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Singleton KM, Jagim AR, McAllister-Deitrick J, Daou M, Kerksick CM. Differences in perceived energy and macronutrient requirements across divisions in NCAA athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2365307. [PMID: 38860870 PMCID: PMC11168329 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2365307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports nutrition is an impactful component to sports performance. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the sports nutrition knowledge of National Collegiate Athletic Association collegiate athletes and assess self-reported perceived requirements for energy and macronutrient intake. A secondary aim was to evaluate the awareness of physical and emotional perceptions associated with mindful eating. METHODS Participants included NCAA Division I (DI, n = 45), II (DII, n = 31), and III (DIII, n = 47) athletes. Athletes completed a validated questionnaire designed to assess sports nutrition knowledge and were asked questions about their perceived dietary energy and macronutrient requirements. Daily energy intake values were calculated using a recommended relative energy intake value of 40, 50, and 60 kcal/kg/day for low, moderate, and high activity levels, respectively. Carbohydrate recommendations were calculated using 4, 6, and 8 g/kg/day, protein recommendations were calculated using relative intakes of 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 g/kg/day, and fat recommendations were calculated from a relative percentage of total predicted daily energy requirements, equating to 15, 25, and 30% of daily energy. Additionally, athletes completed a questionnaire to assess mindfulness regarding eating habits. RESULTS Overall, athletes answered 45.5 ± 13.5% of questions correctly on the nutrition questionnaire with significant differences observed between male (48.6 ± 13.6%) and female athletes (43.6 ± 13.2%; p = 0.044), as well as significant differences observed between DI athlete scores (38.8 ± 14.1%) and DII athletes (47.7 ± 11.4%; p = 0.002), and DI athletes and DIII athletes (51.71 ± 11.83%; p = <0.001). All athletes significantly (p < 0.001) underestimated daily energy intake requirements (female, 2,112 ± 575 kcal/day; male, 3,283 ± 538 kcal/day). The mindfulness eating habits total score was significantly higher in male athletes (65.1 ± 6.5) compared to female athletes (60.9 ± 9.5; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Division I, II, and III collegiate athletes have poor sports nutrition knowledge, with Division I athletes having exhibited lower scores compared to Division II and III athletes on the sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire. Athletes from all levels of collegiate sports underestimated their energy and macronutrient requirements. Differences in mindful eating habits among female and male athletes were also evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Michelle Singleton
- Department of Kinesiology, Conway Medical Center College of Health & Human Performance, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Jamie McAllister-Deitrick
- Department of Kinesiology, Conway Medical Center College of Health & Human Performance, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Marcos Daou
- Department of Kinesiology, Conway Medical Center College of Health & Human Performance, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Science, Technology, and Health, Lindenwood University, St Charles, MO, USA
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Stavitz J, Koc T. Exploring the Experiences and Perspectives of Division III Athletes Regarding Personalized Nutrition Plans for Improved Performance-A Qualitative Investigation. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:923. [PMID: 38727480 PMCID: PMC11083372 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12090923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This qualitative study explores Division III college student-athletes' experiences and perceptions of personalized nutrition plans in collegiate sports settings. (2) Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted using a general qualitative research design. Using a grounded theory approach, a thematic analysis was utilized to analyze the interview transcripts, allowing for the identification of recurring themes and patterns. (3) Results: A total of 30 Division III college student-athletes, 16 males (53.3%) and 14 females (46.7%), representing a diverse range of sports disciplines, engaged in discussions about personalized nutrition plans. Analysis of the data revealed five main themes: (1) Nutritional Knowledge and Awareness, (2) Perceived Benefits of Personalized Nutrition Plans, (3) Challenges and Barriers to Implementation, (4) Influence of Team Culture and Environment, and (5) Suggestions for Improvement. (4) Conclusion: This study sheds light on the complexities of implementing personalized nutrition plans in collegiate sports settings and emphasizes the need for comprehensive, athlete-centered approaches to optimize performance and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Stavitz
- Athletic Training Education Program, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | - Thomas Koc
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA;
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Danh JP, Nucci A, Andrew Doyle J, Feresin RG. Assessment of sports nutrition knowledge, dietary intake, and nutrition information source in female collegiate athletes: A descriptive feasibility study. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:2717-2725. [PMID: 34735308 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1987919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This descriptive feasibility study aimed to assess dietary intake, sports nutrition knowledge, and nutrition information source in collegiate athletes. Participants: Fourteen indoor volleyball female collegiate athletes from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university. Methods: Participants completed a Nutrition for Sports Knowledge Questionnaire (NSKQ) once and dietary and body composition assessments over four time points. Results: Pre-season mean energy and carbohydrate intake were lower than the American College of Sports Medicine Recommendations (25 ± 6.4 vs 37-41 kcal/kg BW/day and 3 ± 0.9 vs 6-10 g/kg BW/day; respectively). Off-season carbohydrate intake followed similar trends. The average score on the NSKQ was 45 ± 9.6% out of 100. Athletic trainers were identified as a top nutrition source followed by strength and conditioning coaches and nutritionists. Conclusion: Female volleyball athletes have inadequate dietary intake and sports nutrition knowledge and may benefit from nutrition education and counseling by trained sports nutrition experts.Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1987919.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Danh
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anita Nucci
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J Andrew Doyle
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafaela G Feresin
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Karpęcka-Gałka E, Mazur-Kurach P, Szyguła Z, Frączek B. Diet, Supplementation and Nutritional Habits of Climbers in High Mountain Conditions. Nutrients 2023; 15:4219. [PMID: 37836503 PMCID: PMC10574574 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate nutritional preparation for a high-mountain expedition can contribute to the prevention of nutritional deficiencies affecting the deterioration of health and performance. The aim of the study was to analyze the dietary habits, supplementation and nutritional value of diets of high mountain climbers. The study group consisted of 28 men (average age 33.12 ± 5.96 years), taking part in summer mountaineering expeditions at an altitude above 3000 m above sea level, lasting at least 3 weeks. Food groups consumed with low frequency during the expedition include vegetables, fruits, eggs, milk and milk products, butter and cream, fish and meat. The energy demand of the study participants was 4559.5 ± 425 kcal, and the energy supply was 2776.8 ± 878 kcal. The participants provided 79.6 ± 18.5 g of protein (1.1 ± 0.3 g protein/kg bw), 374.0 ± 164.5 g of carbohydrates (5.3 ± 2.5 g/kg bw) and 110.7 ± 31.7 g of fat (1.6 ± 0.5 g/kg bw) in the diet. The climbers' diet was low in calories, the protein supply was too low, and the fat supply was too high. There is a need to develop nutritional and supplementation recommendations that would serve as guidelines for climbers, improving their well-being and exercise capacity in severe high-mountain conditions, which would take their individual taste preferences into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Karpęcka-Gałka
- Doctoral School of Physical Culture Sciences, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Mazur-Kurach
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (P.M.-K.); (Z.S.); (B.F.)
| | - Zbigniew Szyguła
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (P.M.-K.); (Z.S.); (B.F.)
| | - Barbara Frączek
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland; (P.M.-K.); (Z.S.); (B.F.)
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Magee MK, Jones MT, Fields JB, Kresta J, Khurelbaatar C, Dodge C, Merfeld B, Ambrosius A, Carpenter M, Jagim AR. Body Composition, Energy Availability, Risk of Eating Disorder, and Sport Nutrition Knowledge in Young Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061502. [PMID: 36986231 PMCID: PMC10052043 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Young athletes may be at risk for low energy availability (LEA) or dietary habits that are indicative of eating disorders. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of LEA among high school athletes and examine those at risk for eating disorders. A secondary aim was to examine relationships between sport nutrition knowledge, body composition, and LEA. METHODS 94 male (n = 42) and female (n = 52) mean ± SD age: 18.09 ± 2.44 y; height: 172.6 ± 9.8 cm; body mass: 68.7 ± 14.5 kg; BMI: 22.91 ± 3.3 kg·m-2) athletes completed a body composition assessment and electronic versions of the abridged sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire (ASNK-Q), brief eating disorder in athletes questionnaire (BEDA-Q), and the low energy availability for females questionnaire (LEAF-Q; females only). RESULTS 52.1% of female athletes were classified as being at risk for LEA. Moderate inverse relationships existed for computed LEAF-Q scores and BMI (r = -0.394; p < 0.01). A total of 42.9% of males (n = 18) and 68.6% of females (n = 35) were at risk for eating disorders, with females being at greater risk (p < 0.01). Body fat percentage was a predictor (β = -0.095; p = -0.01) for eating disorder risk status. For every 1 unit increase in body fat percentage, athletes were 0.909 (95% CI: 0.845-0.977) times less likely to be classified as at risk for an eating disorder. Male (46.5 ± 13.9) and female (46.9 ± 11.4) athletes scored poorly on the ASNK-Q, with no differences between sex (p = 0.895). CONCLUSIONS Female athletes were at a greater risk for eating disorders. No relationships existed between sport nutrition knowledge and %BF. Female athletes with a higher %BF had a lower risk for an eating disorder and risk for LEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Magee
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Kinesiology, School of Sport Recreation and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Kinesiology, School of Sport Recreation and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Jennifer B Fields
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
| | - Julie Kresta
- Exercise Physiology and Human Performance, Texas A&M University-Central Texas, Killeen, TX 76549, USA
| | - Chinguun Khurelbaatar
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Christopher Dodge
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Brandon Merfeld
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Abby Ambrosius
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Makenna Carpenter
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
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Brauman K, Achen R, Barnes JL. The five most significant barriers to healthy eating in collegiate student-athletes. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:578-583. [PMID: 33830870 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1899186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to elucidate what student-athletes believe are the most significant barriers to consuming a healthy diet. 418 student-athletes at an NCAA Division 1 university were invited to complete a survey on their nutritional habits and barriers to healthy eating. The survey was designed utilizing the current literature in student-athletes and young adults and underwent a professional review and pilot study before use in data collection. 169 student-athletes (40%) fully completed the survey. Responses indicate the five most significant barriers are lack of time, easy access to unhealthy foods, cost of healthy foods, lack of knowledge about what foods are healthy, and lack of knowledge and skills to cook healthy foods, respectively. Further, data show significant relationships between several variables and the rate of selection of various barriers. Overall, these findings lay the groundwork for future interventions while also presenting initial, usable information for professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Brauman
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, College of Applied Sciences and Technology, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Rebecca Achen
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, College of Applied Science and Technology, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer L Barnes
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, College of Applied Sciences and Technology, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
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7
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Lambert V, Carbuhn A, Culp A, Ketterly J, Twombley B, White D. Interassociation Consensus Statement on Sports Nutrition Models for the Provision of Nutrition Services From Registered Dietitian Nutritionists in Collegiate Athletics. J Athl Train 2022; 57:717-732. [PMID: 36356618 PMCID: PMC9661935 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0157.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Collegiate athletic programs are increasingly adding nutrition services to interdisciplinary sports medicine and sports performance departments in response to scientific evidence highlighting nutrition's integral role in supporting athletic performance and overall health. Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs) specializing in sports dietetics (ie, sports RDNs) and credentialed Board-certified Specialists in Sports Dietetics (CSSDs) are the preferred nutrition service providers for these programs. Their extensive training and proficiency in medical nutrition therapy, education and behavioral counseling, food-service management, exercise physiology, physical performance, and administration, as defined by the "Standards of Practice and "Standards of Professional Performance" for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists in Sports Nutrition and Human Performance," make these practitioners uniquely qualified to deliver the breadth of care required in the collegiate setting. Therefore, this document, guided by a multidisciplinary panel, introduces 4 sports nutrition models through which any collegiate athletic program can deliver sports RDN-directed nutrition services. In each model, the most effective staffing and scope of service are indicated and reviewed. In addition, recommended organizational structures for sports RDNs are provided that best support the delivery of the model's nutrition services in a variety of collegiate athletic programs and organizational settings. Lastly, future research initiatives and nutrition interventions to help improve the standard of care through these sport nutrition models are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Carbuhn
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City
| | - Amy Culp
- Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Jennifer Ketterly
- Duke Sports Sciences Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Dana White
- Athletic Training & Sports Medicine, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT
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8
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Skinner J, Vento KA, Johnston CS, Wardenaar FC. Using Nutrition Knowledge and Diet Quality Questionnaires as Screening Tools to Identify Female Collegiate Athletes in Need of Dietitian Referral. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2022; 83:133-138. [PMID: 35503908 DOI: 10.3148/cjdpr-2022-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutrition knowledge and diet quality in collegiate athletes to determine if referral to a sports registered dietitian (RD) is warranted. This cross-sectional study analyzed four sections of the Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire and the Rapid Eating Assessment for Patients Questionnaire, both validated in athletic populations. The relationship between nutrition knowledge and diet quality was evaluated. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. One hundred and twenty athletes reported a median nutrition score of 52 (45-61), and a dietary quality score of 53 (46-58), with a weak, positive association between both (r = 0.28 (95% CI: 0.11-0.44), P < 0.01). Fifty-four percent were categorized as needing a referral to a sports RD. Diet quality scores differed between dietitian referral group with 49 (43-54) versus 58 (52-62) for the nonreferral group, respectively (P < 0.01, V = 0.71), with no difference in nutrition knowledge observed, P = 0.73. Overall, nutrition knowledge and diet quality in our sample of collegiate athletes was poor. College athletic departments with limited access to sports RD should use these questionnaires to evaluate knowledge and the need of dietitian referral separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen Skinner
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 425 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kaila A Vento
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 425 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Carol S Johnston
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 425 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Floris C Wardenaar
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, 425 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ
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Jagim AR, Fields J, Magee MK, Kerksick CM, Jones MT. Contributing Factors to Low Energy Availability in Female Athletes: A Narrative Review of Energy Availability, Training Demands, Nutrition Barriers, Body Image, and Disordered Eating. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050986. [PMID: 35267961 PMCID: PMC8912784 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative Energy Deficiency in sport is experiencing remarkable popularity of late, particularly among female athletes. This condition is underpinned by low energy availability, which is a byproduct of high energy expenditure, inadequate energy intake, or a combination of the two. Several contributing factors exist that may predispose an athlete to low energy availability, and therefore a holistic and comprehensive assessment may be required to identify the root causes. The focus of the current narrative review is to discuss the primary contributing factors as well as known risk factors for low energy availability among female athletes to help practitioners increase awareness on the topic and identify future areas of focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (J.F.); (M.K.M.); (M.T.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-392-5280
| | - Jennifer Fields
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (J.F.); (M.K.M.); (M.T.J.)
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
| | - Meghan K. Magee
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (J.F.); (M.K.M.); (M.T.J.)
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA;
| | - Margaret T. Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; (J.F.); (M.K.M.); (M.T.J.)
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA
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A Glimpse of the Sports Nutrition Awareness in Spanish Basketball Players. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010027. [PMID: 35010902 PMCID: PMC8746623 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Basketball is a team sport, with many fans and practitioners worldwide from all ages and levels. In all cases, players accumulate high levels of fatigue, and there is also limited time to recover between games or practices. In particular, nutrition plays a key role in optimizing performance and recovery. However, it is typical to observe erroneous nutritional behaviors among basketball players. It has been theorized that these behaviors are influenced by habits acquired based on the individual’s knowledge. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to conduct a descriptive research of the sports nutrition knowledge and practices in a sample of Spanish basketball players, from athletes under 18 years old (n = 69) to nonprofessional (n = 14) and professional adult players (n = 21). The sample was comprised of 49 men and 55 women. This was a transversal, cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. All participants (n = 104) completed an anonymous online survey in order to analyze their sports nutrition knowledge and practices. In view of the obtained results, we can conclude that the knowledge of sport-specific nutrition in players under 18 years old, as well as non-professional and professional adult basketball players, is insufficient through all the categories and levels. The lack of professional support and time management difficulties were identified as some of the main barriers.
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The Personal Food Systems of Pre-Season NCAA Division 1 High-Contact, Low-Contact, and Non-Contact College Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113670. [PMID: 34835926 PMCID: PMC8623026 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research indicates that dietary habits may differ between athletes of different sports. In this cross-sectional study, we hypothesize meal frequency, food choices, and food preferences will significantly differ between contact types. The participants were athletes (n = 92; men: n = 57, body fat percent (BF%): 14.8 ± 8.4%, body mass index (BMI): 25.5 ± 5.5 kg·m-2; women: n = 36, BF%: 26.7 ± 7.3%, BMI: 22.3 ± 2.7 kg·m-2) from high-contact (HCS), low-contact (LCS), and non-contact (NCS) sports. Meal frequency, food preference, and food choice questionnaires assessed factors influencing dietary habits. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured lean body mass, fat mass, and body fat. A GLM multivariate analysis was used with significance accepted at p < 0.05. Significant body composition differences were observed between genders (p < 0.001) and among sports (p < 0.001). Dinner (83.7%), lunch (67.4%), and breakfast (55.4%) were the most frequently eaten meals, followed by evening snack (17.8%), afternoon snack (15.2%), and morning snack (8.7%). Greater preferences for starches were observed for HCS (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.07) and for a greater preference for vegetables was found for NCS (p = 0.02; η2 = 0.09). Significant differences also existed in the importance of health (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.07), weight control (p = 0.05; η2 = 0.11), natural content (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.07), and price (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.07). These results support our hypothesis that food choices and food preferences differ between contact types. This may help sports dieticians create more individualized nutrition programs.
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Riviere AJ, Leach R, Mann H, Robinson S, Burnett DO, Babu JR, Frugé AD. Nutrition Knowledge of Collegiate Athletes in the United States and the Impact of Sports Dietitians on Related Outcomes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061772. [PMID: 34067402 PMCID: PMC8224733 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the number of full-time registered dietitians (RDs) serving intercollegiate athletes in the United States has more than quadrupled. However, many student athletes may be at increased risk of nutrition-related problems that impact physical and academic performance, which include inadequate macronutrients, inadequate micronutrients, and excessive macronutrients. This narrative review reports the current literature to date on nutrition-related knowledge in collegiate athletes and the impact of sports RDs on student athletes’ nutrition knowledge and behaviors. To date, only observational and quasi-experimental studies have been published with regard to changes in nutrition knowledge and behaviors in NCAA athletes. While these studies report benefits of the RD as a member of the interdisciplinary student athlete support team, more well-designed randomized control trials are warranted to determine benefits related to health outcomes and sport-specific performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Riviere
- Department of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Rae Leach
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.L.); (H.M.); (D.O.B.); (J.R.B.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Haleigh Mann
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.L.); (H.M.); (D.O.B.); (J.R.B.); (A.D.F.)
| | | | - Donna O. Burnett
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.L.); (H.M.); (D.O.B.); (J.R.B.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Jeganathan R. Babu
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.L.); (H.M.); (D.O.B.); (J.R.B.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Andrew Dandridge Frugé
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (R.L.); (H.M.); (D.O.B.); (J.R.B.); (A.D.F.)
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13
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A Qualitative Investigation of Factors Influencing the Dietary Intakes of Professional Australian Football Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084205. [PMID: 33921096 PMCID: PMC8071360 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Many professional Australian Football (AF) players do not meet recommended sports nutrition guidelines despite having access to nutrition advice. There are a range of factors that can influence players′ ability to meet their nutrition goals and awareness of the barriers players face is essential to ensure that dietary advice translates into practice. Therefore, this qualitative research study aimed to explore the factors influencing AF players’ dietary intakes and food choice. (2) Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve professional male AF players. (3) Results: Less experienced players restricted their carbohydrate intake to meet body composition goals, particularly during preseason and surrounding body composition assessment. During the competition season players had a greater focus on performance and placed more emphasis on carbohydrate intake in the lead up to matches. Players felt nutrition goals were easier to achieve when dietary choices were supported by their families and peers. One-on-one consultations provided by a sports dietitian were players′ preferred mode of nutrition intervention. Individualized nutrition advice is required for less experienced AF players who may be vulnerable to unsustainable dietary habits. Experienced AF players can support junior teammates by promoting positive team culture related to body composition, nutrition and performance.
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14
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Prevalence of Low Energy Availability in Collegiate Women Soccer Athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5040096. [PMID: 33467311 PMCID: PMC7804888 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Limited information exists on the prevalence of low energy availability (LEA) in collegiate team sports. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of LEA in collegiate women soccer players. (2) Methods: Collegiate women soccer athletes (n = 18, height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 65.3 ± 7.9 kg; body fat %: 24.9 ± 5.6%) had their body composition and sport nutrition knowledge assessed in the pre-season. Energy availability was assessed mid-season using a 4-day dietary log and activity energy expenditure values from a team-based monitoring system. A validated screening tool was used to screen for LEA. (3) Results: The screening tool classified 56.3% of athletes as at risk of LEA (<30 kcal/kg of FFM); however, the actual dietary intake identified 67% as LEA. Athletes identified as non-LEA consumed significantly more absolute (p = 0.040) and relative (p = 0.004) energy than LEA athletes. (4) Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of LEA among collegiate women soccer athletes. Although previously validated in women endurance athletes, the LEA screening tool was not effective in identifying those at risk of LEA in this sample of athletes.
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15
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Jontony N, Hill EB, Taylor CA, Boucher LC, O'Brien V, Weiss R, Spees CK. Diet Quality, Carotenoid Status, and Body Composition in NCAA Division I Athletes. Am J Health Behav 2020; 44:432-443. [PMID: 32553025 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.44.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: In this paper, we examined diet quality and associations between changes in skin carotenoids and body composition among selected NCAA Division I athletes. Methods: Athletes from women's (rowing, swimming, gymnastics) and men's (swimming, wrestling) teams at a large Midwest university (N = 129) completed one online food frequency questionnaire and 2 in-person visits, once in-season and once out-of-season, to assess skin carotenoids and body composition. Diet quality was assessed via Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI). Carotenoids were measured via resonance Raman spectroscopy and body composition via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. ANOVA and Pearson correlations were used to test differences between teams and determine association between changes from in-season to out-of-season. Results: Mean HEI score for all athletes was 71.0. Women's rowing reported the highest diet quality (73.5), men's wrestling lowest (56.5). Skin carotenoids decreased for all teams, except men's wrestling, from in-season to out-of-season. Body fat percentage increased for women and decreased for men. There was a moderate inverse association between changes in skin carotenoids and body fat percentage (r = -.334, p = .001). Conclusions: Suboptimal diet quality coupled with decreases in skin carotenoids and increases in body fat percentage from in-season to out-of-season may justify dietitian-led interventions year-round to improve dietary patterns in collegiate athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Jontony
- Nicole Jontony, Sports Dietitian, The Ohio State University, Department of Athletics, Columbus, OH
| | - Emily B. Hill
- Emily B. Hill, Graduate Fellow, The Ohio State University, Division of Medical Dietetics and Health Sciences, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus, OH
| | - Christopher A. Taylor
- Christopher A. Taylor, Professor, The Ohio State University, Division of Medical Dietetics and Health Sciences, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus, OH
| | - Laura C. Boucher
- Laura C. Boucher, Assistant Professor, The Ohio State University, Division of Athletic Training, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus, OH
| | - Vince O'Brien
- Vince O'Brien, Athletic Trainer, The Ohio State University, Department of Sports Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Rick Weiss
- Rick Weiss, President, Founder, and Chief Wellness Engineer, Viocare, Inc., Princeton, NJ
| | - Colleen K. Spees
- Colleen K. Spees, Associate Professor, The Ohio State University, Division of Medical Dietetics and Health Sciences, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus, OH;,
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16
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Tam R, Beck KL, Manore MM, Gifford J, Flood VM, O'Connor H. Effectiveness of Education Interventions Designed to Improve Nutrition Knowledge in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:1769-1786. [PMID: 31372860 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A range of nutrition education strategies are used to assist athletes to improve nutrition knowledge. Evaluation of nutrition education interventions guides the delivery of efficacious nutrition education for athletes. AIM Our aim was to systematically review sport/general nutrition education interventions delivered to athletes, and to evaluate their effectiveness. METHODS A search was conducted using terms related to nutrition knowledge, athletes, education, and intervention. Included studies had to be conducted in athletes (all calibres), use a scored nutrition knowledge assessment tool, and measure knowledge before and after a nutrition education intervention. Peer-reviewed and unpublished theses were included. RESULTS Thirty-two manuscripts (randomised controlled trial, n = 13; single-arm pre/post design, n = 19) met the inclusion criteria. Participants (n = 2180; mean age 17.4 ± 1.7 years) were mostly female (66.1%), university-level (56.3%) athletes based in the US (75%). Comparison of different education methods was limited since the majority of interventions (n = 28/36, 77.8%) used face-to-face education. Most intervention conditions (n = 19) had a total contact time of < 300 min (5 h). The majority of interventions (n = 30, 85.7%) reported significant knowledge improvement, with a mean increase of 16.1 ± 0.7% (mean effect size 1.72; range 0.4-17.1). Only 15.6% of studies used well-validated knowledge assessment tools (more than three types of validity or reliability testing). CONCLUSIONS Most interventions reported a significant improvement in nutrition knowledge. Unfortunately, the wide range of knowledge assessment tools with limited validation, and the predominant use of face-to-face interventions, prohibits identification of the most effective modality and dose for nutrition education in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Tam
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kathryn L Beck
- School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Melinda M Manore
- School of Biological and Population Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Janelle Gifford
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria M Flood
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen O'Connor
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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17
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Regnoli R, Rovelli M, Gianturco V, Pregliasco FE, Bodini BD, Gianturco L. Individualized Breakfast Programs or Glycogen Super-Compensation: Which Is the Better Performing Strategy? Insights from an Italian Soccer Referees Cohort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031014. [PMID: 32033465 PMCID: PMC7038219 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of soccer referees has grown in importance in the last decades, as has attention to their performance, which may be influenced and improved with specific and evolved training programs. Today, multiple specialists are working as a team in order to develop effective training programs. Moreover, for athletes, it is becoming more and more important to be attentive to nutrition. By considering such items, in this study, we aimed to investigate the nutritional habits of a group of referees belonging to the Italian Soccer Referees' Association (on behalf of AIA-FIGC). Our main aim was to spread a "culture of nutrition" in refereeing, starting with a survey on referees' breakfast attitudes and in order to disseminate such a "culture", we chose top-level elite referees who were younger subjects (despite the average 4 years' experience). Therefore, we enrolled 31 subjects (aged 22.74 ± 1.79, BMI 22.30 ± 1.53) and asked them about their breakfast habits. Then, for measuring their performance, we used the conventional fitness test named Yo-Yo (YYiR1), performed in three different sessions (test 1, test 2, test 3). Test 1 was carried out without any nutritional indications, test 2 was given after individualized breakfast suggestions by a designed dietician, and test 3 after an individualized glycogen super-compensation strategy. The Wilcoxon statistical analysis indicates that following an individualized breakfast strategy may enhance referees' performance (p < 0.0001), whereas no significant effects were observed with the glycogen super-compensation option. However, further studies will be necessary to better address this topic and clarify whether high-carbohydrates (high-CHO) intake may be useful in other sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Regnoli
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Dietician Service, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marco Rovelli
- Biomedical Committee Italian Soccer Referees’ Association (AIA-FIGC), 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Fabrizio Ernesto Pregliasco
- IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20161 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Luigi Gianturco
- Biomedical Committee Italian Soccer Referees’ Association (AIA-FIGC), 20100 Milan, Italy;
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Tam R, Beck KL, Gifford JA, Flood VM, O’Connor HT. Development of an Electronic Questionnaire to Assess Sports Nutrition Knowledge in Athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 39:636-644. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1723451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Tam
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Kathryn L. Beck
- School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janelle A. Gifford
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Victoria M. Flood
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
| | - Helen T. O’Connor
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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19
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Jagim AR, Zabriskie H, Currier B, Harty PS, Stecker R, Kerksick CM. Nutrient Status and perceptions of energy and macronutrient intake in a Group of Collegiate Female Lacrosse Athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:43. [PMID: 31615510 PMCID: PMC6794738 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to compare nutritional intakes against recommended values as well as between the perceived intake and needs of female lacrosse players. Methods Twenty female NCAA Division II lacrosse players (20.0 ± 1.7 yrs., 169.7 ± 6.4 cm; 69.9 ± 10.7 kg; 27.5 ± 3.3% fat) completed a four-day monitoring period during in-season. Athletes were outfitted with an activity monitor over four consecutive days and completed four-day food records to assess total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and dietary intake. Body composition was assessed and used to calculate recommended dietary intakes. Actual intake was self-reported using a commercially available food tracking program (MyFitnessPal©, USA). Daily average values were calculated for total and relative energy, protein, carbohydrate, and fat intake. These values were then compared to published nutritional recommendations established by the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Appropriate pairwise comparisons were made depending on the normality of the distribution. Results Athletes ate significantly less than recommended values for energy, carbohydrates and protein. (p < 0.001). Significant discrepancies (p < 0.001) were also observed between perceptions of intake versus actual intake. Conclusions Athletes significantly underestimated perceived intake of dietary fat and carbohydrate when compared to perceived needs. Massive standard deviations and ranges were observed, suggesting that some athletes lack a basic understanding of their daily needs. Results from this data suggest that collegiate athletes lack appropriate understanding of basic nutrition needs and could benefit from basic nutrition education as it pertains to their health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, 109 Theater Road, Onalaska, WI, 54650, USA.
| | - Hannah Zabriskie
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Brad Currier
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Richard Stecker
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
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20
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Oliver JM. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Student-Athletes: Is It Time for Better Education and a Policy Change? J Athl Train 2019; 54:5-6. [PMID: 30649898 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-527-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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