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Tucker Andrews J, Zhang Z, Krishna Prasad GVR, Huey F, Nazarova EV, Wang J, Ranaraja A, Weinkopff T, Li LX, Mu S, Birrer MJ, Ching-Cheng Huang S, Zhang N, Argüello RJ, Philips JA, Mattila JT, Huang L. Metabolically active neutrophils represent a permissive niche for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00048-5. [PMID: 38844208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis- (Mtb) infected neutrophils are often found in the airways of patients with active tuberculosis (TB), and excessive recruitment of neutrophils to the lung is linked to increased bacterial burden and aggravated pathology in TB. The basis for the permissiveness of neutrophils for Mtb and the ability to be pathogenic in TB has been elusive. Here, we identified metabolic and functional features of neutrophils that contribute to their permissiveness in Mtb infection. Using single-cell metabolic and transcriptional analyses, we found that neutrophils in the Mtb-infected lung displayed elevated mitochondrial metabolism, which was largely attributed to the induction of activated neutrophils with enhanced metabolic activities. The activated neutrophil subpopulation was also identified in the lung granulomas from Mtb-infected non-human primates. Functionally, activated neutrophils harbored more viable bacteria and displayed enhanced lipid uptake and accumulation. Surprisingly, we found that IFNγ promoted the activation of lung neutrophils during Mtb infection. Lastly, perturbation of lipid uptake pathways selectively compromised Mtb survival in activated neutrophils. These findings suggest that neutrophil heterogeneity and metabolic diversity are key to their permissiveness for Mtb, and that metabolic pathways in neutrophils represent potential host-directed therapeutics in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tucker Andrews
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - G V R Krishna Prasad
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Fischer Huey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Evgenia V Nazarova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Jocelyn Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Ananya Ranaraja
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Tiffany Weinkopff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Lin-Xi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Michael J Birrer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Nan Zhang
- Immunology, Metastasis & Microenvironment Program, Ellen and Ronald Caplan Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rafael J Argüello
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Joshua T Mattila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.
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2
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Rodriguez NR, Fortune T, Hegde E, Weinstein MP, Keane AM, Mangold JF, Swartz TH. Oxidative phosphorylation in HIV-1 infection: impacts on cellular metabolism and immune function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360342. [PMID: 38529284 PMCID: PMC10962326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) presents significant challenges to the immune system, predominantly characterized by CD4+ T cell depletion, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses the viral load in people with HIV (PWH), leading to a state of chronic infection that is associated with inflammation. This review explores the complex relationship between oxidative phosphorylation, a crucial metabolic pathway for cellular energy production, and HIV-1, emphasizing the dual impact of HIV-1 infection and the metabolic and mitochondrial effects of ART. The review highlights how HIV-1 infection disrupts oxidative phosphorylation, promoting glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis to facilitate viral replication. ART can exacerbate metabolic dysregulation despite controlling viral replication, impacting mitochondrial DNA synthesis and enhancing reactive oxygen species production. These effects collectively contribute to significant changes in oxidative phosphorylation, influencing immune cell metabolism and function. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generated through oxidative phosphorylation can influence the metabolic landscape of infected cells through ATP-detected purinergic signaling and contributes to immunometabolic dysfunction. Future research should focus on identifying specific targets within this pathway and exploring the role of purinergic signaling in HIV-1 pathogenesis to enhance HIV-1 treatment modalities, addressing both viral infection and its metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Talia H. Swartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Fert A, Richard J, Marchand LR, Planas D, Routy JP, Chomont N, Finzi A, Ancuta P. Metformin Enhances Antibody-Mediated Recognition of HIV-Infected CD4 + T-Cells by Decreasing Viral Release. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.15.580166. [PMID: 38464135 PMCID: PMC10925111 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.15.580166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) positively regulates multiple steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle. We previously reported that a 12-weeks supplementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with metformin, an indirect mTOR inhibitor used in type-2 diabetes treatment, reduced mTOR activation and HIV transcription in colon-infiltrating CD4+ T-cells, together with systemic inflammation in nondiabetic people with HIV-1 (PWH). Herein, we investigated the antiviral mechanisms of metformin. In a viral outgrowth assay performed with CD4+ T-cells from ART-treated PWH, and upon infection in vitro with replication-competent and VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1, metformin decreased virion release, but increased the frequency of productively infected CD4lowHIV-p24+ T-cells. These observations coincided with increased BST2/Tetherin (HIV release inhibitor) and Bcl-2 (pro-survival factor) expression, and improved recognition of productively infected T-cells by HIV-1 Envelope antibodies. Thus, metformin exerts pleiotropic effects on post-transcription/translation steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle and may be used to accelerate viral reservoir decay in ART-treated PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Fert
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Laurence Raymond Marchand
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Delphine Planas
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Lead Contact
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4
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Kishimoto N, Misumi S. From Glycolysis to Viral Defense: The Multifaceted Impact of Glycolytic Enzymes on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:905-911. [PMID: 38692867 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Viruses require host cells to replicate and proliferate, which indicates that viruses hijack the cellular machinery. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) primarily infects CD4-positive T cells, and efficiently uses cellular proteins to replicate. Cells already have proteins that inhibit the replication of the foreign HIV-1, but their function is suppressed by viral proteins. Intriguingly, HIV-1 infection also changes the cellular metabolism to aerobic glycolysis. This phenomenon has been interpreted as a cellular response to maintain homeostasis during viral infection, yet HIV-1 efficiently replicates even in this environment. In this review, we discuss the regulatory role of glycolytic enzymes in viral replication and the impact of aerobic glycolysis on viral infection by introducing various host proteins involved in viral replication. Furthermore, we would like to propose a "glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-induced shock (G-shock) and kill strategy" that maximizes the antiviral effect of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to eliminate latently HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kishimoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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5
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Thami PK, Choga WT, Dandara C, O’Brien SJ, Essex M, Gaseitsiwe S, Chimusa ER. Whole genome sequencing reveals population diversity and variation in HIV-1 specific host genes. Front Genet 2023; 14:1290624. [PMID: 38179408 PMCID: PMC10765519 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1290624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV infection continues to be a major global public health issue. The population heterogeneity in susceptibility or resistance to HIV-1 and progression upon infection is attributable to, among other factors, host genetic variation. Therefore, identifying population-specific variation and genetic modifiers of HIV infectivity can catapult the invention of effective strategies against HIV-1 in African populations. Here, we investigated whole genome sequences of 390 unrelated HIV-positive and -negative individuals from Botswana. We report 27.7 million single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in the complete genomes of Botswana nationals, of which 2.8 million were missing in public databases. Our population structure analysis revealed a largely homogenous structure in the Botswana population. Admixture analysis showed elevated components shared between the Botswana population and the Niger-Congo (65.9%), Khoe-San (32.9%), and Europeans (1.1%) ancestries in the population of Botswana. Statistical significance of the mutational burden of deleterious and loss-of-function variants per gene against a null model was estimated. The most deleterious variants were enriched in five genes: ACTRT2 (the Actin Related Protein T2), HOXD12 (homeobox D12), ABCB5 (ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 5), ATP8B4 (ATPase phospholipid transporting 8B4) and ABCC12 (ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 12). These genes are enriched in the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (p < 2.84e-6) pathways and therefore, may contribute to the emerging field of immunometabolism in which therapy against HIV-1 infection is being evaluated. Published transcriptomic evidence supports the role of the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways in the regulation of susceptibility to HIV, and that cumulative effects of genetic modifiers in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways may potentially have effects on the expression and clinical variability of HIV-1. Identified genes and pathways provide novel avenues for other interventions, with the potential for informing the design of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca K. Thami
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wonderful T. Choga
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT/SAMRC Platform for Pharmacogenomics Research and Translation (PREMED) Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen J. O’Brien
- Laboratory of Genomics Diversity, Center for Computer Technologies, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Guy Harvey Oceanographic Center Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Myron Essex
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emile R. Chimusa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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6
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Zhang J, Yuan Z, Li X, Wang F, Wei X, Kang Y, Mo C, Jiang J, Liang H, Ye L. Activation of the JNK/COX-2/HIF-1α axis promotes M1 macrophage via glycolytic shift in HIV-1 infection. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302148. [PMID: 37798121 PMCID: PMC10556724 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is recognized as a major risk factor for the severity of HIV infection. Whether metabolism reprogramming of macrophages caused by HIV-1 is related to chronic inflammatory activation, especially M1 polarization of macrophages, is inconclusive. Here, we show that HIV-1 infection induces M1 polarization and enhanced glycolysis in macrophages. Blockade of glycolysis inhibits M1 polarization of macrophages, indicating that HIV-1-induced M1 polarization is supported by enhanced glycolysis. Moreover, we find that this immunometabolic adaptation is dependent on hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), a strong inducer of glycolysis. HIF-1α-target genes, including HK2, PDK1, and LDHA, are also involved in this process. Further research discovers that COX-2 regulates HIF-1α-dependent glycolysis. However, the elevated expression of COX-2, enhanced glycolysis, and M1 polarization of macrophages could be reversed by inactivation of JNK in the context of HIV-1 infection. Our study mechanistically elucidates that the JNK/COX-2/HIF-1α axis is activated to strengthen glycolysis, thereby promoting M1 polarization in macrophages in HIV-1 infection, providing a new idea for resolving chronic inflammation in clinical AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Zhang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zongxiang Yuan
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuanrong Li
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fengyi Wang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xueqin Wei
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yiwen Kang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chuye Mo
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Liang
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- https://ror.org/03dveyr97 Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Gómez-Archila LG, Palomino-Schätzlein M, Zapata-Builes W, Rugeles MT, Galeano E. Plasma metabolomics by nuclear magnetic resonance reveals biomarkers and metabolic pathways associated with the control of HIV-1 infection/progression. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1204273. [PMID: 37457832 PMCID: PMC10339029 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1204273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
How the human body reacts to the exposure of HIV-1 is an important research goal. Frequently, HIV exposure leads to infection, but some individuals show natural resistance to this infection; they are known as HIV-1-exposed but seronegative (HESN). Others, although infected but without antiretroviral therapy, control HIV-1 replication and progression to AIDS; they are named controllers, maintaining low viral levels and an adequate count of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Biological mechanisms explaining these phenomena are not precise. In this context, metabolomics emerges as a method to find metabolites in response to pathophysiological stimuli, which can help to establish mechanisms of natural resistance to HIV-1 infection and its progression. We conducted a cross-sectional study including 30 HESN, 14 HIV-1 progressors, 14 controllers and 30 healthy controls. Plasma samples (directly and deproteinized) were analyzed through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) metabolomics to find biomarkers and altered metabolic pathways. The metabolic profile analysis of progressors, controllers and HESN demonstrated significant differences with healthy controls when a discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied. In the discriminant models, 13 metabolites associated with HESN, 14 with progressors and 12 with controllers were identified, which presented statistically significant mean differences with healthy controls. In progressors, the metabolites were related to high energy expenditure (creatinine), mood disorders (tyrosine) and immune activation (lipoproteins), phenomena typical of the natural course of the infection. In controllers, they were related to an inflammation-modulating profile (glutamate and pyruvate) and a better adaptive immune system response (acetate) associated with resistance to progression. In the HESN group, with anti-inflammatory (lactate and phosphocholine) and virucidal (lactate) effects which constitute a protective profile in the sexual transmission of HIV. Concerning the significant metabolites of each group, we identified 24 genes involved in HIV-1 replication or virus proteins that were all altered in progressors but only partially in controllers and HESN. In summary, our results indicate that exposure to HIV-1 in HESN, as well as infection in progressors and controllers, affects the metabolism of individuals and that this affectation can be determined using NMR metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- León Gabriel Gómez-Archila
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Farmacéuticas ICIF-CES, Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnología, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Wildeman Zapata-Builes
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria T. Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
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8
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Wu H, Huang H, Zhao Y. Interplay between metabolic reprogramming and post-translational modifications: from glycolysis to lactylation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1211221. [PMID: 37457701 PMCID: PMC10338923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1211221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism plays a critical role in determining the fate and function of cells. Metabolic reprogramming and its byproducts have a complex impact on cellular activities. In quiescent T cells, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is the primary pathway for survival. However, upon antigen activation, T cells undergo rapid metabolic reprogramming, characterized by an elevation in both glycolysis and OXPHOS. While both pathways are induced, the balance predominantly shifts towards glycolysis, enabling T cells to rapidly proliferate and enhance their functionality, representing the most distinctive signature during activation. Metabolic processes generate various small molecules resulting from enzyme-catalyzed reactions, which also modulate protein function and exert regulatory control. Notably, recent studies have revealed the direct modification of histones, known as lactylation, by lactate derived from glycolysis. This lactylation process influences gene transcription and adds a novel variable to the regulation of gene expression. Protein lactylation has been identified as an essential mechanism by which lactate exerts its diverse functions, contributing to crucial biological processes such as uterine remodeling, tumor proliferation, neural system regulation, and metabolic regulation. This review focuses on the metabolic reprogramming of T cells, explores the interplay between lactate and the immune system, highlights the impact of lactylation on cellular function, and elucidates the intersection of metabolic reprogramming and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, People's Government of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, People's Government of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanmin Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, People's Government of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Mataramvura H, Bunders MJ, Duri K. Human immunodeficiency virus and antiretroviral therapy-mediated immune cell metabolic dysregulation in children born to HIV-infected women: potential clinical implications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1182217. [PMID: 37350953 PMCID: PMC10282157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1182217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Commencing lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) immediately following HIV diagnosis (Option B+) has dramatically improved the health of HIV-infected women and their children, with the majority being of HIV-exposed children born uninfected (HEU). This success has led to an increasing population of HIV-infected women receiving ART during pregnancy and children exposed to ART in utero. Nonetheless, a small proportion of children are still infected with HIV (HEI) each year. HEI children suffer from reduced immunocompetence and host-defence, due to CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion, but also dysregulation of other immune cells including CD8+ T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages including B lymphocytes. Furthermore, although HEU children are uninfected, altered immune responses are observed and associated with increased vulnerability to infections. The mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation in HEU children remain poorly described. Building on early studies, emerging data suggests that HIV/ART exposure early in life affects cell metabolic function of HEU children. Prenatal HIV/ART exposure has been associated with dysregulation of mitochondria, including impaired DNA polymerase activity. Furthermore, dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) causes a decreased generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in oxidative stress. These altered metabolic processes can affect immune cell viability and immune responses. Recent studies have indicated that immune-metabolic dysregulation may contribute to HIV-associated pathogenesis and clinical observations associated with HIV and ART exposure in HEU/HEI children. Given the critical role metabolic processes in immune cell functioning, immune-metabolic dysregulation in HEU and HEI children may have implications in effective host-defence responses against pathogens, as well as efficacy of standard ART regimens and future novel HIV cure approaches in HEI children. At the same time, targeting metabolic pathways of immune cells may provide safer and novel approaches for HIV cure strategies. Here, we review the current literature investigating immune-metabolic dysregulation in paediatric HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Mataramvura
- Immunology Unit, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (UZ-FMHS), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Madeleine J. Bunders
- III. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerina Duri
- Immunology Unit, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (UZ-FMHS), Harare, Zimbabwe
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10
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Yero A, Bouassa RSM, Ancuta P, Estaquier J, Jenabian MA. Immuno-metabolic control of the balance between Th17-polarized and regulatory T-cells during HIV infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 69:1-13. [PMID: 36681548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Th17-polarized CD4+ effector T-cells together with their immunosuppressive regulatory T-cell (Treg) counterparts, with transcriptional profiles governed by the lineage transcription factors RORγt/RORC2 and FOXP3, respectively, are important gatekeepers at mucosal interfaces. Alterations in the Th17/Treg ratios, due to the rapid depletion of Th17 cells and increased Treg frequencies, are a hallmark of both HIV and SIV infections and a marker of disease progression. The shift in Th17/Treg balance, in favor of increased Treg frequencies, contributes to gut mucosal permeability, immune dysfunction, and microbial translocation, subsequently leading to chronic immune activation/inflammation and disease progression. Of particular interest, Th17 cells and Tregs share developmental routes, with changes in the Th17 versus Treg fate decision influencing the pro-inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory responses. The differentiation and function of Th17 cells and Tregs rely on independent yet complementary metabolic pathways. Several pathways have been described in the literature to be involved in Th17 versus Treg polarization, including 1) the activity of ectonucleotidases CD39/CD73; 2) the increase in TGF-β1 production; 3) a hypoxic environment, and subsequent upregulation in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α); 4) the increased mTOR activity and glycolysis induction; 5) the lipid metabolism, including fatty acid synthesis, fatty acids oxidation, cholesterol synthesis, and lipid storage, which are regulated by the AMPK, mevalonate and PPARγ pathways; and 6) the tryptophan catabolism. These metabolic pathways are understudied in the context of HIV-1 infection. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on metabolic pathways that are dysregulated during HIV-1 infection and their impact on Th17/Treg balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Yero
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jerome Estaquier
- Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Biological Aging in People Living with HIV on Successful Antiretroviral Therapy: Do They Age Faster? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:42-50. [PMID: 36695947 PMCID: PMC10102129 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the absence of a prophylactic/therapeutic vaccine or cure, the most amazing achievement in the battle against HIV was the discovery of effective, well-tolerated combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The primary research question remains whether PLWH on prolonged successful therapy has accelerated, premature, or accentuated biological aging. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the immunometabolic profile in PLWH, potentially associated with biological aging, and a better understanding of the mechanisms and temporal dynamics of biological aging in PLWH. RECENT FINDINGS Biological aging, defined by the epigenetic alterations analyzed by the DNA methylation pattern, has been reported in PLWH with cART that points towards epigenetic age acceleration. The hastened development of specific clinical geriatric syndromes like cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancers, liver diseases, neurocognitive diseases, persistent low-grade inflammation, and a shift toward glutamate metabolism in PLWH may potentiate a metabolic profile at-risk for accelerated aging.
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12
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Crater JM, Nixon DF, Furler O’Brien RL. HIV-1 replication and latency are balanced by mTOR-driven cell metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1068436. [PMID: 36467738 PMCID: PMC9712982 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1068436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) relies on host cell metabolism for all aspects of viral replication. Efficient HIV-1 entry, reverse transcription, and integration occurs in activated T cells because HIV-1 proteins co-opt host metabolic pathways to fuel the anabolic requirements of virion production. The HIV-1 viral life cycle is especially dependent on mTOR, which drives signaling and metabolic pathways required for viral entry, replication, and latency. As a central regulator of host cell metabolism, mTOR and its downstream effectors help to regulate the expression of enzymes within the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways along with other metabolic pathways regulating amino acid uptake, lipid metabolism, and autophagy. In HIV-1 pathogenesis, mTOR, in addition to HIF-1α and Myc signaling pathways, alter host cell metabolism to create an optimal environment for viral replication. Increased glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway activity are required in the early stages of the viral life cycle, such as providing sufficient dNTPs for reverse transcription. In later stages, fatty acid synthesis is required for creating cholesterol and membrane lipids required for viral budding. Epigenetics of the provirus fueled by metabolism and mTOR signaling likewise controls active and latent infection. Acetyl-CoA and methyl group abundance, supplied by the TCA cycle and amino acid uptake respectively, may regulate latent infection and reactivation. Thus, understanding and exploring new connections between cellular metabolism and HIV-1 pathogenesis may yield new insights into the latent viral reservoirs and fuel novel treatments and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert L. Furler O’Brien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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13
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Chan YT, Cheong HC, Tang TF, Rajasuriar R, Cheng KK, Looi CY, Wong WF, Kamarulzaman A. Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Glucose Metabolism in HIV-Induced T Cell Exhaustion. Biomedicines 2022; 10:0. [PMID: 36359329 PMCID: PMC9687279 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive decline of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients due to infection-triggered cell exhaustion and cell death is significantly correlated with disease severity and progression into the life-threatening acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage. T cell exhaustion is a condition of cell dysfunction despite antigen engagement, characterized by augmented surface expression of immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which suppress T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and negatively impact the proliferative and effector activities of T cells. T cell function is tightly modulated by cellular glucose metabolism, which produces adequate energy to support a robust reaction when battling pathogen infection. The transition of the T cells from an active to an exhausted state following pathogen persistence involves a drastic change in metabolic activity. This review highlights the interplay between immune checkpoint molecules and glucose metabolism that contributes to T cell exhaustion in the context of chronic HIV infection, which could deliver an insight into the rational design of a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.R.); (A.K.)
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kian-Kai Cheng
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology (ICA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Pagoh 84600, Malaysia;
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Bioscience, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.R.); (A.K.)
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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14
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Immunometabolic Reprogramming in Response to HIV Infection Is Not Fully Normalized by Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061313. [PMID: 35746785 PMCID: PMC9228482 DOI: 10.3390/v14061313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV infection results in immunometabolic reprogramming. While we are beginning to understand how this metabolic reprogramming regulates the immune response to HIV infection, we do not currently understand the impact of ART on immunometabolism in people with HIV (PWH). Methods: Serum obtained from HIV-infected (n = 278) and geographically matched HIV seronegative control subjects (n = 300) from Rakai Uganda were used in this study. Serum was obtained before and ~2 years following the initiation of ART from HIV-infected individuals. We conducted metabolomics profiling of the serum and focused our analysis on metabolic substrates and pathways assocaited with immunometabolism. Results: HIV infection was associated with metabolic adaptations that implicated hyperactive glycolysis, enhanced formation of lactate, increased activity of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), decreased β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, increased utilization of medium-chain fatty acids, and enhanced amino acid catabolism. Following ART, serum levels of ketone bodies, carnitine, and amino acid metabolism were normalized, however glycolysis, PPP, lactate production, and β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids remained abnormal. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that HIV infection is associated with an increased immunometabolic demand that is satisfied through the utilization of alternative energetic substrates, including fatty acids and amino acids. ART alone was insufficient to completely restore this metabolic reprogramming to HIV infection, suggesting that a sustained impairment of immunometabolism may contribute to chronic immune activation and comorbid conditions in virally suppressed PWH.
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15
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Heaton BJ, Jensen RL, Line J, David CAW, Brain DE, Chadwick AE, Liptrott NJ. Exposure of human immune cells, to the antiretrovirals efavirenz and lopinavir, leads to lower glucose uptake and altered bioenergetic cell profiles through interactions with SLC2A1. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112999. [PMID: 35461087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC2A1 mediates glucose cellular uptake; key to appropriate immune function. Our previous work has shown efavirenz and lopinavir exposure inhibits T cell and macrophage responses, to known agonists, likely via interactions with glucose transporters. Using human cell lines as a model, we assessed glucose uptake and subsequent bioenergetic profiles, linked to immunological responses. Glucose uptake was measured using 2-deoxyglucose as a surrogate for endogenous glucose, using commercially available reagents. mRNA expression of SLC transporters was investigated using qPCR TaqMan™ gene expression assay. Bioenergetic assessment, on THP-1 cells, utilised the Agilent Seahorse XF Mito Stress test. In silico analysis of potential interactions between SLC2A1 and antiretrovirals was investigated using bioinformatic techniques. Efavirenz and lopinavir exposure was associated with significantly lower glucose accumulation, most notably in THP-1 cells (up to 90% lower and 70% lower with efavirenz and lopinavir, respectively). Bioenergetic assessment showed differences in the rate of ATP production (JATP); efavirenz (4 μg/mL), was shown to reduce JATP by 87% whereas lopinavir (10 μg/mL), was shown to increase the overall JATP by 77%. Putative in silico analysis indicated the antiretrovirals, apart from efavirenz, associated with the binding site of highest binding affinity to SLC2A1, similar to that of glucose. Our data suggest a role for efavirenz and lopinavir in the alteration of glucose accumulation with subsequent alteration of bioenergetic profiles, supporting our hypothesis for their inhibitory effect on immune cell activation. Clarification of the implications of this data, for in vivo immunological responses, is now warranted to define possible consequences for these, and similar, therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J Heaton
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Centre of Excellence for Long-Acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca L Jensen
- Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James Line
- Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher A W David
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Centre of Excellence for Long-Acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Danielle E Brain
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Centre of Excellence for Long-Acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neill J Liptrott
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Centre of Excellence for Long-Acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, UK; Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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16
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Ambikan AT, Svensson-Akusjärvi S, Krishnan S, Sperk M, Nowak P, Vesterbacka J, Sönnerborg A, Benfeitas R, Neogi U. Genome-scale metabolic models for natural and long-term drug-induced viral control in HIV infection. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/9/e202201405. [PMID: 35537851 PMCID: PMC9095731 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A system-level up-regulation of OXPHOS and glycolysis could play a role in latent reservoir dynamics and immunosenescence in HIV-1–infected individuals with long-term successful therapy. Genome-scale metabolic models (GSMMs) can provide novel insights into metabolic reprogramming during disease progression and therapeutic interventions. We developed a context-specific system-level GSMM of people living with HIV (PLWH) using global RNA sequencing data from PBMCs with suppressive viremia either by natural (elite controllers, PLWHEC) or drug-induced (PLWHART) control. This GSMM was compared with HIV-negative controls (HC) to provide a comprehensive systems-level metabo-transcriptomic characterization. Transcriptomic analysis identified up-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation as a characteristic of PLWHART, differentiating them from PLWHEC with dysregulated complexes I, III, and IV. The flux balance analysis identified altered flux in several intermediates of glycolysis including pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and glutamate, among others, in PLWHART. The in vitro pharmacological inhibition of OXPHOS complexes in a latent lymphocytic cell model (J-Lat 10.6) suggested a role for complex IV in latency reversal and immunosenescence. Furthermore, inhibition of complexes I/III/IV induced apoptosis, collectively indicating their contribution to reservoir dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop T Ambikan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Svensson-Akusjärvi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shuba Krishnan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Huddinge (MedH), Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge (MedH), Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Huddinge (MedH), Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rui Benfeitas
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden .,Manipal Institute of Virology (MIV), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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17
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Mayberry CL, Logan NA, Wilson JJ, Chang CH. Providing a Helping Hand: Metabolic Regulation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Their Association With Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864949. [PMID: 35493515 PMCID: PMC9047778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide support to B cells upon arrival in the germinal center, and thus are critical for the generation of a robust adaptive immune response. Tfh express specific transcription factors and cellular receptors including Bcl6, CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS, which are critical for homing and overall function. Generally, the induction of an immune response is tightly regulated. However, deviation during this process can result in harmful autoimmunity or the inability to successfully clear pathogens. Recently, it has been shown that Tfh differentiation, activation, and proliferation may be linked with the cellular metabolic state. In this review we will highlight recent discoveries in Tfh differentiation and explore how these cells contribute to functional immunity in disease, including autoimmune-related disorders, cancer, and of particular emphasis, during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chih-Hao Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Chih-Hao Chang,
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18
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Svensson Akusjärvi S, Krishnan S, Jütte BB, Ambikan AT, Gupta S, Rodriguez JE, Végvári Á, Sperk M, Nowak P, Vesterbacka J, Svensson JP, Sönnerborg A, Neogi U. Peripheral blood CD4 +CCR6 + compartment differentiates HIV-1 infected or seropositive elite controllers from long-term successfully treated individuals. Commun Biol 2022; 5:357. [PMID: 35418589 PMCID: PMC9008025 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection induces a chronic inflammatory environment not restored by suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). As of today, the effect of viral suppression and immune reconstitution in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) has been well described but not completely understood. Herein, we show how PLWH who naturally control the virus (PLWHEC) have a reduced proportion of CD4+CCR6+ and CD8+CCR6+ cells compared to PLWH on suppressive ART (PLWHART) and HIV-1 negative controls (HC). Expression of CCR2 was reduced on both CD4+, CD8+ and classical monocytes in PLWHEC compared to PLWHART and HC. Longer suppressive therapy, measured in the same patients, decreased number of cells expressing CCR2 on all monocytic cell populations while expression on CD8+ T cells increased. Furthermore, the CD4+CCR6+/CCR6- cells exhibited a unique proteomic profile with a modulated energy metabolism in PLWHEC compared to PLWHART independent of CCR6 status. The CD4+CCR6+ cells also showed an enrichment in proteins involved in apoptosis and p53 signalling in PLWHEC compared to PLWHART, indicative of increased sensitivity towards cell death mechanisms. Collectively, this data shows how PLWHEC have a unique chemokine receptor profile that may aid in facilitating natural control of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Svensson Akusjärvi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Shuba Krishnan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bianca B Jütte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Neo, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anoop T Ambikan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soham Gupta
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Esneider Rodriguez
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Campus Solna, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Campus Solna, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Peter Svensson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Neo, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 83, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Centre, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Manipal Institute of Virology (MIV), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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19
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Abstract
T lymphocytes (T cells) are divided into two functionally different subgroups the CD4+ T helper cells (Th) and the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Adequate CD4 and CD8 T cell activation to proliferation, clonal expansion and effector function is crucial for efficient clearance of infection by pathogens. Failure to do so may lead to T cell exhaustion. Upon activation by antigen presenting cells, T cells undergo metabolic reprograming that support effector functions. In this review we will discuss how metabolic reprograming dictates functionality during viral infections using severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as examples. Moreover, we will briefly discuss T cell metabolic programs during bacterial infections exemplified by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjørn Steen Skålhegg
- Division for Molecular Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Zhu A, Real F, Zhu J, Greffe S, de Truchis P, Rouveix E, Bomsel M, Capron C. HIV-Sheltering Platelets From Immunological Non-Responders Induce a Dysfunctional Glycolytic CD4+ T-Cell Profile. Front Immunol 2022; 12:781923. [PMID: 35222352 PMCID: PMC8873581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.781923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological non-responders (InRs) are HIV-infected individuals in whom the administration of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), although successful in suppressing viral replication, cannot properly reconstitute patient circulating CD4+ T-cell number to immunocompetent levels. The causes for this immunological failure remain elusive, and no therapeutic strategy is available to restore a proper CD4+ T-cell immune response in these individuals. We have recently demonstrated that platelets harboring infectious HIV are a hallmark of InR, and we now report on a causal connection between HIV-containing platelets and T-cell dysfunctions. We show here that in vivo, platelet–T-cell conjugates are more frequent among CD4+ T cells in InRs displaying HIV-containing platelets (<350 CD4+ T cells/μl blood for >1 year) as compared with healthy donors or immunological responders (IRs; >350 CD4+ T cells/μl). This contact between platelet containing HIV and T cell in the conjugates is not infectious for CD4+ T cells, as coculture of platelets from InRs containing HIV with healthy donor CD4+ T cells fails to propagate infection to CD4+ T cells. In contrast, when macrophages are the target of platelets containing HIV from InRs, macrophages become infected. Differential transcriptomic analyses comparing InR and IR CD4+ T cells reveal an upregulation of genes involved in both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis in CD4+ T cells from InR vs. IR individuals. Accordingly, InR platelets containing HIV induce a dysfunctional increase in glycolysis-mediated energy production in CD4+ T cells as compared with T cells cocultured with IR platelets devoid of virus. In contrast, macrophage metabolism is not affected by platelet contact. Altogether, this brief report demonstrates a direct causal link between presence of HIV in platelets and T-cell dysfunctions typical of InR, contributing to devise a platelet-targeted therapy for improving immune reconstitution in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiwei Zhu
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Fernando Real
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Jaja Zhu
- Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré (AP-HP), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Université Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Ségolène Greffe
- Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré (AP-HP), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Pierre de Truchis
- Université Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
- Service d’Infectiologie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré (AP-HP), Garches, France
| | - Elisabeth Rouveix
- Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré (AP-HP), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Université Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR8104, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Morgane Bomsel, ; Claude Capron,
| | - Claude Capron
- Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré (AP-HP), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Université Versailles Saint Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
- *Correspondence: Morgane Bomsel, ; Claude Capron,
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21
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Gibson MS, Noronha-Estima C, Gama-Carvalho M. Therapeutic Metabolic Reprograming Using microRNAs: From Cancer to HIV Infection. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020273. [PMID: 35205318 PMCID: PMC8872267 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of cellular processes, including metabolism. Attempts to use miRNAs as therapeutic agents are being explored in several areas, including the control of cancer progression. Recent evidence suggests fine tuning miRNA activity to reprogram tumor cell metabolism has enormous potential as an alternative treatment option. Indeed, cancer growth is known to be linked to profound metabolic changes. Likewise, the emerging field of immunometabolism is leading to a refined understanding of how immune cell proliferation and function is governed by glucose homeostasis. Different immune cell types are now known to have unique metabolic signatures that switch in response to a changing environment. T-cell subsets exhibit distinct metabolic profiles which underlie their alternative differentiation and phenotypic functions. Recent evidence shows that the susceptibility of CD4+ T-cells to HIV infection is intimately linked to their metabolic activity, with many of the metabolic features of HIV-1-infected cells resembling those found in tumor cells. In this review, we discuss the use of miRNA modulation to achieve metabolic reprogramming for cancer therapy and explore the idea that the same approach may serve as an effective mechanism to restrict HIV replication and eliminate infected cells.
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22
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Akusjärvi SS, Ambikan AT, Krishnan S, Gupta S, Sperk M, Végvári Á, Mikaeloff F, Healy K, Vesterbacka J, Nowak P, Sönnerborg A, Neogi U. Integrative proteo-transcriptomic and immunophenotyping signatures of HIV-1 elite control phenotype: A cross-talk between glycolysis and HIF signaling. iScience 2022; 25:103607. [PMID: 35005552 PMCID: PMC8718889 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural control of HIV-1 is a characteristic of <1% of HIV-1-infected individuals, so called elite controllers (EC). In this study, we sought to identify signaling pathways associated with the EC phenotype using integrative proteo-transcriptomic analysis and immunophenotyping. We found HIF signaling and glycolysis as specific traits of the EC phenotype together with dysregulation of HIF target gene transcription. A higher proportion of HIF-1α and HIF-1β in the nuclei of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the male EC were observed, indicating a potential increased activation of the HIF signaling pathway. Furthermore, intracellular glucose levels were elevated in EC even as the surface expression of the metabolite transporters Glut1 and MCT-1 were decreased on lymphocytes indicative of unique metabolic uptake and flux profile. Combined, our data show that glycolytic modulation and altered HIF signaling is a unique feature of the male EC phenotype that may contribute to natural control of HIV-1. Proteo-transcriptomic integration identifying features of EC phenotype Sex-specific differences in EC phenotypes Enrichment of glycolysis and HIF signaling, a unique feature in the male EC Enrichment of HIF signaling independent on HIF-1α protein levels in EC
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Svensson Akusjärvi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anoop T Ambikan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shuba Krishnan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soham Gupta
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Campus Solna, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flora Mikaeloff
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katie Healy
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.,Manipal Institute of Virology (MIV), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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23
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Dash PK, Alomar FA, Cox JL, McMillan J, Hackfort BT, Makarov E, Morsey B, Fox HS, Gendelman HE, Gorantla S, Bidasee KR. A Link Between Methylglyoxal and Heart Failure During HIV-1 Infection. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:792180. [PMID: 34970611 PMCID: PMC8712558 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.792180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-onset heart failure (HF) continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection (PLWH), yet the molecular causes for this remain poorly understood. Herein NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ humanized mice (Hu-mice), plasma from PLWH, and autopsied cardiac tissues from deceased HIV seropositive individuals were used to assess if there is a link between the glycolysis byproduct methylglyoxal (MG) and HF in the setting of HIV-1 infection. At five weeks post HIV infection, Hu-mice developed grade III-IV diastolic dysfunction (DD) with an associated two-fold increase in plasma MG. At sixteen-seventeen weeks post infection, cardiac ejection fraction and fractional shortening also declined by 26 and 35%, and plasma MG increased to four-fold higher than uninfected controls. Histopathological and biochemical analyses of cardiac tissues from Hu-mice 17 weeks post-infection affirmed MG increase with a concomitant decrease in expression of the MG-degrading enzyme glyoxalase-1 (Glo1). The endothelial cell marker CD31 was found to be lower, and coronary microvascular leakage and myocardial fibrosis were prominent. Increasing expression of Glo1 in Hu-mice five weeks post-infection using a single dose of an engineered AAV2/9 (1.7 × 1012 virion particles/kg), attenuated the increases in plasma and cardiac MG levels. Increasing Glo1 also blunted microvascular leakage, fibrosis, and HF seen at sixteen weeks post-infection, without changes in plasma viral loads. In plasma from virally suppressed PLWH, MG was also 3.7-fold higher. In autopsied cardiac tissues from seropositive, HIV individuals with low viral log, MG was 4.2-fold higher and Glo1 was 50% lower compared to uninfected controls. These data show for the first time a causal link between accumulation of MG and HF in the setting of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K Dash
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Fadhel A Alomar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesse L Cox
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Bryan T Hackfort
- Departments of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Edward Makarov
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Brenda Morsey
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Howard S Fox
- Departments of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Keshore R Bidasee
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Departments of Environment and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Nebraska Redox Biology Center, Lincoln, NE, United States
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24
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Mantovani N, Defelicibus A, da Silva IT, Cicero MF, Santana LC, Arnold R, de Castro DF, Duro RLS, Nishiyama-Jr MY, Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, da Silva BCM, da Silva Duarte AJ, Casseb J, de Barros Tenore S, Hunter J, Diaz RS, Komninakis SCV. Latency-associated DNA methylation patterns among HIV-1 infected individuals with distinct disease progression courses or antiretroviral virologic response. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22993. [PMID: 34837007 PMCID: PMC8626465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic modifications that configures gene transcription programs. This study describes the DNA methylation profile of HIV-infected individuals with distinct characteristics related to natural and artificial viremia control. Sheared DNA from circulating mononuclear cells was subjected to target enrichment bisulfite sequencing designed to cover CpG-rich genomic regions. Gene expression was assessed through RNA-seq. Hypermethylation in virologic responders was highly distributed closer to Transcription Start Sites (p-value = 0.03). Hyper and hypomethylation levels within TSS adjacencies varied according to disease progression status (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.001), and specific differentially methylated regions associated genes were identified for each group. The lower the promoter methylation, the higher the gene expression in subjects undergoing virologic failure (R = - 0.82, p = 0.00068). Among the inversely correlated genes, those supporting glycolysis and its related pathways were hypomethylated and up-regulated in virologic failures. Disease progression heterogeneity was associated with distinct DNA methylation patterns in terms of rates and distribution. Methylation was associated with the expression of genes sustaining intracellular glucose metabolism in subjects undergoing antiretroviral virologic failure. Our findings highlight that DNA methylation is associated with latency, disease progression, and fundamental cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Mantovani
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Defelicibus
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440, São Paulo, SP, 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Israel Tojal da Silva
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440, São Paulo, SP, 01508-010, Brazil
| | - Maira Ferreira Cicero
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Santana
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Rafael Arnold
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Daniela Funayama de Castro
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Lopes Sanz Duro
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Milton Yutaka Nishiyama-Jr
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | | | - Bosco Christiano Maciel da Silva
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 56 (LIM/56), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 56 (LIM/56), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica 56 (LIM/56), Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Simone de Barros Tenore
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - James Hunter
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Sobhie Diaz
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Shirley Cavalcante Vasconcelos Komninakis
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, Vila Clementino, Sao Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
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25
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Pal VK, Agrawal R, Rakshit S, Shekar P, Murthy DTN, Vyakarnam A, Singh A. Hydrogen sulfide blocks HIV rebound by maintaining mitochondrial bioenergetics and redox homeostasis. eLife 2021; 10:68487. [PMID: 34792020 PMCID: PMC8660018 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eradication is to understand how the virus establishes latency, maintains stable cellular reservoirs, and promotes rebound upon interruption of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we discovered an unexpected role of the ubiquitous gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in HIV latency and reactivation. We show that reactivation of HIV is associated with downregulation of the key H2S producing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CTH) and reduction in endogenous H2S. Genetic silencing of CTH disrupts redox homeostasis, impairs mitochondrial function, and remodels the transcriptome of latent cells to trigger HIV reactivation. Chemical complementation of CTH activity using a slow-releasing H2S donor, GYY4137, suppressed HIV reactivation and diminished virus replication. Mechanistically, GYY4137 blocked HIV reactivation by inducing the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, inhibiting NF-κB, and recruiting the epigenetic silencer, YY1, to the HIV promoter. In latently infected CD4+ T cells from ART-suppressed human subjects, GYY4137 in combination with ART prevented viral rebound and improved mitochondrial bioenergetics. Moreover, prolonged exposure to GYY4137 exhibited no adverse influence on proviral content or CD4+ T cell subsets, indicating that diminished viral rebound is due to a loss of transcription rather than a selective loss of infected cells. In summary, this work provides mechanistic insight into H2S-mediated suppression of viral rebound and suggests exploration of H2S donors to maintain HIV in a latent form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Kumar Pal
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ragini Agrawal
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Pooja Shekar
- BMCRI, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Amit Singh
- Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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26
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Littwitz-Salomon E, Moreira D, Frost JN, Choi C, Liou KT, Ahern DK, O'Shaughnessy S, Wagner B, Biron CA, Drakesmith H, Dittmer U, Finlay DK. Metabolic requirements of NK cells during the acute response against retroviral infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5376. [PMID: 34508086 PMCID: PMC8433386 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important early responders against viral infections. Changes in metabolism are crucial to fuel NK cell responses, and altered metabolism is linked to NK cell dysfunction in obesity and cancer. However, very little is known about the metabolic requirements of NK cells during acute retroviral infection and their importance for antiviral immunity. Here, using the Friend retrovirus mouse model, we show that following infection NK cells increase nutrient uptake, including amino acids and iron, and reprogram their metabolic machinery by increasing glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism. Specific deletion of the amino acid transporter Slc7a5 has only discrete effects on NK cells, but iron deficiency profoundly impaires NK cell antiviral functions, leading to increased viral loads. Our study thus shows the requirement of nutrients and metabolism for the antiviral activity of NK cells, and has important implications for viral infections associated with altered iron levels such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Metabolic alterations control the fate and function of immune cells in response to infections, but the function of NK cell metabolism in the context of acute viral infections is unclear. Here the authors show that acute NK cell responses to Friend retrovirus involve increased glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism and require amino acid transport as well as iron sufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Littwitz-Salomon
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland.
| | - Diana Moreira
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Joe N Frost
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chloe Choi
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Kevin T Liou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Box G-B, 171 Meeting Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - David K Ahern
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon O'Shaughnessy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Bernd Wagner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christine A Biron
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Box G-B, 171 Meeting Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - David K Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland. .,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin, 2, Ireland.
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27
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Shytaj IL, Procopio FA, Tarek M, Carlon‐Andres I, Tang H, Goldman AR, Munshi M, Kumar Pal V, Forcato M, Sreeram S, Leskov K, Ye F, Lucic B, Cruz N, Ndhlovu LC, Bicciato S, Padilla‐Parra S, Diaz RS, Singh A, Lusic M, Karn J, Alvarez‐Carbonell D, Savarino A. Glycolysis downregulation is a hallmark of HIV-1 latency and sensitizes infected cells to oxidative stress. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13901. [PMID: 34289240 PMCID: PMC8350904 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infects lymphoid and myeloid cells, which can harbor a latent proviral reservoir responsible for maintaining lifelong infection. Glycolytic metabolism has been identified as a determinant of susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, but its role in the development and maintenance of HIV-1 latency has not been elucidated. By combining transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses, we here show that transition to latent HIV-1 infection downregulates glycolysis, while viral reactivation by conventional stimuli reverts this effect. Decreased glycolytic output in latently infected cells is associated with downregulation of NAD+ /NADH. Consequently, infected cells rely on the parallel pentose phosphate pathway and its main product, NADPH, fueling antioxidant pathways maintaining HIV-1 latency. Of note, blocking NADPH downstream effectors, thioredoxin and glutathione, favors HIV-1 reactivation from latency in lymphoid and myeloid cellular models. This provides a "shock and kill effect" decreasing proviral DNA in cells from people living with HIV/AIDS. Overall, our data show that downmodulation of glycolysis is a metabolic signature of HIV-1 latency that can be exploited to target latently infected cells with eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iart Luca Shytaj
- Department of Infectious DiseasesItalian Institute of HealthRomeItaly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Francesco Andrea Procopio
- Service of Immunology and AllergyLausanne University HospitalUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Mohammad Tarek
- Bioinformatics DepartmentArmed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM)CairoEgypt
| | - Irene Carlon‐Andres
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing’s College LondonLondonUK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Mattia Forcato
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Sheetal Sreeram
- Department of Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Konstantin Leskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Fengchun Ye
- Department of Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Bojana Lucic
- Department of Infectious DiseasesHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Nicolly Cruz
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModenaItaly
| | - Sergi Padilla‐Parra
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing’s College LondonLondonUK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ricardo Sobhie Diaz
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Amit Singh
- Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Marina Lusic
- Department of Infectious DiseasesHeidelberg University HospitalHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection ResearchHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - David Alvarez‐Carbonell
- Department of Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Andrea Savarino
- Department of Infectious DiseasesItalian Institute of HealthRomeItaly
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28
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Viral Infection Modulates Mitochondrial Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084260. [PMID: 33923929 PMCID: PMC8073244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelles involved in metabolism and programmed cell death in eukaryotic cells. In addition, mitochondria are also closely related to the innate immunity of host cells against viruses. The abnormality of mitochondrial morphology and function might lead to a variety of diseases. A large number of studies have found that a variety of viral infections could change mitochondrial dynamics, mediate mitochondria-induced cell death, and alter the mitochondrial metabolic status and cellular innate immune response to maintain intracellular survival. Meanwhile, mitochondria can also play an antiviral role during viral infection, thereby protecting the host. Therefore, mitochondria play an important role in the interaction between the host and the virus. Herein, we summarize how viral infections affect microbial pathogenesis by altering mitochondrial morphology and function and how viruses escape the host immune response.
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29
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Kishimoto N, Yamamoto K, Abe T, Yasuoka N, Takamune N, Misumi S. Glucose-dependent aerobic glycolysis contributes to recruiting viral components into HIV-1 particles to maintain infectivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 549:187-193. [PMID: 33676187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cellular environment affects optimal viral replication because viruses cannot replicate without their host cells. In particular, metabolic resources such as carbohydrates, lipids, and ATP are crucial for viral replication, which is sensitive to cellular metabolism. Intriguingly, recent studies have demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection induces a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in CD4+ T cells to produce the virus efficiently. However, the importance of aerobic glycolysis in maintaining the quality of viral components and viral infectivity has not yet been fully investigated. Here, we show that aerobic glycolysis is necessary not only to override the inhibitory effect of virion-incorporated glycolytic enzymes, but also to maintain the enzymatic activity of reverse transcriptase and the adequate packaging of envelope proteins into HIV-1 particles. To investigate the effect of metabolic remodeling on the phenotypic properties of HIV-1 produced by infected cells, we replaced glucose with galactose in the culture medium because the cells grown in galactose-containing medium are forced to carry out oxidative metabolism instead of aerobic glycolysis. We found that the packaging levels of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alpha-enolase and pyruvate kinase muscle type 2, which decrease HIV-1 infectivity by packaging into viral particles, are increased in progeny viruses produced by the cells grown in galactose-containing medium. Furthermore, we found that the entry and reverse transcription efficiency of the progeny viruses were reduced, which was caused by a decrease in the enzymatic activity of reverse transcriptase in the viral particles and a decrease in the packaging levels of envelope proteins and reverse transcriptase. These results indicate that the aerobic glycolysis environment in HIV-1-infected cells may contribute to the quality control of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kishimoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kengo Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Towa Abe
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Norito Yasuoka
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Nobutoki Takamune
- Kumamoto Innovative Development Organization, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
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30
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Guo H, Wang Q, Ghneim K, Wang L, Rampanelli E, Holley-Guthrie E, Cheng L, Garrido C, Margolis DM, Eller LA, Robb ML, Sekaly RP, Chen X, Su L, Ting JPY. Multi-omics analyses reveal that HIV-1 alters CD4 + T cell immunometabolism to fuel virus replication. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:423-433. [PMID: 33767427 PMCID: PMC8087183 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) show metabolic alterations of CD4+ T cells through unclear mechanisms with undefined consequences. We analyzed the transcriptome of CD4+ T cells from patients with HIV-1 and revealed that the elevated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway is associated with poor outcomes. Inhibition of OXPHOS by the US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug metformin, which targets mitochondrial respiratory chain complex-I, suppresses HIV-1 replication in human CD4+ T cells and humanized mice. In patients, HIV-1 peak viremia positively correlates with the expression of NLRX1, a mitochondrial innate immune receptor. Quantitative proteomics and metabolic analyses reveal that NLRX1 enhances OXPHOS and glycolysis during HIV-1-infection of CD4+ T cells to promote viral replication. At the mechanistic level, HIV infection induces the association of NLRX1 with the mitochondrial protein FASTKD5 to promote expression of mitochondrial respiratory complex components. This study uncovers the OXPHOS pathway in CD4+ T cells as a target for HIV-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Khader Ghneim
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elena Rampanelli
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Holley-Guthrie
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carolina Garrido
- HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leigh A Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Xian Chen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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31
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Host cell glutamine metabolism as a potential antiviral target. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:305-325. [PMID: 33480424 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A virus minimally contains a nucleic acid genome packaged by a protein coat. The genome and capsid together are known as the nucleocapsid, which has an envelope containing a lipid bilayer (mainly phospholipids) originating from host cell membranes. The viral envelope has transmembrane proteins that are usually glycoproteins. The proteins in the envelope bind to host cell receptors, promoting membrane fusion and viral entry into the cell. Virus-infected host cells exhibit marked increases in glutamine utilization and metabolism. Glutamine metabolism generates ATP and precursors for the synthesis of macromolecules to assemble progeny viruses. Some compounds derived from glutamine are used in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines. These latter compounds are precursors for the synthesis of nucleotides. Inhibitors of glutamine transport and metabolism are potential candidate antiviral drugs. Glutamine is also an essential nutrient for the functions of leukocytes (lymphocyte, macrophage, and neutrophil), including those in virus-infected patients. The increased glutamine requirement for immune cell functions occurs concomitantly with the high glutamine utilization by host cells in virus-infected patients. The development of antiviral drugs that target glutamine metabolism must then be specifically directed at virus-infected host cells to avoid negative effects on immune functions. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the landscape of cellular glutamine metabolism to search for potential candidates to inhibit glutamine transport or glutamine metabolism.
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Sumbria D, Berber E, Mathayan M, Rouse BT. Virus Infections and Host Metabolism-Can We Manage the Interactions? Front Immunol 2021; 11:594963. [PMID: 33613518 PMCID: PMC7887310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When viruses infect cells, they almost invariably cause metabolic changes in the infected cell as well as in several host cell types that react to the infection. Such metabolic changes provide potential targets for therapeutic approaches that could reduce the impact of infection. Several examples are discussed in this review, which include effects on energy metabolism, glutaminolysis and fatty acid metabolism. The response of the immune system also involves metabolic changes and manipulating these may change the outcome of infection. This could include changing the status of herpesviruses infections from productive to latency. The consequences of viral infections which include coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may also differ in patients with metabolic problems, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, and endocrine diseases. Nutrition status may also affect the pattern of events following viral infection and examples that impact on the pattern of human and experimental animal viral diseases and the mechanisms involved are discussed. Finally, we discuss the so far few published reports that have manipulated metabolic events in-vivo to change the outcome of virus infection. The topic is expected to expand in relevance as an approach used alone or in combination with other therapies to shape the nature of virus induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Engin Berber
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Manikannan Mathayan
- Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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33
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Bharadwaj S, Singh M, Kirtipal N, Kang SG. SARS-CoV-2 and Glutamine: SARS-CoV-2 Triggered Pathogenesis via Metabolic Reprograming of Glutamine in Host Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:627842. [PMID: 33585567 PMCID: PMC7873863 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.627842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has killed more than a million people worldwide, and researchers are constantly working to develop therapeutics in the treatment and prevention of this new viral infection. To infect and induced pathogenesis as observed in other viral infections, we postulated that SARS-CoV-2 may also require an escalation in the anabolic metabolism, such as glucose and glutamine, to support its energy and biosynthetic requirements during the infection cycle. Recently, the requirement of altered glucose metabolism in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis was demonstrated, but the role of dysregulated glutamine metabolism is not yet mentioned for its infection. In this perspective, we have attempted to provide a summary of possible biochemical events on putative metabolic reprograming of glutamine in host cells upon SARS-CoV-2 infection by comparison to other viral infections/cancer metabolism and available clinical data or research on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. This systematic hypothesis concluded the vital role of glutaminase-1 (GLS1), phosphoserine aminotransferase (PSAT1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), glutamine-fructose amidotransferase 1/2 (GFAT1/2), and transcription factor Myc as key cellular factors to mediate and promote the glutamine metabolic reprogramming in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. In absence of concrete data available for SARS-CoV-2 induced metabolic reprogramming of glutamine, this study efforts to connect the gaps with available clinical shreds of evidence in SARS-CoV-2 infection with altered glutamine metabolism and hopefully could be beneficial in the designing of strategic methods for therapeutic development with elucidation using in vitro or in vivo approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Mahendra Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Nikhil Kirtipal
- Department of Science, Modern Institute of Technology, Rishikesh, India
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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34
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Dubey RC, Alam NB, Gaur R. miR-150-mediated increase in glucose uptake in HIV-infected cells. J Med Virol 2020; 93:6377-6382. [PMID: 33368410 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Replication of HIV-1 inside host cells is dependent on both viral and host factors. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate protein synthesis. MicroRNAs may control viral replication either by directly targeting the viral genome or indirectly through cellular proteins that are required during the viral lifecycle. HIV infection may, in turn, regulate host microRNA expression to facilitate its propagation inside cells. miR-150 has been reported to be an essential factor involved in T-cell activation and may serve as a biomarker for HIV disease progression. The current study provides valuable insights into the role of miR-150 in HIV infection. We quantified miR-150 expression in HIV-infected Jurkat cells and observed a time-dependent increase in the expression of miR-150. In addition, HIV infection led to an enhanced influx of glucose inside the infected cells, which further increased on overexpression of miR-150. The increased uptake of glucose was due to miR-150-mediated increase in expression of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1). In an attempt to decipher the mechanism, we identified that HIV Tat protein enhanced the expression of miR-150 which then upregulated GLUT1 in HIV-infected cells. In summary, this study sheds light on the role of miR-150 in HIV infection and paves the way for miR-150 as a novel therapeutic target against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi C Dubey
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nazmir B Alam
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Gaur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
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35
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Dysfunctional Immunometabolism in HIV Infection: Contributing Factors and Implications for Age-Related Comorbid Diseases. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 17:125-137. [PMID: 32140979 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-020-00484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An increasing body of evidence indicates that persons living with HIV (PLWH) display dysfunctional immunometabolism. Here, we provide an updated review of this topic and its relationship to HIV-associated immune stimuli and age-related disease. RECENT FINDINGS HIV infection alters immunometabolism by increasing reliance on aerobic glycolysis for energy and productive infection and repurposing oxidative phosphorylation machinery for immune cell proliferation and survival. Recent studies in PLWH with diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease have identified an association with elevated T cell and monocyte glucose metabolism, respectively. Immunometabolic dysfunction has also been observed in PLWH in frailty and additional studies suggest a role for immunometabolism in non-AIDS defining cancers and neurocognitive disease. There is a plethora of HIV-associated immune stimuli that could drive immunometabolic dysfunction and age-related disease in PLWH, but studies directly examining their relationship are lacking. Immunometabolic dysfunction is characteristic of HIV infection and is a potential link between HIV-associated stimuli and age-related comorbidities.
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36
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Thyrsted J, Holm CK. Virus-induced metabolic reprogramming and innate sensing hereof by the infected host. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 68:44-50. [PMID: 33113498 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To make new infectious particles, all viruses must manipulate host cell metabolism to secure sufficient availability of biomolecules and energy-a phenomenon now known as metabolic reprogramming. Numerous observations of this has already been made for a range of viruses with each type of virus seemingly applying its own unique tactics to accomplish this unifying goal. In this light, metabolic reprogramming of the infected cell is largely beneficial to the virus and not to the host. On the other hand, virus-induced metabolic reprogramming represents a transformed self with distorted cellular and extracellular levels of distinct metabolites and metabolic by-products. This review briefly outlines current knowledge of virus-induced metabolic reprogramming, discusses how this could be sensed by the infected host to initiate anti-viral programs, and presents examples of innate anti-viral mechanisms of the host that target the availability of biomolecules to block viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Thyrsted
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Kanstrup Holm
- Infection and Inflammation, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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37
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Kang S, Tang H. HIV-1 Infection and Glucose Metabolism Reprogramming of T Cells: Another Approach Toward Functional Cure and Reservoir Eradication. Front Immunol 2020; 11:572677. [PMID: 33117366 PMCID: PMC7575757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emerging of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 infection has transferred from a fatal threat to a chronic disease that could be managed. Nevertheless, inextricable systemic immune activation and chronic inflammation despite viral suppression render patients still at higher risk of HIV-1-associated non-AIDS complications. Immunometabolism has nowadays raised more and more attention for that targeting metabolism may become a promising approach to modulate immune system and play a role in treating cancer, HIV-1 infection and autoimmune diseases. HIV-1 mainly infects CD4+ T cells and accumulating evidence has brought to light the association between T cell metabolism reprogramming and HIV-1 pathogenesis. Here, we will focus on the interplay of glycometabolism reprogramming of T cells and HIV-1 infection, making an effort to delineate the possibility of utilizing immunometabolism as a new target towards HIV-1 management and even sterilizing cure through eliminating viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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38
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Kishimoto N, Yamamoto K, Iga N, Kirihara C, Abe T, Takamune N, Misumi S. Alpha-enolase in viral target cells suppresses the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration. Retrovirology 2020; 17:31. [PMID: 32917235 PMCID: PMC7488571 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A protein exhibiting more than one biochemical function is termed a moonlighting protein. Glycolytic enzymes are typical moonlighting proteins, and these enzymes control the infection of various viruses. Previously, we reported that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and alpha-enolase (ENO1) are incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles from viral producer cells and suppress viral reverse transcription independently each other. However, it remains unclear whether these proteins expressed in viral target cells affect the early phase of HIV-1 replication. Results Here we show that the GAPDH expression level in viral target cells does not affect the early phase of HIV-1 replication, but ENO1 has a capacity to suppress viral integration in viral target cells. In contrast to GAPDH, suppression of ENO1 expression by RNA interference in the target cells increased viral infectivity, but had no effect on the expression levels of the HIV-1 receptors CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 and on the level of HIV-1 entry. Quantitative analysis of HIV-1 reverse transcription products showed that the number of copies of the late products (R/gag) and two-long-terminal-repeat circular forms of viral cDNAs did not change but that of the integrated (Alu-gag) form increased. In contrast, overexpression of ENO1 in viral target cells decreased viral infectivity owing to the low viral integration efficiency. Results of subcellular fractionation experiments suggest that the HIV integration at the nucleus was negatively regulated by ENO1 localized in the nucleus. In addition, the overexpression of ENO1 in both viral producer cells and target cells most markedly suppressed the viral replication. Conclusions These results indicate that ENO1 in the viral target cells prevents HIV-1 integration. Importantly, ENO1, but not GAPDH, has the bifunctional inhibitory activity against HIV-1 replication. The results provide and new insights into the function of ENO1 as a moonlighting protein in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kishimoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kengo Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Nozomi Iga
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Chie Kirihara
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Towa Abe
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Nobutoki Takamune
- Kumamoto Innovative Development Organization, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shogo Misumi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
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39
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Kim JS, Kim YR, Yang CS. Host-Directed Therapy in Tuberculosis: Targeting Host Metabolism. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1790. [PMID: 32903583 PMCID: PMC7438556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has complex and intricate interactions with host immune cells. Mtb can survive, persist, and grow within macrophages and thereby circumvent detection by the innate immune system. Recently, the field of immunometabolism, which focuses on the link between metabolism and immune function, has provided us with an improved understanding of the role of metabolism in modulating immune function. For example, host immune cells can switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in response to infection, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. In this state, immune cells are capable of amplifying production of both antimicrobial pro-inflammatory mediators that are critical for the elimination of bacteria. Also, cells undergoing the Warburg effect upregulate production of nitric oxide augment the synthesis of bioactive lipids. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the Warburg effect and discuss its role in promoting host immune responses to Mtb. In most settings, immune cells utilize the Warburg effect to promote inflammation and thereby eliminate invading bacteria; interestingly, Mtb exploits this effect to promote its own survival. A better understanding of the dynamics of metabolism within immune cells together with the specific features that contribute to the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) may suggest potential host-directed therapeutic targets for promoting clearance of Mtb and limiting its survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Depatment of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye-Ram Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Depatment of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Depatment of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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40
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies efficiently block HIV-1 replication but need to be maintained for life. Moreover, chronic inflammation is a hallmark of HIV-1 infection that persists despite treatment. There is, therefore, an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms driving HIV-1 pathogenesis and to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention. In the past few years, the decisive role of cellular metabolism in the fate and activity of immune cells has been uncovered, as well as its impact on the outcome of infectious diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that immunometabolism has a key role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. The metabolic pathways of CD4+ T cells and macrophages determine their susceptibility to infection, the persistence of infected cells and the establishment of latency. Immunometabolism also shapes immune responses against HIV-1, and cell metabolic products are key drivers of inflammation during infection. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of the links between HIV-1 infection and immunometabolism, and we discuss the potential opportunities and challenges for therapeutic interventions.
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41
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Abstract
The oxygen levels organ and tissue microenvironments vary depending on the distance of their vasculature from the left ventricle of the heart. For instance, the oxygen levels of lymph nodes and the spleen are significantly lower than that in atmospheric air. Cellular detection of oxygen and their response to low oxygen levels can exert a significant impact on virus infection. Generally, viruses that naturally infect well-oxygenated organs are less able to infect cells under hypoxic conditions. Conversely, viruses that infect organs under lower oxygen tensions thrive under hypoxic conditions. This suggests that in vitro experiments performed exclusively under atmospheric conditions ignores oxygen-induced modifications in both host and viral responses. Here, we review the mechanisms of how cells adapt to low oxygen tensions and its impact on viral infections. With growing evidence supporting the role of oxygen microenvironments in viral infections, this review highlights the importance of factoring oxygen concentrations into in vitro assay conditions. Bridging the gap between in vitro and in vivo oxygen tensions would allow for more physiologically representative insights into viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Shuyi Gan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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42
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Mikhailova A, Valle-Casuso JC, David A, Monceaux V, Volant S, Passaes C, Elfidha A, Müller-Trutwin M, Poyet JL, Sáez-Cirión A. Antiapoptotic Clone 11-Derived Peptides Induce In Vitro Death of CD4 + T Cells Susceptible to HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:e00611-20. [PMID: 32350074 PMCID: PMC7343195 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00611-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 successfully establishes long-term infection in its target cells despite viral cytotoxic effects. We have recently shown that cell metabolism is an important factor driving CD4+ T cell susceptibility to HIV-1 and the survival of infected cells. We show here that expression of antiapoptotic clone 11 (AAC-11), an antiapoptotic factor upregulated in many cancers, increased with progressive CD4+ T cell memory differentiation in association with the expression of cell cycle, activation, and metabolism genes and was correlated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Synthetic peptides based on the LZ domain sequence of AAC-11, responsible for its interaction with molecular partners, were previously shown to be cytotoxic to cancer cells. Here, we observed that these peptides also blocked HIV-1 infection by inducing the death of HIV-1-susceptible primary CD4+ T cells across all T cell subsets. The peptides targeted metabolically active cells and had the greatest effect on effector and transitional CD4+ T cell memory subsets. Our results suggest that the AAC-11 survival pathway is potentially involved in the survival of HIV-1-infectible cells and provide proof of principle that some cellular characteristics can be targeted to eliminate the cells offering the best conditions to sustain HIV-1 replication.IMPORTANCE Although antiretroviral treatment efficiently blocks HIV multiplication, it cannot eliminate cells already carrying integrated proviruses. In the search for an HIV cure, the identification of new potential targets to selectively eliminate infected cells is of the outmost importance. We show here that peptides derived from antiapoptotic clone 11 (AAC-11), whose expression levels correlated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells, induced cytotoxicity in CD4+ T cells showing the highest levels of activation and metabolic activity, conditions known to favor HIV-1 infection. Accordingly, CD4+ T cells that survived the cytotoxic action of the AAC-11 peptides were resistant to HIV-1 replication. Our results identify a new potential molecular pathway to target HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia Mikhailova
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Annie David
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Monceaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Stevenn Volant
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Amal Elfidha
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Poyet
- INSERM UMRS976, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reactivates HIV-1 via Exosome-Mediated Resetting of Cellular Redox Potential and Bioenergetics. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03293-19. [PMID: 32127457 PMCID: PMC7064780 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03293-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) interferes with therapy and facilitates the pathogenesis of both human pathogens. Fundamental mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis exacerbates HIV-1 infection are not clear. Here, we show that exosomes secreted by macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis, including drug-resistant clinical strains, reactivated HIV-1 by inducing oxidative stress. Mechanistically, M. tuberculosis-specific exosomes realigned mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and modulated the expression of host genes mediating oxidative stress response, inflammation, and HIV-1 transactivation. Proteomics analyses revealed the enrichment of several host factors (e.g., HIF-1α, galectins, and Hsp90) known to promote HIV-1 reactivation in M. tuberculosis-specific exosomes. Treatment with a known antioxidant-N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)-or with inhibitors of host factors-galectins and Hsp90-attenuated HIV-1 reactivation by M. tuberculosis -specific exosomes. Our findings uncover new paradigms for understanding the redox and bioenergetics bases of HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection, which will enable the design of effective therapeutic strategies.IMPORTANCE Globally, individuals coinfected with the AIDS virus (HIV-1) and with M. tuberculosis (causative agent of tuberculosis [TB]) pose major obstacles in the clinical management of both diseases. At the heart of this issue is the apparent synergy between the two human pathogens. On the one hand, mechanisms induced by HIV-1 for reactivation of TB in AIDS patients are well characterized. On the other hand, while clinical findings clearly identified TB as a risk factor for HIV-1 reactivation and associated mortality, basic mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis exacerbates HIV-1 replication and infection remain poorly characterized. The significance of our research is in identifying the role of fundamental mechanisms such as redox and energy metabolism in catalyzing HIV-M. tuberculosis synergy. The quantification of redox and respiratory parameters affected by M. tuberculosis in stimulating HIV-1 will greatly enhance our understanding of HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection, leading to a wider impact on the biomedical research community and creating new translational opportunities.
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Loucif H, Dagenais-Lussier X, Beji C, Telittchenko R, Routy JP, van Grevenynghe J. Plasticity in T-cell mitochondrial metabolism: A necessary peacekeeper during the troubled times of persistent HIV-1 infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:26-36. [PMID: 32151523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The notion of immuno-metabolism refers to the crosstalk between key metabolic pathways and the development/maintenance of protective immunity in the context of physiological processes and anti-microbial defenses. Enthusiasm for immuno-metabolism in the context of HIV-1 infection, especially among T-cell lineages, continues to grow over time as science opens new therapeutic perspectives to limit viral pathogenesis and to boost anti-viral responses. The idea of "metabolism as a therapeutic target" is called metabolic reprogramming and is based on the use of specific metabolism-targeting drugs that are currently available for cancer therapy. In this review, we will focus on the evidence that shows the key role of mitochondria, the cell's powerhouses, and their ability to use diverse metabolic resources (referred to as metabolic plasticity) in providing optimal immune T-cell protection among HIV-1-infected patients. Conversely, we highlight observations indicating that mitochondria metabolic dysfunction associated with excessive glucose dependency, a phenomenon reported as "Warburg effect", results in the inability to mount and maintain effective T-cell-dependent immunity during persistent HIV-1 infection. Therefore, helping mitochondria to regain the metabolic plasticity and allow specific T-cells to adapt and thrive under unfavorable environmental conditions during HIV-1 infection may represent the next generation of combinatory treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Loucif
- Institut National la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada
| | - Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut National la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada
| | - Cherifa Beji
- Institut National la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada
| | - Roman Telittchenko
- Institut National la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Glen site, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut National la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7 QC, Canada.
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Coomer CA, Carlon-Andres I, Iliopoulou M, Dustin ML, Compeer EB, Compton AA, Padilla-Parra S. Single-cell glycolytic activity regulates membrane tension and HIV-1 fusion. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008359. [PMID: 32084246 PMCID: PMC7055913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been resurgence in determining the role of host metabolism in viral infection yet deciphering how the metabolic state of single cells affects viral entry and fusion remains unknown. Here, we have developed a novel assay multiplexing genetically-encoded biosensors with single virus tracking (SVT) to evaluate the influence of global metabolic processes on the success rate of virus entry in single cells. We found that cells with a lower ATP:ADP ratio prior to virus addition were less permissive to virus fusion and infection. These results indicated a relationship between host metabolic state and the likelihood for virus-cell fusion to occur. SVT revealed that HIV-1 virions were arrested at hemifusion in glycolytically-inactive cells. Interestingly, cells acutely treated with glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) become resistant to virus infection and also display less surface membrane cholesterol. Addition of cholesterol in these in glycolytically-inactive cells rescued the virus entry block at hemifusion and enabled completion of HIV-1 fusion. Further investigation with FRET-based membrane tension and membrane order reporters revealed a link between host cell glycolytic activity and host membrane order and tension. Indeed, cells treated with 2-DG possessed lower plasma membrane lipid order and higher tension values, respectively. Our novel imaging approach that combines lifetime imaging (FLIM) and SVT revealed not only changes in plasma membrane tension at the point of viral fusion, but also that HIV is less likely to enter cells at areas of higher membrane tension. We therefore have identified a connection between host cell glycolytic activity and membrane tension that influences HIV-1 fusion in real-time at the single-virus fusion level in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Coomer
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Carlon-Andres
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maro Iliopoulou
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ewoud B. Compeer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex A. Compton
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Cellular Imaging Group, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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46
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Abstract
HIV infection is characterized by elevated glycolytic metabolism in CD4 T cells. In their recent study, Valle-Casuso et al. demonstrated that both increased glucose utilization and glutamine metabolism are essential for HIV infectivity and replication in CD4 T cells. Here, we discuss the broader implications of immunometabolism in studies of HIV persistence and their potential to inform new treatment and curative strategies.
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47
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Samama B, Benardais K, Lipsker D, Boehm N. GLUT1 expression in human papillomavirus-positive anogenital lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 34:873-875. [PMID: 31746025 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GLUT1, an ubiquitous glucose transporter in the mammalian cells, is upregulated in many tumours, including human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced head and neck or cervical cancer. OBJECTIVE To study in anogenital lesions whether or not GLUT1 expression correlates with genomic high-risk HPV integration, the first step in neoplastic transformation. METHODS Forty-three HPV-positive biopsies positive for either low-risk or high-risk HPV were selected. Paraffin sections adjacent to those tested for the presence of HPV were processed for GLUT1 immunocytochemistry. GLUT1 expression was analysed by two histologists, blinded to HPV type and status and then compared with HPV typing results. RESULTS Two main staining patterns were observed, either staining from the basal to the granular layer or staining of superficial layers only. The first staining pattern corresponded to lesions with high number of episomal HPV-positive nuclei. Superficial staining was observed in lesions with low number of episomal HPV nuclei or when high-risk HPV was integrated in the cell genome. CONCLUSION Our results show that GLUT1 overexpression correlates with the number of episomally infected cells in the lesion, but not with the type (low or high risk) of HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Samama
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - K Benardais
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - D Lipsker
- Clinique Dermatologique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - N Boehm
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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48
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Alzahrani J, Hussain T, Simar D, Palchaudhuri R, Abdel-Mohsen M, Crowe SM, Mbogo GW, Palmer CS. Inflammatory and immunometabolic consequences of gut dysfunction in HIV: Parallels with IBD and implications for reservoir persistence and non-AIDS comorbidities. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:522-531. [PMID: 31327693 PMCID: PMC6710907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosa is critical for maintaining the integrity and functions of the gut. Disruption of this barrier is a hallmark and a risk factor for many intestinal and chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and HIV infection are characterized by microbial translocation and systemic inflammation. Despite the clinical overlaps between HIV and IBD, significant differences exist such as the severity of gut damage and mechanisms of immune cell homeostasis. Studies have supported the role of metabolic activation of immune cells in promoting chronic inflammation in HIV and IBD. This inflammatory response persists in HIV+ persons even after long-term virologic suppression by antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here, we review gut dysfunction and microbiota changes during HIV infection and IBD, and discuss how this may induce metabolic reprogramming of monocytes, macrophages and T cells to impact disease outcomes. Drawing from parallels with IBD, we highlight how factors such as lipopolysaccharides, residual viral replication, and extracellular vesicles activate biochemical pathways that regulate immunometabolic processes essential for HIV persistence and non-AIDS metabolic comorbidities. This review highlights new mechanisms and support for the use of immunometabolic-based therapeutics towards HIV remission/cure, and treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Alzahrani
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tabinda Hussain
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Simar
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Suzanne M Crowe
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Clovis S Palmer
- Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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49
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Pallett LJ, Schmidt N, Schurich A. T cell metabolism in chronic viral infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 197:143-152. [PMID: 31038727 PMCID: PMC6642876 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are a fundamental component of the adaptive immune response in the context of both acute and chronic viral infection. Tight control over the metabolic processes within T cells provides an additional level of immune regulation that is interlinked with nutrient sensing and the continued balancing of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals. Underpinning T cell responsiveness for viral control are a number of phenotypic and functional adaptations ensuring adequate nutrient uptake and their utilization. T cells responding to persistent viral infections often exhibit a profile associated with immune cell exhaustion and a dysregulated metabolic profile, driven by a combination of chronic antigenic stimulation and signals from the local microenvironment. Understanding alterations in these metabolic processes provides an important basis for immunotherapeutic strategies to treat persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Pallett
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - N. Schmidt
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Schurich
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKing’s College LondonLondonUK
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50
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Mayer KA, Stöckl J, Zlabinger GJ, Gualdoni GA. Hijacking the Supplies: Metabolism as a Novel Facet of Virus-Host Interaction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1533. [PMID: 31333664 PMCID: PMC6617997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral replication is a process that involves an extremely high turnover of cellular molecules. Since viruses depend on the host cell to obtain the macromolecules needed for their proper replication, they have evolved numerous strategies to shape cellular metabolism and the biosynthesis machinery of the host according to their specific needs. Technologies for the rigorous analysis of metabolic alterations in cells have recently become widely available and have greatly expanded our knowledge of these crucial host–pathogen interactions. We have learned that most viruses enhance specific anabolic pathways and are highly dependent on these alterations. Since uninfected cells are far more plastic in their metabolism, targeting of the virus-induced metabolic alterations is a promising strategy for specific antiviral therapy and has gained great interest recently. In this review, we summarize the current advances in our understanding of metabolic adaptations during viral infections, with a particular focus on the utilization of this information for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A Mayer
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J Zlabinger
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido A Gualdoni
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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