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Chacón P, Vega-Rioja A, Doukkali B, Del Valle Rodriguez A, Fernández-Delgado L, Domínguez-Cereijo L, Segura C, Pérez-Machuca BM, Perkins JR, El Bekay R, Cornejo-García JA, Hajji N, Monteseirín J, Rivas-Pérez D. Human Neutrophils Couple Nitric Oxide Production and Extracellular Trap Formation in Allergic Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 210:593-606. [PMID: 38445953 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202305-0889oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Nitric oxide (NO) is increased in the airways and serum of patients with allergic asthma, suggesting an important role in asthma. NO production has been widely attributed to the canonical inducible NO synthase. Much effort has been made to inhibit this enzyme, with two outcomes: no asthma improvement and partial NO reduction, suggesting the involvement of an inducible NO synthase-independent source. Objectives: Neutrophils produce NO under inflammatory conditions, and their role in asthma has been overlooked. The present study analyzes their possible role as sources of NO. Methods: Our hypothesis was tested in 99 allergic patients with intermittent bronchial asthma and 26 healthy donors. NO production by blood and sputum neutrophils in response to allergens, anti-IgE, and anti-IgE receptor antibodies was assessed by Griess reagent, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. The formation of extracellular traps (ETs) as a possible consequence of NO production was quantified by Western blot and confocal microscopy, and reactive oxygen species were assessed with luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. Measurements and Main Results: Among blood and sputum granulocytes from patients with allergic asthma, only neutrophils produce NO by an IgE-dependent mechanism. This production is independent of NO synthase, but dependent on a reaction between L-arginine and reactive oxygen species from NOX2 (NADPH oxidase). NO and ETosis are induced in parallel, and NO amplifies ET formation, which is a key mediator in asthma. Conclusions: Our findings reveal a novel role of neutrophils as the unique allergen/IgE-dependent NO source in allergic asthma, enhancing ET formation. These results suggest that NO produced by neutrophils needs further consideration in the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Chacón
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Alergia-Fundación para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and
| | - Antonio Vega-Rioja
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Alergia-Fundación para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, and
| | - Bouchra Doukkali
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Alergia-Fundación para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto Del Valle Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Alergia-Fundación para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Lourdes Fernández-Delgado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Alergia-Fundación para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Leticia Domínguez-Cereijo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Alergia-Fundación para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Segura
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Alergia-Fundación para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Beatriz María Pérez-Machuca
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Alergia-Fundación para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - James R Perkins
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rajaa El Bekay
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga Plataforma en Nanomedicina, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Obesity and Nutrition Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Cornejo-García
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Investigación de Málaga en Biomedicina y Salud, Málaga, Spain
| | - Nabil Hajji
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Javier Monteseirín
- Hospital Quirón Sagrado Corazón and Hospital Quirón Infanta-Luisa, Seville, Spain
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Leduc L, Leclère M, Lavoie JP. Towards personalized medicine for the treatment of equine asthma. Vet J 2024; 305:106125. [PMID: 38704018 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Although horses with asthma share similar clinical signs, the heterogeneity of the disease in terms of severity, triggering factors, inflammatory profile, and pathological features has hindered our ability to define biologically distinct subgroups. The recognition of phenotypes and endotypes could enable the development of precision medicine, including personalized, targeted therapy, to benefit affected horses. While in its infancy in horses, this review outlines the phenotypes of equine asthma and discusses how knowledge gained from targeted therapy in human medicine can be applied to evaluate the potential opportunities for personalized medicine in equine asthma and to suggest avenues for research to advance this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Leduc
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mathilde Leclère
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
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Quiroga J, Cortes B, Sarmiento J, Morán G, Henríquez C. Characterization of extracellular trap production and release by equine neutrophils in response to different stimuli. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 155:105151. [PMID: 38423491 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This study explores Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in equine neutrophils, which is crucial for eliminating infections and is implicated in various equine inflammatory diseases. We investigated the molecular pathways involved in NET release by equine neutrophils in response to stimuli. We use PMA, A23187, LPS, PAF, OZ, and cytokines, observing NET release in response to PMA, PAF, and A23187. In contrast, LPS, OZ, and the cytokines tested did not induce DNA release or did not consistently induce citrullination of histone 4. Peptidyl-arginine deiminase inhibition completely halted NET release, while NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species only played a role in PMA-induced NETs. Neutrophil elastase inhibition modestly affected PAF-induced NET liberation but not in PMA or A23187-induced NET, while myeloperoxidase did not contribute to NET release. We expect to provide a foundation for future investigations into the role of NETs in equine health and disease and the search for potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quiroga
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Bayron Cortes
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - José Sarmiento
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Gabriel Morán
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Claudio Henríquez
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
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Li C, Wu C, Li F, Xu W, Zhang X, Huang Y, Xia D. Targeting Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Gouty Arthritis: Insights into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Potential. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1735-1763. [PMID: 38523684 PMCID: PMC10960513 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s460333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gouty arthritis (GA) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by severe inflammation due to the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the joints. The pathophysiological mechanisms of GA are not yet fully understood, and therefore, the identification of effective therapeutic targets is of paramount importance. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), an intricate structure of DNA scaffold, encompassing myeloperoxidase, histones, and elastases - have gained significant attention as a prospective therapeutic target for gouty arthritis, due to their innate antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Hence, exploring the therapeutic potential of NETs in gouty arthritis remains an enticing avenue for further investigation. During the process of gouty arthritis, the formation of NETs triggers the release of inflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to the inflammatory response, while MSU crystals and cytokines are sequestered and degraded by the aggregation of NETs. Here, we provide a concise summary of the inflammatory processes underlying the initiation and resolution of gouty arthritis mediated by NETs. Furthermore, this review presents an overview of the current pharmacological approaches for treating gouty arthritis and summarizes the potential of natural and synthetic product-based inhibitors that target NET formation as novel therapeutic options, alongside elucidating the intrinsic challenges of these inhibitors in NETs research. Lastly, the limitations of HL-60 cell as a suitable substitute of neutrophils in NETs research are summarized and discussed. Series of recommendations are provided, strategically oriented towards guiding future investigations to effectively address these concerns. These findings will contribute to an enhanced comprehension of the interplay between NETs and GA, facilitating the proposition of innovative therapeutic strategies and novel approaches for the management of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cantao Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenfen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daozong Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Lim S, Khalmuratova R, Lee YY, Kim YS, Lee M, Lee NK, Kim SN, Choy YB, Park CG, Kim DW, Shin HW. Neutrophil extracellular traps promote ΔNp63+ basal cell hyperplasia in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:705-717.e11. [PMID: 38000697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are observed in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), although their role remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the influence of NETs on the CRS epithelium. METHODS Forty-five sinonasal biopsy specimens were immunofluorescence-stained to identify NETs and p63+ basal stem cells. Investigators treated human nasal epithelial cells with NETs and studied them with immunofluorescence staining, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR. NET inhibitors were administered to a murine neutrophilic nasal polyp model. RESULTS NETs existed in tissues in patients with CRS with nasal polyps, especially in noneosinophilic nasal polyp tissues. p63+ basal cell expression had a positive correlation with the release of NETs. NETs induced the expansion of Ki-67+p63+ cells. We found that ΔNp63, an isoform of p63, was mainly expressed in the nasal epithelium and controlled by NETs. Treatment with deoxyribonuclease (DNase) I or Sivelestat (NET inhibitors) prevented the overexpression of ΔNp63+ epithelial stem cells and reduced polyp formation. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that NETs are implicated in CRS pathogenesis via basal cell hyperplasia. This study suggests a novel possibility of treating CRS by targeting NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha Lim
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Roza Khalmuratova
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yi Sook Kim
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mingyu Lee
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Korea
| | - Se-Na Kim
- Department of Research and Development Center, MediArk Inc, Cheongju, Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Bin Choy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Korea
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Sensory Organ Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Sensory Organ Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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6
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Degroote RL, Schmalen A, Hauck SM, Deeg CA. Unveiling Differential Responses of Granulocytes to Distinct Immunostimulants with Implications in Autoimmune Uveitis. Biomedicines 2023; 12:19. [PMID: 38275380 PMCID: PMC10812922 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The perception of circulating granulocytes as cells with a predetermined immune response mainly triggered by pathogens is evolving, recognizing their functional heterogeneity and adaptability, particularly within the neutrophil subset. The involvement of these cells in the pathophysiology of autoimmune uveitis has become increasingly clear, yet their exact role remains elusive. We used an equine model for autoimmune-mediated recurrent pan-uveitis to investigate early responses of granulocytes in different inflammatory environments. For this purpose, we performed differential proteomics on granulocytes from healthy and diseased horses stimulated with IL8, LPS, or PMA. Compared to healthy horses, granulocytes from the recurrent uveitis model significantly changed the cellular abundance of 384 proteins, with a considerable number of specific changes for each stimulant. To gain more insight into the functional impact of these stimulant-specific proteome changes in ERU pathogenesis, we used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis for pathway enrichment. This resulted in specific reaction patterns for each stimulant, with IL8 predominantly promoting Class I MHC-mediated antigen processing and presentation, LPS enhancing processes in phospholipid biosynthesis, and PMA, clearly inducing neutrophil degranulation. These findings shed light on the remarkably differentiated responses of neutrophils, offering valuable insights into their functional heterogeneity in a T-cell-driven disease. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane L. Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (R.L.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Adrian Schmalen
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (R.L.D.); (A.S.)
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany;
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany;
| | - Cornelia A. Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (R.L.D.); (A.S.)
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Zhang S, Wang Z. An Emerging Role of Extracellular Traps in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:675-688. [PMID: 37934391 PMCID: PMC10739460 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complicated, heterogeneous disease likely caused by inflammatory and infectious factors. There is clear evidence that innate immune cells, including neutrophils and eosinophils, play a significant role in CRS. Multiple immune cells, including neutrophils and eosinophils, have been shown to release chromatin and granular proteins into the extracellular space in response to triggering extracellular traps (ETs). The formation of ETs remains controversial due to their critical function during pathogen clearance while being associated with harmful inflammatory illnesses. This article summarizes recent research on neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs) and their possible significance in the pathophysiology of CRS. RECENT FINDINGS A novel type of programmed cell death called ETosis, which releases ETs, has been proposed by recent study. Significantly more NETs are presented in nasal polyps, and its granule proteins LL-37 induce NETs production in CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients. Similar to NETs, developed in the tissue of nasal polyps, primarily in subepithelial regions with epithelial barrier defects, and are associated with linked to elevated tissue levels of IL-5 and S. aureus colonization. This article provides a comprehensive overview of NETs and EETs, as well as an in-depth understanding of the functions of these ETs in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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8
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Birckhead EM, Das S, Tidd N, Raidal SL, Raidal SR. Visualizing neutrophil extracellular traps in septic equine synovial and peritoneal fluid samples using immunofluorescence microscopy. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:751-760. [PMID: 37661696 PMCID: PMC10621558 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231196552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic synovitis and peritonitis are routinely diagnosed in horses based on clinical examination findings and laboratory assessment of synoviocentesis and abdominocentesis samples, respectively. Diagnosis is difficult in some cases because of an overlap in laboratory results for septic and non-septic inflammation. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is part of the innate immune response against pathogens. Identifying and quantifying NETs, which have not been explored in clinical samples from horses with septic synovitis and peritonitis, to our knowledge, may be helpful in detecting infectious processes. Our main objective was to determine whether NETs could be visualized in septic equine synovial and peritoneal fluid cytology samples using immunofluorescence with antibodies against citrullinated histone H3 (Cit-H3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). We analyzed 9 synovial and 4 peritoneal fluid samples. NET percentages were quantified using a simple counting technique, which is suitable for high-quality, well-preserved, and stained cytospin smears. NETs were evident in all septic samples and were absent in a non-septic sample; NETs were better visualized with Cit-H3 than with MPO immunolabeling. Overall, we believe that there is the potential for NETs and associated markers to be used to investigate and understand septic inflammation in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Birckhead
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Shubhagata Das
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomie Tidd
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharanne L. Raidal
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Shane R. Raidal
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Lv B, Huang S, Huang H, Niu N, Liu J. Endothelial Glycocalyx Injury in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Targeted Therapy. Mediators Inflamm 2023; 2023:6685251. [PMID: 37674786 PMCID: PMC10480029 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6685251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims at summarizing state-of-the-art knowledge on glycocalyx and SARS-CoV-2. The endothelial glycocalyx is a dynamic grid overlying the surface of the endothelial cell (EC) lumen and consists of membrane-bound proteoglycans and glycoproteins. The role of glycocalyx has been determined in the regulation of EC permeability, adhesion, and coagulation. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to β-coronavirus that causes the outbreak and the pandemic of COVID-19. Through the respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 enters blood circulation and interacts with ECs possessing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Intact glycolyx prevents SARS-CoV-2 invasion of ECs. When the glycocalyx is incomplete, virus spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds with ACE2 and enters ECs for replication. In addition, cytokine storm targets glycocalyx, leading to subsequent coagulation disorder. Therefore, it is intriguing to develop a novel treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection through the maintenance of the integrity of glycocalyx. This review aims to summarize state-of-the-art knowledge of glycocalyx and its potential function in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxuan Lv
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Shengshi Huang
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Na Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, China
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10
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Peng X, Li Y, Zhao W, Yang S, Huang J, Chen Y, Wang Y, Gong Z, Chen X, Yu C, Cai S, Zhao H. Blockade of neutrophil extracellular traps ameliorates toluene diisocyanate-induced steroid-resistant asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109719. [PMID: 36827917 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced asthma is characterized by mixed inflammation dominated by neutrophils, and is refractory to steroid treatment. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play an important role in severe asthma, but their role in TDI-induced asthma models is unclear. This study focused on the role and mechanism of NETs in steroid-resistant TDI-induced asthma. METHODS Induced sputum was collected from 85 asthmatic patients and 25 healthy controls to detect eDNA. A murine TDI-induced asthma model was prepared, and asthmatic mice were given dexamethasone or DNase I. In vitro, the human bronchial epithelial cell line HBE was stimulated with NETs or TDI-human serum albumin (TDI-HSA). RESULTS Asthma patients had higher sputum eDNA compared to healthy subjects. In asthma patients, eDNA was positively correlated with sputum neutrophils, and negatively correlated with FEV1%predicted. Airway inflammation, airway reactivity, Th2 cytokine levels in lymph supernatant, and levels of NETs were significantly increased in the TDI-induced asthmatic mice. These increases were suppressed by DNase I, but not by dexamethasone. Inhibition of NETs improved interleukin (IL)-8 and MKP1 mRNA expression, and reduced phosphorylation of GR-S226 induced by TDI. Inhibition of NETs improved airway epithelial barrier disruption, as well as p38 and ERK signaling pathways in TDI-induced asthmatic mice. In vitro, NETs promoted the expression of IL-8 mRNA in HBE cells, and reduced the expression of MKP1. IL-8 elevation induced by NETs was suppressed by a p38 inhibitor or ERK inhibitor, but not by dexamethasone. Pretreatment with RAGE inhibitor reduced NETs induced p38/ERK phosphorylation and IL-8 levels in HBE cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that targeting NETs might effectively improved TDI-induced airway inflammation and airway epithelial barrier function. This may potentially be a treatment for patients with steroid-resistance asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianru Peng
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China.
| | - Yuemao Li
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Wenqu Zhao
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Shuluan Yang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Junwen Huang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Ying Chen
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Zhaoqian Gong
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China.
| | - Changhui Yu
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Shaoxi Cai
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Haijin Zhao
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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11
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Salinas C, Barriga K, Albornoz A, Alarcon P, Quiroga J, Uberti B, Sarmiento J, Henriquez C, Ehrenfeld P, Burgos RA, Moran G. Tamoxifen triggers the in vitro release of neutrophil extracellular traps in healthy horses. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1025249. [PMID: 36686170 PMCID: PMC9853556 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1025249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils display an array of biological functions including the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), web-like structures specialized in trapping, neutralizing, killing and preventing microbial dissemination within the host. However, NETs contribute to a number of inflammatory pathologies, including severe equine asthma. Tamoxifen (TX) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator which belongs to the triphenylethyllenes group of molecules, and which is used as a treatment in all stages of estrogen-positive human breast cancer. Our previous results suggest that tamoxifen can modulate neutrophil functionality and promote resolution of inflammation; this would partly explain the clinical beneficial effect of this drug in horses with airway inflammation. Enhanced NETs production has been reported with tamoxifen use in humans, but minimal data exists regarding the drug's effect on NETs in horses. The aim of this study is to assess the in vitro effect of TX on NETs formation from peripheral blood of healthy horses. Five clinically healthy mixed-breed adult horses were enrolled in the study. For this, cellular free DNA quantification, immunofluorescence for the visualization of NETs, assessment of different types of NETs, and detection of mitochondrial superoxide. TX induced NETs formation at a concentration of 10 uM. Our results show that only two types of NETs were induced by TX: 95% spread NETs (sprNETs) and 5% aggregated NETs (aggNETs). Furthermore, induction of these NETs could be influenced by mitochondrial ROS. Future research should involve an In vivo study of horses with severe asthma and TX treatment, to evaluate BALF neutrophil NET formation. In conclusion, this in vitro study suggests that the resolution of inflammation by TX in horses with airway inflammation is due to inhibition of other neutrophilic functions but not to NET formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Salinas
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Kassandra Barriga
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro Albornoz
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - John Quiroga
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Benjamín Uberti
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - José Sarmiento
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Henriquez
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A. Burgos
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gabriel Moran
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile,*Correspondence: Gabriel Moran ✉
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12
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Sim S, Choi Y, Park HS. Immunologic Basis of Type 2 Biologics for Severe Asthma. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e45. [PMID: 36627938 PMCID: PMC9807964 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and airway hyperreactivity to various environmental stimuli, leading to recurrent cough, dyspnea, and wheezing episodes. Regarding inflammatory mechanisms, type 2/eosinophilic inflammation along with activated mast cells is the major one; however, diverse mechanisms, including structural cells-derived and non-type 2/neutrophilic inflammations are involved, presenting heterogenous phenotypes. Although most asthmatic patients could be properly controlled by the guided treatment, patients with severe asthma (SA; classified as a treatment-refractory group) suffer from uncontrolled symptoms with frequent asthma exacerbations even on regular anti-inflammatory medications, raising needs for additional controllers, including biologics that target specific molecules found in asthmatic airway, and achieving the precision medicine for asthma. This review summarizes the immunologic basis of airway inflammatory mechanisms and current biologics for SA in order to address unmet needs for future targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoon Sim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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13
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Asthma: Friends or Foes? Cells 2022; 11:cells11213521. [PMID: 36359917 PMCID: PMC9654069 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by variable airflow limitation and airway hyperresponsiveness. A plethora of immune and structural cells are involved in asthma pathogenesis. The roles of neutrophils and their mediators in different asthma phenotypes are largely unknown. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are net-like structures composed of DNA scaffolds, histones and granular proteins released by activated neutrophils. NETs were originally described as a process to entrap and kill a variety of microorganisms. NET formation can be achieved through a cell-death process, termed NETosis, or in association with the release of DNA from viable neutrophils. NETs can also promote the resolution of inflammation by degrading cytokines and chemokines. NETs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various non-infectious conditions, including autoimmunity, cancer and even allergic disorders. Putative surrogate NET biomarkers (e.g., double-strand DNA (dsDNA), myeloperoxidase-DNA (MPO-DNA), and citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3)) have been found in different sites/fluids of patients with asthma. Targeting NETs has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in several diseases. However, different NETs and NET components may have alternate, even opposite, consequences on inflammation. Here we review recent findings emphasizing the pathogenic and therapeutic potential of NETs in asthma.
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14
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Ghosh S, Rihan M, Ahmed S, Pande AH, Sharma SS. Immunomodulatory potential of apolipoproteins and their mimetic peptides in asthma: Current perspective. Respir Med 2022; 204:107007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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15
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Wang J, Li Q, Qiu Y, Lu H. COVID-19: imbalanced cell-mediated immune response drives to immunopathology. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2393-2404. [PMID: 36069182 PMCID: PMC9553190 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2122579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses an imminent threat to humanity. SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells, causing a failure of host immune recognition. Instead of an effective antiviral immunological response after SARS-CoV-2 invasion, the cascading pathological syndrome of COVID-19, especially in severe disease, is exacerbated by an overt inflammatory response and the suppression of SARS-CoV-2–specific immune responses. As is known, excessive inflammation leads to pathophysiological changes in virus-infected tissues or organs, manifested by imbalanced immune responses, cytokine storm, and aggressive neutrophil activation, ultimately leading to lung damage, such as alveolar damage, endotheliitis, and fluid overload. However, the triggers and consequences of a disruption to immune system homeostasis and the underlying mechanisms of uncontrolled immunopathology following viral infection remain unclear. Here, we review the dynamic and systemic immune progression from an imbalance in cell-mediated immune responses to COVID-19 lung injury. Our understanding of key mechanisms involved in pathogenesis is critical for the development of therapeutic agents and to optimize therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China
| | - YuanWang Qiu
- Department of hepatology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Jiangnan University, No. 1314 Guangrui Road, Wuxi 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, Guangdong Province, China
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16
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Sage SE, Nicholson P, Peters LM, Leeb T, Jagannathan V, Gerber V. Single-cell gene expression analysis of cryopreserved equine bronchoalveolar cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929922. [PMID: 36105804 PMCID: PMC9467276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptomic profile of a cell population can now be studied at the cellular level using single-cell mRNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). This novel technique provides the unprecedented opportunity to explore the cellular composition of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the horse, a species for which cell type markers are poorly described. Here, scRNA-seq technology was applied to cryopreserved equine BALF cells. Analysis of 4,631 cells isolated from three asthmatic horses in remission identified 16 cell clusters belonging to six major cell types: monocytes/macrophages, T cells, B/plasma cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils and mast cells. Higher resolution analysis of the constituents of the major immune cell populations allowed deep annotation of monocytes/macrophages, T cells and B/plasma cells. A significantly higher lymphocyte/macrophage ratio was detected with scRNA-seq compared to conventional cytological differential cell count. For the first time in horses, we detected a transcriptomic signature consistent with monocyte-lymphocyte complexes. Our findings indicate that scRNA-seq technology is applicable to cryopreserved equine BALF cells, allowing the identification of its major (cytologically differentiated) populations as well as previously unexplored T cell and macrophage subpopulations. Single-cell gene expression analysis has the potential to facilitate understanding of the immunological mechanisms at play in respiratory disorders of the horse, such as equine asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E. Sage
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Sophie E. Sage,
| | - Pamela Nicholson
- Next Generation Sequencing Platform, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laureen M. Peters
- Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Next Generation Sequencing Platform, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Hoffmann ALC, Hauck SM, Deeg CA, Degroote RL. Pre-Activated Granulocytes from an Autoimmune Uveitis Model Show Divergent Pathway Activation Profiles upon IL8 Stimulation In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179555. [PMID: 36076947 PMCID: PMC9455241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pathophysiology of autoimmune-mediated uveitis, granulocytes have emerged as possible disease mediators and were shown to be pre-activated in equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a spontaneous disease model. We therefore used granulocytes from ERU horses to identify early molecular mechanisms involved in this dysregulated innate immune response. Primary granulocytes from healthy and ERU horses were stimulated with IL8, and cellular response was analyzed with differential proteomics, which revealed significant differences in protein abundance of 170 proteins in ERU. Subsequent ingenuity pathway analysis identified three activated canonical pathways “PKA signaling”, “PTEN signaling” and “leukocyte extravasation”. Clustered to the leukocyte extravasation pathway, we found the membrane-type GPI-anchored protease MMP25, which was increased in IL8 stimulated ERU granulocytes. These findings point to MMP25 as a possible regulator of granulocyte extravasation in uveitis and a role of this molecule in the impaired integrity of the blood-retina-barrier. In conclusion, our analyses show a clearly divergent reaction profile of pre-activated granulocytes upon IL8 stimulation and provide basic information for further in-depth studies on early granulocyte activation in non-infectious ocular diseases. This may be of interest for the development of new approaches in uveitis diagnostics and therapy. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L. C. Hoffmann
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A. Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Roxane L. Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence:
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18
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Janssen P, Tosi I, Hego A, Maréchal P, Marichal T, Radermecker C. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Found in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluids of Horses With Severe Asthma and Correlate With Asthma Severity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:921077. [PMID: 35911691 PMCID: PMC9326094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.921077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma encompasses a spectrum of heterogenous immune-mediated respiratory disorders sharing a similar clinical pattern characterized by cough, wheeze and exercise intolerance. In horses, equine asthma can be subdivided into severe or moderate asthma according to clinical symptoms and the extent of airway neutrophilic inflammation. While severe asthmatic horses are characterized by an elevated neutrophilic inflammation of the lower airways, cough, dyspnea at rest and high mucus secretion, horses with moderate asthma show a milder neutrophilic inflammation, exhibit intolerance to exercise but no labored breathing at rest. Yet, the physiopathology of different phenotypes of equine asthma remains poorly understood and there is a need to elucidate the underlying mechanisms tailoring those phenotypes in order to improve clinical management and elaborate novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we sought to quantify the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of moderate or severe asthmatic horses and healthy controls, and assessed whether NETs correlated with disease severity. To this end, we evaluated the amounts of NETs by measuring cell-free DNA and MPO-DNA complexes in BALF supernatants or by quantifying NETs release by BALF cells by confocal microscopy. We were able to unequivocally identify elevated NETs levels in BALF of severe asthmatic horses as compared to healthy controls or moderate asthmatic horses. Moreover, we provided evidence that BALF NETs release was a specific feature seen in severe equine asthma, as opposed to moderate asthma, and correlated with disease severity. Finally, we showed that NETs could act as a predictive factor for severe equine asthma. Our study thus uniquely identifies NETs in BALF of severe asthmatic horses using three distinct methods and supports the idea that moderate and severe equine asthma do not rely on strictly similar pathophysiological mechanisms. Our data also suggest that NETs represent a relevant biomarker, a putative driver and a potential therapeutic target in severe asthma disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Janssen
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Irene Tosi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Hego
- In Vitro Imaging Platform, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pauline Maréchal
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Coraline Radermecker
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, GIGA Institute, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Coraline Radermecker,
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19
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Mukherjee P, Roy S, Ghosh D, Nandi SK. Role of animal models in biomedical research: a review. Lab Anim Res 2022; 38:18. [PMID: 35778730 PMCID: PMC9247923 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-022-00128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The animal model deals with the species other than the human, as it can imitate the disease progression, its’ diagnosis as well as a treatment similar to human. Discovery of a drug and/or component, equipment, their toxicological studies, dose, side effects are in vivo studied for future use in humans considering its’ ethical issues. Here lies the importance of the animal model for its enormous use in biomedical research. Animal models have many facets that mimic various disease conditions in humans like systemic autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, Atherosclerosis, diabetes, etc., and many more. Besides, the model has tremendous importance in drug development, development of medical devices, tissue engineering, wound healing, and bone and cartilage regeneration studies, as a model in vascular surgeries as well as the model for vertebral disc regeneration surgery. Though, all the models have some advantages as well as challenges, but, present review has emphasized the importance of various small and large animal models in pharmaceutical drug development, transgenic animal models, models for medical device developments, studies for various human diseases, bone and cartilage regeneration model, diabetic and burn wound model as well as surgical models like vascular surgeries and surgeries for intervertebral disc degeneration considering all the ethical issues of that specific animal model. Despite, the process of using the animal model has facilitated researchers to carry out the researches that would have been impossible to accomplish in human considering the ethical prohibitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mukherjee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur, Nadia, India
| | - S Roy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur, Nadia, India
| | - D Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - S K Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India.
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20
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Ventura-Santana E, Ninan JR, Snyder CM, Okeke EB. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, Sepsis and COVID-19 - A Tripod Stand. Front Immunol 2022; 13:902206. [PMID: 35757734 PMCID: PMC9226304 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Majority of COVID-19 patients have mild disease but about 20% of COVID-19 patients progress to severe disease. These patients end up in the intensive care unit (ICU) with clinical manifestations of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has also been associated with severe COVID-19. Understanding of the immunopathology of COVID-19 is critical for the development of effective therapeutics. In this article, we discuss evidence indicating that severe COVID-19 has clinical presentations consistent with the definitions of viral sepsis. We highlight the role of neutrophils and NETs formation in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. Finally, we highlight the potential of therapies inhibiting NETs formation for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeiry Ventura-Santana
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY, United States
| | - Joshua R Ninan
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY, United States
| | - Caitlin M Snyder
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY, United States
| | - Emeka B Okeke
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY, United States
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21
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Block H, Rossaint J, Zarbock A. The Fatal Circle of NETs and NET-Associated DAMPs Contributing to Organ Dysfunction. Cells 2022; 11:1919. [PMID: 35741047 PMCID: PMC9222025 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens or sterile injuries. Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) sense molecules released from inflamed or damaged cells, or foreign molecules resulting from invading pathogens. PRRs can in turn induce inflammatory responses, comprising the generation of cytokines or chemokines, which further induce immune cell recruitment. Neutrophils represent an essential factor in the early immune response and fulfill numerous tasks to fight infection or heal injuries. The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is part of it and was originally attributed to the capture and elimination of pathogens. In the last decade studies revealed a detrimental role of NETs during several diseases, often correlated with an exaggerated immune response. Overwhelming inflammation in single organs can induce remote organ damage, thereby further perpetuating release of inflammatory molecules. Here, we review recent findings regarding damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which are able to induce NET formation, as well as NET components known to act as DAMPs, generating a putative fatal circle of inflammation contributing to organ damage and sequentially occurring remote organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (H.B.); (J.R.)
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22
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Morán G, Uberti B, Quiroga J. Role of Cellular Metabolism in the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Airway Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850416. [PMID: 35493475 PMCID: PMC9039247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a recently described mechanism of neutrophils that play an important role in health and disease. NETs are an innate defense mechanism that participate in clearance of pathogens, but they may also cause collateral damage in unrelated host tissues. Neutrophil dysregulation and NETosis occur in multiple lung diseases, such as pathogen-induced acute lung injury, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), severe asthma, cystic fibrosis, and recently, the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. More recently, research into immunometabolism has surged due to the possibility of reprogramming metabolism in order to modulate immune functions. The present review analyzes the different metabolic pathways associated with NETs formation, and how these impact on pathologies of the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Morán
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Benjamín Uberti
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - John Quiroga
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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23
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Rebelatto CLK, Senegaglia AC, Franck CL, Daga DR, Shigunov P, Stimamiglio MA, Marsaro DB, Schaidt B, Micosky A, de Azambuja AP, Leitão CA, Petterle RR, Jamur VR, Vaz IM, Mallmann AP, Carraro Junior H, Ditzel E, Brofman PRS, Correa A. Safety and long-term improvement of mesenchymal stromal cell infusion in critically COVID-19 patients: a randomized clinical trial. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:122. [PMID: 35313959 PMCID: PMC8935270 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is a multisystem disease that presents acute and persistent symptoms, the postacute sequelae (PASC). Long-term symptoms may be due to consequences from organ or tissue injury caused by SARS-CoV-2, associated clotting or inflammatory processes during acute COVID-19. Various strategies are being chosen by clinicians to prevent severe cases of COVID-19; however, a single treatment would not be efficient in treating such a complex disease. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are known for their immunomodulatory properties and regeneration ability; therefore, they are a promising tool for treating disorders involving immune dysregulation and extensive tissue damage, as is the case with COVID-19. This study aimed to assess the safety and explore the long-term efficacy of three intravenous doses of UC-MSCs (umbilical cord MSCs) as an adjunctive therapy in the recovery and postacute sequelae reduction caused by COVID-19. To our knowledge, this is one of the few reports that presents the longest follow-up after MSC treatment in COVID-19 patients. METHODS This was a phase I/II, prospective, single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Seventeen patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who require intensive care surveillance and invasive mechanical ventilation-critically ill patients-were included. The patient infusion was three doses of 5 × 105 cells/kg UC-MSCs, with a dosing interval of 48 h (n = 11) or placebo (n = 6). The evaluations consisted of a clinical assessment, viral load, laboratory testing, including blood count, serologic, biochemical, cell subpopulation, cytokines and CT scan. RESULTS The results revealed that in the UC-MSC group, there was a reduction in the levels of ferritin, IL-6 and MCP1-CCL2 on the fourteen day. In the second month, a decrease in the levels of reactive C-protein, D-dimer and neutrophils and an increase in the numbers of TCD3, TCD4 and NK lymphocytes were observed. A decrease in extension of lung damage was observed at the fourth month. The improvement in all these parameters was maintained until the end of patient follow-up. CONCLUSIONS UC-MSCs infusion is safe and can play an important role as an adjunctive therapy, both in the early stages, preventing severe complications and in the chronic phase with postacute sequelae reduction in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Trial registration Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC), UTN code-U1111-1254-9819. Registered 31 October 2020-Retrospectively registered, https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-3fz9yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lúcia Kuniyoshi Rebelatto
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.
- Complexo Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Alexandra Cristina Senegaglia
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
- Complexo Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Debora Regina Daga
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Shigunov
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marco Augusto Stimamiglio
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Boscaro Marsaro
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Schaidt
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Andressa Micosky
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Valderez Ravaglio Jamur
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Isadora May Vaz
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Correa
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, INCT-REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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The Immune Mechanisms of Severe Equine Asthma-Current Understanding and What Is Missing. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060744. [PMID: 35327141 PMCID: PMC8944511 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe equine asthma is a chronic respiratory disease of adult horses, occurring when genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to environmental aeroallergens. This results in airway inflammation, mucus accumulation and bronchial constriction. Although several studies aimed at evaluating the genetic and immune pathways associated with the disease, the results reported are inconsistent. Furthermore, the complexity and heterogeneity of this disease bears great similarity to what is described for human asthma. Currently available studies identified two chromosome regions (ECA13 and ECA15) and several genes associated with the disease. The inflammatory response appears to be mediated by T helper cells (Th1, Th2, Th17) and neutrophilic inflammation significantly contributes to the persistence of airway inflammatory status. This review evaluates the reported findings pertaining to the genetical and immunological background of severe equine asthma and reflects on their implications in the pathophysiology of the disease whilst discussing further areas of research interest aiming at advancing treatment and prognosis of affected individuals.
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Theuerkauf K, Obach-Schröck C, Staszyk C, Moritz A, Roscher KA. Activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in the equine systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:448-457. [PMID: 35168432 PMCID: PMC9066687 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221077969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, activated platelets contribute to sepsis complications and to multiple organ failure. In our prospective analytical study of cases of the equine systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), we adapted a standard human protocol for the measurement of activated platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLAs) in equine platelet-leukocyte-rich plasma (PLRP) by flow cytometry, and we investigated the hypothesis that activated platelets and PLAs are increased in clinical cases of SIRS. We included 17 adult horses and ponies fulfilling at least 2 SIRS criteria, and 10 healthy equids as controls. Activation of platelets was determined by increased expression of CD62P on platelets. Activated platelets and PLAs were measured before and after in vitro activation of platelets with collagen. Median expression of CD62P on platelets was significantly increased after activation in the control group: 1.45% (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.08-1.99%) initially versus 8.78% (IQR: 6.79-14.78%, p = 0.002) after activation. The equids with SIRS had significantly more activated platelets and PLAs in native PLRP than controls: CD62P 4.92% (median, IQR: 2.21-12.41%) versus 1.45% in controls (median, IQR: 1.08-1.99%, p = 0.0007), and PLAs 4.16% (median, IQR: 2.50-8.58%) versus 2.95% in controls (median, IQR: 1.57-3.22%, p = 0.048). To our knowledge, increased platelet activation and PLAs have not been demonstrated previously with flow cytometry in clinical cases of equine SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Obach-Schröck
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Theuerkauf, Roscher), Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology (Obach-Schröck, Staszyk), Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Moritz), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Theuerkauf, Roscher), Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology (Obach-Schröck, Staszyk), Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Moritz), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Theuerkauf, Roscher), Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology (Obach-Schröck, Staszyk), Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Moritz), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja A Roscher
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Theuerkauf, Roscher), Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology (Obach-Schröck, Staszyk), Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science (Moritz), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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26
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Flanders AJ, Ossiboff RJ, Wellehan JFX, Alexander AB, Fredholm DVE, Desiderio TM, Stacy NI. Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps recognized cytologically in nine reptile patients with inflammatory conditions. Vet Q 2021; 41:89-96. [PMID: 33416037 PMCID: PMC7833021 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1873453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent a novel cellular mechanism of antimicrobial defense activity. Intravascular neutrophils produce extracellular web-like structures composed of chromatin, histones, and cytoplasmic granule proteins to attack and kill microbes. They may impact both pathogen and host; NETs correlate strongly with disseminated intravascular coagulation and mortality in critically ill humans. The mechanism was first discovered in human neutrophils in 2004. Presumptive heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) in a non-avian reptile species were first described in blood films of a gopher tortoise with systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVE While prior reports are limited to blood film review and in vitro studies, this descriptive case series highlights the cytological identification of presumptive HETs in nine reptile patients. METHODS Subjects included six gopher tortoises, one blood python (Python curtus), one Burmese python (P. bivittatus), and one desert king snake (Lampropeltis getula splendida). All six gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) had upper respiratory disease with bacterial etiology (including Helicobacter sp. and/or Mycoplasma sp.), and snakes had upper respiratory tract infection confirmed with serpentovirus (n = 2) or bacterial dermatitis (n = 1). RESULTS Cytology samples with identified HETs included tissue imprints (n = 4), nasal discharge (n = 3), an oral swab (n = 1), and a fine needle aspirate of a skin lesion (n = 1). The identification of specific bacterial (n = 6) and/or viral pathogens (n = 2) was notable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of presumptive HETs recognized in reptile cytology specimens, suggesting an active cellular process in vivo in response to systemic inflammation in non-avian reptiles, and contributing to further understanding of extracellular traps in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Flanders
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - R. J. Ossiboff
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J. F. X. Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A. B. Alexander
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - D. V. E. Fredholm
- Disney’s Animals, Science and Environment, Disney’s Animal Kingdom®, Bay Lake, FL, USA
| | - T. M. Desiderio
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - N. I. Stacy
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Disney’s Animals, Science and Environment, Disney’s Animal Kingdom®, Bay Lake, FL, USA
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Wang X, Gkrouzman E, Andrade DCO, Andreoli L, Barbhaiya M, Belmont HM, Branch DW, de Jesús GR, Efthymiou M, Rıos-Garces R, Gerosa M, El Hasbani G, Knight J, Meroni PL, Pazzola G, Petri M, Rand J, Salmon J, Tektonidou M, Tincani A, Uthman IW, Zuily S, Zuo Y, Lockshin M, Cohen H, Erkan D. COVID-19 and antiphospholipid antibodies: A position statement and management guidance from AntiPhospholipid Syndrome Alliance for Clinical Trials and InternatiOnal Networking (APS ACTION). Lupus 2021; 30:2276-2285. [PMID: 34915764 PMCID: PMC10711746 DOI: 10.1177/09612033211062523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a high rate of thrombosis. Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTT) and antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are reported in COVID-19 patients. The majority of publications have not reported whether patients develop clinically relevant persistent aPL, and the clinical significance of new aPL-positivity in COVID-19 is currently unknown. However, the reports of aPL-positivity in COVID-19 raised the question whether common mechanisms exist in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). In both conditions, thrombotic microangiopathy resulting in microvascular injury and thrombosis is hypothesized to occur through multiple pathways, including endothelial damage, complement activation, and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis). APS-ACTION, an international APS research network, created a COVID-19 working group that reviewed common mechanisms, positive aPL tests in COVID-19 patients, and implications of COVID-19 infection for patients with known aPL positivity or APS, with the goals of proposing guidance for clinical management and monitoring of aPL-positive COVID-19 patients. This guidance also serves as a call and focus for clinical and basic scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Gkrouzman
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Laura Andreoli
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, ASST-Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Medha Barbhaiya
- Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Disease, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David Ware Branch
- University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Maria Efthymiou
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Rıos-Garces
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Department, Hospital Clınic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Gerosa
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Jason Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pier Luigi Meroni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michelle Petri
- John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Rand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jane Salmon
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Angela Tincani
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, ASST-Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Imad W Uthman
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Stephane Zuily
- Vascular Medicine Division and Regional Competence Center for Rare Auto-Immune Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Yu Zuo
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Lockshin
- Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Disease, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah Cohen
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Doruk Erkan
- Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Disease, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Patients with COVID-19: in the dark-NETs of neutrophils. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3125-3139. [PMID: 34031543 PMCID: PMC8142290 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection poses a major threat to the lungs and multiple other organs, occasionally causing death. Until effective vaccines are developed to curb the pandemic, it is paramount to define the mechanisms and develop protective therapies to prevent organ dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. Individuals that develop severe manifestations have signs of dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses. Emerging evidence implicates neutrophils and the disbalance between neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and degradation plays a central role in the pathophysiology of inflammation, coagulopathy, organ damage, and immunothrombosis that characterize severe cases of COVID-19. Here, we discuss the evidence supporting a role for NETs in COVID-19 manifestations and present putative mechanisms, by which NETs promote tissue injury and immunothrombosis. We present therapeutic strategies, which have been successful in the treatment of immunο-inflammatory disorders and which target dysregulated NET formation or degradation, as potential approaches that may benefit patients with severe COVID-19.
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Umbrello M, Formenti P, Nespoli S, Pisano E, Bonino C, Muttini S. Effect of Different Corticosteroid Regimens on the Outcome of Severe COVID-19-Related Acute Respiratory Failure. A Retrospective Analysis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4847. [PMID: 34768369 PMCID: PMC8584858 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic corticosteroids are associated with reduced mortality in COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure; however, the type and dose has not yet been established. OBJECTIVES To compare the outcomes of dexamethasone vs. methylprednisolone, along with the effects of rescue, short-term, high-dose boluses of corticosteroids. METHODS Before/after and case/control retrospective analysis of consecutive critically ill COVID-19 subjects. Subjects were initially given dexamethasone; however, after review of the local protocol, methylprednisolone was suggested. A three-day course of 1000 mg/day of methylprednisolone was administered in the case of refractory hypoxemia within the first 10 days of treatment. Propensity score-adjusted comparisons were performed. RESULTS A total of 81 consecutive subjects were included (85% males, 60 ± 10 years, SAPS II 27 ± 7, SOFA 4 [IQR 3, 6] points) and 51 of these subjects (62.9%) received dexamethasone and 29 (35.8%) had methylprednisolone. The groups were well matched for age, comorbidities, and severity at admission. No differences were found in the duration of ICU stay, hospital mortality, or infectious complications between the groups. A total of 22 subjects (27.2%) received a rescue bolus; these subjects had a significantly lower oxygenation, a higher driving pressure, and an increased ventilatory ratio during the first ten days. Short-term/high-dose boluses were associated with higher hospital mortality, longer mechanical ventilation and ICU and hospital stay, and more infectious complications. A subgroup of subjects who received the boluses had significantly improved oxygenation and lower hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS We were unable to find any difference between dexamethasone or methylprednisolone on the explored outcomes; high-dose boluses of corticosteroids were associated with a worse outcome. However, a subgroup of subjects was identified in whom the high-dose boluses seemed beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Umbrello
- SC Anestesia e Rianimazione II, Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20153 Milan, Italy; (S.N.); (S.M.)
| | - Paolo Formenti
- SC Anestesia e Rianimazione, Ospedale San Paolo–Polo Universitario, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20153 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Nespoli
- SC Anestesia e Rianimazione II, Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20153 Milan, Italy; (S.N.); (S.M.)
| | - Eleonora Pisano
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina D’emergenza-Urgenza, Università degli Studi di Milan, 20153 Milan, Italy; (E.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Cecilia Bonino
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina D’emergenza-Urgenza, Università degli Studi di Milan, 20153 Milan, Italy; (E.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Stefano Muttini
- SC Anestesia e Rianimazione II, Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20153 Milan, Italy; (S.N.); (S.M.)
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Clemente-Moragón A, Martínez-Milla J, Oliver E, Santos A, Flandes J, Fernández I, Rodríguez-González L, Serrano Del Castillo C, Ioan AM, López-Álvarez M, Gómez-Talavera S, Galán-Arriola C, Fuster V, Pérez-Calvo C, Ibáñez B. Metoprolol in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:1001-1011. [PMID: 34474731 PMCID: PMC8404624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) can progress to an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which involves alveolar infiltration by activated neutrophils. The beta-blocker metoprolol has been shown to ameliorate exacerbated inflammation in the myocardial infarction setting. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of metoprolol on alveolar inflammation and on respiratory function in patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS. METHODS A total of 20 COVID-19 patients with ARDS on invasive mechanical ventilation were randomized to metoprolol (15 mg daily for 3 days) or control (no treatment). All patients underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) before and after metoprolol/control. The safety of metoprolol administration was evaluated by invasive hemodynamic and electrocardiogram monitoring and echocardiography. RESULTS Metoprolol administration was without side effects. At baseline, neutrophil content in BAL did not differ between groups. Conversely, patients randomized to metoprolol had significantly fewer neutrophils in BAL on day 4 (median: 14.3 neutrophils/µl [Q1, Q3: 4.63, 265 neutrophils/µl] vs median: 397 neutrophils/µl [Q1, Q3: 222, 1,346 neutrophils/µl] in the metoprolol and control groups, respectively; P = 0.016). Metoprolol also reduced neutrophil extracellular traps content and other markers of lung inflammation. Oxygenation (PaO2:FiO2) significantly improved after 3 days of metoprolol treatment (median: 130 [Q1, Q3: 110, 162] vs median: 267 [Q1, Q3: 199, 298] at baseline and day 4, respectively; P = 0.003), whereas it remained unchanged in control subjects. Metoprolol-treated patients spent fewer days on invasive mechanical ventilation than those in the control group (15.5 ± 7.6 vs 21.9 ± 12.6 days; P = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS In this pilot trial, intravenous metoprolol administration to patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS was safe, reduced exacerbated lung inflammation, and improved oxygenation. Repurposing metoprolol for COVID-19-associated ARDS appears to be a safe and inexpensive strategy that can alleviate the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Martínez-Milla
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Cardiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Oliver
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnoldo Santos
- Intensive Care Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Flandes
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker Fernández
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-González
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Biobank Patform-PT20/00141, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana-María Ioan
- Intensive Care Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María López-Álvarez
- Cardiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Gómez-Talavera
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Cardiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Galán-Arriola
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentín Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - César Pérez-Calvo
- Intensive Care Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Ibáñez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Cardiology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
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Herteman N, Grimes C, Lavoie JP. Retrospective investigation of automated hematology analyzer-determined indicators of neutrophil activation in blood samples from horses with asthma. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:737-745. [PMID: 34432518 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.9.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate indicators of neutrophil activation in the blood of healthy and asthma-affected horses and assess associations between corticosteroid treatment and these variables. ANIMALS 48 horses (14 with severe equine asthma [SEA], 21 with mild to moderate equine asthma [MEA], and 13 healthy controls). PROCEDURES In a 3-part retrospective study, hematology analyzer data for horses included in previous studies were reviewed. Neutrophil size, neutrophil light absorbance (NLA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) index were recorded. Data for each variable were compared among groups for the entire study sample (part 1). Changes in each variable were assessed for one subset of horses (5 SEA-affected and 6 controls) after treatment for 2 weeks with dexamethasone (0.06 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h; part 2) and for another subset (8 SEA-affected horses) after the same treatment and after a 1-week posttreatment washout period (part 3). RESULTS All 3 variables were significantly greater for the SEA group, compared with the MEA and control groups in part 1. Following dexamethasone treatment, the control- and SEA-group NLA and MPO index significantly decreased and SEA-group neutrophil size significantly decreased in part 2; immediate posttreatment results for SEA-affected horses were similar in part 3, with significantly increased neutrophil size and nonsignificant increases in NLA and MPO index following washout. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested horses with exacerbated SEA have larger neutrophils that contain more MPO, compared with neutrophils of MEA-affected and healthy control horses. The clinical value of these variables for the diagnosis of equine asthma was deemed limited owing to data overlap among groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Herteman
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Carolyn Grimes
- From the Departments of Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- From the Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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A Fragile Balance: Does Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation Drive Pulmonary Disease Progression? Cells 2021; 10:cells10081932. [PMID: 34440701 PMCID: PMC8394734 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils act as the first line of defense during infection and inflammation. Once activated, they are able to fulfil numerous tasks to fight inflammatory insults while keeping a balanced immune response. Besides well-known functions, such as phagocytosis and degranulation, neutrophils are also able to release "neutrophil extracellular traps" (NETs). In response to most stimuli, the neutrophils release decondensed chromatin in a NADPH oxidase-dependent manner decorated with histones and granule proteins, such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and cathelicidins. Although primarily supposed to prevent microbial dissemination and fight infections, there is increasing evidence that an overwhelming NET response correlates with poor outcome in many diseases. Lung-related diseases especially, such as bacterial pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aspergillosis, influenza, and COVID-19, are often affected by massive NET formation. Highly vascularized areas as in the lung are susceptible to immunothrombotic events promoted by chromatin fibers. Keeping this fragile equilibrium seems to be the key for an appropriate immune response. Therapies targeting dysregulated NET formation might positively influence many disease progressions. This review highlights recent findings on the pathophysiological influence of NET formation in different bacterial, viral, and non-infectious lung diseases and summarizes medical treatment strategies.
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Methylprednisolone Induces Extracellular Trap Formation and Enhances Bactericidal Effect of Canine Neutrophils. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147734. [PMID: 34299355 PMCID: PMC8304006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylprednisolone is a glucocorticoid and can negatively influence immune defense mechanisms. During bacterial infections in the dog, neutrophils infiltrate infected tissue and mediate antimicrobial effects with different mechanisms such as phagocytosis and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Here, we investigated the influence of methylprednisolone on canine NET formation and neutrophil killing efficiency of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Therefore, canine blood derived neutrophils were treated with different concentrations of methylprednisolone over time. The survival factor of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Streptococcus canis or Escherichia coli was determined in presence of stimulated neutrophils. Additionally, free DNA and nucleosomes as NET marker were analyzed in supernatants and neutrophils were assessed for NET formation by immunofluorescence microscopy. Methylprednisolone concentrations of 62.5 and 625 µg/mL enhanced the neutrophil killing of Gram positive bacteria, whereas no significant influence was detected for the Gram negative Escherichia coli. Interestingly, higher amounts of free DNA were detected under methylprednisolone stimulation in a concentration dependency and in the presence of Streptococcus canis and Escherichia coli. The nucleosome release by neutrophils is induced by bacterial infection and differs depending on the concentration of methylprednisolone. Furthermore, immunofluorescence microscopy analysis identified methylprednisolone at a concentration of 62.5 µg/mL as a NET inducer. In summary, methylprednisolone enhances NET-formation and time-dependent and concentration-dependent the bactericidal effect of canine neutrophils on Gram positive bacteria.
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Bjørnkjær-Nielsen KA, Bjørnvad CR. Corticosteroid treatment for acute/acute-on-chronic experimental and naturally occurring pancreatitis in several species: a scoping review to inform possible use in dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2021; 63:28. [PMID: 34256804 PMCID: PMC8276032 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis in dogs is a prevalent disease characterised by mild to severe inflammation. Treatment with anti-inflammatory corticosteroids has been widely debated but is not generally recommended in veterinary medicine. The objective of the present study was to present current evidence on the effect of corticosteroid treatment for acute/acute-on-chronic pancreatitis across species. These findings were then used to evaluate if and how corticosteroid treatment could influence disease outcome in canine acute/acute-on-chronic pancreatitis. A scoping review was performed by searching the Agricola, CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE and Embase databases to identify relevant articles published before June 24, 2021. The inclusion criteria were English language, original research published in a peer-reviewed journal, and investigation of corticosteroid treatment effects on acute/acute-on-chronic pancreatitis by the outcome parameters clinical score, circulating CRP level, hospitalisation duration, mortality and pancreas histopathology. Research on any species was considered. Studies were rated based on the level of evidence, and methodological quality was evaluated based on similarity between groups at baseline, risk of bias and study group size. The reporting method was based on the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. One thousand nine hundred fifty-four studies were identified, and 31 met the inclusion criteria. Five were canine studies, with 4 investigating experimentally induced pancreatitis; 5 were human clinical studies; and 21 were rodent studies of experimentally induced pancreatitis. The level of evidence ranged between randomised controlled trials and case series, the estimated risk of bias ranged from low to high, and the sample sizes ranged from very small to moderate. Evidence indicates that adding corticosteroid to symptomatic treatment of acute/acute-on-chronic canine pancreatitis could have a positive influence on disease outcome. However, the analysed evidence was based on several species, including both naturally occurring and experimentally induced pancreatitis; thus, the authors suggest that large randomised controlled studies should be performed in dogs with spontaneously occurring acute/acute-on-chronic pancreatitis to further elucidate a potential benefit of corticosteroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte Reinhard Bjørnvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Mainguy-Seers S, Lavoie JP. Glucocorticoid treatment in horses with asthma: A narrative review. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2045-2057. [PMID: 34085342 PMCID: PMC8295667 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial research efforts to improve the treatment and outcome of horses with asthma, glucocorticoids (GC) remain the cornerstone of drug treatment of this prevalent disease. The high efficacy of GC to relieve airway obstruction explains their extensive use despite potential deleterious effects. However, much is yet to be uncovered concerning GC use in horses with asthma, including the comparative efficacy of the different drugs, the determination of minimal effective doses and the mechanisms underlying their variable modulation of airway inflammation. The objectives of this structured review were to report and compare the plethora of effects of the various GC used in asthmatic horses with a focus on impact on lung function, airway inflammation, and bronchial remodeling. Adverse effects are also briefly described, with an emphasis on those that have been specifically reported in horses with asthma. Ultimately, we aimed to highlight gaps in the literature and to identify future research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mainguy-Seers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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36
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Millares-Ramirez EM, Lavoie JP. Bronchial angiogenesis in horses with severe asthma and its response to corticosteroids. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2026-2034. [PMID: 34048095 PMCID: PMC8295704 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe asthma in horses is characterized by structural changes that thicken the lower airway wall, a change that is only partially reversible by current treatments. Increased vascularization contributes to the thickening of the bronchial wall in humans with asthma and is considered a potential new therapeutic target. Objective To determine the presence of angiogenesis in the bronchi of severely asthmatic horses, and if present, to evaluate its reversibility by treatment with corticosteroids. Animals Study 1: Bronchial samples from asthmatic horses in exacerbation (7), in remission (7), and aged‐matched healthy horses. Study 2: Endobronchial biopsy samples from asthmatic horses in exacerbation (6) and healthy horses (6) before and after treatment with dexamethasone. Methods Blinded, randomized controlled study. Immunohistochemistry was performed using collagen IV as a marker for vascular basement membranes. Number of vessels, vascular area, and mean vessel size in the bronchial lamina propria were measured by histomorphometry. Reversibility of vascular changes in Study 2 was assessed after 2 weeks of treatment with dexamethasone. Results The number of vessels and vascular area were increased in the airway walls of asthmatic horses in exacerbation (P = .01 and P = .02, respectively) and in remission (P = .02 and P = .04, respectively) when compared to controls. In Study 2, the differences observed between groups disappeared after 2 weeks of treatment with corticosteroids because of the increased number of vessels in healthy horses. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Angiogenesis contributes to thickening of the airway wall in asthmatic horses and was not reversed by a 2‐week treatment with corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Millares-Ramirez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Studies of molecular pathways associated with blood neutrophil corticosteroid insensitivity in equine asthma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110265. [PMID: 33989854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe equine asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, neutrophilic inflammation and structural alterations of the lower airways. In asthmatic horses with neutrophilic inflammation, there is insensitivity to corticosteroids characterized by the persistence of neutrophils within the airways with therapy. We hypothesized that hypoxia or oxidative stress in the microenvironment of the lung contributes to this insensitivity of neutrophils to corticosteroids in asthmatic horses. Blood neutrophils isolated from horses with severe asthma (N = 8) and from healthy controls (N = 8) were incubated under different cell culture conditions simulating hypoxia and oxidative stress and, in the presence, or absence of dexamethasone. The pro-inflammatory gene and protein expression of neutrophils were studied. In both groups, pyocyanin-induced oxidative stress increased the mRNA expression of IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α. While IL-1β and TNF-α were downregulated by dexamethasone under these conditions, IL-8 was not. Simulated hypoxic conditions did not enhance pro-inflammatory gene expression in neutrophils from either group of horses. In conclusion, oxidative stress but not hypoxia may contribute to corticosteroid insensitivity via a selective gene regulation pathway. Equine neutrophil responses were similar in both heathy and asthmatic horses, indicating that it is not specific to asthmatic inflammation.
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38
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Larson EM, Wagner B. Viral infection and allergy - What equine immune responses can tell us about disease severity and protection. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:329-341. [PMID: 33975251 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Horses have many naturally occurring diseases that mimic similar conditions in humans. The ability to conduct environmentally controlled experiments and induced disease studies in a genetically diverse host makes the horse a valuable intermediate model between mouse studies and human clinical trials. This review highlights important similarities in the immune landscape between horses and humans using current research on two equine diseases as examples. First, equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection initiates a series of innate inflammatory signals at its mucosal entry site in the upper respiratory tract. These inflammatory markers are highly synchronized and predictable between individuals during viral respiratory infection and ultimately lead to adaptive immune induction and protection. The timing of early inflammatory signals, followed by specific adaptive immune markers correlating with immunity and protection, allow accurate outbreak tracking and also provide a foundation for understanding the importance of local mucosal immunity during other viral respiratory infections. Second, rare peripheral blood immune cells that promote allergic inflammation can be analyzed during Culicoides hypersensitivity, a naturally occurring type I IgE-mediated allergic disease of horses. Rare immune cells, such as IgE-binding monocytes or basophils, can be studied repeatedly in the horse model to unravel their larger mechanistic role in inflammation during allergic and other inflammatory diseases. We conclude with a survey of all other common equine inflammatory conditions. Together, this review serves as a reference and rationale for the horse as a non-rodent model for immunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Larson
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.
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39
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Nasonov EL. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and autoimmunity. RHEUMATOLOGY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.47360/1995-4484-2021-5-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 pandemic (coronavirus disease, COVID-19), etiologically related to the SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2), has once again reawakened healthcare professionals’ interest towards new clinical and conceptual issues of human immunology and immunopathology. An unprecedented number of clinical trials and fundamental studies of epidemiology, virology, immunology and molecular biology, of the COVID-19 clinical course polymorphism and pharmacotherapy have been conducted within one year since the outbreak of 2019 pandemic, bringing together scientists of almost all biological and physicians of almost all medical specialties. Their joint efforts have resulted in elaboration of several types of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and, in general, fashioning of more rational approaches to patient management. Also important for COVID-19 management were all clinical trials of biologics and “targeted” anti-inflammatory drugs modulating intracellular cytokine signaling, which have been specifically developed for treatment immune-mediated inflammatory rheumatic disease (IMIRDs) over the past 20 years. It became obvious after a comprehensive analysis of the entire spectrum of clinical manifestations and immunopathological disorders in COVID-19 is accompanied by a wide range of extrapulmonary clinical and laboratory disorders, some of which are characteristic of IMIRDs and other autoimmune and auto-in-flammatory human diseases. All these phenomena substantiated the practice of anti-inflammatory drugs repurposing with off-label use of specific antirheumatic agents for treatment of COVID-19. This paper discusses potential use of glucocorticoids, biologics, JAK inhibitors, etc., blocking the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines for treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Nasonov
- V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health Care of Russian Federation (Sechenov University)
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40
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Zuo Y, Kanthi Y, Knight JS, Kim AHJ. The interplay between neutrophils, complement, and microthrombi in COVID-19. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2021; 35:101661. [PMID: 33526325 PMCID: PMC7831864 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2021.101661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As of the end of 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a global healthcare challenge with alarming death tolls. In the absence of targeted therapies, supportive care continues to be the mainstay of treatment. The hallmark of severe COVID-19 is a thromboinflammatory storm driven by innate immune responses. This manifests clinically as acute respiratory distress syndrome, and in some patients, widespread thrombotic microangiopathy. Neutrophils and complement are key players in the innate immune system, and their role in perpetuating fatal severe COVID-19 continues to receive increasing attention. Here, we review the interplay between neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps, and complement in COVID-19 immunopathology, and highlight potential therapeutic strategies to combat these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zuo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yogendra Kanthi
- Division of Intramural Research National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason S Knight
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alfred H J Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
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41
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Trivedi A, Khan MA, Bade G, Talwar A. Orchestration of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (Nets), a Unique Innate Immune Function during Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Development. Biomedicines 2021; 9:53. [PMID: 33435568 PMCID: PMC7826777 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Morbidity, mortality and economic burden caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant global concern. Surprisingly, COPD is already the third leading cause of death worldwide, something that WHO had not predicted to occur until 2030. It is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airway limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles of gases. Neutrophil is one of the key infiltrated innate immune cells in the lung during the pathogenesis of COPD. Neutrophils during pathogenic attack or injury decide to undergo for a suicidal death by releasing decondensed chromatin entangled with antimicrobial peptides to trap and ensnare pathogens. Casting neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been widely demonstrated to be an effective mechanism against invading microorganisms thus controlling overwhelming infections. However, aberrant and massive NETs formation has been reported in several pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Moreover, NETs can directly induce epithelial and endothelial cell death resulting in impairing pulmonary function and accelerating the progression of the disease. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanism of NET formation is the need of the hour in order to use NETs for beneficial purpose and controlling their involvement in disease exacerbation. For example, DNA neutralization of NET proteins using protease inhibitors and disintegration with recombinant human DNase would be helpful in controlling excess NETs. Targeting CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) would also reduce neutrophilic inflammation, mucus production and neutrophil-proteinase mediated tissue destruction in lung. In this review, we discuss the interplay of NETs in the development and pathophysiology of COPD and how these NETs associated therapies could be leveraged to disrupt NETopathic inflammation as observed in COPD, for better management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Trivedi
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Meraj A. Khan
- Translational Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Geetanjali Bade
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Anjana Talwar
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; (A.T.); (G.B.)
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42
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Svistushkin VM, Nikiforova GN, Vorobjeva NV, Dekhanov AS, Dagil YA, Bredova OY, Eremeeva KV. [Neutrophil extracellular traps in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2021; 86:105-112. [PMID: 34964339 DOI: 10.17116/otorino202186061105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The review presents the current understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. The causes of damage to the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses are most often the result of a combination of immunological, infectious and anatomical factors. This indicates the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the study of the pathogenesis of this pathology. There is no single universally recognized classification of chronic rhinosinusitis, which takes into account histological and immunological changes in the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses. The discovery of the mechanism of completion of the life cycle of neutrophils - the formation of a neutrophil extracellular trap or NETosis, different from necrosis and apoptosis, opened up new prospects in the study of the pathogenesis of inflammatory processes, including rhinosinusitis. Neutrophil extracellular traps reduce the permeability of the epithelial barrier in the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses. This determines their possible role in the etiopathogenesis of rhinosinusitis. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the feasibility, effectiveness and safety of therapy that affects the immune component of the inflammatory process, including NETosis. The data obtained in the study of extracellular traps can be used in clinical practice. It is neutrophil extracellular traps that can become a potential target in the treatment of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Svistushkin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G N Nikiforova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A S Dekhanov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - K V Eremeeva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Vitkov L, Minnich B, Knopf J, Schauer C, Hannig M, Herrmann M. NETs Are Double-Edged Swords with the Potential to Aggravate or Resolve Periodontal Inflammation. Cells 2020; 9:E2614. [PMID: 33291407 PMCID: PMC7762037 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a general term for diseases characterised by inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, gradual destruction of the marginal periodontal ligament and resorption of alveolar bone. Early-onset periodontitis is due to disturbed neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and clearance. Indeed, mutations that inactivate the cysteine proteases cathepsin C result in the massive periodontal damage seen in patients with deficient NET formation. In contrast, exaggerated NET formation due to polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) hyper-responsiveness drives the pathology of late-onset periodontitis by damaging and ulcerating the gingival epithelium and retarding epithelial healing. Despite the gingival regeneration, periodontitis progression ends with almost complete loss of the periodontal ligament and subsequent tooth loss. Thus, NETs help to maintain periodontal health, and their dysregulation, either insufficiency or surplus, causes heavy periodontal pathology and edentulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubomir Vitkov
- Department of Biosciences, Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.V.); (B.M.)
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Department of Biosciences, Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.V.); (B.M.)
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (C.S.); (M.H.)
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Davis KU, Sheats MK. The Role of Neutrophils in the Pathophysiology of Asthma in Humans and Horses. Inflammation 2020; 44:450-465. [PMID: 33150539 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common and debilitating chronic airway disease that affects people and horses of all ages worldwide. While asthma in humans most commonly involves an excessive type 2 immune response and eosinophilic inflammation, neutrophils have also been recognized as key players in the pathophysiology of asthma, including in the severe asthma phenotype where neutrophilic inflammation predominates. Severe equine asthma syndrome (sEAS) features prominent neutrophilic inflammation and has been increasingly used as a naturally occurring animal model for the study of human neutrophilic asthma. This comparative review examines the recent literature in order to explore the role of neutrophil inflammatory functions in the pathophysiology and immunology of asthma in humans and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Uchiumi Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - M Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. .,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
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Wan T, Zhang Y, Yuan K, Min J, Mou Y, Jin X. Acetylsalicylic Acid Promotes Corneal Epithelium Migration by Regulating Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Alkali Burn. Front Immunol 2020; 11:551057. [PMID: 33178183 PMCID: PMC7593339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.551057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first cells to migrate into the cornea in response to alkali burns, and excessive neutrophil infiltration is associated with inflammatory injury and a poorer prognosis. In an effort to understand the mechanisms underlying the inflammation mediated by neutrophils after alkali burns, we examined the role of alkali-activated neutrophils on human corneal epithelial cells (HCEs) proliferation and migration, as well as the effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and dexamethasone (DXM) on NETosis. We stimulated human neutrophils with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and observed dose- and time-dependent neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. We also observed that ASA, but not DXM, significantly inhibited NaOH-induced NETosis. Furthermore, the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, but not the production of reactive oxygen species, was involved in ASA-regulated NETosis. Moreover, NETs were found to be involved in alkali-activated neutrophils (ANs) induced neutrophil-HCE adhesion. ANs enhanced HCEs proliferation via phagocytosis. Meanwhile, ANs inhibited HCEs migration through the release of NETs, which was partially rescued by 5 mM ASA. In conclusion, ANs may interfere with HCEs proliferation and migration by phagocytosis and NETs formation, respectively. ASA may enhance HCEs migration by decreasing NETs formation through inhibition of NF-κB activation and could be a promising strategy for improving the prognosis of corneal alkali burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kelan Yuan
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Min
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Mou
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuming Jin
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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46
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Arabi YM, Chrousos GP, Meduri GU. The ten reasons why corticosteroid therapy reduces mortality in severe COVID-19. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46:2067-2070. [PMID: 33026460 PMCID: PMC7538533 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen M Arabi
- Intensive Care Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Umberto Meduri
- Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center Research Service and Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Service, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Albornoz A, Alarcon P, Morales N, Uberti B, Henriquez C, Manosalva C, Burgos RA, Moran G. Metabolomics analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples in horses with naturally-occurring asthma and experimentally-induced airway inflammation. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:276-282. [PMID: 33039879 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work characterized the metabolomic profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in healthy horses, experimentally-induced airway inflammation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) nebulization, and naturally-occurring asthma (n = 3 in each group). All animals underwent clinical and upper airway endoscopic examinations, and bronchoalveolar lavage. BALF supernatant samples were subjected to metabolic analysis based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Overall, 67 peaks were obtained from BALF GC-MS analysis, corresponding to 53 metabolites which were categorized according to chemical class, such as organic acids, fatty acids, nucleosides or their derivatives, amino acids, peptides or their derivatives, carbohydrates, and other compounds. Our results showed that the airway inflammation induction model with LPS produced the same pattern of metabolite changes as in horses with naturally occurring asthma. Metabolic pathway analysis was done by means of Fisher's exact test, for detection of metabolites over-represented in asthma affected-horses and LPS-induced airway inflammation as compared with healthy horses. The most significant altered metabolic pathways were fatty acid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism and citrate cycle. These results suggest that the airway inflammation induction model with LPS is a good study model for asthma-affected horses, due to the similarity of the profile of inflammatory cells (specifically neutrophils) and similar metabolic alterations found in BALF that occur during the inflammatory process of the airways. Further research may increase understanding of metabolomics disturbances and their significance in the pathogenesis of equine asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Albornoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natalia Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Benjamin Uberti
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio Henriquez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gabriel Moran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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48
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Thierry AR, Roch B. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and By-Products Play a Key Role in COVID-19: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2942. [PMID: 32933031 PMCID: PMC7565044 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the pathogenesis of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) remains incomplete, particularly in respect to the multi-organ dysfunction it may cause. We were the first to report the analogous biological and physiological features of COVID-19 pathogenesis and the harmful amplification loop between inflammation and tissue damage induced by the dysregulation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. Given the rapid evolution of this disease, the nature of its symptoms, and its potential lethality, we hypothesize that COVID-19 progresses under just such an amplifier loop, leading to a massive, uncontrolled inflammation process. Here, we describe in-depth the correlations of COVID-19 symptoms and biological features with those where uncontrolled NET formation is implicated in various sterile or infectious diseases. General clinical conditions, as well as numerous pathological and biological features, are analogous with NETs deleterious effects. Among NETs by-products implicated in COVID-19 pathogenesis, one of the most significant appears to be elastase, in accelerating virus entry and inducing hypertension, thrombosis and vasculitis. We postulate that severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) may evade innate immune response, causing uncontrolled NETs formation and multi-organ failure. In addition, we point to indicators that NETS-associated diseases are COVID-19 risk factors. Acknowledging that neutrophils are the principal origin of extracellular and circulating DNA release, we nonetheless, explain why targeting NETs rather than neutrophils themselves may in practice be a better strategy. This paper also offers an in-depth review of NET formation, function and pathogenic dysregulation, as well as of current and prospective future therapies to control NETopathies. As such, it enables us also to suggest new therapeutic strategies to fight COVID-19. In combination with or independent of the latest tested approaches, we propose the evaluation, in the short term, of treatments with DNase-1, with the anti-diabetic Metformin, or with drugs targeting elastase (i.e., Silvelestat). With a longer perspective, we also advocate a significant increase in research on the development of toll-like receptors (TLR) and C-type lectin-like receptors (CLEC) inhibitors, NET-inhibitory peptides, and on anti-IL-26 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain R. Thierry
- Research Institute of Cancerology of Montpellier, INSERM U1194, IRCM, ICM, Montpellier University, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Benoit Roch
- Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier University, F-34298 Montpellier, France;
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A High Docosahexaenoic Acid Diet Alters the Lung Inflammatory Response to Acute Dust Exposure. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082334. [PMID: 32759853 PMCID: PMC7468878 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural workers are at risk for the development of acute and chronic lung diseases due to their exposure to organic agricultural dusts. A diet intervention using the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to be an effective therapeutic approach for alleviating a dust-induced inflammatory response. We thus hypothesized a high-DHA diet would alter the dust-induced inflammatory response through the increased production of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). Mice were pre-treated with a DHA-rich diet 4 weeks before being intranasally challenged with a single dose of an extract made from dust collected from a concentrated swine feeding operation (HDE). This omega-3-fatty-acid-rich diet led to reduced arachidonic acid levels in the blood, enhanced macrophage recruitment, and increased the production of the DHA-derived SPM Resolvin D1 (RvD1) in the lung following HDE exposure. An assessment of transcript-level changes in the immune response demonstrated significant differences in immune pathway activation and alterations of numerous macrophage-associated genes among HDE-challenged mice fed a high DHA diet. Our data indicate that consuming a DHA-rich diet leads to the enhanced production of SPMs during an acute inflammatory challenge to dust, supporting a role for dietary DHA supplementation as a potential therapeutic strategy for reducing dust-induced lung inflammation.
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Couetil L, Cardwell JM, Leguillette R, Mazan M, Richard E, Bienzle D, Bullone M, Gerber V, Ivester K, Lavoie JP, Martin J, Moran G, Niedźwiedź A, Pusterla N, Swiderski C. Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:450. [PMID: 32903600 PMCID: PMC7438831 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 Havemeyer Workshop brought together researchers and clinicians to discuss the latest information on Equine Asthma and provide future research directions. Current clinical and molecular asthma phenotypes and endotypes in humans were discussed and compared to asthma phenotypes in horses. The role of infectious and non-infectious causes of equine asthma, genetic factors and proposed disease pathophysiology were reviewed. Diagnostic limitations were evident by the limited number of tests and biomarkers available to field practitioners. The participants emphasized the need for more accessible, standardized diagnostics that would help identify specific phenotypes and endotypes in order to create more targeted treatments or management strategies. One important outcome of the workshop was the creation of the Equine Asthma Group that will facilitate communication between veterinary practice and research communities through published and easily accessible guidelines and foster research collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Couetil
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Cardwell
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Renaud Leguillette
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Melissa Mazan
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Eric Richard
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), Normandie Université, UniCaen, Caen, France
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michela Bullone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institut Suisse de Médecine Équine (ISME), University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kathleen Ivester
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James Martin
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Moran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Artur Niedźwiedź
- Department of Internal Diseases With Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cyprianna Swiderski
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
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