1
|
Shao IY, Al-Shoaibi AAA, Testa A, Ganson KT, Baker FC, Nagata JM. The Association between Family Environment and Subsequent Risk of Cyberbullying Victimization in Adolescents. Acad Pediatr 2024; 24:957-962. [PMID: 38042404 PMCID: PMC11136877 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family environment and parental monitoring have long been recognized as two important factors associated with adolescents' psychological development. Studies have suggested a potential link between parenting style/parental engagement and the likelihood of bullying victimization among adolescents. Nonetheless, no studies to date have investigated the association between family environment and the subsequent risk of cyberbullying victimization among adolescents. In this study, we assessed the association between family environment (eg, parental monitoring and family conflict) and subsequent risk of cyberbullying victimization using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD). METHODS We used multivariable logistic regressions to assess the association between parental monitoring and family conflict at year 1 and the subsequent risk of cyberbullying victimization at year 2 in 10,410 eligible ABCD study participants. RESULTS Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, study sampling weights and study site, higher levels of parental monitoring at year 1 were associated with a lower reported past 12-month (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.50-0.75) history of cyberbullying victimization at year 2. Higher levels of family conflict at year 1 were associated with a higher risk of reported past 12-month history (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.16) of cyberbullying victimization one year later. CONCLUSION Higher levels of parental monitoring and lower levels of family conflict are associated with a subsequent lower risk of cyberbullying victimization among adolescents. Cyberbullying victimization preventive programs should advocate for increased parental monitoring and minimize family conflict at home to reduce the risks of cyberbullying victimization among adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Y Shao
- Department of Pediatrics (IY Shao, AAA Al-shoaibi, and JM Nagata), University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Abubakr A A Al-Shoaibi
- Department of Pediatrics (IY Shao, AAA Al-shoaibi, and JM Nagata), University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management (A Testa), Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work (KT Ganson), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Center for Health Sciences (FC Baker), SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics (IY Shao, AAA Al-shoaibi, and JM Nagata), University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Drouin M, Kardys K, Flanagan M, Pater J, Kerrigan C. Cyberbullying and Bullying Reports Among Youth in a Behavioral Health Inpatient Unit: Insights From Youth and Parent Intake Surveys. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2024:10783903241265888. [PMID: 39068600 DOI: 10.1177/10783903241265888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Limited studies have examined the extent to which cyberbullying and offline bullying are factors related to youth admissions to behavioral health inpatient units. However, considering the rising use of technology and prevalence of youth bullying, intake procedures require adaptation to account for modern-day psychological pressures facing youth. AIMS: Our aims were to pilot and analyze results from a novel intake form, assessing offline bullying and cyberbullying, in a youth inpatient behavioral health facility. METHODS: Upon admission at an inpatient behavioral health facility in the Midwestern United States, 622 youth (ages 10 and older) and their parent/guardian completed intake forms including questions about their experience of bullying, cyberbullying, and feelings of safety in different environments, and feelings about whether bullying contributed to their inpatient admission. RESULTS: Overall, 21.50% (134/622) of youth self-reported being a cybervictim, 6.10% (38/622) reported being an offline bully victim, and 8.04% (50/622) reported mixed bullying. Bullied youth felt significantly less safe in all environments than non-bullied youth, and bullied youth who felt unsafe were more likely to attribute their hospitalization to bullying. Troublingly, only about one-third of parents were aware of cyberbullying. CONCLUSION: Using traditional standards of care that do not address offline bullying/cyberbullying, mental health care workers may be missing critical factors that contribute to youth inpatient hospitalization for mental health issues. Behavioral health units should consider adapting intake forms to include offline bullying/cyberbullying questions and developing programming for parents and adults to address issues of online and offline safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Drouin
- Michelle Drouin, PhD, Parkview Mirro Center for Research and Innovation, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Kelley Kardys
- Kelley Kardys, BSN, PMH-BC, Parkview Behavioral Health, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Mindy Flanagan
- Mindy Flanagan, PhD, Parkview Mirro Center for Research and Innovation, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Jessica Pater
- Jessica Pater, PhD, Parkview Mirro Center for Research and Innovation, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Connie Kerrigan
- Connie Kerrigan, BSN, RN, MBA, Parkview Health, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Machado B, de Faria PL, Araújo I, Caridade S. Cyber Interpersonal Violence: Adolescent Perspectives and Digital Practices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:832. [PMID: 39063409 PMCID: PMC11276601 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21070832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pervasive use of technology, especially among adolescents, has enabled cyber communication and brought many advantages but also led to potential violence. The issue of cyber interpersonal violence (CIV) impacting young individuals is increasingly recognized as a matter of public health; however, little is known about adolescents' perspectives of the phenomenon. This study explores adolescents' perspectives on CIV. It seeks to understand their interpretations of abuse, victim impact and reactions, violence escalation, gender issues, victimization and perpetration patterns, and bystander roles. METHODS This qualitative study used fifteen focus groups to gather elementary school participants' perspectives on cyber interpersonal violence. From four Portuguese schools, 108 participants (M = 12.87 and SD = 0.31) participated in the study. A thematic analysis uncovered three themes. The results evidenced adolescents' perspectives about CIV. Due to the amount of time spent online, adolescents regularly encounter cyber harassment and recognize the importance of help-seeking. Mental health problems and their influence on the social and educational lives of adolescents is arising as a CIV problem. CONCLUSIONS Parents play a crucial role in mitigating CIV as well as bystanders. Future programs should promote healthy relationships, raise CIV awareness, involve stakeholders, guide parents, integrate perpetrators into programs, and foster effective networking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Machado
- NOVA National School of Public Health, NOVA University of Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Lobato de Faria
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Social Sciences (CICS), Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), National School of Public Health, NOVA University, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Isabel Araújo
- The Artificial Intelligence and Health Research Unit, Polytechnic University of Health, CESPU, 4760-409 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal;
| | - Sónia Caridade
- Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramadan OME, Alruwaili MM, Alruwaili AN, Elsharkawy NB, Abdelaziz EM, El Badawy Ezzat RES, El-Nasr EMS. Digital Dilemma of Cyberbullying Victimization among High School Students: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Associations with Stress and Mental Well-Being. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:634. [PMID: 38929214 PMCID: PMC11202024 DOI: 10.3390/children11060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Cyberbullying has emerged as a pervasive problem among high school students, with potentially severe consequences for their mental well-being. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and associations of cyberbullying with stress and mental well-being among high school students in Zagazig, Egypt. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 562 high school students using a random sampling technique. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that included the Cyberbullying Scale, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, multiple regression, mediation, and logistic regression analyses were employed for data analysis. The prevalence of cyberbullying victimization was 38.3%, with 20.6% exposed to two or three cyberbullying behaviors and 4.1% exposed to four or more. Female students, those under 18 years old, those with lower educational achievement, and those with higher daily internet use were more likely to experience cyberbullying. Cyberbullied students reported significantly higher levels of perceived stress and poorer mental well-being compared to non-cyberbullied students. Perceived stress likely mediated the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and general psychological health. Cyberbullying is a significant problem among high school students in Zagazig, Egypt, with detrimental effects on their stress levels and mental well-being. Targeted interventions and prevention strategies are needed to address cyberbullying and promote the well-being of adolescents in the digital age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Majed Mowanes Alruwaili
- College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (O.M.E.R.); (A.N.A.); (N.B.E.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Abeer Nuwayfi Alruwaili
- College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (O.M.E.R.); (A.N.A.); (N.B.E.); (E.M.A.)
| | - Nadia Bassuoni Elsharkawy
- College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (O.M.E.R.); (A.N.A.); (N.B.E.); (E.M.A.)
- Maternal and Newborn Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Enas Mahrous Abdelaziz
- College of Nursing, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia; (O.M.E.R.); (A.N.A.); (N.B.E.); (E.M.A.)
- Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suraseth C, Koraneekij P. Cyberbullying among secondary school students: Analyzing prediction and relationship with background, social status, and ICT use. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30775. [PMID: 38756584 PMCID: PMC11096923 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explored the predictions of and relationships between background, social status, and the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in cyberbullying among 2430 secondary school students from schools affiliated with Thailand's Office of the Basic Education Commission. The stratified sampling method was used along with the Cyberbullying Questionnaire, Sociometric Status Questionnaire, Perceived Popularity Questionnaire, and ICT Use Questionnaire and data were collected through the CU Smart Sociometry web application and Google Forms. Data analysis was conducted to determine 1) demographic data using descriptive statistics; 2) correlation analysis of students' backgrounds, sociometric status, and ICT use against cyberbullying using the chi-square test; and 3) variables that predict cyberbullying among secondary school students using multinomial logistic regression. Results showed a link between cyberbullying and secondary school students' backgrounds, social status, and ICT use. Students with different backgrounds (sex and academic performance), social statuses (social preference and perceived popularity), and ICT use partook in different cyberbullying roles. Independent variables of sex, academic performance, social preference, perceived popularity, and ICT use all predicted cyberbullying by 33.3 % with statistical significance. Male students were noted to have a higher likelihood of being cyberbullies than female students, whereas female students were more likely to be cybervictims and bystanders. Moreover, students with low academic performance were more likely to be cyberbullies and cybervictims than high-performing students, with rejected students having the highest likelihood of being cyberbullies. Interestingly, the higher a student's popularity, the higher was their likelihood of being cyberbullies. Finally, cyberbullies had the highest average daily internet use, and students who had never had their guardians monitor their internet usage were more likely to be cyberbullies; students with moderate and good social media behavior were mostly bystanders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Suraseth
- Department of Educational Research and Psychology, Faculty of Education, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Prakob Koraneekij
- Center of Excellence in Educational Invention and Innovation, Department of Educational Technology and Communications, Faculty of Education, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alabdali AM, Mashat A. A novel approach toward cyberbullying with intelligent recommendations using deep learning based blockchain solution. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1379211. [PMID: 38628805 PMCID: PMC11020079 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1379211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrating healthcare into traffic accident prevention through predictive modeling holds immense potential. Decentralized Defense presents a transformative vision for combating cyberbullying, prioritizing user privacy, fostering a safer online environment, and offering valuable insights for both healthcare and predictive modeling applications. As cyberbullying proliferates in social media, a pressing need exists for a robust and innovative solution that ensures user safety in the cyberspace. This paper aims toward introducing the approach of merging Blockchain and Federated Learning (FL), to create a decentralized AI solutions for cyberbullying. It has also used Alloy Language for formal modeling of social connections using specific declarations that are defined by the novel algorithm in the paper on two different datasets on Cyberbullying and are available online. The proposed novel method uses DBN to run established relation tests amongst the features in two phases, the first is LSTM to run tests to develop established features for the DBN layer and second is that these are run on various blocks of information of the blockchain. The performance of our proposed research is compared with the previous research and are evaluated using several metrics on creating the standard benchmarks for real world applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa M. Alabdali
- Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Department of Information Technology, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Mashat
- Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Department of Information Systems, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kunwar S, Sharma S, Marasini S, Joshi A, Adhikari A, Ranjit A, Byanju Shrestha I, Shrestha A, Shrestha AK, Karmacharya BM. Cyberbullying and cyber-victimisation among higher secondary school adolescents in an urban city of Nepal: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e081016. [PMID: 38448066 PMCID: PMC10916119 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and factors associated with cyberbullying and cyber-victimisation among high school adolescents of Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal. PARTICIPANTS We used convenient sampling to enrol 450 adolescents aged 16-19 years from four distinct higher secondary schools in Pokhara Metropolitan City. OUTCOME MEASURES We administered the Cyberbullying and an Online Aggression Survey to determine the prevalence of cyberbullying and cyber-victimisation. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the ORs and 95% CIs. Data were analysed using STATA V.13. RESULTS The 30-day prevalence of cyberbullying and cyber-victimisation was 14.4% and 19.8%, and the over-the-lifetime prevalence was 24.2% and 42.2%, respectively. Posting mean or hurtful comments online was the most common form of both cyberbullying and cyber-victimisation. Compared with females, males were more likely to be involved in cyberbullying (adjusted OR (AOR)=13.52; 95% CI: 6.04 to 30.25; p value <0.001) and cyber-victimised (AOR=2.22; 95% CI: 1.33 to 3.73; p value <0.05). Using the internet almost every day was associated with cyberbullying (AOR=9.44; 95% CI: 1.17 to 75.79; p value <0.05) and cyber-victimisation (AOR=4.96; 95% CI: 1.06 to 23.18; p value <0.05). Students from urban place of residence were associated with both cyberbullying (AOR=2.45; 95% CI: 1.23 to 4.88; p value <0.05) and cyber-victimisation (AOR=1.77; 95% CI: 1.02 to 3.05; p value <0.05). CONCLUSION The study recommends the implementation of cyber-safety educational programmes, and counselling services including the rational use of internet and periodic screening for cyberbullying in educational institutions. The enforcement of strong anti-bullying policies and regulations could be helpful to combat the health-related consequences of cyberbullying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surakshya Kunwar
- Department of Public Health, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | | | - Sabina Marasini
- Department of Public Health, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Anjali Joshi
- Department of Public Health, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | | | | | - Ishwori Byanju Shrestha
- Department of Public Health, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Archana Shrestha
- Department of Public Health, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Akina Koju Shrestha
- Department of Public Health, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Biraj Man Karmacharya
- Department of Public Health, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo X, Wu S, Dong W, Zhang Y, Su Y, Chen C. The Effect of Bullying Victimization on Adolescent Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: The Mediating Roles of Alexithymia and Self-Esteem. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:783-797. [PMID: 38444719 PMCID: PMC10911978 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s450195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Aim Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in adolescents is a serious public health issue influenced by the interaction of multiple factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the multiple mediating roles of alexithymia and self-esteem in the association between bullying victimization and NSSI in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Methods A survey of 1299 adolescents from two public middle schools in Henan Province, China, was undertaken. Data were collected using the Chinese version of the Delaware bullying victimization scale-student (DBVS-S), the Toronto Alexithymia-20 Scale (TAS-20-C), the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES), and the adolescent self-injury questionnaire. Besides, we performed a structural equation modeling (SEM) with latent variables using AMOS 26.0 to examine the relationship between variables and the mediating effects. Results The SEM analysis found that not only can bullying victimization directly impact NSSI, but that alexithymia and self-esteem have a chain mediating effect in the association between bullying victimization and NSSI. This mediating effect contributed 22.47% to the total effect. Conclusion These findings validate bullying victimization, alexithymia, and low self-esteem are important variables that affect NSSI among Chinese adolescents. Educators need to implement some prevention and intervention strategies to ameliorate the campus atmosphere and adolescents' mental health aimed at avoiding NSSI behavior in adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiajun Guo
- Institute of Nursing and Health, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sijia Wu
- Institute of Nursing and Health, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanglin Dong
- Institute of Nursing and Health, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiqiu Zhang
- Institute of Nursing and Health, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Su
- Institute of Nursing and Health, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoran Chen
- Institute of Nursing and Health, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nuñez Fadda SM, Ciambelli Romero HC, Gradilla Lizardo NS, Sánchez Castillón JA. An Ecological Inquiry on Young People's Suicidal Ideation at University: Individual, Relational and Cultural Factors and Their Interactions. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 14:64-86. [PMID: 38248125 PMCID: PMC10814907 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
To understand the factors related to suicidal ideation in university students, we examined individual and microsystemic variables with an ecological model organizing bidirectional influences between different dimensions. Suicidal ideation, psychological distress, multidimensional self-concept, loneliness, community social support, life satisfaction, family functioning, bullying victimization, and problematic use of virtual social networks were measured in a sample of 376 Mexican university students (67% women) from 18 to 34 years of age (M = 20.8). Data were collected in March 2020, before mandatory confinement for COVID started in Mexico. Discriminant analyses showed that psychological distress, loneliness, self-concept, life satisfaction, family functioning, internet violence/rejection, and informal social support predicted belonging to high or no suicidal ideation groups with 88% accuracy. Only psychological distress and family self-concept predicted suicidal ideation in multilinear regression analyses. There were differences by gender in multilinear regression, with family self-concept significant for women and physical self-concept, but not family self-concept for boys. Conclusions: Early Suicide prevention in universities should include periodic screening of psychological distress, loneliness, and virtual social media use to identify students that need further evaluation and intervention. University-based strategies of mental health promotion that strengthen family relationships and the sense of community, including gender-sensitive orientation, could enhance the effect of protective factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Mabel Nuñez Fadda
- Child and Youth Research Laboratory (LAIIF), Psychology Department, Campus Vallarta, Coast University Center, University of Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta 48280, Mexico; (H.C.C.R.); (N.S.G.L.); (J.A.S.C.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|