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Assimamaw NT, Alemu TG, Techane MA, Wubneh CA, Belay GM, Tamir TT, Muhye AB, Kassie DG, Wondim A, Terefe B, Tarekegn BT, Ali MS, Fentie B, Gonete AT, Tekeba B, Kassa SF, Desta BK, Ayele AD, Dessie MT, Atalell KA. Spatial distribution of pregnancy and early motherhood among late adolescent girls in Ethiopia using data from the Ethiopia Demographics and Health Survey 2019: Spatial and multilevel analyses. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306170. [PMID: 39088572 PMCID: PMC11293653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various governmental and non-governmental organizations in Ethiopia are striving to decrease adolescent pregnancy by enacting laws against early marriage, developing a national youth and adolescent reproductive health strategy, legalizing abortion, and developing an HIV/AIDS policy for youth; however, the issue of teenage pregnancy& early motherhood remains a major concern. METHODS Data were obtained from the Ethiopian Demographics and Health Survey (EDHS) in 2019. A total sample of 2210 adolescents was included in our study. Spatial autocorrelation, hotspot analysis, and spatial interpolation were used to observe significant spatial variation and clustering and to predict the prevalence of pregnancy in an unsampled area among adolescent girls in Ethiopia; a multilevel binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. The adjusted odds ratio was calculated with a 95% confidence interval, and the variables with a p-value 0.05 in the multivariable multilevel logistic regression were determined to be statistically significant. RESULTS Global spatial autocorrelation analyses showed that the spatial distribution of late-adolescent pregnancy and early motherhood varied across Ethiopia (the Global Moran's Index I value showed GMI = 0.014, P 0.001). The spatial distribution revealed a high cluster (hot spot) of late-adolescent pregnancy and early motherhood in most parts of Gambella, Afar, Benishangul-Gumuz, the eastern part of Oromia, and Somalia. In the multivariable multilevel analysis, being 17 years old (AOR = 3.43; 95% CI: 1.54-7.59), 18 years old (AOR = 14.92; 95% CI: 6.78-32.8), and 19 years old (AOR = 8.44; 95% CI: 4.06, 17.56), married (AOR = 25.38; 95% CI: 15.33, 42.02), having completed primary, secondary, and higher education (AOR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.21-0.95), and being at Gambela (AOR = 3.64; 95% CI: 1.04, 12.75) were significant predictors of late adolescent pregnancy and early motherhood. CONCLUSION Overall, the prevalence of late-adolescent pregnancy and early motherhood was found to be high. At the individual level, marital status, educational attainment, and age of adolescents were significant predictors of pregnancy and early motherhood, and regions were found at a community level associated with pregnancy and early motherhood among late adolescents. Therefore, late-adolescent girls should be educated about menstruation, sexual intercourse, pregnancy, and contraceptives before they reach early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nega Tezera Assimamaw
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Getaneh Alemu
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Masresha Asmare Techane
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Chalachew Adugna Wubneh
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Getaneh Mulualem Belay
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Tarik Tamir
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Addis Bilal Muhye
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Destaye Guadie Kassie
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Wondim
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bewuketu Terefe
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bethelihem Tigabu Tarekegn
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Seid Ali
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Beletech Fentie
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Almaz Tefera Gonete
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Berhan Tekeba
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Selam Fisiha Kassa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bogale Kassahun Desta
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Demsie Ayele
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melkamu Tilahun Dessie
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kendalem Asmare Atalell
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Govender V, Moodley D, Naidoo M, Connoly C, Ngcapu S, Abdool Karim Q. Sexually transmitted infections in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 166:62-70. [PMID: 38573181 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a high prevalence and incidence rate of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections (STIs) during pregnancy in adolescent girls and young women in Africa. The association between STIs and pregnancy outcomes in a hyperepidemic HIV setting has not been well described. METHODS Pregnant women, HIV-1 negative and <28 weeks' gestation at three primary health clinics in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa were enrolled from February 2017 to March 2018. Vaginal swabs collected at the first and later antenatal visits were stored and retrospectively tested for HSV-2, Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae at the end of the study. The association between STIs detected at first and later antenatal visits and pregnancy outcome was assessed using multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for maternal age and treatment received for symptomatic STIs. RESULTS Testing positive Mycoplasma genitalium at the first antenatal visit was significantly associated with low birth weight (odds ratio [OR] 5.22; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-15.98). Testing positive for T. vaginalis at the repeat visit was significantly associated with preterm births (OR 2.37; 95% CI: 1.11-5.03), low birth weight (OR 2.56; 1.16-5.63) and a composite adverse pregnancy outcome (OR 2.11; 95% CI: 1.09-4.08). Testing positive for HSV-2 at the repeat visit was also likely associated with experiencing a preterm birth or any adverse pregnancy outcome (OR 3.39; 95% CI: 0.86-13.3) (P = 0.096). CONCLUSIONS Among predominantly asymptomatic STIs, M. genitalium detected at baseline visit was significantly associated with low birth weight, while T. vaginalis detected at the repeat visit in later pregnancy was significantly associated with preterm birth. Further research is warranted to study the impact of etiological testing of STIs at more than one antenatal visit and empirical treatment on pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Govender
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Dhayendre Moodley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Megeshinee Naidoo
- Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Cathy Connoly
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sinaye Ngcapu
- Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Shuro L, Waggie F. Trends in socio-demographic characteristics and substance use among high school learners in a selected district in Limpopo Province, South Africa. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1407. [PMID: 38802772 PMCID: PMC11129414 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use is an escalating public health problem in South Africa resulting in risky behaviours and poor educational attainment among adolescents. There is a huge battle to overcome substance use among learners as more drugs become easily available with the mean age of drug experimentation reported to be at 12 years of age. It is important to continuously understand the trends in substance use in order to assess if there are positive changes and provide evidence for the development of context-specific effective interventions. This paper outlines the prevalence of substance use among selected high schools in a district in Limpopo province. METHODS To determine the prevalence of substance use among selected high school learners in a district in Limpopo Province, a cross-sectional school survey of 768 learners was conducted. Data was analysed using SPSS v 26. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the independent and dependent variables and Chi-Square test was used to investigate associations between demographic characteristics and substance use among high school learners. RESULTS The most abused substances by learners were alcohol (49%), cigarettes (20.8%) and marijuana (dagga/cannabis) (16.8%). In a lifetime, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in cigarette smoking with gender, school, and grade; with more use in males (14.2%) than females (7.6%); in urban schools (14.6) than peri-urban (6.7%) and more in Grade 12 (6.4%). There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in alcohol use with more use in Grade 10 (12.6%) and varied use among male and female learners but cumulatively more alcohol use in females (27.7%). Drug use varied, with an overall high drug use in urban schools (20.7%). CONCLUSIONS Substance use is rife among high school learners in the district and health promotion initiatives need to be tailored within the context of socio-demographic characteristics of learners including the multiple levels of influence such as peer pressure, poverty, unemployment and child headed families. Additional research is required to investigate the factors leading to a notable gradual increase in use among female learners and into the environmental and family settings of learners in influencing substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Shuro
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Rd, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa.
| | - Firdouza Waggie
- Faculty of Community & Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, 14 Blanckenberg Road Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
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Hopkins J, Narasimhan M, Aujla M, Silva R, Mandil A. The importance of insufficient national data on sexual and reproductive health and rights in international databases. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 70:102554. [PMID: 38533341 PMCID: PMC10963186 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Looking at SRHR as an isolated set of elements, as is the current practice, does not do justice to the needs and rights of people and communities and may be one of the reasons why challenges remain in the attainment of SRHR for all. SRHR Infographic snapshots were developed for all 194 WHO Member States and included 120 indicators covering a broad range of policy, health systems and service delivery interventions. The snapshots were created using data less than 10 years old publicly available in data repositories maintained by international and global agencies. Data availability was not consistent across countries with low and lower-middle income countries having higher data availability (71%) compared to high income countries (40%). SRHR data that is easily accessible and consistently reported can improve accountability and opportunities for learning to improve people-centred approaches to accelerate the attainment of SRHR for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hopkins
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, includes the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction – HRP, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manjulaa Narasimhan
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, includes the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction – HRP, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mandip Aujla
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, includes the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction – HRP, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ronaldo Silva
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, includes the UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction – HRP, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Mandil
- (Retired) Department of Science, Information & Dissemination, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
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Archdeacon N, Salmon-Mulanovich G, Lopez Florez L, Kothadia A, Castañeda K, Rusyidi B, Cole S, Tallman P. Teenage pregnancy in Tambogrande, Peru: causes, consequences and cycles of violence and disadvantage. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2024; 26:563-574. [PMID: 37052126 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2023.2193250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Teenage pregnancy carries adverse consequences for health and well-being. In this article, we investigate the perceived causes, consequences and cycles of violence and disadvantage associated with teenage pregnancy in Tambogrande, Peru using an applied anthropological approach. Data were drawn from a larger project investigating the relationship between water insecurity and gender-based violence in Indonesia and Peru. The analysis presented here is derived from 49 semi-structured interviews and 5 focus groups with local community members and stakeholders in Peru. Study participants highlighted two main factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Tambogrande: machismo and religious deterrents to contraceptive use. Participants described how these factors overlapped, resulting in gendered power imbalances that increased the risk of violence, decreased educational opportunities, and reduced the economic independence of women. However, study participants stated that educational interventions targeting machismo could reduce teenage pregnancy and break the associated cycle of disadvantage. Future research will further investigate local social and gender norms to inform the design of a rights-based educational intervention, targeting upstream factors associated with teenage pregnancy in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucia Lopez Florez
- Institute for Nature, Earth and Energy, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Aman Kothadia
- Department of Anthropology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karina Castañeda
- Institute for Nature, Earth and Energy, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Binahayati Rusyidi
- Department of Social Welfare, FISIP Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor-Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Stroma Cole
- School of Architecture and Cities, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Paula Tallman
- Department of Anthropology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Keller Science Action Center, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
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Walmisley U, De Jong M, George A, Okeyo I, Späth C, Siegfried N, Harker N, Tomlinson M, Doherty T. Whole-of-community and intersectoral interventions that address alcohol-related harms: A scoping review. Glob Public Health 2024; 19:2357211. [PMID: 38916343 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2024.2357211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol harms threaten global population health, with youth particularly vulnerable. Low - and middle-income countries (LMIC) are increasingly targeted by the alcohol industry. Intersectoral and whole-of-community actions are recommended to combat alcohol harms, but there is insufficient global evidence synthesis and research examining interventions in LMIC. This paper maps existing literature on whole-of - community and intersectoral alcohol harms reduction interventions in high-income countries (HIC) and LMIC. Systematic searching and screening produced 61 articles from an initial set of 1325: HIC (n = 53), LMIC (n = 8). Data were extracted on geographic location, intersectoral action, reported outcomes, barriers, and enablers. HIC interventions most often targeted adolescents and combined community action with other components. LMIC interventions did not target adolescents or use policy, schools, alcohol outlets, or enforcement components. Programme enablers were a clear intervention focus with high political support and local level leadership, locally appropriate plans, high community motivation, community action and specific strategies for parents. Challenges were sustainability, complexity of interventions, managing participant expectations and difficulty engaging multiple sectors. A learning agenda to pilot, scale and sustain whole-of-community approaches to address alcohol harms in settings is crucial, with consideration of local contexts and capacities, more standardised methods, and a focus on community-driven action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Walmisley
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Michelle De Jong
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Asha George
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Ida Okeyo
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Belville, South Africa
| | - Carmen Späth
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
- Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nandi Siegfried
- Mental Health, Alcohol, Substance Use and Tobacco Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nadine Harker
- Mental Health, Alcohol, Substance Use and Tobacco Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University, Belfast, UK
| | - Tanya Doherty
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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Mohammed S. Analysis of national and subnational prevalence of adolescent pregnancy and changes in the associated sexual behaviours and sociodemographic determinants across three decades in Ghana, 1988-2019. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068117. [PMID: 36931665 PMCID: PMC10030779 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding the determinants of adolescent pregnancy and how they have changed over time is essential for measuring progress and developing strategies to improve adolescent reproductive health. This study examined changes over time in the prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Ghana. METHODS A total of 11 nationally representative surveys from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2014), Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2006, 2011, 2017-2018) and Malaria Indicator Survey (2016 and 2019) provided data on 14 556 adolescent girls aged 15-19 for this analysis. A random-effect meta-analysis, time trends and multivariable logistic regression models were used to track the prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in Ghana was 15.4% (95% CI=13.49% to 17.30%). Rural areas (19.5%) had a higher prevalence of adolescent pregnancy than urban areas (10.6%). In the overall sample, middle adolescents (15-17 years) (aOR=0.30, 95% CI=0.23 to 0.39), adolescents in urban areas (aOR=0.56, 95% CI=0.43 to 0.74), large households (aOR=0.62, 95% CI=0.49 to 0.78), not working (aOR=0.62, 95% CI=0.43 to 0.90) and those unaware of contraceptive methods (aOR=0.49, 95% CI=0.27 to 0.90) were less likely to become pregnant. Adolescents from middle-income (aOR=0.91, 95% CI=0.67 to 1.24) or high-income (aOR=0.59, 95%CI=0.36 to 0.94) households, those who were semiliterate (aOR=0.56, 95%CI=0.39 to 0.82) or literate (aOR=0.28, 95%CI=0.21 to 0.37) and those with fewer previous sex partners were less likely to become pregnant. Not all determinants in the overall sample were consistently associated with adolescent pregnancy in the last three decades. Between 1988 and 1998, determinants of adolescent pregnancy were age, literacy, employment, household size and whether the mother was alive. Between 2003 and 2008, age, literacy, household size, income, age of last sexual partner, number of previous partners and contraception knowledge determined adolescent pregnancy. From 2011 to 2019, age, residence, literacy and menstrual cycle knowledge were determinants of adolescent pregnancy. CONCLUSION Interventions and policies to prevent adolescent pregnancy should prioritise adolescents from disadvantaged backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsudeen Mohammed
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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8
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Aragaw FM, Chilot D, Belay DG, Merid MW, Kibret AA, Alem AZ, Asratie MH. Spatial distribution and determinants of high-risk fertility behavior among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:14. [PMID: 36872395 PMCID: PMC9987093 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In low-and-middle-income, including Ethiopia, high-risk fertility behavior is a major public health concern. High-risk fertility behavior has an adverse influence on maternal and child health, which hampered efforts to reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the spatial distribution and associated factors of high-risk fertility behavior among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia using recent nationally representative data. METHODS Secondary data analysis was done with a total weighted sample of 5865 reproductive-aged women using the latest mini EDHS 2019. The spatial distribution of high-risk fertility behavior in Ethiopia was determined using spatial analysis. Multilevel multivariable regression analysis was used to identify predictors of high-risk fertility behavior in Ethiopia. RESULTS The prevalence of high-risk fertility behavior among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia was 73.50% (95% CI 72.36%, 74.62%). Women with primary education [AOR = 0.44; 95%CI; 0.37, 0.52], women with secondary and above education [AOR = 0.26; 95%CI; 0.20, 0.34], being Protestant religion followers [AOR = 1.47; 95%CI; 1.15, 1.89], being Muslim religion follower [AOR = 1.56; 95%CI; 1.20, 2.01], having television [AOR = 2.06; 95%CI; 1.54, 2.76], having ANC visit [AOR = 0.78; 95%CI; 0.61, 0.99], using contraception [AOR = 0.77; 95%CI; 0.65, 0.90], living in rural areas [AOR = 1.75; 95%CI; 1.22, 2.50] were significantly associated with high-risk fertility behavior. Significant hotspots of high-risk fertility behavior were detected in Somalia, SNNPR, Tigray region, and Afar regions of Ethiopia. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of women in Ethiopia engaged in high-risk fertility behavior. High-risk fertility behavior was distributed non-randomly across Ethiopian regions. Policymakers and stakeholders should design interventions that take into account the factors that predispose women to have high-risk fertility behaviors and women who reside in areas with a high proportion of high-risk fertility behaviors to reduce the consequences of high-risk fertility behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantu Mamo Aragaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Dagmawi Chilot
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.,College of Health Sciences, Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gashaneh Belay
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.,Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mehari Woldemariam Merid
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Anteneh Ayelign Kibret
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adugnaw Zeleke Alem
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Hunie Asratie
- Department of Women's and Family Health, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Namukisa M, Kamacooko O, Lunkuse JF, Ruzagira E, Price MA, Mayanja Y. Incidence of unintended pregnancy and associated factors among adolescent girls and young women at risk of HIV infection in Kampala, Uganda. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2023; 5:1089104. [PMID: 36910339 PMCID: PMC9995850 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2023.1089104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In sub-Saharan Africa, one in every five young women becomes pregnant, and 50% of these are unintended. Pregnancies in adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) are associated with poorer maternal and neonatal outcomes and a high abortion rate, yet data are still limited on incident pregnancies among AGYW in vulnerable situations. We studied the incidence and factors associated with unintended pregnancy among AGYW who were frequently engaged in transactional sex in Kampala, Uganda. Methods We analyzed data from a study that investigated the uptake of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis among AGYW from January 2019 to December 2020. Volunteers attended 3-monthly study visits for 12 months each. Contraceptive services were provided to interested volunteers free of charge. Interviewers collected data on sociodemographics, sexual behavior, reproductive health outcomes, and substance use. Pregnancy was determined by testing for beta-human chorionic gonadotropin hormone in urine. The pregnancy incidence rate was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier technique, and logistic regression was used to determine the correlates of pregnancy. Results We included 285 volunteers with a mean age of 19.9 [standard deviation (SD), ± 2.24] years; 54.7% had attained secondary school education or higher, 57.2% were single (never married), 92.6% reported engaging in transactional sex, 21.0% reported sex work as their main job, 51.9% consumed alcohol in the month prior to the interview, of whom 12.8% consumed alcohol daily, and 25.3% had Chlamydia trachomatis/Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The mean age at first sexual intercourse was 15.7 (SD, ±2.1) years. We recorded 44 pregnancies over 187.2 person-years of follow-up, an incidence of 23.5 per 100 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI), 17.5-31.6]. Incident pregnancies were more likely among volunteers who had ≥10 sexual partners in the past 3 months [adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.97; 95% CI, 1.05-3.70] and those who reported not using contraception (aRR 5.89; 95% CI, 2.74-12.66). Incident pregnancies were less likely among those who reported alcohol consumption in the past month (aRR 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30-0.90). Conclusion The incidence of unintended pregnancy was high despite the availability of free contraceptive services. We recommend sociobehavioral studies to explore this further. Sexual and reproductive health campaigns should strengthen demand creation and motivation to use contraception among young women with multiple sexual partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Namukisa
- Department of Global Health Collaborative, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Onesmus Kamacooko
- Department of Data and Statistics, Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jane Frances Lunkuse
- Department of Data and Statistics, Medical Research Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Eugene Ruzagira
- Department of HIV Epidemiology and Intervention, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt A. Price
- Department of Epidemiology, IAVI, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yunia Mayanja
- Department of HIV Epidemiology and Intervention, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI & LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
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Osuafor GN, Okoli CE, Phateng R. Risk and protective factors associated with health risk behaviours among school learners in Western Cape, South Africa. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:16. [PMID: 36597075 PMCID: PMC9811777 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health risk behaviour is rife among school learners in the Western Cape province. This paper assesses risk and protective factors related to health risk behaviours among high school learners. METHOD Longitudinal data were sourced from 2950, 2675 and 2230 at Time 0, Time 1 and Time 2 among grade 8 learners aged 13-18 years between 2012 and 2013. Health risk behaviours were assessed on alcohol consumption, smoking cannabis in the past six months, and ever having sexual intercourse. The sociodemographic variables examined were age, sex, residence, socioeconomic status (SES), family structure and population group. Contextual variables studied were the feeling of learners about the intervention program, participation in religious activities, paid casual work and school sports. Descriptive statistics, bivariate associations and binary logistic analyses predicting health risk behaviours were carried out using generalized linear mixed models after restructuring the data collected at different time points. RESULT Health risk behaviours increased consistently for alcohol consumption (25.7-42.7%), smoking cannabis (10.4-22.1%) and (22.3-36.0%) engaging in sexual intercourse. Increasing age emerged as a risk factor for all the health risk behaviours: alcohol consumption [OR:1.3 (1.2-1.4), p < 0.001]; smoking cannabis [OR:1.3 (1.2-1.4), p < 0.001] and had sex [OR:1.5 (1.4-1.7), p < 0.001]. Participation in paid casual work also predicted health risk behaviour: alcohol use [OR:1.5 (1.2-1.8), p < 0.001]; smoking cannabis [OR:1.3 (1.0-1.7), p < 0.05] and sex [OR:1.4 (1.1-1.7), p < 0.01]. High SES and feelings about the EPEP programme enhanced alcohol consumption and smoking cannabis. Smoking cannabis was augmented by residing in an urban area. Participation in school sports was associated with increased alcohol consumption and engaging in sexual intercourse. Participation in religious activities was protected against alcohol consumption [OR:0.7 (0.53-0.83), p < 0.001]; and sex [OR: 0.5 (0.4-0.7), p < 0.001]. Being a female and belonging to a coloured population group diminished engaging in sexual intercourse, and the family structure of both parents attenuated involvement in smoking cannabis. CONCLUSION The findings of the study on risks and protective factors on health risk behaviours mirror those of school-based programmes in developing countries. Learners who participated in paid work and school sports are at risk of adverse health outcomes. Furthermore, participation in religious practices and family structure roles in attenuating health risk behaviours should be integrated and considered in the school-based intervention programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godswill N. Osuafor
- grid.25881.360000 0000 9769 2525Department of Population Studies and Demography, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mahikeng, South Africa
| | | | - Reamogetse Phateng
- grid.25881.360000 0000 9769 2525Department of Population Studies and Demography, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mahikeng, South Africa
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Jochim J, Meinck F, Toska E, Roberts K, Wittesaele C, Langwenya N, Cluver L. Who goes back to school after birth? Factors associated with postpartum school return among adolescent mothers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Glob Public Health 2023; 18:2049846. [PMID: 35388739 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2022.2049846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Early motherhood can negatively impact health, educational, and socio-economic outcomes for adolescent mothers and their children. Supporting adolescent mothers' educational attainment, and timely return to school, may be key to interrupting intergenerational cycles of adversity. Yet, there remains a paucity of evidence on the factors that are associated with mothers' postpartum return to school and the mediators of this process, particularly across sub-Saharan Africa where adolescent pregnancy rates remain high . This paper is based on interviews with 1,046 adolescent mothers from South Africa. Mothers who had returned to school after birth showed lower poverty, fewer repeated grades preceding the pregnancy, continued schooling during pregnancy, higher daycare/crèche use, more family childcare support, and lower engagement in exclusive breastfeeding within six months postpartum. Mediation analyses showed that lower poverty was directly associated with school return and via two indirect pathways: continued schooling during pregnancy and using daycare/crèche services. This study demonstrates that lacking childcare constitutes a major hurdle to mothers' school return which needs to be addressed in addition to socioeconomic and individual-level barriers. Policy makers and practitioners should consider supporting young mothers with combination interventions which include services supporting school retention during pregnancy and access to, and financial supplements for, daycare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Jochim
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Optentia, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Elona Toska
- Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kathryn Roberts
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Wittesaele
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nontokozo Langwenya
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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da Silva JKB, dos Santos JM, Moreira WC, Romero ROG, Leadebal ODCP, Nogueira JDA. Multilevel model in the identification of behavioral and structural risk factors for HIV: integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm 2022; 76:e20210853. [PMID: 36542051 PMCID: PMC9749773 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to investigate studies that adopted the multilevel analysis model to identify behavioral and structural risk factors associated with HIV infection. METHODS an integrative review of the literature with studies available in full, obtained from EMBASE, CINAHL, Pubmed, and Scopus, whose selected descriptors were the indexed terms: "HIV", "multilevel analysis" and "behavior". RESULTS the search resulted in 236 studies. Out of these, ten studies comprised the sample. Economic disadvantage, neighborhood characteristics, housing instability, incarceration, transactional sex, multiple partners, substance abuse, and age at first intercourse were classified as structural and behavioral risk factors for HIV. Reduced socioeconomic disadvantage, provision of housing stability, and condom use were associated with protective factors for HIV exposure. CONCLUSIONS by applying the multilevel model in risk factor research studies, it was possible to identify the structural and behavioral elements of HIV risk.
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Toska E, Saal W, Chen Charles J, Wittesaele C, Langwenya N, Jochim J, Steventon Roberts KJ, Anquandah J, Banougnin BH, Laurenzi C, Sherr L, Cluver L. Achieving the health and well-being Sustainable Development Goals among adolescent mothers and their children in South Africa: Cross-sectional analyses of a community-based mixed HIV-status cohort. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278163. [PMID: 36480550 PMCID: PMC9731463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a visionary and multi-sectoral agenda for human development. With less than a decade left to reach these targets, it is important to identify those at greatest risk of not meeting these ambitious targets. Adolescent mothers and their children are a highly vulnerable group. We mapped 35 SGD-related targets among 1,046 adolescent mothers and their oldest child (n = 1046). Questionnaires using validated scales were completed by 10- to 24-year-old adolescent girls and young women who had their first child before age 20 in an HIV-endemic district in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Maternal outcomes included 26 SDG-aligned indicators, while child-related outcomes included 9 indicators. Data was collected by trained researchers, following informed voluntary consent by the adolescent mothers and their caregivers. Frequencies and chi-square tests were conducted to compare progress along SDG-aligned indicators among adolescent mothers by HIV status. Overall, adolescent mothers reported low attainment of SDG-aligned indicators. While four in five adolescent mothers lived in poor households, nearly 93% accessed at least one social cash transfer and 80% accessed a child support grant for their children. Food security rates among adolescent mothers (71%) were lower than among their children (91%). Only two-thirds of adolescent mothers returned to school after childbirth, and only one-fifth were either studying or employed. Over half of adolescent mothers had experienced at least one type of violence (domestic, sexual or community). HIV-positive status was associated with higher rates of hunger and substance use, poorer school attendance, and higher rates of exposure to violence. Understanding progress and gaps in meeting the SDGs among highly vulnerable groups is critical, particularly for adolescent mothers and their children. These complex vulnerabilities suggest that programming for adolescent mothers must address their unique needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elona Toska
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wylene Saal
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jenny Chen Charles
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Wittesaele
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nontokozo Langwenya
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Janina Jochim
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn J. Steventon Roberts
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Anquandah
- Department of Statistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Boladé Hamed Banougnin
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christina Laurenzi
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Terefe B. The prevalence of teenage pregnancy and early motherhood and its associated factors among late adolescent (15-19) years girls in the Gambia: based on 2019/20 Gambian demographic and health survey data. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1767. [PMID: 36115945 PMCID: PMC9482728 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnancy and early motherhood among teenage girls is the current issue of public health burden in developing countries. Although the Gambia has one of the highest adolescent fertility rates in Africa, there is no data record about it in The Gambia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of pregnancy and early motherhood and its determinants among late adolescent girls in the Gambia. METHODS It is a secondary data analysis using the 2019-20 Gambian demographic and health survey data. A total of 2,633 weighted 15-19 years old girls were included in the study. Using Stata 14 version, a pseudo logistic regression analysis method was employed to declare factors significantly associated with pregnancy and early motherhood among 15-19 years old late-adolescent girls in the Gambia. Variables with a p-value of < 0.2 were entered into multivariable regression analysis, and after controlling other confounding factors adjusted odds ratio of 95% CI was applied to identify associated variables. RESULTS Pregnancy and early motherhood were found in 13.42% of late adolescent Gambian girls. Logistic regression analysis depicted that a unit increase in adolescent age was positively significantly associated with pregnancy and early motherhood (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.93,2.39), after period ended knowledge of ovulatory cycle (aOR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.23,3.22), being from a family size of greater than ten (aOR = 1.25; 95 CI = 1.01,1.55) times more likely to become pregnant and early motherhood than their counterparts respectively. In contrast, rich in wealth (aOR = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.23,0.54), having primary education (aOR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.43,0.79), secondary and above education (aOR = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.09,0.17). CONCLUSION Pregnancy and early motherhood remain significant public health challenges in the Gambia. Strengthening female education, empowerment, reproductive health life skill training and awareness, encouraging disadvantaged females, and designing timely policies and interventions are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bewuketu Terefe
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia.
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Pleaner M, Kutywayo A, Beksinska M, Mabetha K, Naidoo N, Mullick S. Contraception knowledge and uptake among in-school adolescents in three South African townships: Baseline findings from the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) Trial. Gates Open Res 2022; 6:67. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13636.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: South African adolescents experience barriers to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge and uptake. This study provides insight into contraceptive and other SRH service knowledge, perceptions, and uptake among adolescents in high HIV prevalence settings. Methods: A baseline cross sectional survey was conducted among 3432 grade 8s enrolled into the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial from 26 public high schools across three South African townships (Soweto, Thembisa and Khayelitsha) (2017 - 2018). An interviewer-led survey collected information on SRH knowledge and perceptions; an audio computer-assisted self-interviewing technique gathered SRH service uptake. Descriptive analysis indicates frequency distribution of socio-demographics and knowledge, uptake and perceptions of SRH services. Chi-square test tested for associations between age and sex and selected variables that measure SRH knowledge and uptake. Results: In total, 2383 learners, completed both survey components. Of these, 63.1% (n=1504) were female and 81.4% (n=1938) aged 12-14. Almost a fifth (18.3%, n=436) had ever had sex and less than 1% had accessed SRH services in the last year. Of the 157 females who had ever had sex, 50.9% had ever used contraception. Of those who had sex in the last three months, 59.0% reported using a contraceptive method. Condom use was inconsistent: almost all females said they had not used or could not remember if a condom was used at last sex. Conclusion: This paper contributes to the evidence strengthening learner SRH education, including the national Integrated School Health Programme. Key themes include the need for age-appropriate, differentiated comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) for the range of ages found in the same grade in South African schools. Education on different contraceptive methods, informed decision-making, and emergency contraception is key. School-based interventions should embrace integrated HIV, STI, and pregnancy prevention messages. Closer links with health services need to be constantly fostered and reinforced.
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Vasconcelos A, Bandeira N, Sousa S, Machado MC, Pereira F. Adolescent pregnancy in Sao Tome and Principe: are there different obstetric and perinatal outcomes? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:453. [PMID: 35642050 PMCID: PMC9153156 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent childbirth is a major public health problem in Sao Tome and Principe (STP). Adolescent pregnancy and childbirth can carry a risk of morbidity associated with the physiological and sociological characteristics of teenage girls. This study aims to identify the main adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes for adolescent pregnancies in the Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes (HAM), the only hospital in STP. METHODS An institution-based cross-sectional study. Pregnant women ≤ 19 years of age (n = 104) were compared to non-adolescent women (n = 414). The obstetric and perinatal outcomes were compared between groups using the t test. Odds ratio (OR) were calculated through Cochran's and Mantel-Haenszel statistics test for odds ratio equal to 1, 95% confidence intervals (CI) and p values (p < 0.05) were considered significant. RESULTS The adverse perinatal outcomes imputable to adolescent births were foetal distress with low first minute Apgar score < 7 (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.18-3.18, p = 0.009) and performance of neonatal resuscitation manoeuvres (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.07-5.38, p = 0.032). Compared to older mothers, teenage girls were likely to have a non-statistically significant threefold higher risk of having an obstructed labour (OR 3.40, 95% CI 0.89-12.94, p = 0.07). Other perinatal outcomes as neonatal asphyxia, risk for cerebral palsy, premature birth, early neonatal infection, and neonatal death were identical between groups as well as maternal anaemia, mode of delivery or other obstetrical outcomes. CONCLUSION Adolescent pregnancies were associated with worse perinatal outcomes as foetal distress and higher need for neonatal resuscitation manoeuvres. This study may support STP health authorities in their efforts to make Sustainable Development Goals 3 (good health and wellbeing), 4 (quality education) and 5 (gender equality) a reality by 2030, since it identifies specific problems that need to be addressed to improve maternal adolescent health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Vasconcelos
- Unidade de Clínica Tropical ‑ Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Nelson Bandeira
- Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes, República Democrática de São Tomé E Príncipe, Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe
| | - Swasilanne Sousa
- Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes, República Democrática de São Tomé E Príncipe, Sao Tome, Sao Tome and Principe
| | - Maria Céu Machado
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filomena Pereira
- Unidade de Clínica Tropical ‑ Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Pleaner M, Kutywayo A, Beksinska M, Mabetha K, Naidoo N, Mullick S. Knowledge, uptake and patterns of contraception use among in-school adolescents in three South African townships: Baseline findings from the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) Trial. Gates Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13636.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: South African adolescents experience barriers to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge and uptake. This study provides insight into contraceptive and other SRH service knowledge, perceptions, and uptake among adolescents in high HIV prevalence settings. Methods: A baseline cross sectional survey was conducted among 3432 grade 8’s enrolled into the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial from 26 public high schools across three South African townships (Soweto, Thembisa and Khayelitsha) (2017 - 2018). An interviewer-led survey collected information on SRH knowledge and perceptions; an audio computer-assisted self-interviewing technique gathered SRH service uptake. Descriptive analysis indicates frequency distribution of socio-demographics and knowledge, uptake and perceptions of SRH services. Chi-square test tested for associations between age and sex and selected variables that measure SRH knowledge and uptake. Results: In total, 2383 learners, completed both survey components. Of these, 63.1% (n=1504) were female and 81.4% (n=1938) aged 12-14. Almost a fifth (18.3%, n=436) had ever had sex and less than 1% had accessed SRH services in the last year. Of the 157 females who had ever had sex, 50.9% had ever used contraception. Of those who had sex in the last three months, 59.0% reported using a contraceptive method. Condom use was inconsistent: almost all females said they had not used or could not remember if a condom was used at last sex. Conclusion: This paper contributes to the evidence strengthening learner SRH education, including the national Integrated School Health Programme. Key themes include the need for age-appropriate, differentiated comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) for the range of ages found in the same grade in South African schools. Education on different contraceptive methods, informed decision-making, and emergency contraception is key. School-based interventions should embrace integrated HIV, STI, and pregnancy prevention messages. Closer links with health services need to be constantly fostered and reinforced.
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Vasconcelos A, Bandeira N, Sousa S, Pereira F, Machado MDC. Adolescent pregnancy in Sao Tome and Principe: a cross-sectional hospital-based study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:332. [PMID: 35428214 PMCID: PMC9013095 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnancy starts early in Sao Tome and Principe (STP) and rates of adolescent pregnancy increased 16% in recent years reaching a 27.3% prevalence. This study aimed to understand the pregnant adolescents’ characteristics and factors associated to early childbearing in STP. Methods A cross-sectional hospital-based study was undertaken in Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes between 2016 and 2018 with a randomly selected total sample size of 518 mothers. Mothers’ clinical records and interviews were used to collect relevant data. The results among adolescent girls 19 years of age and younger (n=104) were compared to adult mothers (n=414). A subgroup analysis of adolescent pregnant girls was also conducted. Statistically significance was considered at a p-value ≤0.05. Data were analysed using SPSS software. Results The study revealed that 20.1% were adolescent mothers. Pregnancy at a very early age (≤15) was experienced by 7.7%. The characteristics founded to be positively associated with adolescent pregnancy were: 1) being single (OR 0.39, 95% CI=0.2–0.6, p≤0.001); 2) having a relationship with the baby´s father for a period of less than one year (OR 0.16, 95% CI=0.09-0.3, p≤0.001); 3) lack of the baby´s father support (OR 0.41, 95% CI=0.2–0.7, p=0.002); 4) not using a contraceptive method (OR 0.33, 95% CI=0.2–0.5, p≤0.001), and 5) inappropriate knowledge concerning the identification of the newborn’s danger signs (OR 15.7, 95% CI= 9–26, p≤0.001). Comparing pregnancy at very early age (≤15) to late (>18 and ≤19) adolescents, main differences were that previous contraceptives were not used at all in girls ≤15 years compared to 9.8% of late childbearing subgroup. Conclusions Unfavourable factors linked to adolescent pregnancies were absence of a contraceptive method, getting pregnant in the early first months of one relationship and to be single. Gap age difference between adolescents’ partners, polygamous sexual relationships, previous abortion and having already other living children were also identified. Adolescents also had inappropriate knowledge of the identification of the newborns’ danger signs. Before being sexually active, adolescents critically need sexual and reproductive health information provided by a healthy community and through school programmes on sexual education. Schools should promote girl’s empowerment and awareness and, at the same time, reinforce boy’s role in fatherhood and shared responsibilities. The government should work on the prevention of early sexual initiation, as well as on improving family planning programmes to protect them from pregnancy with special focus for the very early adolescent girls. None of these goals can be achieved if the government doesn’t, simultaneously, improve educational and economic opportunities for girls.
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Ahinkorah BO, Obisesan MT, Seidu AA, Ajayi AI. Unequal access and use of contraceptives among parenting adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional analysis of demographic and health surveys. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e051583. [PMID: 34551951 PMCID: PMC8461275 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the divergent patterns, prevalence and correlates of contraceptive use among parenting adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa using the Demographic and Health Survey datasets of 17 countries. DESIGN We included a weighted sample of 9488 parenting adolescent girls in our analysis. Current contraceptive use was defined as the use of any methods to delay or avoid getting pregnant at the survey time. We reported the prevalence of any contraceptive use for all countries and used multilevel binary logistic regression analysis to examine the individual and contextual factors associated with contraceptive use. OUTCOME MEASURES Contraceptive use. RESULTS We found an overall contraceptive prevalence of 27.12% (CI 27.23% to 28.03%) among parenting adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa, ranging from 70.0% (CI 61.76% to 77.16%) in South Africa to only 5.10% (CI 3.04% to 8.45%) in Chad. The prevalence of contraceptive use was lowest in West andCentral Africa, with most countries having less than 20% prevalence. Increasing age (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.46, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.65), being married (aOR=1.63, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.87), having a secondary or higher level of education (aOR=2.72, 95% CI 2.25 to 2.3.27), and media exposure (aOR=1.21, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.36), were associated with higher odds of contraceptive use in the pooled data but preference for a higher number of children (more than five children) (aOR=0.61, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.72) was related to lower likelihood of use. Significant heterogeneity was observed in the country-level disaggregated results. CONCLUSION African countries differ widely when it comes to contraceptive use among parenting adolescent girls, with only three countries having a relatively high prevalence of use. The governments of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly those in West and Central Africa, should invest in expanding access to contraceptives for adolescent mothers to prevent repeat pregnancy and improve the overall well-being of parenting adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Estate Management, Takoradi Technical Unversity, Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Anthony Idowu Ajayi
- Population Dynamics and Sexual and Reproductive Health, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
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Ogunwale OI, Rangiah S. Profile and obstetric outcome of teenage pregnancies compared with pregnant adults at a district hospital in KwaZulu-Natal. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2021; 63:5290. [PMID: 34677079 PMCID: PMC8517738 DOI: 10.4102/safp.v63i1.5290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Teenage pregnancy remains a major public health concern and a challenge for developing countries. Young maternal age can lead to serious physical, social and psychological consequences as teenage mothers are less likely to gain full educational potential and are at higher risk of poverty and complications of pregnancy. The objective of the study was to describe the profile and obstetric outcome of teenage pregnancy compared with that of pregnant adults at a district hospital in KwaZulu-Natal. Methods A retrospective descriptive study utilising data obtained from randomly selected hospital records of 216 teenage mothers compared the socio-demographic profile, foetal and maternal outcomes to that of pregnant adults. Results The mean age of the teenage group was 17.6 and 26.0 years for the adults (control group). Both groups had a remarkable booking status (97.2% vs. 100%) and antenatal attendance (62.5% vs. 66.2% with ≥ 5 visits). No significant difference in anaemia, caesarean delivery and obstetric complications were found in both groups. There was, however, a significant risk of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (39.8% vs. 26.4%, p = 0.030) and higher risk of episiotomy being carried out during delivery (31.5% vs. 13.0%). On the other hand, the control group had a significant higher risk of HIV infection (12.5% vs. 38.4% p = 0.000). Conclusion The study showed that teenage pregnancy has a similar obstetric risk to adult pregnant patients except for hypertension disorder of pregnancy. Although this study demonstrated improved antenatal attendance by pregnant teenagers, the psychosocial impact on young mothers requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaolu I Ogunwale
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
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Ssewanyana D, Abubakar A, Mabrouk A, Kagonya VA, Nasambu C, Dzombo JT, Angwenyi V, Kabue M, Scerif G, Newton CR. The Occurrence of Sexual Risk Behaviors and Its Association With Psychological Well-Being Among Kenyan Adolescents. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2021; 3:659665. [PMID: 36303989 PMCID: PMC9580808 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.659665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Sexual risk behavior during adolescence is an important public health problem. Self-esteem and hopefulness are potentially important psychological factors that may play a role in the behavioral regulation mechanisms of adolescents. These factors are inadequately explored in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed at exploring patterns and associated factors for sexual risk behavior (SRB), self-esteem, and hopefulness among adolescents from a resource-poor setting in Kenya. Method: A cross-sectional study conducted in 2019 among 296 adolescents (12–17 years old) from rural Kilifi (n = 133) and urban informal settings of Nairobi (n = 163) in Kenya. Participants completed the Kilifi Health Risk Behavior Questionnaire, Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, and Hope scale administered via computerized tablets. A binary outcome variable based on the experience of adolescents of at least one of the five forms of SRB: transactional sex, sexual violence, intergenerational sex, early sexual debut, and condom non-use was generated. Bi-variate analysis was conducted to summarize various social-demographic and psychosocial factors. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to investigate factors associated with the occurrence of SRB, self-esteem, and hopefulness among adolescents. Results: About 13% of the participants had experienced a form of SRB, and among these, 36% reported co-occurrence of multiple forms of SRB. Adolescent SRB was largely characterized by having experienced sexual violence, as well as intergenerational and transactional sex. Higher scores of hopefulness were reported among adolescents who never experienced SRB (P = 0.03) at bivariate analysis level. However, both self-esteem and hopefulness were not significantly associated with the occurrence of SRB in the adjusted logistic regression analysis. Having depressive symptoms (Adj. OR = 3.8, 95% CI: 1.39–10.4), feeling unsafe in the neighborhood (Adj. OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.6–7.2), and being in higher compared with lower primary education level (Adj. OR = 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1–0.8) were statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of SRB. Conclusion: Targeted reproductive health interventions, designed with the cognizance of structural and social drivers of adolescent SRB, are needed to concurrently tackle multiple forms of SRB. It is important to integrate mental health promotion within these interventions. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms and implications of self-esteem and hopefulness for adolescent sexual and reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Ssewanyana
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Alliance for Human Development, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Derrick Ssewanyana
| | - Amina Abubakar
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Amina Abubakar
| | - Adam Mabrouk
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent A. Kagonya
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Carophine Nasambu
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Judith Tumaini Dzombo
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Vibian Angwenyi
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Margaret Kabue
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gaia Scerif
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. Newton
- Neuroassement Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Institute for Human Development, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Determinants of eclampsia in women with severe preeclampsia at Mpilo Central Hospital, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021; 25:235-239. [PMID: 34304022 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2021.07.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Globally, preeclampsia is a significant contributor to adverse maternal outcomes. Once women develop eclampsia, they face considerable risks especially in countries with limited resources to deal with such a life-threatening complication. This study was carried out to investigate determinants of eclampsia in pregnant mothers with severe preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN This institutional based study was completed at Mpilo Central Hospital, a quaternary referral unit from 1st January 2016 - 31st December 2018. In this study, pregnant women with severe preeclampsia/eclampsia were the study participants. The independent variables included socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, and maternal outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine independent association with p < 0.05 taken as statistically significant with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Eclampsia. RESULTS Development of eclampsia was more frequent in women aged 14-19 years compared to women aged ≥ 35 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 6.64, 95% CI 1.20-22.06, p = 0.02) and in primiparous women compared to women with parity ≥ 3 (AOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.48-5.15, p = 0.001). Eclampsia was more frequent in women with diastolic blood pressure of 131-150 mmHg (AOR 5.48, 95% CI 1.05-28.75, p = 0.04), and ≥ 150 mmHg (AOR 5.78, 95% CI 1.05-31.78, p = 0.04) compared with those with diastolic blood pressure of ≤ 110 mmHg. Symptoms of visual disturbances were also associated with eclampsia (AOR 2.13, 95% CI 1.08-4.18, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS This study has identified independent determinants of eclampsia which can be used to identify which women should receive magnesium sulphate prophlyaxis or more intensive monitoring to prevent deterioration in maternal condition.
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Roberts KJ, Smith C, Cluver L, Toska E, Sherr L. Understanding Mental Health in the Context of Adolescent Pregnancy and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review Identifying a Critical Evidence Gap. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:2094-2107. [PMID: 33452658 PMCID: PMC7810185 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent (10-19 years) mental health remains an overlooked global health issue. Rates of adolescent pregnancy within sub-Saharan Africa are some of the highest in the world and occur at the epicentre of the global HIV epidemic. Both experiencing adolescent pregnancy and living with HIV have been found to be associated with adverse mental health outcomes, when investigated separately. Poor mental health may have implications for both parent and child. The literature regarding mental health within groups experiencing both HIV and adolescent pregnancy is yet to be summarised. This systematic review sought to identify (1) the prevalence/occurrence of common mental disorder amongst adolescents who are living with HIV and have experienced pregnancy, (inclusive of adolescent fathers) in sub-Saharan Africa (2) risk and protective factors for common mental disorder among this group, and (3) interventions (prevention/treatment) for common mental disorder among this group. A systematic search of electronic databases using pre-defined search terms, supplemented by hand-searching, was undertaken in September 2020. One author and an independent researcher completed a title and abstract screening of results from the search. A full-text search of all seemingly relevant manuscripts (both quantitative and qualitative) was undertaken and data extracted using pre-determined criteria. A narrative synthesis of included studies is provided. Quality and risk of bias within included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. A systematic keyword search of databases and follow-up hand searching identified 2287 unique records. Of these, thirty-eight full-text quantitative records and seven full-text qualitative records were assessed for eligibility. No qualitative records met the eligibility criteria for inclusion within the review. One quantitative record was identified for inclusion. This study reported on depressive symptomology amongst 14 pregnant adolescents living with HIV in Kenya, identifying a prevalence of 92.9%. This included study did not meet the high methodological quality of this review. No studies were identified reporting on risk and protective factors for common mental disorder, and no studies were found identifying any specific interventions for common mental disorder for this group, either for prevention or for treatment. The limited data identified within this review provides no good quality evidence relating to the prevalence of common mental disorder among adolescents living with HIV who have experienced pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa. No data was available relating to risk and protective factors or interventions for psychological distress amongst this group. This systematic review identifies a need for rigorous evidence regarding the mental health of pregnant and parenting adolescents living with HIV, and calls for granular interrogation of existing data to further our understanding of the needs of this group. The absence of research on this topic (both quantitative and qualitative) is a critical evidence gap, limiting evidence-based policy and programming responses, as well as regional development opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colette Smith
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elona Toska
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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Tamirat KS, Tesema GA, Tessema ZT. Determinants of maternal high-risk fertility behaviors and its correlation with child stunting and anemia in the East Africa region: A pooled analysis of nine East African countries. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253736. [PMID: 34191843 PMCID: PMC8244896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In low-income nations, high-risk fertility behavior is a prevalent public health concern that can be ascribed to unmet family planning needs, child marriage, and a weak health system. As a result, this study aimed to determine the factors that influence high-risk fertility behavior and its impact on child stunting and anemia. Method This study relied on secondary data sources from recent demography and health surveys of nine east African countries. Relevant data were extracted from Kids Record (KR) files and appended for the final analysis; 31,873 mother-child pairs were included in the final analysis. The mixed-effect logistic regression model (fixed and random effects) was used to describe the determinants of high-risk fertility behavior (HRFB) and its correlation with child stunting and anemia. Result According to the pooled study about 57.6% (95% CI: 57.7 to 58.2) of women had at least one high-risk fertility behavior, with major disparities found across countries and women’s residences. Women who lived in rural areas, had healthcare access challenges, had a history of abortion, lived in better socio-economic conditions, and had antenatal care follow-up were more likely to engage in high-risk fertility practices. Consequently, Young maternal age at first birth (<18), narrow birth intervals, and high birth orders were HRFBs associated with an increased occurrences of child stunting and anemia. Conclusion This study revealed that the magnitude of high-risk fertility behavior was higher in east Africa region. The finding of this study underscores that interventions focused on health education and behavioral change of women, and improvement of maternal healthcare access would be helpful to avert risky fertility behaviors. In brief, encouraging contraceptive utilization and creating awareness about birth spacing among reproductive-age women would be more helpful. Meanwhile, frequent nutritional screening and early intervention of children born from women who had high-risk fertility characteristics are mandatory to reduce the burden of chronic malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koku Sisay Tamirat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zemenu Tadesse Tessema
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Topic: prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy among sexually active adolescent girls in Niger. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-019-01154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Jeong J. Determinants and Consequences of Adolescent Fatherhood: A Longitudinal Study in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:906-913. [PMID: 32943293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescent parenthood is a major challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the vast majority of the evidence has focused on adolescent motherhood. Little is known about adolescent fatherhood in LMICs. The aim of this study was to examine the determinants of early fatherhood and its consequences on a range of outcomes among adolescent males. METHODS This study used three waves of longitudinal data from the multicountry Young Lives cohort study, specifically following a sample of 1,779 adolescent boys at ages 15, 19, and 22 years in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Individual fixed effects models were conducted to investigate the sociodemographic determinants of adolescent fatherhood and the consequences of adolescent fatherhood on males' education, health, psychosocial well-being, and time use outcomes. RESULTS The results indicated that lower educational attainment, absence of the adolescent's mother and father from the home, larger household size, and poverty increased the likelihood of becoming an adolescent father by age 22 years. The results revealed that becoming an adolescent father was associated with a higher likelihood of school dropout, being overweight, smoking, greater internalizing problems, and less time spent on leisure activities and more time spent on caregiving responsibilities. CONCLUSIONS Highlighting the experiences of young men as adolescent parents in LMICs, findings underscore the importance of prevention strategies to delay early parenthood for adolescent boys and multicomponent interventions to support young fathers and their unique health, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and behavioral needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Jeong
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Sidibé S, Delamou A, Kourouma K, Camara BS, Bouédouno P, Camara G, Tounkara AF, Grovogui FM, Millimouno TM. [Frequency of pregnancies within school environment and profile of adolescent girls who have had the experience in Conakry city, Guinea]. SANTE PUBLIQUE 2021; 32:571-582. [PMID: 33723963 DOI: 10.3917/spub.205.0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnancy in schools is an obstacle to the development and education of young girls, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of pregnancies within a school setting and the profile of adolescent girls who have had the experience in Conakry, Guinea. METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional study covering the period from January 1 to June 30, 2017 in 16 schools. RESULTS A total of 2,419 adolescent girls consented to participate in the study. The mean age was 16.48±0.04 years with extremes of 10 and 19 years. Students aged 15 to 19 (93.0%), those in college (53.3%) and single (69.8%) were the most likely to have been pregnant in school (P<0.05). The factors statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of teenage pregnancies in a school environment were age (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.5; 95%CI=1.3-1.7; P<0.001), school level (AOR=0.6; 95%CI=0.4-0.8; P=0.003 for Lycée), the place of residence (AOR=0.5; 95%CI=0.4-0.9; P=0.002 for Matam, AOR=0.4; 95%CI=0.3-0.8; P<0.001 for Dixinn, AOR=0,3; 95%CI=0.2-0.8; P=0.010 for Ratoma), marital status (AOR=8.7; 95%CI=3.4-7.0; P<0.001), information on reproductive health (AOR=2.4; 95%CI=1.1-3.0; P=0.015), knowledge of the benefits of family planning (AOR=2.2; 95%CI=1.0-2.2; P=0.030) and the difficulty of accessing sexual and reproductive health services (AOR=3.4; 95%CI=1.4-3,7; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of school pregnancies remains a worrying reality among adolescent girls in Guinea. Factors associated with the occurrence of pregnancy in the school are age, school level, place of residence, marital status, knowledge of sexual health information, knowledge of the benefits of family planning, and related difficulties access to sexual and reproductive health services.
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Factors influencing adolescent girls and young women's participation in a combination HIV prevention intervention in South Africa. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:417. [PMID: 33639919 PMCID: PMC7912506 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For interventions to reach those they are intended for, an understanding of the factors that influence their participation, as well as the facilitators and barriers of participation are needed. This study explores factors associated with participation in a combination HIV prevention intervention targeting adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 15–24-years-old, as well as the perspectives of AGYW, intervention implementers, and facilitators who participated in this intervention. Methods This study used mixed-methods approach with quantitative household survey data from 4399 AGYW aged 15–24-years-old in six of the ten districts in which the intervention was implemented. In addition, qualitative methods included a total of 100 semi-structured in-depth interviews and 21 focus group discussions in five of the ten intervention districts with 185 AGYW who participated in one or more of the key components of the intervention, and 13 intervention implementers and 13 facilitators. Thematic analysis was used to explore the perspectives of participating and implementing the intervention. Results Findings reveal that almost half of AGYW (48.4%) living in the districts where the intervention took place, participated in at least one of the components of the intervention. For both 15–19-year-olds and 20–24-year-olds, factors associated with increased participation in the intervention included being HIV negative, in school, never been pregnant, and having had a boyfriend. Experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) and/or sexual violence in the past 12 months was associated with increased levels of participation in the intervention for 20–24-year-olds only. In our analysis of the qualitative data, facilitators to participation included motivating participants to join the interventions through explaining the benefits of the programme. Barriers included misguided expectations about financial rewards or job opportunities; competing responsibilities, interests or activities; family responsibilities including childcare; inappropriate incentives; inability to disrupt the school curriculum and difficulties with conducting interventions after school hours due to safety concerns; miscommunication about meetings; as well as struggles to reach out-of-school AGYW. Conclusion Designers of combination HIV prevention interventions need to address the barriers to participation so that AGYW can attend without risking their safety and compromising their family, childcare and schooling responsibilities. Strategies to create demand need to include clear communication about the nature and potential benefits of such interventions, and the inclusion of valued incentives. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10462-z.
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Santos RLD, Oliveira AJO, de Sampaio YCO, Guedes NG, Lopes MVDO, da Silva VM. Diagnostic indicators of risk-prone health behaviors in pregnant adolescents. Int J Nurs Knowl 2021; 32:286-293. [PMID: 33620163 DOI: 10.1111/2047-3095.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify diagnostic indicators associated with the nursing diagnosis risk-prone health behaviors in pregnant adolescents. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 181 pregnant adolescents. A latent class analysis was conducted to verify associations between the defining characteristics of risk-prone health behaviors and diagnostic accuracy measures. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the manifestation of risk-prone health behavior. FINDINGS The prevalence of risk-prone health behaviors in this sample was 31.04%. The defining characteristics failure to take action that prevents health problems and inappropriate eating habits achieved a high sensitivity. The related factors such as insufficient social support, stressors, low self-efficacy, social anxiety, isolated region of residence, and restricted access to health services presented significant associations with risk-prone health behavior. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic indicators associated with the nursing diagnosis of risk-prone health behavior were failure to take action that prevents health problems inappropriate eating habits, insufficient social support, stressors, low self-efficacy, social anxiety, isolated region of residence, and restricted access to health services. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE This study contributes to knowledge about the diagnostic indicators of risk-prone health behavior, which may help nurses reach the proper diagnosis. This will facilitate the application of clinical judgment in nursing care to assist pregnant adolescents.
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Envuladu EA, Massar K, de Wit J. Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Service Availability and Delivery in Public Health Facilities of Plateau State Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1369. [PMID: 33546108 PMCID: PMC7913146 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
To assess the availability, accessibility, appropriateness and quality of adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) services in primary health care (PHC) facilities in Plateau State, Nigeria, a cross-sectional study was conducted in 230 PHC facilities across the three senatorial zones of Plateau state. Primary data were obtained through face-to-face interviews with heads of facilities from December 2018 to May 2019. An adapted questionnaire from the World Health Organization (WHO) was used, covering five domains, to ascertain the extent that ASRH services were available and provided. Very few PHC facilities in the state had space (1.3%) and equipment (12.2%) for ASRH services. The proportion of PHC facilities offering counselling on sexuality was 11.3%, counselling on safe sex was 17%, counselling on contraception was 11.3% and management of gender-based violence was 3%. Most facilities were not operating at convenient times for adolescents. Only 2.6% PHC facilities had posters targeted at ASRH and just 7% of the PHCs had staff trained on ASRH. These findings underscore that the majority of PHC facilities surveyed in Plateau State, Nigeria, lacked dedicated space, basic equipment, and essential sexual and reproductive health care services for ASRH, which in turn negatively affect general public health and specifically, maternal health indices in Nigeria. Structural changes, including implementation of policy and adequate additional training of healthcare workers, are necessary to effectively promote ASRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Awazzi Envuladu
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos P.M.B 2084, Nigeria
| | - Karlijn Massar
- Department of Work & Social Psychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - John de Wit
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Mabunda SA, Sigovana K, Chitha W, Apalata T, Nomatshila S. Socio-demographic associations of HIV among women attending antenatal care in selected rural primary care facilities in South Africa's Eastern Cape province. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:61. [PMID: 33435863 PMCID: PMC7805084 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To effectively reduce vertical HIV transmission requires a reduction of HIV prevalence and incidence among pregnant women and a full understanding of its epidemiology. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV among women attending antenatal care and further determine spousal support during antenatal care attendance in rural areas in Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Methods A Cross-sectional study of women attending antenatal care in four Primary Care facilities was conducted using an interviewer-administered questionnaire which collected information on socio-demographic characteristics and medical history. Binomial logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with HIV and to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR). The 95% confidence interval (95%CI) is used for precision of estimates; p≤0.05 for statistical significance. Results A total of 343 participants were included in the final analysis. The antenatal HIV prevalence was 38.2% (95%CI: 33.2–43.9). For 75% of the women, the HIV diagnosis was made 141 days before the date of the interview (median=77 days, interquartile range=42–141 days). Participants between the age of 30 to 39 years were 50% more likely to be HIV positive compared to those who were between the age of 20 to 29, these differences were statistically significant (PR=1.5; p-value=0.001). Furthermore, self-employed women were 30% less likely to be HIV positive when compared to unemployed participants, this was also statistically significant (PR=0.7; p-value< 0.0001). Conclusion Despite a 100% antenatal HIV testing rate, the antenatal HIV prevalence remains high in this population, coupled with no spousal attendance in antenatal care. It is important to move beyond awareness about the HIV status to actionable strategies of reducing the HIV incident cases. It is therefore important to remain vigilant and monitor mother-to-child transmission that could be associated with this increased prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikhumbuzo A Mabunda
- The George Institute for Global Health and Research, University of New South Wales, Level 5 - 1 King Street, Sydney, Newtown NSW, 2042, Australia. .,Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa.
| | - Khuthala Sigovana
- Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Wezile Chitha
- Health Systems Enablement & Innovation Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Teke Apalata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Sibusiso Nomatshila
- Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
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Bosire EN, Chiseri K, Comeau DL, Richter L, Stein AD, Norris SA. A qualitative study of risks and protective factors against pregnancy among sexually-active adolescents in Soweto, South Africa. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 1:e0000044. [PMID: 36962127 PMCID: PMC10021750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Risky sexual behaviors contribute to increased risk of adolescent pregnancy. This qualitative study sought to understand risks and protective factors against pregnancy amongst sexually-active adolescents in Soweto, South Africa. We used purposive sampling to recruit women at age 24 years from Soweto, who self-reported having sexual debut by age 15 years. Twenty women were recruited: (i) women who did not become pregnant before 18 years (n = 10) and (ii) women who became pregnant before 18 years (n = 10). In-depth interviews were conducted to understand their family backgrounds, conversations about sex, sexual behaviors, and initiatives taken (or not) during adolescence to prevent pregnancy. Both groups of women reported predisposing risks to early pregnancy including influence from peers to engage in early sex, unstable family relationships and limited conversations about sex. We found that the family is a key institution in supporting adolescents' decisions regarding their behaviors and choices, as are peers and exposures to information. Community Youth Centers, high schools and Youth Friendly Health Services should ensure that adolescents have access to relevant information, including sex education and contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna N Bosire
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for Innovation in Global Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Katharine Chiseri
- Department of Behavioral, Social, Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Dawn L Comeau
- Department of Behavioral, Social, Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Linda Richter
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aryeh D Stein
- Department of Paediatrics, SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Shane A Norris
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Lopes MCDL, Oliveira RRD, Silva MDAPD, Padovani C, Oliveira NLBD, Higarashi IH. Temporal trend and factors associated to teenage pregnancy. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2020; 54:e03639. [PMID: 33263667 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-220x2019020403639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the trend and factors associated to teenage pregnancy in a municipality in Paraná state. METHOD Ecological study conducted with registers of babies born to teenage mothers between 2000 and 2015 from the Birth Information System (Sistema de Informação sobre Nascimento). Proportions were calculated year by year for a trend analysis of teenage pregnancy. Two series of three-year periods were collected for an odds ratio analysis of associated factors. RESULTS The following variables were associated to teenage pregnancy: not having a partner; less than eight years of schooling; primiparity; gestational age shorter than thirty-seven weeks; caesarean section; less than seven appointments; and Apgar below seven in the first minute. A decline trend was observed among pregnant teenagers who had partners; growing trend for teenage expectant mothers who had more than eight years of schooling and premature birth; decline/growing for normal birth; growing for number of prenatal appointments; decline for first and fifth minute Apgar score; growing for congenital anomalies. CONCLUSION The analysis provided information that can be used to promote pregnancy prevention strategies and assistance to adolescent mothers.
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Tessema ZT, Tamirat KS. Determinants of high-risk fertility behavior among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia using the recent Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey: a multilevel analysis. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:93. [PMID: 33292871 PMCID: PMC7697365 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-risk fertility behavior is associated with numerous unfavorable child and maternal health outcomes such as chronic undernutrition, anemia, and child mortality. As far as our knowledge goes, there is not much study on determinants of high-risk fertility behavior in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess determinants of high-risk fertility behavior among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Method The study was based on secondary data analysis from the 2016 Ethiopia Demography and Health Survey. A total of 11,022 women who gave birth 5 years preceding the survey were included in this study. Kid’s Record (KR) dataset was used. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for those variables included in the multilevel logistic regression model. P value ≤ 0.05 was employed to declare the statistically significant variables. Results More than three-fourths (76.9%) of (95% CI 76.11 to 77.69) reproductive-age women had at least one high-risk fertility behavior. Attended primary and secondary education adjusted odds ratio (AOR) (AOR = 0.71; 95% CI 0.63, 0.80 and AOR = 0.73; 95% CI 0.60, 0.89, respectively), never used contraceptive (AOR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.12, 1.40), unwanted pregnancies (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.23, 1.59), had no ANC visit (AOR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.05, 1.35), rural-dwelling (AOR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.04, 1.51), regions of Ethiopia [Somalia (AOR = 1.70; 95% CI 1.24, 2.32) and Amhara (AOR = 0.72; 95% CI 0.53, 0.96)] were determinants of high-risk fertility behavior. Conclusion Education, rural residence, unwanted pregnancies, no antenatal care follow-up, and never used contraceptives were determinants of high-risk fertility behavior. Therefore, increased maternal health services, special intervention for hotspot areas, and giving special attention to rural dweller women were highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemenu Tadesse Tessema
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Koku Sisay Tamirat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Yah CS, Ndlovu S, Kutywayo A, Naidoo N, Mahuma T, Mullick S. The prevalence of pregnancy among adolescent girls and young women across the Southern African development community economic hub: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Promot Perspect 2020; 10:325-337. [PMID: 33312928 PMCID: PMC7723002 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2020.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the high rate of HIV infections, there is still high rate of early unprotected sex, unintended pregnancy, and unsafe abortions especially among unmarried adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) 10-24 years of age in sub Saharan Africa. AGYW face challenges in accessing health care, contraception needs, and power to negotiate safer sex. This study aimed to estimate the rate of pregnancy among AGYW aged 10-24, 10-19 and 15-19 years in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) economic region. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was used to describe the prevalence of pregnancy among AGYW in 15 SADC member countries between January 2007 and December2017. The articles were extracted from PubMed/MEDLINE, African Index Medicus, and other reports. They were screened and reviewed according to PRISMA methodology to fulfil study eligibility criteria. Results: The overall regional weighted pregnancy prevalence among AGYW 10-24 years of age was 25% (95% CI: 21% to 29%). Furthermore, sub-population 10-19 years was 22% (95% CI:19% to 26%) while 15-19 years was 24% (18% to 30%). There was a significant heterogeneity detected between the studies (I=99.78%, P < 0.001), even within individual countries. Conclusion: The findings revealed a high pregnancy rate among AGYW in the SADC region. This prompts the need to explore innovative research and programs expanding and improving sexual and reproductive health communication to reduce risk and exposure of adolescents to early planned, unplanned and unwanted pregnancies, SRHR challenges, access to care, HIV/STIs, as well as other risk strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence S. Yah
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (Wits RHI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sithembiso Ndlovu
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (Wits RHI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alison Kutywayo
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (Wits RHI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicolette Naidoo
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (Wits RHI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tshepo Mahuma
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (Wits RHI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Saiqa Mullick
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (Wits RHI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Govender D, Naidoo S, Taylor M. "I have to provide for another life emotionally, physically and financially": understanding pregnancy, motherhood and the future aspirations of adolescent mothers in KwaZulu-Natal South, Africa. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:620. [PMID: 33054778 PMCID: PMC7557067 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent pregnancy and motherhood has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of public health. Early childbearing is not only characterized as a physical body experience but also embodies the experiences and perceptions of the social norms, discourses, conflict and moral judgement. There is an increasing concern that the psychosocial challenges facing adolescent mothers remains in the background since research in this field has mainly focused on the medical and physical complications of early childbearing. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore adolescent pregnancy and motherhood in order to understand this phenomenon from the perspective of adolescent mothers and to gain insight into their future aspirations. METHODS This descriptive qualitative study was based on data from four focus group discussions with adolescent mothers utilising healthcare services at a district hospital in Ugu district, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. The data were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, then analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Some adolescent mothers' partners were in denial and rejected them and the child while others' partners were happy and supported them during their pregnancy. Families' reactions to the pregnancies ranged between anger and disappointment to abandonment, the silent treatment, and acceptance and forgiveness. The psychological issues experienced by some of the adolescent mothers included suicidal ideation, guilt, loneliness, anxiety, and stress. They also experienced financial constraints, difficulty in returning to school, and stigmatisation in society. The participants envisioned completing their education, focusing on their dream careers, and contributing positively to society. CONCLUSION Experiences of adolescent pregnancy and parenting are multifaceted and the healthcare needs of pregnant and parenting adolescents extend beyond information and knowledge. A multidisciplinary approach is required in the care of adolescent mothers. A key policy priority should encompass the collaboration of different professionals from various healthcare sectors to assist adolescent mothers in achieving better health and psychosocial and socio-economic outcomes as steps to securing a better future for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Govender
- KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Durban, South Africa
- School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Developing Research Innovation Localisation and Leadership (DRILL) Fellow, Durban, South Africa
| | - Saloshni Naidoo
- School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Myra Taylor
- School of Nursing and Public Health, Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Maepa MP, Ntshalintshali T. Family Structure and History of Childhood Trauma: Associations With Risk-Taking Behavior Among Adolescents in Swaziland. Front Public Health 2020; 8:563325. [PMID: 33154959 PMCID: PMC7591591 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.563325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Risk-taking and self-harm behavior among adolescent are a global challenge. This study explored family structure and history of childhood trauma and their association with risk-taking and self-harm behaviors among adolescents in Swaziland. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, a sample of 470 male and female adolescents were sampled through simple random sampling from selected high schools in Swaziland. They completed a questionnaire assessing family structure, history of childhood trauma, and risk-taking and self-harm behaviors. Analysis of variance and t-test were used to analyze the results. Results: The findings revealed that family structure significantly influence risk-taking and self-harm behavior among adolescents [F(2, 247) = 5.481; P < 0.004] those from child-headed and single-parent households reported higher risk-taking and self-harm behaviors. The results also revealed adolescents history of childhood trauma to be more risk-takers than those without history of childhood trauma t(468) = 3.409, p < 0.001. Discussion: Study results suggest that family structure and history of childhood trauma have significant association with adolescents' risk-taking and self-harm behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokoena Patronella Maepa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thobile Ntshalintshali
- Psychosocial and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Santos RLD, Dias MSDA, Pinto AGA, Cavalcante EGR, Machado MDFAS. Community Health Agents: health promotion skills for adolescents. Rev Bras Enferm 2020; 73:e20190363. [PMID: 32965414 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to identify the domains developed by Community Health Agents in health promotion skill towards adolescents. METHOD qualitative study conducted with 16 Community Health Agents, based on the methodological framework of professional skills. RESULTS two categories and nine domains of health promotion skills emerged: Knowledge (Concept; Health determinants and conditioning factors; Main population health problems and coping; Intersectoriality); and Skill (Identifying the relationship between health problems; Conducting educational activities; Organizing discussion groups; Proposing and implementing intersectoral actions and establishing articulation with social facilities; Supporting social literacy actions). FINAL CONSIDERATION it was noted that there were some domains of skills in health promotion of Community Health Agents among adolescents, but there is a need for continuing education regarding the approach, for these professionals, in relation to knowledge and skills of health promotion.
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Ajayi AI, Ezegbe HC. Association between sexual violence and unintended pregnancy among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1370. [PMID: 32894130 PMCID: PMC7487533 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unintended pregnancy has dire consequences on the health and socioeconomic wellbeing of adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) (aged 15-24 years). While most studies tend to focus on lack of access to contraceptive information and services, and poverty as the main contributing factor to early-unintended pregnancies, the influence of sexual violence has received limited attention. Understanding the link between sexual violence and unintended pregnancy is critical towards developing a multifaceted intervention to reduce unintended pregnancies among AGYW in South Africa, a country with high teenage pregnancy rate. Thus, we estimated the magnitude of unintended pregnancy among AGYW and also examined the effect of sexual violence on unintended pregnancy. METHODS Our study adopted a cross-sectional design, and data were obtained from AGYW in a South African university between June and November 2018. A final sample of 451 girls aged 17-24 years, selected using stratified sampling, were included in the analysis. We used adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression analysis to examine the effect of sexual violence on unintended pregnancy. RESULTS The analysis shows that 41.9% of all respondents had experienced an unintended pregnancy, and 26.3% of those unintended pregnancies ended in abortions. Unintended pregnancy was higher among survivors of sexual violence (54.4%) compared to those who never experienced sexual abuse (34.3%). In the multivariable analysis, sexual violence was consistently and robustly associated with increased odds of having an unintended pregnancy (AOR:1.70; 95% CI: 1.08-2.68). CONCLUSION Our study found a huge magnitude of unintended pregnancy among AGYW. Sexual violence is an important predictor of unintended pregnancy in this age cohort. Thus, addressing unintended pregnancies among AGYW in South Africa requires interventions that not only increase access to contraceptive information and services but also reduce sexual violence and cater for survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Idowu Ajayi
- Population Dynamics and Sexual and Reproductive Health, Africa Population and Health Research Center, Off Kirawa Road, Manga Close, Nairobi, Kenya
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Tessema ZT, Azanaw MM, Bukayaw YA, Gelaye KA. Geographical variation in determinants of high-risk fertility behavior among reproductive age women in Ethiopia using the 2016 demographic and health survey: a geographically weighted regression analysis. Arch Public Health 2020; 78:74. [PMID: 32832078 PMCID: PMC7436963 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-020-00456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal and child mortalities are the main public health problems worldwide and both are the major health concern in developing countries such as Africa and Asia. The fertility behavior of women characterized by maternal age, birth spacing, and order, impacts the health of women and children. The aim of this study was to assess the geographically variation in risk factors of high-risk fertility behavior (HRFB) among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia using the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey. METHODS A total of 11,022 reproductive-age women were included in this study. The data were cleaned and weighted by STATA 14.1 software. Bernoulli based spatial scan statistics was used to identify the presence of pure high-risk fertility behavior spatial clusters using Kulldorff's SaTScan version 9.6 software. ArcGIS 10.7 was used to visualize the spatial distribution of high-risk fertility behavior. Geographically weighted regression analysis was employed by multiscale geographical using Multiscale geographical weighted regression version 2.0 software. A p-value of less than 0.05 was used to declare statistically significant predictors (at a local level). RESULTS Overall, 76% with 95% confidence interval of 75.60 to 77.20 of reproductive age women were faced with high-risk fertility problems in Ethiopia. High-risk fertility behavior was highly clustered in the Somali and Afar regions of Ethiopia. SaTScan identified 385 primary spatial clusters (RR = 1.13, P < 0.001) located at Somali, Afar, and some parts of Oromia Regional Stateregional state of Ethiopia. Women who are living in primary clusters were 13% more likely venerable to high-risk fertility behavior than outside the cluster. In geographically weighted regression, not using contraceptives and home delivery were statistically significant vary risk factors affecting high- risk fertility behavior spatially. No contraceptive use and home delivery were statistically significant predictors (at the local level) in different regions of Ethiopia. CONCLUSION In Ethiopia, HRFB varies across regions. Statistically, a significant-high hot spot high-risk fertility behavior was identified at Somali and Afar. No contraceptive use and home delivery were statistically significant predictors (at a local level) in different regions of Ethiopia. Therefore, policymakers and health planners better to design an effective intervention program at Somali, and Afar to reduce high-risk fertility behavior and Special attention needs about health education on the advantage of contraceptive utilization and health facility delivery to reduce high-risk fertility behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemenu Tadesse Tessema
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw
- Department of Social and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yeaynmarnesh Asmare Bukayaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Alemu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Sunarsih T, Astuti EP, Ari Shanti EF, Ambarwati ER. Health Promotion Model for Adolescent Reproductive Health. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/7873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mothupi MC, Knight L, Tabana H. Improving the validity, relevance and feasibility of the continuum of care framework for maternal health in South Africa: a thematic analysis of experts' perspectives. Health Res Policy Syst 2020; 18:28. [PMID: 32102672 PMCID: PMC7045428 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-020-0537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continuum of care is a key strategy for ensuring comprehensive service delivery for maternal health, while acknowledging the role of the social determinants of health. However, there is little research on the operationalisation of the framework by decision-makers and implementers to address maternal health challenges. The framework should be measurable and feasible for implementation in low- and middle-income country contexts. In this study, we explore experts' perspective on monitoring indicators for continuum of care and key issues related to their use in the South African context. METHODS We conducted key informant interviews with a range of experts in decision-making and programme implementation roles in the health system and relevant sectors. Key informants provided their perspectives on systematically selected, nationally representative monitoring indicators in terms of validity, relevance and feasibility. We interviewed 13 key informants and conducted a thematic analysis of their responses using multi-stage coding techniques in Atlas.ti 8.4. RESULTS Experts believed that the continuum of care framework and monitoring indicators offer a multisectoral perspective for maternal health intervention missing in current programmes. To improve validity of monitoring indicators, experts suggested reflection on the use of proxy indicators and improvement of data to allow for equity analysis. In terms of relevance and feasibility, experts believe there was potential to foster co-accountability using continuum of care indicators. However, as experts stated, new indicators should be integrated that directly measure intersectoral collaboration for maternal health. In addition, experts recommended that the framework and indicators should evolve over time to reflect evolving policy priorities and public health challenges. CONCLUSION Experts, as decision-makers and implementers, helped identify key issues in the application of the continuum of care framework and its indicators. The use of local indicators can bring the continuum of care framework from an under-utilised strategy to a useful tool for action and decision-making in maternal health. Our findings point to measurement issues and systematic changes needed to improve comprehensive monitoring of maternal health interventions in South Africa. Our methods can be applied to other low- and middle-income countries using the continuum of care framework and locally available indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Knight
- University of the Western Cape, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hanani Tabana
- University of the Western Cape, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa
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Syah Putri EN, Kusumaningrum T, Tristiana RD. The relationship of parents' communication patterns and peer-group interaction with sexual risk behavior in adolescents. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2020; 34:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2019-0166/ijamh-2019-0166.xml. [PMID: 32031972 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2019-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Sexual risk behavior in adolescents is a serious problem and is increasing in Indonesia. This study aimed to explain the relationship of parents' communication patterns and peer-group interaction with sexual risk behavior in adolescents in Surabaya. Method This study used a cross-sectional design. The sample of 106 adolescents was obtained by cluster random sampling. The inclusion criteria were 15-18 years of age and those living with parents. Data were collected using parents' communication pattern questionnaire, peer-group interaction questionnaire and sexual risk behavior questionnaire, and were then analyzed using Spearman's rho statistical test. Results There was a relationship between parents' communication patterns (p = 0.000; r = -0.586) and peer-group interaction (p = 0.000; r = -0.565) with sexual risk behavior in adolescents. Conclusion Open and two-way communication between parents and adolescents needs to be developed so that adolescents can develop good behavior. The development of a program to prevent sexual risk behavior needs to be done especially in adolescents' peer groups to prevent the negative impact of peers in the spread of sexual content in adolescents in their groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rr Dian Tristiana
- Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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Jonas K, Roman N, Reddy P, Krumeich A, van den Borne B, Crutzen R. Nurses' perceptions of adolescents accessing and utilizing sexual and reproductive healthcare services in Cape Town, South Africa: A qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud 2019; 97:84-93. [PMID: 31200221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Sub-Saharan Africa access to and utilization of sexual and reproductive healthcare is unsatisfactory. Consequently, rates of teenage pregnancy and unsafe abortions among adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa, including in South Africa remain a public health challenge. The aim of this study was to explore nurses' views on and perceptions of adolescent girls' barriers and needs to accessing and utilizing sexual and reproductive healthcare services. METHODS Twenty-four purposively selected healthcare workers from nine public healthcare facilities in Cape Town, South Africa participated in this qualitative descriptive study. Data were collected through nine group discussions, and audio-recorded with hand-written notes taken during the discussions. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, following the Tesch's eight steps for coding and analysing qualitative data. RESULTS Sexual and reproductive healthcare nurses are generally supportive of adolescents who ask for and use contraceptives. Non-compliance to family planning regimens and repeated requests for termination of pregnancies were perceived by nurses as irresponsible behaviours which are particularly frustrating to them and not in concordance with their personal values. The subsequent nurse-adolescent interactions sometimes appeared to hinder access to and utilization of sexual and reproductive healthcare services by adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Nurses perceive certain behaviours of adolescent girls as irresponsible and warrant their negative attitudes and reactions toward them. The negative attitudes and reactions of nurses potentially further compromises access to and utilization of sexual and reproductive healthcare services by adolescent girls in South Africa and requires urgent attention. Adolescent-friendly clinic hours together with youth-friendly nurses is likely to encourage adolescent girls to access sexual and reproductive healthcare services and improve the use thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Jonas
- School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Heath, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Health Systems Research Unit (HSRU), South African Medical Research Council (SA-MRC), Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adolescent Health Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Nicolette Roman
- Faculty of Community and Health Science, University of the Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Priscilla Reddy
- Faculty of Community and Health Science, University of the Western Cape, South Africa; Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Population Health, Health Systems and Innovation Unit, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Anja Krumeich
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society/Global Health, Faculty of Heath, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Bart van den Borne
- School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Heath, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Rik Crutzen
- School of Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Heath, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Sámano R, Martínez-Rojano H, Chico-Barba G, Sánchez-Jiménez B, Illescas-Zarate D, Rodríguez-Ventura AL. Characteristics of the Family Support Network of Pregnant Adolescents and Its Association with Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Weight of Newborns. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1222. [PMID: 30959770 PMCID: PMC6479384 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16071222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that, in the Mexican culture, family support can be a factor that contributes to protect the maternal and child health of pregnant adolescents. There may be complex associations between family support and the circumstances of a pregnancy during adolescence. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between the family support network (FSN) characteristic and the maternal and neonatal outcomes in Mexican adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and 352 pregnant adolescents participated; their FSN during pregnancy was assessed. The gestational weight gain and birth weight/length of newborns were registered. The size of the FSN was described and divided into quartiles; the main members for each quartile were identified. Then, sociodemographic and clinical variables were compared by FSN quartiles. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the association of FSN size and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Our results indicate that the mean age was 15 ± 1 year old. The primary support member in the FSN was the mother of the adolescent in each quartile, except for quartile 3, where the primary support was the mother-in-law. In quartile 3 there was a significantly lower gestational weight gain compared to quartile 4 (11.8 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 5 kg, p = 0.054). According to the regression model, a higher risk of small for gestational age (OR 2.99, CI 95% 1.25⁻7.15) newborns was found in quartile 3. We conclude that the maternal and neonatal outcomes did not differ between quartiles of FSN size, except for quartile 3. Small for gestational age newborns were observed when a non-blood relative was present in the FSN. The quality rather than the network size might be more important for improving pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Sámano
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, Ciudad de Mexico CP. 11000, Mexico.
| | - Hugo Martínez-Rojano
- Departamento de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de Mexico CP. 11340, Mexico.
| | - Gabriela Chico-Barba
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, Ciudad de Mexico CP. 11000, Mexico.
- Escuela de Enfermería, Universidad Panamericana, Augusto Rodin 498, Insurgentes Mixcoac, Alcaldía Benito Juárez CP. 03920, Mexico.
| | - Bernarda Sánchez-Jiménez
- Subdirección de Investigación en Intervenciones Comunitarias, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Montes Urales 800, Lomas Virreyes, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo CP. 11000, Mexico.
| | - Daniel Illescas-Zarate
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud (CINyS) del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Avenida Universidad 655, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico.
| | - Ana Lilia Rodríguez-Ventura
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Lomas Virreyes, Ciudad de Mexico CP. 11000, Mexico.
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Kassa GM, Arowojolu AO, Odukogbe AA, Yalew AW. Prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Reprod Health 2018; 15:195. [PMID: 30497509 PMCID: PMC6267053 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-018-0640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is the period between 10 and 19 years with peculiar physical, social, psychological and reproductive health characteristics. Rates of adolescent pregnancy are increasing in developing countries, with higher occurrences of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. The few studies conducted on adolescent pregnancy in Africa present inconsistent and inconclusive findings on the distribution of the problems. Also, there was no meta-analysis study conducted in this area in Africa. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to estimate the prevalence and sociodemographic determinant factors of adolescent pregnancy using the available published and unpublished studies carried out in African countries. Also, subgroup analysis was conducted by different demographic, geopolitical and administrative regions. METHODS This study used a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies in Africa. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was strictly followed. All studies in MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and African Journals Online databases were searched using relevant search terms. Data were extracted using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for prevalence studies. STATA 14 software was used to perform the meta-analysis. The heterogeneity and publication bias was assessed using the I2 statistics and Egger's test, respectively. Forest plots were used to present the pooled prevalence and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of meta-analysis using the random effect model. RESULT This review included 52 studies, 254,350 study participants. A total of 24 countries from East, West, Central, North and Southern African sub-regions were included. The overall pooled prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in Africa was 18.8% (95%CI: 16.7, 20.9) and 19.3% (95%CI, 16.9, 21.6) in the Sub-Saharan African region. The prevalence was highest in East Africa (21.5%) and lowest in Northern Africa (9.2%). Factors associated with adolescent pregnancy include rural residence (OR: 2.04), ever married (OR: 20.67), not attending school (OR: 2.49), no maternal education (OR: 1.88), no father's education (OR: 1.65), and lack of parent to adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues (OR: 2.88). CONCLUSIONS Overall, nearly one-fifth of adolescents become pregnant in Africa. Several sociodemographic factors like residence, marital status, educational status of adolescents, their mother's and father's, and parent to adolescent SRH communication were associated with adolescent pregnancy. Interventions that target these factors are important in reducing adolescent pregnancy.
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Grants
- This study was sponsored by the Pan African University (PAU), a continental initiative of the African Union Commission (AU), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, as part of the Ph.D. program in Reproductive Health Sciences. This study was sponsored by the Pan African University (PAU), a continental initiative of the African Union Commission (AU), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, as part of the Ph.D. program in Reproductive Health Sciences.
- This study was sponsored by the Pan African University (PAU), a continental initiative of the African Union Commission (AU), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, as part of the Ph.D. program in Reproductive Health Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Mullu Kassa
- Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institutes, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O.BOX: 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - A. O. Arowojolu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A. A. Odukogbe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Alemayehu Worku Yalew
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Brittain K, Myer L, Phillips N, Cluver LD, Zar HJ, Stein DJ, Hoare J. Behavioural health risks during early adolescence among perinatally HIV-infected South African adolescents and same-age, HIV-uninfected peers. AIDS Care 2018; 31:131-140. [PMID: 30340446 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1533233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural health risks, including substance use, early sexual debut, bullying and suicidality, are common during adolescence, but may be complicated among perinatally HIV-infected adolescents. However, there are few data exploring these behaviours in sub-Saharan Africa. We compared behavioural health risks (any self-report of substance use, sexual activity, bullying others or suicidality, or a positive urine toxicology screen) among perinatally-infected adolescents ages 9-14 years to that of an HIV-uninfected comparator group; and explored the effect of behavioural health risks on adolescent and caregiver report of adolescent suboptimal adherence (missed antiretroviral therapy dose(s) on ≥1 day during the preceding 30 days) and elevated HIV viral load (≥50 and ≥1000 copies/mL in sensitivity analyses) in multivariable logistic regression models. Among 506 HIV-infected and 110 HIV-uninfected adolescents (median age overall: 12 years), 15% and 25% reported any behavioural health risk (p = 0.018), respectively. Tobacco and other drug use was uncommon, while alcohol use was reported by 8% of HIV-infected versus 12% of HIV-uninfected adolescents (p = 0.185). One HIV-infected (0.2%) and 3 HIV-uninfected adolescents (3%) reported any sexual activity (p = 0.019). Among HIV-infected adolescents, report of any behavioural health risk was more common among male adolescents [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.78; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-2.95] and was associated with adolescent report of suboptimal adherence (aOR: 1.66; 95% CI: 0.99-2.78) but not with caregiver report of suboptimal adherence or with elevated viral load. In this group of perinatally-infected youth entering early adolescence, the prevalence of behavioural health risks was lower than that among same-age, HIV-uninfected peers. Longitudinal data are needed to explore the reasons underlying these differences, for example the possibility of more protective caregiving and supportive family environments, or of emotional and physical immaturity, as well as the emergence of risk behaviours over time in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Brittain
- a Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa.,b Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Landon Myer
- a Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa.,b Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Nicole Phillips
- c Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Lucie D Cluver
- c Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa.,d Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention , University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Heather J Zar
- e Department of Paediatrics & Child Health , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa.,f Medical Research Council Unit on Child & Adolescent Health , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- c Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Jacqueline Hoare
- c Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
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Mlotshwa L, Manderson L, Merten S. Personal support and expressions of care for pregnant women in Soweto, South Africa. Glob Health Action 2018; 10:1363454. [PMID: 28874098 PMCID: PMC5645695 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2017.1363454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pregnancy is life changing, making great demands on women to adapt physically, psychologically, and socially. Social relationships and the support that flow from these provide a critical role in managing health problems in pregnancy. Isolation and lack of care, in contrast, may lead women to experience increased distress during this time. Objective: This study aimed to explore South African women's perception and experience of care and support in pregnancy. Methods: A life history approach was employed to explore women’s experiences of pregnancy and sexual behaviour, with each participant encouraged to narrate important life events from her own perspective. We drew on narrative interviews with 15 pregnant women, conducted between July and October 2015, in which we explored questions regarding pregnancy planning and the provision and receipt of care. A thematic approach was employed to code and analyse the data. Results: Themes that emerged from the interviews showed that participants gained a sense of stability in their lives when they had support in their pregnancy, especially when dealing with challenging situations. This support came variously from family, friends, and social networks. Overall, those participants who mentioned the most support, and its diversity across different groups, reported a better experience of pregnancy. Conclusions: Women emphasised the importance of social and emotional support in pregnancy. Understanding women’s experiences can assist in making pregnancy less overwhelming, and can add to a woman’s ability to deal with different challenges before and after the arrival of the new baby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langelihle Mlotshwa
- a Department of Epidemiology and Public Health , Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute , Basel , Switzerland.,b Department of Epidemiology and Public Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland.,c Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Lenore Manderson
- d School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Sonja Merten
- a Department of Epidemiology and Public Health , Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute , Basel , Switzerland.,b Department of Epidemiology and Public Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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Davidson B, Okpechi I, McCulloch M, Wearne N. Adolescent nephrology: An emerging frontier for kidney care in sub-Saharan Africa. Nephrology (Carlton) 2018; 22:933-939. [PMID: 28782147 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents make up a quarter of the world's population and are important users of health services. In South Africa little is known about the extent of renal disease or outcomes in this group. Adolescents are a vulnerable age group, due to their neurocognitive development, engagement in high-risk social activities, prevalence of mental illness and increasing rates of HIV infection. In Africa access to renal replacement therapy is rationed, therefore the focus of renal disease must be one of prevention rather than dealing with the management of end stage renal disease. Treating adolescents is a challenging field, as compliance is essential as a preventative strategy. This review will outline how a cost effective adolescent service was established in a resource limited setting. The adolescent friendly clinic aims to ease transition of adolescents, improve engagement within the health service and ultimately aims to improve compliance. In order to treat adolescents, it is important to deliver age-appropriate treatment that can be implemented in any chronic disease setting to give the adolescent the greatest chance of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Davidson
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Kidney and Hypertension Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ikechi Okpechi
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Kidney and Hypertension Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mignon McCulloch
- Paediatric Intensive and Critical Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Nicola Wearne
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Kidney and Hypertension Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Pre-pregnancy body mass index classification and gestational weight gain on neonatal outcomes in adolescent mothers: A follow-up study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200361. [PMID: 30001386 PMCID: PMC6053897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain recommendations are
based on body mass index (BMI) status using adult cut-off points for women of
all ages, even though adolescents have specific criteria, like WHO and CDC, so
adolescents can receive inadequate weight gain recommendations. Objectives: To
estimate the proportion of classification disparity between the three criteria
(WHO, CDC and IOM) of pre-pregnancy BMI status; and to analyze neonatal outcomes
according to weight gain recommendation based on pre-pregnancy BMI using the
three criteria. Methods: Follow-up study in pregnant adolescents 12–19 years.
Sociodemographic, anthropometric and pregnancy data were obtained. Percentage of
pre-pregnancy BMI classification disparity was calculated between three
criteria. Gestational weight gain was categorized in adequate, low and high
according to IOM. Regression models were used to analyze negative neonatal
outcomes. Results: 601 pregnant adolescents were included, mean age was 16±1.4
years. For pre-pregnancy BMI classification, 28.5% had classification disparity
using IOM vs WHO, and 14% when comparing IOM vs CDC. Greater classification
disparity was observed as BMI increased. When using WHO categories, a high
weight gain was associated with increased risk of having a low birth weight baby
(OR: 1.91, CI95%: 1.03–3.53). For CDC criteria, a low weight gain was associated
with increased risk of having a preterm baby (OR: 2.65; CI95%: 1.16–6.08) and a
high weight gain was associated with low birth weight (OR: 2.10; CI95%:
1.10–4.01). For IOM criteria, a weight gain either low or high were associated
with increased risk of low birth weight and preterm birth. Conclusion: There is
pre-pregnancy BMI classification disparity using criteria for adolescents
compared to adult criteria. Nevertheless, with WHO and CDC only a high
gestational weight gain was a risk for negative neonatal outcome. It is
important to have a BMI classification system for adolescents that better
predicts neonatal outcomes.
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