7%), mental health (76.2%), medical (61.9%), other (61.9%), and education (33.3%). The most frequently reported resource needs were low income and unemployment. Low social support, low family functioning, and exposure to negative cultural norms were ecological needs prevalent in most samples. Among mental health concerns, depression was the most commonly reported problem, whereas other problems, such as anxiety, substance use, and suicidality, were reported much less frequently. HIV-positive status was the most frequently reported medical concern. Intervention developers should consider the range of challenges when designing psychosocial services for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Wendy Chu
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Resham Gellatly
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Grace Nduku Wambua
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands
| | | | - Bruce F Chorpita
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ahinkorah BO. Under-5 mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: is maternal age at first childbirth below 20 years a risk factor? BMJ Open 2021; 11:e049337. [PMID: 34593494 PMCID: PMC8487196 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed at examining the association between young maternal age at first childbirth and under-5 mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). DESIGN AND SETTING This cross-sectional study pooled nationally-representative data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 30 countries in SSA from 2010 to 2019. PARTICIPANTS 116 379 mothers of children under 5. RESULTS The prevalence of adolescent childbirth and death in children under 5 in SSA were 57.36% (95% CI 53.73% to 60.99%) and 4.10% (95% CI 3.65% to 4.54%), respectively. Children born to mothers whose first childbirth occurred at <20 years were 11% more likely to die before the age of 5 compared with those whose mothers' first childbirth occurred at age ≥20 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.11; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.18). In terms of the covariates, the likelihood of under-5 mortality was higher among children born to single (aOR 1.54; 95% CI 1.41 to 1.67) and cohabiting mothers (aOR 1.10; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.21) compared with married mothers. Children born to mothers who were obese were more likely to die before the age of 5 compared with those born to mothers with normal body weight (aOR 1.17; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.26). The odds of under-5 mortality were higher among children whose weight at birth was <2500 g compared with those whose weight was ≥2500 g at birth (aOR 1.83; 95% CI 1.64 to 2.03). CONCLUSIONS The findings call for the need to enhance policies aimed at reducing under-5 mortality in SSA by reducing adolescent pregnancy and childbirth through family planning, comprehensive sexuality education, and the elimination of child marriage. Again, Since under-5 mortality among adolescent mothers is linked with their poor socio-economic status, there is the need for government and non-governmental organisations in SSA to introduce poverty alleviation programmes and improve access to both formal and informal education as a way of enhancing the socioeconomic status of adolescent mothers. Public health education, through continuous advocacy programmes should be done to encourage adolescent mothers to access antenatal care and health facility deliveries as a way of enhancing the survival status of their children. These interventions should be implemented, taking into consideration other characteristics of mothers such marital status and BMI and child's characteristics such as child's weight, which were found to be associated with high under-5 mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wainaina CW, Sidze EM, Maina BW, Badillo-Amberg I, Anyango HO, Kathoka F, Khasowa D, Okoror CEM. Psychosocial challenges and individual strategies for coping with mental stress among pregnant and postpartum adolescents in Nairobi informal settlements: a qualitative investigation. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:661. [PMID: 34583684 PMCID: PMC8480022 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was part of a project funded under the Grand Challenges Explorations initiative to engage adolescent girls living in the main slums of Nairobi. This involved an innovative co-creation initiative through jointly designing and testing the feasibility of a toolkit of information, skill, and confidence-building, and coping mechanisms that can effectively shield them and their peers against the risks of mental stress during pregnancy and early motherhood. METHODS Qualitative interviews and discussions from visual methodologies including Photovoice, digital storytelling, and public service announcements were conducted with 30 pregnant and adolescent mothers aged 14-19 years in four informal settlements either pregnant or having a child less than 2 years. The aims included; to generate an inventory of mental stressors during pregnancy and early motherhood; understand how mental stress affects the ability to seek care for themselves and their child, and understand individual coping strategies. RESULTS The psychosocial challenges identified in order of importance included: chased from home by the parents; economic hardship; neglect and abandonment by the person responsible for the pregnancy; stigmatization by family, friends, and the community; feelings of shattered dreams; and daily stress related to living in poor and unhygienic conditions. During the pregnancy and early motherhood, the participants experienced feelings of embarrassment, shame, hopelessness, and to the extreme, suicidal thoughts clouded their minds. Main coping strategies included social isolation for some, socializing with other pregnant and adolescent mothers, and negative behaviors like the uptake of illicit drugs and alcohol and risky sexual relationships. CONCLUSION The unpreparedness for early motherhood infused with inadequate psychosocial support led to increased mental stress and risk of depression. The interconnection between the triggers to mental stress showed the need to focus on a multifaceted approach to address the wellbeing of pregnant and adolescent mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beatrice W Maina
- African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Dorcas Khasowa
- Mental health consultant, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Collins E M Okoror
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Teenage Mothers in Yaoundé, Cameroon-Risk Factors and Prevalence of Perinatal Depression Symptoms. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184164. [PMID: 34575274 PMCID: PMC8470336 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal depression is defined as a non-psychotic depressive episode occurring during pregnancy or during the first year following childbirth. This depressive disorder is highly prevalent among teenage women but there is a lack of data in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to provide baseline data on the sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant teenagers or teenage mothers in an urban zone in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Risk factors were assessed, and prevalence of depressive disorders was determined. METHODS Women aged 20 years old or less in the perinatal period were invited to participate in the study. A total of 1344 women participated in the four-stage data collection process involving a questionnaire including questions on sociodemographic background, an assessment of their risk of perinatal depression using the EPDS questionnaire (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), a clinical interview based on the DSM 5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), and a final section focusing on risk factors of perinatal depression. RESULTS The EPDS score was obtained for 1307 women. The prevalence of depressive disorder symptoms among teenage or young pregnant women is estimated to be 70.0%. This risk is significantly increased by different factors including unintended or unplanned pregnancy (aOR: 1.33, 1.14-1.56 CI95%), being separated or single (aOR: 1.34, 1.12-1.60 CI95%), experiencing depression and anxiety before childbirth (aOR: 1.50, 1.02-2.27 CI95%), abortion experience (aOR: 2.60, 1.03-7.14 CI95%) and domestic violence (aOR: 1.76, 1.12-2.83 CI95%). CONCLUSION The results of this study reveal a high prevalence of depressive disorder symptoms within the study population. These findings highlight the need to develop maternal care programs to support both mothers and their infants.
Collapse
|
46
|
Ahinkorah BO. Maternal age at first childbirth and under-five morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of cross-sectional data of 32 countries. Arch Public Health 2021; 79:151. [PMID: 34425906 PMCID: PMC8383451 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-021-00674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of childhood morbidity remains high in low-and middle-income countries, including sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In this study, the association between maternal age at first childbirth and under-five morbidity in SSA was examined. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study involving nationally-representative data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 32 countries in SSA from 2010 to 2019. A sample size of 311,603 mothers of children under-five was considered. The outcome variable for this study was under-five morbidity. This variable was derived from the experience of fever, cough, and diarrhoea among children under-five. Both multilevel and binary logistic regression models were used to test the hypothesis that adolescent childbirth is associated with under-five morbidity. The results were presented as crude odds ratios (cORs) and adjusted odds ratios (aORs), with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Children born to mothers whose first childbirth occurred at < 20 years were 16 % times more likely to suffer from under-five morbidity, compared to those whose mothers' first childbirth occurred at age ≥ 20 years [cOR = 1.16; CI = 1.13-1.19], and this persisted but with reduced odds after controlling for covariates [aOR = 1.10; CI = 1.07-1.12]. At the country level, children born to mothers whose first childbirth occurred at < 20 years were more likely to suffer from under-five morbidity, compared to those whose mothers' first childbirth occurred at age ≥ 20 years in Angola, Burundi, Congo DR, Guinea, Kenya, and Uganda. CONCLUSIONS In this study, an association between adolescent childbirth and morbidity in children under five in SSA has been established. The study concludes that under-five morbidity is higher among children born to mothers whose first childbirth occurred before 20 years compared to those whose mothers' first childbirth occurred at 20 years and above. The findings indicate that in order to reduce under-five morbidity, there is the need to deal with adolescent childbearing through cultural and social change, coupled with engagement of adolescents and stakeholders in adolescent sexual and reproductive health programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Roberts KJ, Smith C, Cluver L, Toska E, Sherr L. Understanding Mental Health in the Context of Adolescent Pregnancy and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review Identifying a Critical Evidence Gap. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:2094-2107. [PMID: 33452658 PMCID: PMC7810185 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent (10-19 years) mental health remains an overlooked global health issue. Rates of adolescent pregnancy within sub-Saharan Africa are some of the highest in the world and occur at the epicentre of the global HIV epidemic. Both experiencing adolescent pregnancy and living with HIV have been found to be associated with adverse mental health outcomes, when investigated separately. Poor mental health may have implications for both parent and child. The literature regarding mental health within groups experiencing both HIV and adolescent pregnancy is yet to be summarised. This systematic review sought to identify (1) the prevalence/occurrence of common mental disorder amongst adolescents who are living with HIV and have experienced pregnancy, (inclusive of adolescent fathers) in sub-Saharan Africa (2) risk and protective factors for common mental disorder among this group, and (3) interventions (prevention/treatment) for common mental disorder among this group. A systematic search of electronic databases using pre-defined search terms, supplemented by hand-searching, was undertaken in September 2020. One author and an independent researcher completed a title and abstract screening of results from the search. A full-text search of all seemingly relevant manuscripts (both quantitative and qualitative) was undertaken and data extracted using pre-determined criteria. A narrative synthesis of included studies is provided. Quality and risk of bias within included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. A systematic keyword search of databases and follow-up hand searching identified 2287 unique records. Of these, thirty-eight full-text quantitative records and seven full-text qualitative records were assessed for eligibility. No qualitative records met the eligibility criteria for inclusion within the review. One quantitative record was identified for inclusion. This study reported on depressive symptomology amongst 14 pregnant adolescents living with HIV in Kenya, identifying a prevalence of 92.9%. This included study did not meet the high methodological quality of this review. No studies were identified reporting on risk and protective factors for common mental disorder, and no studies were found identifying any specific interventions for common mental disorder for this group, either for prevention or for treatment. The limited data identified within this review provides no good quality evidence relating to the prevalence of common mental disorder among adolescents living with HIV who have experienced pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa. No data was available relating to risk and protective factors or interventions for psychological distress amongst this group. This systematic review identifies a need for rigorous evidence regarding the mental health of pregnant and parenting adolescents living with HIV, and calls for granular interrogation of existing data to further our understanding of the needs of this group. The absence of research on this topic (both quantitative and qualitative) is a critical evidence gap, limiting evidence-based policy and programming responses, as well as regional development opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colette Smith
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elona Toska
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kumar M, Huang KY. Impact of being an adolescent mother on subsequent maternal health, parenting, and child development in Kenyan low-income and high adversity informal settlement context. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248836. [PMID: 33793592 PMCID: PMC8016237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women who have experienced adolescent pregnancy and early motherhood are disproportionately affected in terms of their health and parenting capabilities, as well as their offspring's health. Guided by Stress Process and Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Frameworks, which posit that multiple sources of stressors and structural determinants of adolescent pregnancy influence adolescent mothers' subsequent health and quality of parenting (Xavier et al 2018, McLoyd 1998, Conger et al 2010, Gipson et al 2008). These dynamics then further impact offspring's outcomes. Using an Integrated Stress-SDH Process for Health Disparities model and we test on whether early motherhood is associated with and subsequent maternal and child health from two informal settlements in Nairobi. METHODS A cross-sectional design with 394 mothers of 2-16 years old children who sought maternal and child health services at Kariobangi and Kangemi public health centers between October 2015 to April 2016 were recruited. Participating mothers were asked questions related to their adolescent pregnancy history, their current health, wellbeing, and parenting practices, and their child's health. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to examine hypothesized mediational pathways that adolescent pregnancy history has negative influences on women's health and parenting during adulthood, which also influence their child's health and development. RESULTS Our study supports that women with a history of adolescent motherhood have poor physical and mental health outcomes as adults after adjusting for demographic confounders. SEM results partially support the Stress-SDH Process model that history of adolescent pregnancy had negative consequences on women's adulthood health, which also negatively impacted offspring's physical and mental health. CONCLUSION Consistent with the Stress Process and SDH literature, we found consistent cross-cultural literature that adolescent pregnancy set the stage for, subsequent poor maternal health and child outcomes. Although history of adolescent pregnancy and motherhood was not necessarily associated with negative parenting, consistent with parenting literature, negative parenting was associated with poor child mental health. Findings suggest importance of providing integrated care that address health and parenting needs to optimize offspring's development in instances of early motherhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Research Fellow, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keng Yen Huang
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Vanderkruik R, Gonsalves L, Kapustianyk G, Allen T, Say L. Mental health of adolescents associated with sexual and reproductive outcomes: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 2021; 99:359-373K. [PMID: 33958824 PMCID: PMC8061667 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.254144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To systematically review the literature on the mental health of adolescents associated with sexual and reproductive outcomes, and compare the mental health outcomes with that of other age groups. Methods We searched seven databases for relevant peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 2010 and 25 April 2019. Our inclusion criteria required that the study included age-disaggregated data on adolescents, and focused and assessed mental health outcomes associated with pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections. We extracted data on the specific health event, the mental health outcome and the method of measuring this, and comparisons with other age groups. Findings After initially screening 10 818 articles by title and abstract, we included 96 articles in our review. We observed that a wide-ranging prevalence of mental ill-health has been reported for adolescents. However, most studies of mental health during pregnancy did not identify an increased risk of depression or other mental disorders among adolescents compared with other age groups. In contrast, the majority of studies conducted during the postpartum period identified an increased risk of depression in adolescents compared with other age groups. Three studies reported on mental health outcomes following abortion, with varying results. We found no studies of the effect of sexually transmitted infections on mental health among adolescents. Conclusion We recommend that sexual and reproductive health services should be accessible to adolescents to address their needs and help to prevent any adverse mental health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Vanderkruik
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Lianne Gonsalves
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Tomas Allen
- Department of Quality, Norms and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lale Say
- UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jiang W, Osborn L, Drake AL, Unger JA, Matemo D, Kinuthia J, John-Stewart G, Ronen K. Recent Diagnosis, Lower Rates of HIV Disclosure, and High Technology Access in Pregnant Adolescent Girls and Young Women Living With HIV: A Descriptive Study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2021; 32:205-213. [PMID: 33136655 PMCID: PMC7985848 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Jiang
- Wenwen Jiang, MPH, is a Research Assistant, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Lusi Osborn, BS, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Alison L. Drake, PhD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Jennifer A. Unger, MD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Departments of Global Health and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Daniel Matemo, MPH, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. John Kinuthia, MBChB, MMed, MPH, is Head of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Grace John-Stewart, MD, PhD, MPH, is a Professor, Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Keshet Ronen, PhD, MPH, is a Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lusi Osborn
- Wenwen Jiang, MPH, is a Research Assistant, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Lusi Osborn, BS, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Alison L. Drake, PhD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Jennifer A. Unger, MD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Departments of Global Health and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Daniel Matemo, MPH, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. John Kinuthia, MBChB, MMed, MPH, is Head of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Grace John-Stewart, MD, PhD, MPH, is a Professor, Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Keshet Ronen, PhD, MPH, is a Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alison L. Drake
- Wenwen Jiang, MPH, is a Research Assistant, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Lusi Osborn, BS, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Alison L. Drake, PhD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Jennifer A. Unger, MD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Departments of Global Health and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Daniel Matemo, MPH, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. John Kinuthia, MBChB, MMed, MPH, is Head of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Grace John-Stewart, MD, PhD, MPH, is a Professor, Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Keshet Ronen, PhD, MPH, is a Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Unger
- Wenwen Jiang, MPH, is a Research Assistant, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Lusi Osborn, BS, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Alison L. Drake, PhD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Jennifer A. Unger, MD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Departments of Global Health and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Daniel Matemo, MPH, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. John Kinuthia, MBChB, MMed, MPH, is Head of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Grace John-Stewart, MD, PhD, MPH, is a Professor, Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Keshet Ronen, PhD, MPH, is a Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel Matemo
- Wenwen Jiang, MPH, is a Research Assistant, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Lusi Osborn, BS, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Alison L. Drake, PhD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Jennifer A. Unger, MD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Departments of Global Health and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Daniel Matemo, MPH, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. John Kinuthia, MBChB, MMed, MPH, is Head of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Grace John-Stewart, MD, PhD, MPH, is a Professor, Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Keshet Ronen, PhD, MPH, is a Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Kinuthia
- Wenwen Jiang, MPH, is a Research Assistant, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Lusi Osborn, BS, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Alison L. Drake, PhD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Jennifer A. Unger, MD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Departments of Global Health and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Daniel Matemo, MPH, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. John Kinuthia, MBChB, MMed, MPH, is Head of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Grace John-Stewart, MD, PhD, MPH, is a Professor, Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Keshet Ronen, PhD, MPH, is a Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Wenwen Jiang, MPH, is a Research Assistant, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Lusi Osborn, BS, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Alison L. Drake, PhD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Jennifer A. Unger, MD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Departments of Global Health and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Daniel Matemo, MPH, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. John Kinuthia, MBChB, MMed, MPH, is Head of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Grace John-Stewart, MD, PhD, MPH, is a Professor, Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Keshet Ronen, PhD, MPH, is a Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keshet Ronen
- Wenwen Jiang, MPH, is a Research Assistant, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Lusi Osborn, BS, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Alison L. Drake, PhD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Jennifer A. Unger, MD, MPH, is an Assistant Professor, Departments of Global Health and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Daniel Matemo, MPH, is a Research Scientist, Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. John Kinuthia, MBChB, MMed, MPH, is Head of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Grace John-Stewart, MD, PhD, MPH, is a Professor, Departments of Global Health, Medicine, Pediatrics, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Keshet Ronen, PhD, MPH, is a Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|