1
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Lee D, Kim S, Gim Y, Lee C. Genotypic characterization of novel S-DEL variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus identified in South Korea. Arch Virol 2024; 169:158. [PMID: 38970647 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic genotype 2b (HP-G2b) of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which caused a pandemic in 2013-2014, evolved in South Korea and became endemic, affecting the domestic pig industry. This study describes the genotypic traits of novel HP-G2b PEDV strains identified on affected farms experiencing low disease severity with < 10% neonatal mortality. Nucleotide sequencing revealed common deletion patterns, termed S-DEL2, resulting in a two-amino-acid deletion at positions 60 and 61, 61 and 62, or 63 and 64 in the N-terminal domain of the spike (S) protein of all isolates. The S barcode profiles of S-DEL2 variants differed from each other and shared 96.0-99.4% and 98.5-99.6% nt sequence identity with other South Korean HP-G2b PEDV strains in the S gene and in the complete genome sequence, respectively. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis showed that the S-DEL2 strains belonged to diverse domestic clades: CK, CK.1, CK.2, or NC. The emergence of novel S-DEL2 strains suggests that continuous evolution of PEDV occurs under endemic circumstances, resulting in genetic diversity and distinct clinical presentations. This study advances our knowledge regarding the genetic and pathogenic heterogeneity of PEDV and emphasizes the importance of active monitoring and surveillance to identify novel variants and determine their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duri Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungrae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhee Gim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Zhang B, Li S, Zhou J, Wang W, Xiao L, Yuan X, Yi X, Fan L, Fan B, Zhu X, Li J, Li B. A novel virus-like particles vaccine induces broad immune protective against deltacoronavirus in piglets. Virology 2024; 597:110150. [PMID: 38917690 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) comprise a group of important human and animal pathogens that threaten public health because of their interspecies transmission potential to humans. However, virus-like particles (VLPs) constitute versatile tools in CoVs vaccine development due to their favorable immunological characteristics. Here, we engineered the VLPs composed of the spike (S), membrane (M), and envelope (E) structural proteins of the Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and examined their immune responses in mice. Neutralization assays and flow Cytometry demonstrated that PDCoV VLPs induced highly robust neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and elicited cellular immunity. To assess the protective efficacy of VLPs in newborn piglets, pregnant sows received vaccinations with either a PDCoV-inactivated vaccine or VLPs at 40 and 20 days before delivery. Five days post-farrowing, piglets were orally challenged with the PDCoV strain. Severe diarrhea, high viral RNA copies, and substantial intestinal villus atrophy were detected in piglets born to unimmunized sows. However, piglets from sows immunized with VLPs exhibited high NAbs titers and markedly reduced microscopic damage to the intestinal tissues, with no piglet showing diarrhea. Hence, the results indicate that the VLPs are a potential clinical candidate for PDCoV vaccination, while the strategy may serve as a platform for developing other coronavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baotai Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xuesong Yuan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Life Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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3
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Lang Q, Huang N, Guo J, Ge L, Yang X. High-affinity monoclonal antibodies against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus S1 protein. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:239. [PMID: 38831363 PMCID: PMC11145877 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection inflicted substantial economic losses upon the global pig-breeding industry. This pathogen can infect all pigs and poses a particularly high fatality risk for suckling piglets. The S1 subunit of spike protein is a crucial target protein for inducing the particularly neutralizing antibodies that can intercept the virus-host interaction and neutralize virus infectivity. In the present study, the HEK293F eukaryotic expression system was successfully utilized to express and produce recombinant S1 protein. Through quantitative analysis, five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specifically targeting the recombinant S1 protein of PEDV were developed and subsequently evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and flow cytometry assay (FCA). The results indicate that all five mAbs belong to the IgG1 isotype, and their half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values measured at 84.77, 7.42, 0.89, 14.64, and 7.86 pM. All these five mAbs can be utilized in ELISA, FCA, and IFA for the detection of PEDV infection. MAb 5-F9 exhibits the highest sensitivity to detect as low as 0.3125 ng/mL of recombinant PEDV-S1 protein in ELISA, while only 0.096 ng/mL of mAb 5-F9 is required to detect PEDV in FCA. The results from antigen epitope analysis indicated that mAb 8-G2 is the sole antibody capable of recognizing linear epitopes. In conclusion, this study has yielded a highly immunogenic S1 protein and five high-affinity mAbs specifically targeting the S1 protein. These findings have significant implications for early detection of PEDV infection and provide a solid foundation for further investigation into studying virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Lang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Jincao Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Xi Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.
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4
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Yuan C, Lin Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Yuan H, Li T, Song Q. Effects of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection on CD21 + B cells activation. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110087. [PMID: 38663176 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a devastating pathogen of acute- gastrointestinal infectious diseases, which can cause vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration and high morbidity and mortality among neonatal piglets. Humoral immunity plays a vital role in the host anti-PEDV infection process, but the mechanism of PEDV-induced B-cell immune response remains unknown. In this study, the effects of PEDV infection on CD21+ B cell activation were systematically analyzed through animal experiments. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) revealed that low levels of serum-specific IgA, IgM, or IgG were detected in piglets after PEDV infection, respectively. Serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels increased significantly at 4 d after infection, and the levels of IL-4, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and IL-10 decreased at 7 d after infection. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) showed that expression levels of CD21, MHC Ⅱ, CD40, and CD38 on B cell surfaces were significantly higher. In contrast, the proportions of CD21+IgM+ B cells were decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the infected piglets. No differences were found in the percentage of CD21+CD80+ and CD21+CD27+ B cells in PBMCs from the infected piglets. In addition, the number of CD21+B cells in PBMCs stimulated with PEDV in vitro was significantly lower. No significant change in the mRNA expression of BCR molecules was found while the expression levels of paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PIR-B), B cell adaptor molecule of 32 kDa (Bam32) and BAFF were decreased. In conclusion, our research demonstrates that virulent strains of PEDV profoundly impact B cell activation, leading to alterations in phenotypic expression and BCR signaling molecules. Furthermore, this dysregulation results in compromised specific antibody secretion and perturbed cytokine production, highlighting the intricate immunological dysfunctions induced by PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yidan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hongxing Yuan
- Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Guantao County, Handan, Hebei Province 057750, China
| | - Tanqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Qinye Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, China; Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China.
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Wu Q, Liu X, Wang J, Xu S, Zeng F, Chen L, Zhang G, Wang H. An isothermal nucleic acid amplification-based enzymatic recombinase amplification method for dual detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine rotavirus A. Virology 2024; 594:110062. [PMID: 38522136 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Viral diarrhea is the predominant digestive tract sickness in piglings, resulting in substantial profit losses in the porcine industry. Porcine rotavirus A (PoRVA) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are the main causes of grave gastroenteritis and massive dysentery, especially in piglets. PoRVA and PEDV have high transmissibility, exhibit similar clinical symptoms, and frequently co-occur. Therefore, to avoid financial losses, a quick, highly efficient, objective diagnostic test for the prevention and detection of these diseases is required. Enzymatic recombinase amplification (ERA) is a novel technology based on isothermal nucleic acid amplification. It demonstrates high sensitivity and excellent specificity, with a short processing time and easy operability, compared with other in vitro nucleic acid amplification technologies. In this study, a dual ERA method to detect and distinguish between PEDV and PoRVA nucleic acids was established. The method shows high sensitivity, as the detection limits were 101 copies/μL for both viruses. To test the usefulness of this method in clinical settings, we tested 64 swine clinical samples. Our results were 100% matched with those acquired using a commercially available kit. Therefore, we have successfully developed a dual diagnostic ERA nucleic acids method for detecting and distinguishing between PEDV and PoRVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
| | - Sijia Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
| | - Fanliang Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Ganzhou Quannan County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Ganzhou, 341800, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Liu H, Tian H, Hao P, Du H, Wang K, Qiu Y, Yin X, Wu N, Du Q, Tong D, Huang Y. PoRVA G9P[23] and G5P[7] infections differentially promote PEDV replication by reprogramming glutamine metabolism. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012305. [PMID: 38905309 PMCID: PMC11221755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PoRVA and PEDV coinfections are extremely common in clinical practice. Although coinfections of PoRVA and PEDV are known to result in increased mortality, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we found that PoRVA infection promoted PEDV infection in vivo and in vitro and that PoRVA G9P[23] (RVA-HNNY strain) enhanced PEDV replication more significantly than did PoRVA G5P[7] (RVA-SXXA strain). Metabolomic analysis revealed that RVA-HNNY more efficiently induced an increase in the intracellular glutamine content in porcine small intestinal epithelial cells than did RVA-SXXA, which more markedly promoted ATP production to facilitate PEDV replication, whereas glutamine deprivation abrogated the effect of PoRVA infection on promoting PEDV replication. Further studies showed that PoRVA infection promoted glutamine uptake by upregulating the expression of the glutamine transporter protein SLC1A5. In SLC1A5 knockout cells, PoRVA infection neither elevated intracellular glutamine nor promoted PEDV replication. During PoRVA infection, the activity and protein expression levels of glutamine catabolism-related enzymes (GLS1 and GLUD1) were also significantly increased promoting ATP production through glutamine anaplerosis into the TCA cycle. Consistent with that, siRNAs or inhibitors of GLS1 and GLUD1 significantly inhibited the promotion of PEDV replication by PoRVA. Notably, RVA-HNNY infection more markedly promoted SLC1A5, GLS1 and GLUD1 expression to more significantly increase the uptake and catabolism of glutamine than RVA-SXXA infection. Collectively, our findings illuminate a novel mechanism by which PoRVA infection promotes PEDV infection and reveal that the modulation of glutamine uptake is key for the different efficiencies of PoRVA G9P[23] and PoRVA G5P[7] in promoting PEDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Haolun Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Pengcheng Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Huimin Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yudong Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiangrui Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Nana Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
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Tian WJ, Zhang XZ, Wang J, Liu JF, Li FH, Wang XJ. Calmodulin-like 5 promotes PEDV replication by regulating late-endosome synthesis and innate immune response. Virol Sin 2024; 39:501-512. [PMID: 38789039 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The infection caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is associated with high mortality in piglets worldwide. Host factors involved in the efficient replication of PEDV, however, remain largely unknown. Our recent proteomic study in the virus-host interaction network revealed a significant increase in the accumulation of CALML5 (EF-hand protein calmodulin-like 5) following PEDV infection. A further study unveiled a biphasic increase of CALML5 in 2 and 12 h after viral infection. Similar trends were observed in the intestines of piglets in the early and late stages of the PEDV challenge. Moreover, CALML5 depletion reduced PEDV mRNA and protein levels, leading to a one-order-of-magnitude decrease in virus titer. At the early stage of PEDV infection, CALML5 affected the endosomal trafficking pathway by regulating the expression of endosomal sorting complex related cellular proteins. CALML5 depletion also suppressed IFN-β and IL-6 production in the PEDV-infected cells, thereby indicating its involvement in negatively regulating the innate immune response. Our study reveals the biological function of CALML5 in the virology field and offers new insights into the PEDV-host cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiu-Zhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fu-Huang Li
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry Service (South Section), Beijing, 102218, China.
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Zheng L, Yang Y, Han Y, Yu J, Wu Z, Kay M, Xia W, Chen Z, Ma J, Yang X, Yin L, Xu X, Zhang H. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus E protein induces formation of stress granules and attenuates protein translation through activation of the PERK/eIF2α signaling pathway. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110095. [PMID: 38643723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) envelope protein (E) has been characterized as an important structural protein that plays critical roles in the interplay with its host to affect the virus life cycle. Stress granules (SGs) are host translationally silent ribonucleoproteins, which are mainly induced by the phosphorylation of eIF2α in the PERK/eIF2α signaling pathway. Our previous study found that PEDV E protein caused endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERS)-mediated suppression of antiviral proteins' translation. However, the link and the underlying mechanism by which PEDV induces SGs formation and suppresses host translation remain elusive. In this study, our results showed that PEDV E protein significantly elevated the expression of GRP78, CANX, and phosphorylation of PERK and eIF2α, indicating that the PERK/eIF2α branch of ERS was activated. PEDV E protein localized to the ER and aggregated into puncta to reconstruct ER structure, and further induced SGs formation, which has been caused through upregulating the G3BP1 expression level. In addition, a significant global translational stall and endogenous protein translation attenuation were detected in the presence of E protein overexpression, but the global mRNA transcriptional level remained unchanged, suggesting that the shutoff of protein translation was associated with the translation, not with the transcription process. Collectively, this study demonstrates that PERK/eIF2α activation is required for SGs formation and protein translation stall. This study is beneficial for us to better understand the mechanism by which PEDV E suppresses host protein synthesis, and provides us a new insight into the host translation regulation during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, PR China
| | - Yifeng Han
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, PR China
| | - Jiawen Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, PR China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, PR China
| | - Matthew Kay
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, PR China
| | - Wenlong Xia
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, PR China
| | - Zhibao Chen
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Xiaoge Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, PR China
| | - Liwei Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, PR China; Yancheng Engineering Technology Research Center of Antibody Drugs and Immunodetection, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, PR China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Tumor Targeted Nano Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, PR China.
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9
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Luo H, Liang Z, Lin J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Mei K, Zhao M, Huang S. Research progress of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus S protein. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1396894. [PMID: 38873162 PMCID: PMC11169810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1396894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a single-stranded RNA virus with a capsid membrane that causes acute infectious gastrointestinal disease characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration in swine. Piglets are more susceptible to PEDV than adults, with an infection rate reaching 90% and a fatality rate as high as 100%. Moreover, PEDV has a rapid transmission rate and broad transmission range. Consequently, PEDV has caused considerable economic losses and negatively impacted the sustainability of the pig industry. The surface spike (S) glycoprotein is the largest structural protein in PEDV virions and is closely associated with host cell fusion and virus invasion. As such, the S protein is an important target for vaccine development. In this article, we review the genetic variation, immunity, apoptosis-induction function, virulence, vaccine potential, and other aspects of the PEDV S protein. This review provides a theoretical foundation for preventing and controlling PEDV infection and serves as a valuable resource for further research and development of PEDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojian Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhaoping Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Lin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yiqiao Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Kun Mei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Guangdong Hua Sheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Jermsutjarit P, Mebumroong S, Watcharavongtip P, Lin H, Tantituvanont A, Kaeoket K, Piñeyro P, Nilubol D. Evolution and virulence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus following in vitro and in vivo propagation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12279. [PMID: 38811677 PMCID: PMC11137156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Practice of inoculating porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in piglets generating feedback material might influence the genetic evolution and attenuation of PEDV. The study was conducted to evaluate evolutionary rate and attenuation following serial in vitro and in vivo propagation. In the study, PED-JPFP0-PJ, Passage 0 (P0), was isolated from infected pigs and serially passaged in Vero cells for 5 consecutive times, P1-P5. P0, P2 and P5 were then subjected to orally inoculate 3-day-old piglets. At 24 h post inoculation, intestines of each passage (F1), were collected, and subsequently sub-passaged in piglets for 2 additional passages (F2-F3). Virus titration, PEDV genomic copies number, VH:CD ratios, and immunohistochemistry were evaluated. S and ORF3 genes were characterized. The results of the study demonstrated that virus titer and virulence were negatively correlated with increased passages, both in vitro and in vivo. Increased substitution rate was observed in higher passages. The evolutionary rate of S gene was higher than that of ORF3. Seven aa changes at positions 223, 291, 317, 607, 694, 1114 and 1199, with reduced N-linked glycan were observed in P5F3. In conclusion, serial passage of PEDV, both in vitro and in vivo, influence the genetic development and the attenuation of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patumporn Jermsutjarit
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sunit Mebumroong
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Parin Watcharavongtip
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hongyao Lin
- MSD Animal Health Innovation Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angkana Tantituvanont
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kampon Kaeoket
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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11
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Jin H, Cai H, Liao S, Qi N, Li J, Lv M, Lin X, Hu J, Song Y, Zhu Y, Chen X, Yin L, Zhang X, Zhang J, Zhang X, Sun M. Development of a TaqMan polymerase chain reaction detection method for the precise identification and quantification of an attenuated Eimeria maxima vaccine strain in poultry. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1397166. [PMID: 38840634 PMCID: PMC11151167 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1397166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis, a parasitic disease prevalent in poultry, is caused by Eimeria species and leads to significant economic losses. The use of attenuated live oocyst vaccines has been adopted as an alternative to the use of anticoccidial drugs. However, the accurate detection and differentiation of vaccine strains from virulent ones remain challenging. Therefore, this study presents a novel TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection method that offers enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility compared with traditional PCR techniques. Through whole-genome resequencing and bioinformatics analysis, we identified a molecular marker gene, Em_marker6, with a unique 21-base pair deletion specific to the Eimeria maxima attenuated vaccine strain. Optimized primers and probes targeting this marker enabled rapid quantification cycle value achievement and high fluorescence intensity. The standard curve's slope of -3.540 and correlation coefficient of 0.9971 confirmed precise quantification capabilities. The TaqMan PCR method detected as few as 30 plasmid DNA copies and 50 oocysts per reaction, outperforming traditional PCR techniques by an order of magnitude. No cross-reactivity was observed with other E. maxima wide-type strains or common intestinal pathogens, ensuring the exclusive detection of the E. maxima EMPY vaccine strain. Weekly testing over 3 weeks demonstrated minimal variability, indicating robust consistency in the method's application. Testing on 61 clinical samples revealed a 57.38% positivity rate for E. maxima species and 13.11% for the vaccine strain. The Em_marker6 gene exhibited genetic stability across multiple generations, confirming the detection method's robust stability for the attenuated E. maxima vaccine strain. This study significantly advances the field of avian coccidiosis research and control by providing a valuable tool for monitoring vaccine purity and preventing inadvertent infections in vaccinated flocks, aligning with global efforts to curb antibiotic use in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Haiming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenquan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minna Lv
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongle Song
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Yu C, Wu M, Sun L, Li H, Xu Z, Zhang Q, Yi D, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y, Wu T. Effect of Supplementation with Black Soldier Fly Extract on Intestinal Function in Piglets Infected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1512. [PMID: 38791729 PMCID: PMC11117209 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has developed as a global problem for the pig business, resulting in significant financial losses. Black soldier fly extract (BFE) has been proven to improve intestinal growth in pigs after weaning. Consequently, the goal of the present investigation was to explore the effects of BFE supplementation on intestinal function in PEDV-infected piglets. Eighteen piglets were randomly allocated to three groups: control, PEDV, and BFE + PEDV. The piglets in the BFE + PEDV group received 500 mg/kg BW of BFE orally for seven days from day 4 to 10 of the study. On day 9 of the study, six pigs from each group received either clean saline or PEDV solution at a dosage of 106 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) per pig. On day 11, samples of blood and intestine were taken for additional investigation. The results indicated a significant decrease in the average daily gain (ADG) of piglets infected with PEDV (p < 0.05). Additionally, PEDV infection led to an alteration of blood indexes and a reduction in plasma D-xylose concentration and villi height in the small intestine, while it increased plasma diamine oxidase activity and small intestinal crypt depth in piglets (p < 0.05). The PEDV infection significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activity in plasma and the gut, including total superoxide dismutase and catalase, while increasing contents of oxidation-relevant products such as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in piglets. Moreover, PEDV infection increased the mRNA expression level of antiviral-related genes (p < 0.05). Nutritional supplementation with BFE improved intestinal histomorphological indicators and reduced oxidative stress produced by PEDV infection in piglets. Interestingly, BFE could significantly promote the mRNA expression level of antiviral-related genes in the ileum (p < 0.05). Overall, the preliminary results suggest that dietary BFE could improve intestinal function in piglets after PEDV infection. Currently, the findings put a spotlight on the role of BFE in the prevention and treatment of PED in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (C.Y.); (M.W.); (L.S.); (H.L.); (Z.X.); (Q.Z.); (D.Y.); (L.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.H.)
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13
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Hu X, Zhang M, Liu Y, Li YT, Li W, Li T, Li J, Xiao X, He Q, Zhang ZY, Zhang GJ. A portable transistor immunosensor for fast identification of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:239. [PMID: 38735951 PMCID: PMC11089749 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Widespread distribution of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has led to catastrophic losses to the global pig farming industry. As a result, there is an urgent need for rapid, sensitive and accurate tests for PEDV to enable timely and effective interventions. In the present study, we develop and validate a floating gate carbon nanotubes field-effect transistor (FG CNT-FET)-based portable immunosensor for rapid identification of PEDV in a sensitive and accurate manner. To improve the affinity, a unique PEDV spike protein-specific monoclonal antibody is prepared by purification, and subsequently modified on FG CNT-FET sensor to recognize PEDV. The developed FET biosensor enables highly sensitive detection (LoD: 8.1 fg/mL and 100.14 TCID50/mL for recombinant spike proteins and PEDV, respectively), as well as satisfactory specificity. Notably, an integrated portable platform consisting of a pluggable FG CNT-FET chip and a portable device can discriminate PEDV positive from negative samples and even identify PEDV and porcine deltacoronavirus within 1 min with 100% accuracy. The portable sensing platform offers the capability to quickly, sensitively and accurately identify PEDV, which further points to a possibility of point of care (POC) applications of large-scale surveillance in pig breeding facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, P.R. China
| | - Mengjia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan, 411105, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Tao Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, P.R. China
- Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Tingxian Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, P.R. China
| | - Xueqian Xiao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, P.R. China
| | - Qigai He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Huangjia Lake West Road, Wuhan, 430065, P.R. China.
- Hubei Shizhen Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, P.R. China.
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14
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Zhao X, Zhang Y, Qu S, Tang W, He T, Li P, Zheng X. SP2509, a specific antagonist of LSD1, exhibits antiviral properties against Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:187. [PMID: 38730463 PMCID: PMC11084069 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a type of coronavirus, is one of the main pathogens that can infect pigs of all ages. It causes diarrhea and acute death of newborn piglets, resulting in massive economic losses to the worldwide swine industry. While vaccination remains the primary approach in combating PEDV, it often fails to address all the challenges posed by the infection, particularly in light of the emergence of evolving mutant strains. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify potent antiviral drugs that can effectively safeguard pigs against PEDV infection. RESULTS In this study, the antiviral efficacy of SP2509, a specific antagonist of Lysine-specific demethylase 1(LSD1), was evaluated in vitro. The RT-qPCR, Western blot, TCID50, and IFA showed that at a concentration of 1µmol/L, SP2509 significantly inhibited PEDV infection. Additionally, viral life cycle assays showed that SP2509 operates by impeding PEDV internalization and replication rather than attachment and release. Regarding mechanism, in Huh-7 cells, knockdowns LSD1 can suppress PEDV replication. This indicated that the inhibition effect of SP2509 on PEDV largely depends on the activity of its target protein, LSD1. CONCLUSION Our results in vitro show that SP2509 can inhibit PEDV infection during the internalization and replication stage and revealed a role of LSD1 as a restriction factor for PEDV. These imply that LSD1 might be a target for interfering with the viral infection, and SP2509 could be developed as an effective anti-PEDV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shiyin Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wuyang Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tianqiong He
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Pishun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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15
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Li H, Wu M, Li Z, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Wang L, Hou Y, Wu T. Effect of supplementation with yeast polysaccharides on intestinal function in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1378070. [PMID: 38655081 PMCID: PMC11035810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1378070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry. Yeast polysaccharides (YP) has been used as a feed additive in recent years and poses good anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. The present study aimed to explore the protective effect of YP on intestinal damage in PEDV-infected piglets. Eighteen 7-day-old piglets with similar body weights were randomly divided into three groups: Control group (basal diet), PEDV group (basal diet), and PEDV+YP group (basal diet +20 mg/kg BW YP), six replicates per group and one pig per replicate. Piglets in PEDV group and PEDV+YP group were orally given PEDV (dose: 1 × 106 TCID50) at 19:30 PM on the 8th day of the experiment. The control group received the same volume of PBS solution. Weight was taken on an empty stomach in the morning of the 11th day, blood was collected and then anesthetic was administered with pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg·BW) by intramuscular injection, and samples were slaughtered after the anesthetic was complete. The results showed that YP could alleviate the destruction of intestinal villus morphology of piglets caused by PEDV. Meanwhile, PEDV infection can reduce the activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and increase the content of malondialdehyde. YP can improve the antioxidative capacity in the serum and small intestine of PEDV-infected piglets. In addition, YP inhibited the replication of PEDV in the jejunum ileum and colon. Moreover, YP can regulate the mRNA levels of inflammatory genes (IL-1β and iNOS) and lipid metabolic genes (APOA4 and APOC3) in the small intestine. In summary, YP could inhibit virus replicates, improve intestinal morphology, enhance antioxidant capacity, relieve inflammation and regulate the metabolism of the intestine in PEDV-infected piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengjun Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Mohiuddin M, Deng S, Zhu L, Wang G, Jia A. Genetic evolution and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains circulating in and outside China with reference to a wild type virulent genotype CHYJ130330 reported from Guangdong Province, China. Gut Pathog 2024; 16:21. [PMID: 38589948 PMCID: PMC11003062 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-024-00597-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus has detrimental consequences on swine industry, due to severe outbreaks especially in the suckling piglets. In March 2013, an outbreak was reported on a commercial swine farm in Guangdong Province, Southern China. A wild-type PEDV strain named as CHYJ130330 was identified, complete genome was sequenced and deposited in GenBank (accession no. KJ020932). The molecular epidemiological including evolutionary characteristics and pathogenicity assessment were explored during this study with particular interest and focus to develop this candidate strain for new vaccine. The isolates from China pre- and post-2013 shared 96.5-97.2% and 97-99% nt identity respectively with wild-type CHYJ130330 strain which during experimental studies has demonstrated high virulence and 100% mortality in 104 TCID50 group piglets within 5 days. The 22 reference strains selected from other parts of the world shared 98-99% identity with our sequence except Chinese (CV777) and S. Korean (vir.DR13, SM98 and atten.DR13) strains sharing 96.8, 97.6, 96.6 and 97.1% identity respectively. The phylogenetic tree revealed most strains reported after 2013 in GII genogroup while the prototype (CV777), S.korean and earlier Chinese (JS2008, 85-7mutant, Atten.vaccine, SD-M, LZC and CH/S) were GI Group. The amino acid sequence of CHYJ130330 E and M protein is highly conserved while ORF3 and N protein having 9 and 17 amino acid substitutions respectively in comparison to CV777 strain. The comparison of full length genome and the structural proteins revealed variations signifying that PEDV variant strains are still the main source of outbreaks in spite of continuous vaccination and also explain the variable trend of large scale outbreaks during this decade as compared to sporadic tendency of disease found before 2010. It is evident from this study that Chinese strains display significant level of mixing with the strains reported from other countries. The strain CHYJ130330 was also adapted successfully to Vero cell line and has shown high virulence in piglets. The information/findings will be helpful to develop a strategy for control of PEDV and have also shown that CHYJ130330 strain has strong virulence and is a more popular clinical strain in recent years, which has the potential to be developed into PEDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Mohiuddin
- Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pig Raising and Disease Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shengchao Deng
- Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pig Raising and Disease Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisai Zhu
- Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pig Raising and Disease Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiping Wang
- Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pig Raising and Disease Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aiqing Jia
- Guangdong Haid Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pig Raising and Disease Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Zhang J, Cui L, Zhang Y, Pan H, Yuan H, Zhou S, Chen H, Song Y. Oral administration of PEDV-dissolved Alg-CS gel induces high and sustained mucosal immunity in mice. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38656455 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a serious disease in piglets that leads to high mortality. An effective measure that provides higher IgA levels in the intestine and milk is required to decrease losses. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was dissolved in calcium alginate (Alg) and combined with chitosan (CS) via electrostatic interactions between cationic chitosan and anionic alginate to create a porous gel (Alg-CS+PEDV). The gel was used to immunize mice orally or in combination with subcutaneous injections of inactivated PEDV vaccine. At 12 and 24 days after immunization, levels of IgA and IgG in Alg-CS+PEDV were higher than with normal PEDV oral administration. At 24 days after immunization, the concentration of IFN-γ in Alg-CS+PEDV was higher than with normal PEDV oral administration. Furthermore, oral administration combining subcutaneous immunization induced higher levels of IgG and IgA than oral administration alone. Our study provides a new method for the preparation and administration of oral vaccines to achieve enhanced mucosal immunity against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lei Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hong Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Honggen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - SaiSai Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
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18
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Zhang F, Luo Y, Lin C, Tan M, Wan P, Xie B, Xiong L, Ji H. Epidemiological monitoring and genetic variation analysis of pathogens associated with porcine viral diarrhea in southern China from 2021 to 2023. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1303915. [PMID: 38572229 PMCID: PMC10987963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1303915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Large-scale outbreaks of virus-associated severe diarrhea have occurred in pig populations since 2010. To investigate the prevalence and genetic evolution of the diarrhea-associated viruses responsible for the outbreaks, we tested 1,791 diarrhea samples collected from 213 pig farms in five provinces in southern China between 2021 and 2023. The test results showed that porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was the most frequently detected virus. The prevalence rates ranged from 47.40 to 52.22% in samples and 76.06% (162/213) in pig farms. Porcine rotavirus (PoRV) was the second common virus, with prevalence rates ranging from 25.81 to 50.81% in samples and 72.77%(155/213) in pig farms. Porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) was the third common virus, with prevalence rates ranging from 16.33 to 17.48% in samples and 38.50% (82/213) in pig farms. The detection rates of both transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine acute diarrheal syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) were very low, less than 1.01% in samples and less than 3.76% in pig farms. In this study, we found SADS-CoV only in piglet diarrhea samples from Jiangxi, Guangdong, and Guangxi provinces in China, with a prevalence rate of 5.16% (11/213) in pig farms. Co-infection with these diarrhea-associated viruses is a common occurrence. The most common co-infections were PEDV and PoRV, with a prevalence rate of 6.64% (119/1,791), followed by PDCoV and PoRV, with a prevalence rate of 4.19% (75/1,791). Phylogenetic analyses showed that PEDV and PEDV variants prevalent in southern China during the past three years clustered into genotype GIIb and recombinant PEDV subtypes. Among the currently endemic PEDV, the most common mutations occurred in the collagenase equivalent (COE) and epitope regions of the spike gene. PoRV strains were mainly dominated by the G9 subtype, followed by the G5, G3 and G4 subtypes. Our results suggest that variant PEDV, PDCoV and PoRV are the main pathogens of swine diarrhea, and singular- or co-infection with pathogenic enteric CoV is common in pig herds in southern China. Therefore, prevention and control of porcine viral diarrhea should be given high attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yangyang Luo
- Wen’s Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Wen’s Group Research Institute, Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Cui Lin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meifang Tan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Peiwei Wan
- Jiangxi Biological Vocational College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Baobao Xie
- Dabeinong Technology Co., Ltd. of Jiangxi, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ligen Xiong
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huayuan Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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19
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Ruedas-Torres I, Puente H, Fristikova K, Argüello H, Salguero FJ, Carvajal A, Gómez-Laguna J. Pathological and immunohistochemical assessment of the impact of three different strains of swine enteric coronaviruses in the intestinal barrier. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109956. [PMID: 38217919 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Swine enteric coronaviruses, such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) or transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), have risen concern for the porcine industry and research community due to the increase in their virulence, their potential recombination capacity and the emergence of new variants. This in vivo study aims to compare the impact of three different strains of swine enteric coronaviruses [(two G1b (S-INDEL) PEDV strains and a recombinant TGEV-PEDV or Swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV)] in the intestine of 3-weeks-old infected piglets, focusing on the pathology and main components of the intestinal barrier, including the number of goblet cells, and the expression of IgA as well as FoxP3, a regulatory T cell marker. Severity of lesions was evidenced in the three infected groups and was highly correlated with the viral load in feces and the frequency of viral antigen-positive cells. Furthermore, higher cellular death together with an increase in the expression of the FoxP3 marker was detected in the duodenum and jejunum of infected animals at 3 days post-infection. Our results highlight a recruitment of FoxP3+ cells in the small intestine of infected animals which may represent a response to the tissue damage caused by viral replication and cell death. Further studies should be addressed to determine the potential role of these cells during swine enteric coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - H Puente
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - K Fristikova
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - H Argüello
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - F J Salguero
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - A Carvajal
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - J Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (ceiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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20
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Zhang XZ, Wang J, Tian WJ, You JL, Chi XJ, Wang XJ. Phospho-eIF4E stimulation regulates coronavirus entry by selective expression of cell membrane-residential factors. J Virol 2024; 98:e0194823. [PMID: 38299843 PMCID: PMC10878034 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01948-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E can regulate cellular translation via phosphorylation on serine 209. In a recent study, by two rounds of TMT relative quantitative proteomics, we found that phosphorylated eIF4E (p-eIF4E) favors the translation of selected mRNAs, and the encoded proteins are mainly involved in ECM-receptor, focal adhesion, and PI3K-Akt signaling. The current paper is focused on the relationship between p-eIF4E and the downstream host cell proteins, and their presumed effect on efficient entry of PEDV. We found that the depletion of membrane-residential factor TSPAN3, CD63, and ITGB2 significantly inhibited viral invasion of PEDV, and reduced the entry of pseudotyped particles PEDV-pp, SARS-CoV-pp, and SARS-CoV-2-pp. The specific antibodies of TSPAN3, CD63, and ITGB2 blocked the adsorption of PEDV into host cells. Moreover, we detected that eIF4E phosphorylation was increased at 1 h after PEDV infection, in accordance with the expression of TSPAN3, CD63, and ITGB2. Similar trends appeared in the intestines of piglets in the early stage of PEDV challenge. Compared with Vero cells, S209A-Vero cells in which eIF4E cannot be phosphorylated showed a decrease of invading PEDV virions. MNK kinase inhibitor blocked PEDV invasion, as well as reduced the accumulation of TSPAN3, CD63, and ITGB2. Further study showed that the ERK-MNK pathway was responsible for the regulation of PEDV-induced early phosphorylation of eIF4E. This paper demonstrates for the first time the connections among p-eIF4E stimulation and membrane-residential host factors. Our findings also enrich the understanding of the biological function of phosphorylated eIF4E during the viral life cycle.IMPORTANCEThe eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E can regulate cellular translation via phosphorylation. In our previous study, several host factors susceptible to a high level of p-eIF4E were found to be conducive to viral infection by coronavirus PEDV. The current paper is focused on cell membrane-residential factors, which are involved in signal pathways that are sensitive to phosphorylated eIF4E. We found that the ERK-MNK pathway was activated, which resulted in the stimulation of phosphorylation of eIF4E in early PEDV infection. Phospho-eIF4E promoted the viral invasion of PEDV by upregulating the expression of host factors TSPAN3, CD63, and ITGB2 at the translation level rather than at the transcription level. Moreover, TSPAN3, CD63, or ITGB2 facilitates the efficient entry of coronavirus SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and HCoV-OC43. Our findings broaden our insights into the dynamic phosphorylation of eIF4E during the viral life cycle, and provide further evidence that phosphorylated eIF4E regulates selective translation of host mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jun Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Ling You
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Chi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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21
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Park JE. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea: Insights and Progress on Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:212. [PMID: 38400195 PMCID: PMC10892315 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a swine-wasting disease caused by coronavirus infection. It causes great economic damage to the swine industry worldwide. Despite the continued use of vaccines, PED outbreaks continue, highlighting the need to review the effectiveness of current vaccines and develop additional vaccines based on new platforms. Here, we review existing vaccine technologies for preventing PED and highlight promising technologies that may help control PED virus in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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22
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Rivera-Benítez JF, Martínez-Bautista R, González-Martínez R, De la Luz-Armendáriz J, Herrera-Camacho I, Rosas-Murrieta N, Márquez-Valdelamar L, Lara R. Phylogenetic and Molecular Analysis of the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Mexico during the First Reported Outbreaks (2013-2017). Viruses 2024; 16:309. [PMID: 38400084 PMCID: PMC10891996 DOI: 10.3390/v16020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of the whole PEDV genome that has circulated in Mexico from the first outbreak to the present are unknown. We chose samples obtained from 2013 to 2017 and sequenced them, which enabled us to identify the genetic variation and phylogeny in the virus during the first four years that it circulated in Mexico. A 99% identity was found among the analyzed pandemic strains; however, the 1% difference affected the structure of the S glycoprotein, which is essential for the binding of the virus to the cellular receptor. The S protein induces the most efficacious antibodies; hence, these changes in structure could be implicated in the clinical antecedents of the outbreaks. Antigenic changes could also help PEDV avoid neutralization, even in the presence of previous immunity. The characterization of the complete genome enabled the identification of three circulating strains that have a deletion in ORF1a, which is present in attenuated Asian vaccine strains. The phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome indicates that the first PEDV outbreaks in Mexico were caused by INDEL strains and pandemic strains related to USA strains; however, the possibility of the entry of European strains exists, which may have caused the 2015 and 2016 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Rivera-Benítez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Mexico City 04010, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jazmín De la Luz-Armendáriz
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Rumiantes, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Irma Herrera-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72000, Mexico; (I.H.-C.); (N.R.-M.)
| | - Nora Rosas-Murrieta
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72000, Mexico; (I.H.-C.); (N.R.-M.)
| | - Laura Márquez-Valdelamar
- Laboratorio de Secuenciación Genómica de la Biodiversidad y de la Salud, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Rocio Lara
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias de la Producción y de la Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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23
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Zhao Y, Fan B, Song X, Gao J, Guo R, Yi C, He Z, Hu H, Jiang J, Zhao L, Zhong T, Li B. PEDV-spike-protein-expressing mRNA vaccine protects piglets against PEDV challenge. mBio 2024; 15:e0295823. [PMID: 38231557 PMCID: PMC10865985 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02958-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a swine enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes severe diarrhea in neonatal piglets, which is associated with a high mortality rate. Thus, developing effective and safe vaccines remains a top priority for controlling PEDV infection. Here, we designed two lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA-LNP) vaccines encoding either the full-length PEDV spike (S) protein or a multiepitope chimeric spike (Sm) protein. We found that the S mRNA-LNP vaccine was superior to the Sm mRNA-LNP vaccine at inducing antibody and cellular immune responses in mice. Evaluation of the immunogenicity and efficacy of the S mRNA vaccine in piglets confirmed that it induced robust PEDV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo. Importantly, the S mRNA-LNP vaccine not only protected actively immunized piglets against PEDV but also equipped neonatal piglets with effective passive anti-PEDV immunity in the form of colostrum-derived antibodies after the immunization of sows. Our findings suggest that the PEDV-S mRNA-LNP vaccine is a promising candidate for combating PEDV infection.IMPORTANCEPorcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) continues to harm the global swine industry. It is important to develop a highly effective vaccine to control PEDV infection. Here, we report a PEDV spike (S) mRNA vaccine that primes a potent antibody response and antigen-specific T-cell responses in immunized piglets. Active and passive immunization can protect piglets against PED following the virus challenge. This study highlights the efficiency of the PEDV-S mRNA vaccine and represents a viable approach for developing an efficient PEDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Xu Song
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Cheng Yi
- Suzhou Huiliao Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Zhaoming He
- Suzhou Huiliao Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Hongpeng Hu
- Suzhou Huiliao Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Jianhao Jiang
- Suzhou Huiliao Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Lixiang Zhao
- Suzhou Huiliao Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Zhong
- Suzhou Huiliao Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
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24
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Guo W, Wang C, Song X, Xu H, Zhao S, Gu J, Zou Z, Li J, Qian J, Zhang X, Guo R, Li J, Li L, Hu Z, Ren L, Fan B, Li B. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a trimeric full-length S protein subunit vaccine for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Vaccine 2024; 42:828-839. [PMID: 38220489 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused serious economic losses to the pig husbandry worldwide, and the effects of existing commercialized vaccines are suboptimal. Therefore, research to develop an efficacious vaccine for prevention and control of PEDV is essential. In this study, we designed and produced trimerized proteins of full-length PEDV spike (S) protein, S1 subunit, and a tandem of multiple epitopes of S protein using an efficient mammalian expression vector system in HEK 293F cells. The immunogenicity of two commercial adjuvants, M401 and M103, was also evaluated in mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that all immunized mice generated highly systemic PEDV S-specific IgG and IgA antibodies. Mice in S/M103-immunized group generated the highest neutralizing antibody titer with 1:96. Compared with control group, the subunit vaccines elicited multifunctional CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells, B220+CD19+ B cells, and CD3-CD49b+ natural killer cells in the spleen. PEDV S/M103 vaccine, which had the best immune effect, was selected for further evaluation in piglets. Immunization with S/M103 vaccine induced high levels of S-specific IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies, and increased the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the expression levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 in peripheral blood of piglets. Virus challenge test results showed significantly lower diarrheal index scores and fecal viral loads, and less pathological damage to the intestines in S/M103-immunized piglets than in controls, indicating that S/M103 provides good protection against the virulent virus challenge. Our findings suggest that trimeric PEDV S/M103 has potential as a clinical vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 5th Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanhong Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xu Song
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shuqing Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhikun Zou
- Chengdu Yisikang Biotechnology LLC, Chendou 610095, China
| | - Jing Li
- Chengdu Yisikang Biotechnology LLC, Chendou 610095, China
| | - Jiali Qian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaoyang Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lili Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 5th Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China.
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Alshaalan KS, Alkahtani RF, Althobaiti RF, Aldhahi RA, Rebh FZ, Algezlan SS, Alanazi SM, Alrumaih SS, Alturki BA, Alahmadi AS, Alanazi RA, Al Ali AH, Alshabanah OM. Statin use and clinical outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A retrospective analysis in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2024; 45:171-178. [PMID: 38309726 PMCID: PMC11115412 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2024.45.2.20230589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between statin use and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) severity. METHODS This was a retrospective study of adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 who were hospitalized at Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study was carried out from July - September 2020. Antecedent statin use was evaluated using medication information available in the electronic medical records. RESULTS In this retrospective study, we collected data from 689 patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Among the patients, 56.2% of them were non-Saudi and 67.3% were males. The mean age of the patients was 53.7 years. The most common comorbidities among patients with COVID-19 at admission were hypertension (65.2%) and diabetes mellitus (65%). Among these patients, 155 (22.5%) patients received statins during hospitalization and 79.7% of them received corticosteroids. Receiving statins significantly increased the risk of intensive care unit's admission by 1.64 times, intubation by 1.76 times, developing complications by 2.48 times, and mortality by 3.16 times. CONCLUSION Statins are associated with a higher risk of mortality and morbidity among patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S. Alshaalan
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rahaf F. Alkahtani
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Renad F. Althobaiti
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rana A. Aldhahi
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fatimah Z. Rebh
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sarah S. Algezlan
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Salma M. Alanazi
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shawg S. Alrumaih
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Basma A. Alturki
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah S. Alahmadi
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Raneem A. Alanazi
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Alaa H. Al Ali
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Othman M. Alshabanah
- From the Department of Dermatology (Alshaalan); from the Department of Family Medicine (Alahmadi); from the Department of Internal Medicine and Adult Infectious Diseases (Rebh); from the Department of of Intensive Care Unit (Alshabanah), Prince Mohammad Bin Abdul-Aziz Hospital, from the College of Medicine (Alkahtani, Althobaiti, Aldhahi, Algezlan, M. Alanazi, Alrumaih, Alturki, A. Alanazi), Al Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, and from the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (Al Ali), King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Li X, Wu Y, Yan Z, Li G, Luo J, Huang S, Guo X. A Comprehensive View on the Protein Functions of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:165. [PMID: 38397155 PMCID: PMC10887554 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus (PEDV) is one of the main pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets and fattening pigs. The clinical signs of PED are vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and mortality resulting in significant economic losses and becoming a major challenge in the pig industry. PEDV possesses various crucial structural and functional proteins, which play important roles in viral structure, infection, replication, assembly, and release, as well as in escaping host innate immunity. Over the past few years, there has been progress in the study of PEDV pathogenesis, revealing the crucial role of the interaction between PEDV viral proteins and host cytokines in PEDV infection. At present, the main control measure against PEDV is vaccine immunization of sows, but the protective effect for emerging virus strains is still insufficient, and there is no ideal safe and efficient vaccine. Although scientists have persistently delved their research into the intricate structure and functionalities of the PEDV genome and viral proteins for years, the pathogenic mechanism of PEDV remains incompletely elucidated. Here, we focus on reviewing the research progress of PEDV structural and nonstructural proteins to facilitate the understanding of biological processes such as PEDV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Yiwan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Zhibin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
| | - Gen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Y.); (G.L.); (J.L.)
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing 526238, China
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Guo Y, Sui L, Kong D, Liu D, Gao Y, Jiang Y, Cui W, Li J, Li Y, Wang L. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain CH/HLJ/18 isolated in China: characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Virol J 2024; 21:28. [PMID: 38268010 PMCID: PMC10807084 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an infectious disease of the digestive tract caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), characterized by vomiting, severe diarrhea, and high mortality rates in piglets. In recent years, the distribution of this disease in China has remarkably increased, and its pathogenicity has also increased. PEDV has been identified as the main cause of viral diarrhea in piglets. This study aimed to understand the genetic evolution and diversity of PEDV to provide a theoretical basis for the development of new vaccines and the prevention and treatment of PED. METHODS A PEDV strain was isolated from the small intestine of a diarrheal piglet using Vero cells. The virus was identified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and transmission electron microscopy. The whole genome sequence was sequenced, phylogenetic analysis was conducted using MEGA (version 7.0), and recombination analysis was performed using RDP4 and SimPlot. The S protein amino acid sequence was aligned using Cluster X (version 2.0), and the S protein was modeled using SWISS-MODEL to compare differences in structure and antigenicity. Finally, the piglets were inoculated with PEDV to evaluate its pathogenicity in newborn piglets. RESULT PEDV strain CH/HLJ/18 was isolated. CH/HLJ/18 shared 89.4-99.2% homology with 52 reference strains of PEDV belonging to the GII-a subgroup. It was a recombinant strain of PEDV BJ-2011-1 and PEDV CH_hubei_2016 with a breakpoint located in ORF1b. Unique amino acid deletions and mutations were observed in the CH/HLJ/18 S protein. The piglets then developed severe watery diarrhea and died within 7 d of inoculation with CH/HLJ/18, suggesting that CH/HLJ/18 was highly pathogenic to newborn piglets. CONCLUSION A highly pathogenic recombinant PEDV GII-a strain, CH/HLJ/18, was identified in China, with unique deletion and mutation of amino acids in the S protein that may lead to changes in protein structure and antigenicity. These results will be crucial for understanding the prevalence and variation of PEDV and for preventing and controlling PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ling Sui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Deming Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dan Liu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yueyi Gao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Li F, Yu H, Qi A, Zhang T, Huo Y, Tu Q, Qi C, Wu H, Wang X, Zhou J, Hu L, Ouyang H, Pang D, Xie Z. Regulatory Non-Coding RNAs during Porcine Viral Infections: Potential Targets for Antiviral Therapy. Viruses 2024; 16:118. [PMID: 38257818 PMCID: PMC10818342 DOI: 10.3390/v16010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs play important roles in agriculture and bio-medicine; however, porcine viral infections have caused huge losses to the pig industry and severely affected the animal welfare and social public safety. During viral infections, many non-coding RNAs are induced or repressed by viruses and regulate viral infection. Many viruses have, therefore, developed a number of mechanisms that use ncRNAs to evade the host immune system. Understanding how ncRNAs regulate host immunity during porcine viral infections is critical for the development of antiviral therapies. In this review, we provide a summary of the classification, production and function of ncRNAs involved in regulating porcine viral infections. Additionally, we outline pathways and modes of action by which ncRNAs regulate viral infections and highlight the therapeutic potential of artificial microRNA. Our hope is that this information will aid in the development of antiviral therapies based on ncRNAs for the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Aosi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Yuran Huo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Qiuse Tu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Chunyun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Heyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Lanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
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Chitre SD, Crews CM, Tessema MT, Plėštytė-Būtienė I, Coffee M, Richardson ET. The impact of anthropogenic climate change on pediatric viral diseases. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:496-507. [PMID: 38057578 PMCID: PMC10872406 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of climate change on human health are unfolding in real time. Environmental fragmentation is amplifying spillover of viruses from wildlife to humans. Increasing temperatures are expanding mosquito and tick habitats, introducing vector-borne viruses into immunologically susceptible populations. More frequent flooding is spreading water-borne viral pathogens, while prolonged droughts reduce regional capacity to prevent and respond to disease outbreaks with adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Worsening air quality and altered transmission seasons due to an increasingly volatile climate may exacerbate the impacts of respiratory viruses. Furthermore, both extreme weather events and long-term climate variation are causing the destruction of health systems and large-scale migrations, reshaping health care delivery in the face of an evolving global burden of viral disease. Because of their immunological immaturity, differences in physiology (e.g., size), dependence on caregivers, and behavioral traits, children are particularly vulnerable to climate change. This investigation into the unique pediatric viral threats posed by an increasingly inhospitable world elucidates potential avenues of targeted programming and uncovers future research questions to effect equitable, actionable change. IMPACT: A review of the effects of climate change on viral threats to pediatric health, including zoonotic, vector-borne, water-borne, and respiratory viruses, as well as distal threats related to climate-induced migration and health systems. A unique focus on viruses offers a more in-depth look at the effect of climate change on vector competence, viral particle survival, co-morbidities, and host behavior. An examination of children as a particularly vulnerable population provokes programming tailored to their unique set of vulnerabilities and encourages reflection on equitable climate adaptation frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smit D Chitre
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecilia M Crews
- Heilbrunn Department of Population & Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mesfin Teklu Tessema
- Heilbrunn Department of Population & Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
- International Rescue Committee, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Megan Coffee
- Heilbrunn Department of Population & Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- International Rescue Committee, New York, NY, USA
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eugene T Richardson
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Li H, Zhou C, Zhang M, Yuan N, Huang X, Xiang J, Wang L, Shi L. Transcriptomics yields valuable information regarding the response mechanisms of Chinese Min pigs infected with PEDV. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1295723. [PMID: 38192721 PMCID: PMC10773921 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1295723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), a highly infectious disease, which has resulted in huge economic losses for the pig industry. To date, the pathogenic and immune response mechanism was not particularly clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pathogenic and immune responses of pigs infected with PEDV.In this study, 12 Min pigs were randomly selected without taking colostrum. At 3 days old, eight piglets were infected with 1 mL of PEDV solution (10 TCID50/ml), and the remaining four piglets were handled by 1 mL of 0.9% normal saline. Within the age of 7 days old, four piglets died and were considered as the death group. Correspondingly, four alive individuals were classified into the resistance group. Tissues of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, cecum, and rectum of piglets in the three groups were collected to measure the PEDV content. Additionally, the jejunum was used for the measurements and analyses of Hematoxylin-eosinstaining (HE), immunohistochemical sections, and transcriptomics. The phenotypes of Min piglets infected with PEDV showed that the viral copy numbers and jejunal damage had significant differences between the death and resistance groups. We also observed the transcriptome of the jejunum, and the differentially expressed (DE) analysis observed 6,585 DE protein-coding genes (PCGs), 3,188 DE long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and 350 DE microRNAs (miRNAs), which were mainly involved in immune response and metabolic pathways. Furthermore, the specific expressed molecules for each group were identified, and 97 PCGs,108 lncRNAs, and 51 miRNAs were included in the ceRNA-regulated networks. By weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and transcription factor (TF) prediction, 27 significant modules and 32 significant motifs (E-value < 0.05) annotated with 519 TFs were detected. Of these TFs, 53 were DE PCGs. In summary, the promising key PCGs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs related to the pathogenic and immunological response of pigs infected with PEDV were detected and provided new insights into the pathogenesis of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhou
- Huanghe Science and Technology University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meimei Zhang
- Beijing Vica Biotechnology Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Na Yuan
- Beijing Vica Biotechnology Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Xiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixian Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang S, Sun Z, Liu X, Liao G, Niu Z, Kan Z, Xu S, Zhang J, Zou H, Zhang X, Song Z. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus causes diarrhea by activating EGFR to regulates NHE3 activity and mobility on plasma membrane. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1237913. [PMID: 38029193 PMCID: PMC10655020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1237913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the genus Enteropathogenic Coronaviruses, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) is an important cause of early diarrhea and death in piglets, and one of the most difficult swine diseases to prevent and control in the pig industry. Previously, we found that PEDV can block Na+ absorption and induce diarrhea in piglets by inhibiting the activity of the sodium-hydrogen ion transporter NHE3 in pig intestinal epithelial cells, but the mechanism needs to be further explored. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been proved to be one of the co-receptors involved in many viral infections and a key protein involved in the regulation of NHE3 activity in response to various pathological stimuli. Based on this, our study used porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) as an infection model to investigate the role of EGFR in regulating NHE3 activity after PEDV infection. The results showed that EGFR mediated viral invasion by interacting with PEDV S1, and activated EGFR regulated the downstream EGFR/ERK signaling pathway, resulting in decreased expression of NHE3 and reduced NHE3 mobility at the plasma membrane, which ultimately led to decreased NHE3 activity. The low level of NHE3 expression in intestinal epithelial cells may be a key factor leading to PEDV-induced diarrhea in newborn piglets. This study reveals the importance of EGFR in the regulation of NHE3 activity by PEDV and provides new targets and clues for the prevention and treatment of PEDV-induced diarrhea in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiLing Zhang
- School of Animal Medicine, Southwest University Rongchang Campus, Chongqing, China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- School of Animal Medicine, Southwest University Rongchang Campus, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Animal Medicine, Southwest University Rongchang Campus, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- School of Animal Medicine, Southwest University Rongchang Campus, Chongqing, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guisong Liao
- School of Animal Medicine, Southwest University Rongchang Campus, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Shanxi, China
| | - ZiFei Kan
- School of Animal Medicine, Southwest University Rongchang Campus, Chongqing, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - ShaSha Xu
- School of Animal Medicine, Southwest University Rongchang Campus, Chongqing, China
| | - JingYi Zhang
- School of Animal Medicine, Southwest University Rongchang Campus, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zou
- School of Animal Medicine, Southwest University Rongchang Campus, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingcui Zhang
- School of Animal Medicine, Southwest University Rongchang Campus, Chongqing, China
| | - ZhenHui Song
- School of Animal Medicine, Southwest University Rongchang Campus, Chongqing, China
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Medical Research, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Kim HR, Kim JM, Baek JS, Park J, Kim WI, Ku BK, Jeoung HY, Lee KK, Park CK. An Advanced Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid and Reliable Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Internal Positive Control. Viruses 2023; 15:2204. [PMID: 38005882 PMCID: PMC10674262 DOI: 10.3390/v15112204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For rapid and reliable detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) from pig clinical samples, a multiplex, real-time, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mqRT-LAMP) was developed using two sets of primers and assimilating probes specific to the PEDV N gene and the Sus scrofa β-actin gene, which was used as an endogenous internal positive control (EIPC) to avoid false-negative results. The assay specifically amplified both target genes of PEDV and EIPC in a single reaction without any interference but did not amplify other porcine viral nucleic acids. The limit of detection was 10 copies/μL, 100-fold lower than that of a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and equivalent to that of quantitative/real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). This assay has high repeatability and reproducibility with coefficients of variation < 4.0%. The positive signal of the mqRT-LAMP assay was generated within 25 min, demonstrating advantages in rapid detection of PEDV over RT-PCR or qRT-PCR assay, which require at least 2 h turnaround times. In clinical evaluation, the detection rate of PEDV by mqRT-LAMP assay (77.3%) was higher than that of RT-PCR assay (69.7%), and comparable to qRT-PCR (76.8%) with almost 100% concordance (kappa value 0.98). The developed mqRT-LAMP assay can serve as an advanced alternative method for PEDV diagnosis because it has high sensitivity and specificity, rapidity, and reliability even in resource-limited laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.); (J.-S.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.); (J.-S.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Ji-Su Baek
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.); (J.-S.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Jonghyun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.); (J.-S.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea;
| | - Bok Kyung Ku
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (K.-K.L.)
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (K.-K.L.)
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (K.-K.L.)
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.); (J.-S.B.); (J.P.)
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Su K, Wang Y, Yuan C, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li T, Song Q. Intranasally inoculated bacterium-like particles displaying porcine epidemic diarrhea virus S1 protein induced intestinal mucosal immune response in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269409. [PMID: 37790942 PMCID: PMC10544335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes acute watery diarrhea and high mortality in newborn piglets. Activation of intestinal mucosal immunity is crucial to anti-PEDV infection. To develop a vaccine capable of stimulating intestinal mucosal immunity, we prepared a bacterium (Lactococcus lactis)-like particle (BLP) vaccine (S1-BLPs) displaying the S1 protein, a domain of PEDV spike protein (S), based on gram-positive enhancer matrix (GEM) particle display technology. We further compared the effects of different vaccination routes on mucosal immune responses in mice induced by S1-BLPs. The specific IgG titer in serum of intramuscularly immunized mice with S1-BLPs was significantly higher than that of the intranasally administered. The specific IgA antibody was found in the serum and intestinal lavage fluid of mice vaccinated intranasally, but not intramuscularly. Moreover, the intranasally inoculated S1-BLPs induced higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 in serum than the intramuscularly inoculated. In addition, the ratio of serum IgG2a/IgG1 of mice inoculated intramuscularly was significantly higher with S1-BLPs compared to that of with S1 protein, suggesting that the immune responses induced by S1-BLPs was characterized by helper T (Th) cell type 1 immunity. The results indicated that S1-BLPs induced systemic and local immunity, and the immunization routes significantly affected the specific antibody classes and Th immune response types. The intranasally administered S1-BLPs could effectively stimulate intestinal mucosal specific secretory IgA response. S1-BLPs have the potential to be developed as PEDV mucosal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yanrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Tanqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Qinye Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Yang Y, Chen H, Zhang C, Shin HJ, Qian Y, Jung YS. HDAC-Specific Inhibitors Induce the Release of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus via the COPII-Coated Vesicles. Viruses 2023; 15:1874. [PMID: 37766280 PMCID: PMC10534748 DOI: 10.3390/v15091874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an alpha-coronavirus causing acute diarrhea and high mortality in neonatal suckling piglets, resulting in huge economic losses for the global swine industry. The replication, assembly and cell egression of PEDV, an enveloped RNA virus, are mediated via altered intracellular trafficking. The underlying mechanisms of PEDV secretion are poorly understood. In this study, we found that the histone deacetylase (HDAC)-specific inhibitors, trichostatin A (TSA) and sodium butyrate (NaB), facilitate the secretion of infectious PEDV particles without interfering with its assembly. We found that PEDV N protein and its replicative intermediate dsRNA colocalize with coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles. We also showed that the colocalization of PEDV and COPII is enhanced by the HDAC-specific inhibitors. In addition, ultrastructural analysis revealed that the HDAC-specific inhibitors promote COPII-coated vesicles carrying PEDV virions and the secretion of COPII-coated vesicles. Consistently, HDAC-specific inhibitors-induced PEDV particle secretion was abolished by Sec24B knockdown, implying that the HDAC-specific inhibitors-mediated COPII-coated vesicles are required for PEDV secretion. Taken together, our findings provide initial evidence suggesting that PEDV virions can assemble in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and bud off from the ER in the COPII-coated vesicles. HDAC-specific inhibitors promote PEDV release by hijacking the COPII-coated vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workstation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huan Chen
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workstation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Caisheng Zhang
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workstation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workstation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workstation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Zhai H, Qin W, Dong S, Yang X, Zhai X, Tong W, Liu C, Zheng H, Yu H, Kong N, Tong G, Shan T. PEDV N protein capture protein translation element PABPC1 and eIF4F to promote viral replication. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109844. [PMID: 37572396 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an acute, highly infectious intestinal disease caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which seriously endangers the healthy development of the pig industry. PEDV N protein is the most abundant viral structural protein, which can be combined with viral genomic RNA to form ribonucleoprotein complexes, thereby participating in the transcription and replication of the virus. However, how PEDV hijacks the host transcription translation system to promote viral proliferation remains unclear. In this study, we found that there is an interaction between PEDV N, polyadenylate-binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) proteins through coimmunoprecipitation, GST pulldown and fluorescence microscopy experiments. PABPC1 could bind to the poly(A) tail of the mRNA, and eIF4F could bind to the 5' end cap structure of the mRNA, so the interaction of PABPC1 and eIF4F could facilitate mRNA forming a circular shape to promote translation to the proteins. To further explore the effect of N protein capture protein translation element PABPC1 and eIF4F on PEDV replication, we overexpressed PABPC1, eIF4F (containing eIF4A, eIF4E and eIF4G) separately on Vero cells and LLC-PK1 cells, and we found that the PABPC1 and eIF4F protein could promote PEDV replication. Taken together, our data suggested that PEDV N protein promoted cyclization of viral mRNA carried by N protein through binding with PABPC1 and eIF4F proteins, thus promoting viral transcription and facilitating viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjie Zhai
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhen Qin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujie Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Zhai
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Merchioratto I, Mendes Peter C, Ramachandran A, Maggioli MF, Vicosa Bauermann F. Viability of Veterinary-Relevant Viruses in Decomposing Tissues over a 90-Day Period Using an In-Vitro System. Pathogens 2023; 12:1104. [PMID: 37764912 PMCID: PMC10537333 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Depopulation is frequently employed during outbreaks of high-impact animal diseases. Security breaches in sites managing mortality may jeopardize pathogen control efforts as infected carcasses can serve as an infection source. This study evaluated the viability and nucleic acid detection of veterinary-relevant viruses or their surrogates in decomposing tissues. The used viruses were: Senecavirus A1 (SVA), feline calicivirus (FCV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), and swinepox virus (SwPV). Viruses were spiked in three decomposing tissues (swine bone marrow and spleen, and bovine bone marrow) and maintained for 90 days. Samples were kept under two temperature conditions resembling the average soil temperature in central Oklahoma, US, during the winter and summer (5.5 °C and 29.4 °C). At 5.5 °C, SVA and FCV remained viable over the 90 days of the study, followed by BVDV (75 days), BoHV-1 and SwPV (60 days), and PEDV (10 days). At 29.4 °C, SVA remained viable for 45 days, followed by BVDV and BoHV-1 (14 days). SwPV was viable for 10 days, whereas FCV and PEDV were viable for 5 days. Overall, viral nucleic acid detection was not significantly altered during the study. These findings support decision-making and risk management in sites overseeing animal mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingryd Merchioratto
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Cristina Mendes Peter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Center for Medical Bioinformatics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- Molecular Diagnostics, Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Mayara Fernanda Maggioli
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Fernando Vicosa Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Rahman A, Roy KJ, Deb GK, Ha T, Rahman S, Aktar MK, Ali MI, Kafi MA, Choi JW. Nano-Enabled Antivirals for Overcoming Antibody Escaped Mutations Based SARS-CoV-2 Waves. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13130. [PMID: 37685938 PMCID: PMC10488153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review discusses receptor-binding domain (RBD) mutations related to the emergence of various SARS-CoV-2 variants, which have been highlighted as a major cause of repetitive clinical waves of COVID-19. Our perusal of the literature reveals that most variants were able to escape neutralizing antibodies developed after immunization or natural exposure, pointing to the need for a sustainable technological solution to overcome this crisis. This review, therefore, focuses on nanotechnology and the development of antiviral nanomaterials with physical antagonistic features of viral replication checkpoints as such a solution. Our detailed discussion of SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis highlights four distinct checkpoints, the S protein (ACE2 receptor coupling), the RBD motif (ACE2 receptor coupling), ACE2 coupling, and the S protein cleavage site, as targets for the development of nano-enabled solutions that, for example, prevent viral attachment and fusion with the host cell by either blocking viral RBD/spike proteins or cellular ACE2 receptors. As proof of this concept, we highlight applications of several nanomaterials, such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, carbon dots, quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based, polymer-based, lipid-polymer hybrid-based, surface-modified nanoparticles that have already been employed to control viral infections. These nanoparticles were developed to inhibit receptor-mediated host-virus attachments and cell fusion, the uncoating of the virus, viral gene expression, protein synthesis, the assembly of progeny viral particles, and the release of the virion. Moreover, nanomaterials have been used as antiviral drug carriers and vaccines, and nano-enabled sensors have already been shown to enable fast, sensitive, and label-free real-time diagnosis of viral infections. Nano-biosensors could, therefore, also be useful in the remote testing and tracking of patients, while nanocarriers probed with target tissue could facilitate the targeted delivery of antiviral drugs to infected cells, tissues, organs, or systems while avoiding unwanted exposure of non-target tissues. Antiviral nanoparticles can also be applied to sanitizers, clothing, facemasks, and other personal protective equipment to minimize horizontal spread. We believe that the nanotechnology-enabled solutions described in this review will enable us to control repeated SAR-CoV-2 waves caused by antibody escape mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (K.J.R.); (S.R.); (M.K.A.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Kumar Jyotirmoy Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (K.J.R.); (S.R.); (M.K.A.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Gautam Kumar Deb
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh;
| | - Taehyeong Ha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea;
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (K.J.R.); (S.R.); (M.K.A.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Mst. Khudishta Aktar
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (K.J.R.); (S.R.); (M.K.A.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Md. Isahak Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (K.J.R.); (S.R.); (M.K.A.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Md. Abdul Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (K.J.R.); (S.R.); (M.K.A.); (M.I.A.)
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea;
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Lazov CM, Papetti A, Belsham GJ, Bøtner A, Rasmussen TB, Boniotti MB. Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR Assays for Detection and Differentiation of Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses. Pathogens 2023; 12:1040. [PMID: 37624000 PMCID: PMC10457881 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is important to be able to detect and differentiate between distinct porcine enteric coronaviruses that can cause similar diseases. However, the existence of naturally occurring recombinant coronaviruses such as swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) can give misleading results with currently used diagnostic methods. Therefore, we have developed and validated three duplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays for the simultaneous detection of, and differentiation between, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and SeCoV. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is also detected by two out of these three assays. In addition, a novel triplex assay was set up that was able to detect and differentiate between these alphacoronaviruses and the porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). The validated assays have low limits of detection, close to 100% efficiency, and were able to correctly identify the presence of PEDV and SeCoV in 55 field samples, whereas 20 samples of other pathogens did not give a positive result. Implementing one or more of these multiplex assays into the routine diagnostic surveillance for PEDV will ensure that the presence of SeCoV, TGEV, and PDCoV will not go unnoticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Lazov
- DTU Institute of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, IZSLER, Reparto Tecnologie Biologiche Applicate, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 4 Stigboejlen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Alice Papetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, IZSLER, Reparto Tecnologie Biologiche Applicate, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 4 Stigboejlen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 4 Stigboejlen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, IZSLER, Reparto Tecnologie Biologiche Applicate, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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Song S, Park GN, Shin J, Kim KS, An BH, Choe S, Kim SY, Hyun BH, An DJ. Rescue of a Live-Attenuated Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus HSGP Strain Using a Virulent Strain and a Partially Attenuated Strain. Viruses 2023; 15:1601. [PMID: 37515287 PMCID: PMC10383568 DOI: 10.3390/v15071601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In South Korea in 2013, the G1-based vaccine failed to prevent an outbreak of G2b-type porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which is more pathogenic than the traditional G1-type strain, thereby allowing the virus to spread. In 2017 and 2018, field samples were cultured sequentially on Vero cells to isolate HS (virulent) and SGP-M1 (partially attenuated) strains, respectively, of the G2b type. The HS strain harbors a single amino acid (aa) change and two aa deletions in the N-terminal domain of S1 (55I56G57E→55K56Δ57Δ). The SGP-M1 strain harbors a seven aa deletion in the C-terminal domain of S2 (1380~1386ΔFEKVHVQ). By co-infecting various animal cells with these two strains (HS and SGP-M1), we succeeded in cloning strain HSGP, which harbors the mutations present in the two original viruses. The CPE pattern of the HSGP strain was different from that of the HS and SGP-M1 strains, with higher viral titers. Studies in piglets showed attenuated pathogenicity of the HSGP strain, with no clinical symptoms or viral shedding, and histopathologic lesions similar to those in negative controls. These findings confirm that deletion of specific sequences from the S gene attenuates the pathogenicity of PEDV. In addition, HSGP strains created by combining two different strains have the potential for use as novel attenuated live vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Song
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Jang G, Lee D, Shin S, Lim J, Won H, Eo Y, Kim CH, Lee C. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: an update overview of virus epidemiology, vaccines, and control strategies in South Korea. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e58. [PMID: 37532301 PMCID: PMC10404706 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has posed significant financial threats to the domestic pig industry over the last three decades in South Korea. PEDV infection will mostly result in endemic persistence in the affected farrow-to-finish (FTF) herds, leading to endemic porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) followed by year-round recurrent outbreaks. This review aims to encourage collaboration among swine producers, veterinarians, and researchers to offer answers that strengthen our understanding of PEDV in efforts to prevent and control endemic PED and to prepare for the next epidemics or pandemics. We found that collaboratively implementing a PED risk assessment and customized four-pillar-based control measures is vital to interrupt the chain of endemic PED in affected herds: the former can identify on-farm risk factors while the latter aims to compensate for or improve weaknesses via herd immunity stabilization and virus elimination. Under endemic PED, long-term virus survival in slurry and asymptomatically infected gilts ("Trojan Pigs") that can transmit the virus to farrowing houses are key challenges for PEDV eradication in FTF farms and highlight the necessity for active monitoring and surveillance of the virus in herds and their environments. This paper underlines the current knowledge of molecular epidemiology and commercially available vaccines, as well as the risk assessment and customized strategies to control PEDV. The intervention measures for stabilizing herd immunity and eliminating virus circulation may be the cornerstone of establishing regional or national PED eradication programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guehwan Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Duri Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Sangjune Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - Jeonggyo Lim
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - Hokeun Won
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - Youngjoon Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Nawoo Veterinary Group, Yangsan 50573, Korea
| | - Cheol-Ho Kim
- Gyeongnam Veterinary Service Laboratory Quarantine Agency, Jinju 52733, Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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Peng O, Wu Y, Hu F, Xia Y, Geng R, Huang Y, Zeng S, Hu G, Xue C, Zhang H, Cao Y. Transcriptome Profiling of Vero E6 Cells during Original Parental or Cell-Attenuated Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1426. [PMID: 37515115 PMCID: PMC10386749 DOI: 10.3390/v15071426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has led to significant economic losses in the global porcine industry since the emergence of variant strains in 2010. The high mutability of coronaviruses endows PEDV with the ability to evade the host immune response, which impairs the effectiveness of vaccines. In our previous study, we generated a highly cell-passaged PEDV strain, CT-P120, which showed promise as a live attenuated vaccine candidate by providing satisfactory protection against variant PEDV infection in piglets. However, the mechanism by which the attenuated CT-P120 adapts to cells during passage, resulting in increased replication efficiency, remains unclear. To address this question, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis of Vero E6 cells infected with either the original parental strain (CT-P10) or the cell-attenuated strain (CT-P120) of PEDV at 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection. Compared to CT-P10, CT-P120 infection resulted in a significant decrease in the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at each time point. Functional enrichment analysis of genes revealed the activation of various innate immune-related pathways by CT-P10, notably attenuated during CT-P120 infection. To validate these results, we selected eight genes (TRAF3, IRF3, IFNL1, ISG15, NFKB1, MAP2K3, IL1A, and CCL2) involved in antiviral processes and confirmed their mRNA expression patterns using RT-qPCR, in line with the transcriptomic data. Subsequent protein-level analysis of selected genes via Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay corroborated these results, reinforcing the robustness of our findings. Collectively, our research elucidates the strategies underpinning PEDV attenuation and immune evasion, providing invaluable insights for the development of effective PEDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fangyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rui Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yihui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Siying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guangli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Life Sciences School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Zhang C, Chen H, Sun L, Zhao P, Qi C, Yang Y, Si A, Qian Y, Jung YS. Bis-Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids Inhibit Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus by Disrupting Virus Entry. Pathogens 2023; 12:845. [PMID: 37375535 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), belonging to the α-coronavirus, is the causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Presently, protection from the existing PEDV vaccine is not effective. Therefore, anti-PEDV compounds should be studied. Berbamine (BBM), Fangchinoline (FAN), and (+)-Fangchinoline (+FAN), are types of bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids that are extracted from natural medicinal plants. These bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids have various biological activities, including antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we found that BBM, FAN, and +FAN suppressed PEDV activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 9.00 µM, 3.54 µM, and 4.68 µM, respectively. Furthermore, these alkaloids can decrease the PEDV-N protein levels and virus titers in vitro. The time-of-addition assay results showed that these alkaloids mainly inhibit PEDV entry. We also found that the inhibitory effects of BBM, FAN, and +FAN on PEDV rely on decreasing the activity of Cathepsin L (CTSL) and Cathepsin B (CTSB) by suppressing lysosome acidification. Taken together, these results indicated that BBM, FAN, and +FAN were effective anti-PEDV natural products that prevented PEDV entry and may be considered novel antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caisheng Zhang
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huan Chen
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liumei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Pu Zhao
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chuanxiang Qi
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Yang
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Anqi Si
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- One Health Laboratory, Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Song X, Qian J, Wang C, Wang D, Zhou J, Zhao Y, Wang W, Li J, Guo R, Li Y, Zhu X, Yang S, Zhang X, Fan B, Li B. Correlation between the IgG/IgA Antibody Response against PEDV Structural Protein and Virus Neutralization. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0523322. [PMID: 37022185 PMCID: PMC10269706 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05233-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious intestinal infectious disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Large-scale outbreaks of PEDV have caused huge economic losses to the pig industry since 2010. Neutralizing antibodies play a pivotal role in protecting piglets from enteric infections. However, there has been no systematic report on the correlations between neutralizing antibody titers (NTs) and absorbance values of IgG or IgA to all PEDV individual structural proteins in clinical serum, fecal, and colostrum samples. In this study, the spike protein S1 domain (S1), membrane protein (M), envelope protein (E), and nucleocapsid protein (N) of the variant PEDV strain AH2012/12 were expressed and purified by using the human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293F expression system. A total of 92 clinical serum samples, 46 fecal samples, and 33 colostrum samples were collected, and the correlations between IgG or IgA absorbance values and NTs were analyzed. R2 values revealed that anti-S1 IgA absorbance values show the highest agreement with NTs in all serum, fecal, and colostrum samples, followed by the N protein. The correlations between anti-E or M IgA and NTs were very low. However, in the colostrum samples, both IgG and IgA to S1 showed high correlations with NTs. In addition, compared with E and M, the highest correlations of IgA absorbance values were with N and S1 in serum and fecal samples. Overall, this study revealed the highest correlation between NTs and IgA to PEDV S1 protein. Therefore, the diagnostic method with anti-S1 IgA can be used as a powerful tool for assessing the immune status of pigs. IMPORTANCE The humoral immune response plays an important role in virus neutralization. Against PEDV, both IgG and the mucosal immune component IgA play roles in virus neutralization. However, which plays a more prominent role and whether there are differences in different tissue samples are not clearly reported. Additionally, the relationship between IgG and IgA against individual structural proteins and viral neutralization remains unclear. In this study, we systematically determined the relationship between IgG and IgA against all PEDV structural proteins and viral neutralization in different clinical samples and found the highest correlation between neutralization activity and IgA to PEDV S1 protein. Our data have important guiding implications in the evaluation of immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Song
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jiali Qian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanhong Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junming Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunchuan Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
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44
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Ge Y, Jiang F, Wang S, Wu H, Liu Y, Wang B, Hou W, Yu X, Wang H. Natural Evolution of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses Isolated from Maternally Immunized Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1766. [PMID: 37889642 PMCID: PMC10252125 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can cause severe piglet diarrhea or death in some herds. Genetic recombination and mutation facilitate the continuous evolution of the virus (PEDV), posing a great challenge for the prevention and control of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Disease materials of piglets with PEDV vaccination failure in some areas of Shanxi, Henan and Hebei provinces of China were collected and examined to understand the prevalence and evolutionary characteristics of PEDV in these areas. Forty-seven suspicious disease materials from different litters on different farms were tested by multiplex PCR and screened by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. PEDV showed a positivity rate of 42.6%, infecting the small and large intestine and mesenteric lymph node tissues. The isolated strains infected Vero, PK-15 and Marc-145 multihost cells and exhibited low viral titers in all three cell types, as indicated by their growth kinetic curves. Possible putative recombination events in the isolates were identified by RDP4.0 software. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that compared with the classical vaccine strain, PEDV SX6 contains new insertion and mutations in the S region and belongs to genotype GIIa. Meanwhile, ORF3 has the complete amino acid sequence with aa80 mutated wild strains, compared to vaccine strains CV777, AJ1102, AJ1102-R and LW/L. These results will contribute to the development of new PEDV vaccines based on prevalent wild strains for the prevention and control of PED in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Feiyang Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Sibei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Heqiong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xiuju Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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45
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Lee D, Jang G, Min KC, Lee IH, Won H, Yoon IJ, Kang SC, Lee C. Coinfection with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and Clostridium perfringens type A enhances disease severity in weaned pigs. Arch Virol 2023; 168:166. [PMID: 37217624 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a constituent of the normal gut microbiome in pigs; however, it can potentially cause pre- and post-weaning diarrhea. Nevertheless, the importance of this bacterium as a primary pathogen of diarrhea in piglets needs to be better understood, and the epidemiology of C. perfringens in Korean pig populations is unknown. To study the prevalence and typing of C. perfringens, 203 fecal samples were collected from diarrheal piglets on 61 swine farms during 2021-2022 and examined for the presence of C. perfringens and enteric viruses, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). We determined that the most frequently identified type of C. perfringens was C. perfringens type A (CPA; 64/203, 31.5%). Among the CPA infections, single infections with CPA (30/64, 46.9%) and coinfections with CPA and PEDV (29/64, 45.3%) were the most common in diarrheal samples. Furthermore, we conducted animal experiments to investigate the clinical outcome of single infections and coinfections with highly pathogenic (HP)-PEDV and CPA in weaned piglets. The pigs infected with HP-PEDV or CPA alone showed mild or no diarrhea, and none of them died. However, animals that were co-inoculated with HP-PEDV and CPA showed more-severe diarrheal signs than those of the singly infected pigs. Additionally, CPA promoted PEDV replication in coinfected piglets, with high viral titers in the feces. A histopathological examination revealed more-severe villous atrophy in the small intestine of coinfected pigs than in singly infected pigs. This indicates a synergistic effect of PEDV and CPA coinfection on clinical disease in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duri Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 52828, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Guehwan Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 52828, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeng-Cheol Min
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, 34055, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inn Hong Lee
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, 34055, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokeun Won
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, 34055, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, 34055, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Changhee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 52828, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 52828, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
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Miao X, Zhang L, Zhou P, Zhang Z, Yu R, Liu X, Lv J, Wang Y, Guo H, Pan L, Liu X. Recombinant human adenovirus type 5 based vaccine candidates against GIIa- and GIIb-genotype porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induce robust humoral and cellular response in mice. Virology 2023; 584:9-23. [PMID: 37201320 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus causing severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and death in piglets. However, most commercial vaccines are developed based on the GI genotype strains, and have poor immune protection against the currently dominant GII genotype strains. Therefore, four novel replication-deficient human adenovirus 5-vectored vaccines expressing codon-optimized forms of the GIIa and GIIb strain spike and S1 glycoproteins were constructed, and their immunogenicity was evaluated in mice by intramuscular (IM) injection. All the recombinant adenoviruses generated robust immune responses, and the immunogenicity of recombinant adenoviruses against the GIIa strain was stronger than that of recombinant adenoviruses against the GIIb strain. Moreover, Ad-XT-tPA-Sopt-vaccinated mice elicited optimal immune effects. In contrast, mice immunized with Ad-XT-tPA-Sopt by oral gavage did not induce strong immune responses. Overall, IM administration of Ad-XT-tPA-Sopt is a promising strategy against PEDV, and this study provides useful information for developing viral vector-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruiming Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianliang Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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47
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Kim DM, Moon SH, Kim SC, Cho HS, Tark D. Development of Effective PEDV Vaccine Candidates Based on Viral Culture and Protease Activity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050923. [PMID: 37243027 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious disease that has been reported annually in several Asian countries, causing significant economic losses to the swine livestock industry. Although vaccines against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are available, their efficacy remains questionable due to limitations such as viral genome mutation and insufficient intestinal mucosal immunity. Therefore, the development of a safe and effective vaccine is necessary. In this study, a virulent Korean strain of PEDV, CKT-7, was isolated from a piglet with severe diarrhea, and six different conditions were employed for serial passage of the strain in a cell culture system to generate effective live attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidates. The characteristics of these strains were analyzed in vitro and in vivo, and the CKT-7 N strain was identified as the most effective vaccine candidate, with a viral titer peak of 8.67 ± 0.29 log10TCID50/mL, and no mortality or diarrhea symptoms were observed in five-day-old piglets. These results indicate that LAV candidates can be generated through serial passage with different culture conditions and provide valuable insights into the development of a highly effective LAV against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Min Kim
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 545431, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 545431, Republic of Korea
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48
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Si F, Song S, Yu R, Li Z, Wei W, Wu C. Coronavirus accessory protein ORF3 biology and its contribution to viral behavior and pathogenesis. iScience 2023; 26:106280. [PMID: 36945252 PMCID: PMC9972675 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is classified in the genus Alphacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae that encodes the only accessory protein, ORF3 protein. However, how ORF3 contributes to viral pathogenicity, adaptability, and replication is obscure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and identify gaps in many aspects of ORF3 protein in PEDV, with emphasis on its unique biological features, including membrane topology, Golgi retention mechanism, potential intrinsic disordered property, functional motifs, protein glycosylation, and codon usage phenotypes related to genetic evolution and gene expression. In addition, we propose intriguing questions related to ORF3 protein that we hope to stimulate further studies and encourage collaboration among virologists worldwide to provide constructive knowledge about the unique characteristics and biological functions of ORF3 protein, by which their potential role in clarifying viral behavior and pathogenesis can be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Ruisong Yu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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49
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Pathak RK, Kim WI, Kim JM. Targeting the PEDV 3CL protease for identification of small molecule inhibitors: an insight from virtual screening, ADMET prediction, molecular dynamics, free energy landscape, and binding energy calculations. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:29. [PMID: 37072787 PMCID: PMC10112315 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) represents a major health issue for piglets worldwide and does significant damage to the pork industry. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed to manage PEDV infections. Due to the current lack of a reliable remedy, this present study aims to identify novel compounds that inhibit the 3CL protease of the virus involved in replication and pathogenesis. RESULTS To identify potent antiviral compounds against the 3CL protease, a virtual screening of natural compounds (n = 97,999) was conducted. The top 10 compounds were selected based on the lowest binding energy and the protein-ligand interaction analyzed. Further, the top five compounds that demonstrated a strong binding affinity were subjected to drug-likeness analysis using the ADMET prediction, which was followed by molecular dynamics simulations (500 ns), free energy landscape, and binding free energy calculations using the MM-PBSA method. Based on these parameters, four putative lead (ZINC38167083, ZINC09517223, ZINC04339983, and ZINC09517238) compounds were identified that represent potentially effective inhibitors of the 3CL protease. CONCLUSION Therefore, these can be utilized for the development of novel antiviral drugs against PEDV. However, this requires further validation through in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Xu X, Ma M, Shi X, Yan Y, Liu Y, Yang N, Wang Q, Zhang S, Zhang Q. The novel Nsp9-interacting host factor H2BE promotes PEDV replication by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. Vet Res 2023; 54:27. [PMID: 36949543 PMCID: PMC10035214 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01158-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) caused by porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) has led to significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. Histone Cluster 2, H2BE (HIST2H2BE), the main protein component in chromatin, has been proposed to play a key role in apoptosis. However, the relationship between H2BE and PEDV remains unclear. In this study, H2BE was shown to bind and interact with PEDV nonstructural protein 9 (Nsp9) via immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS). Next, we verified the interaction of Nsp9 with H2BE by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. H2BE colocalized with Nsp9 in the cytoplasm and nuclei. PEDV Nsp9 upregulated the expression of H2BE by inhibiting the expression of IRX1. We demonstrated that overexpression of H2BE significantly promoted PEDV replication, whereas knockdown of H2BE by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited PEDV replication. Overexpression of H2BE led to significantly inhibited GRP78 expression, phosphorylated PERK (p-PERK), phosphorylated eIF2 (p-eIF2), phosphorylated IRE1 (p-IRE1), and phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK); negatively regulated CHOP and Bax expression and caspase-9 and caspase-3 cleavage; and promoted Bcl-2 production. Knocking down H2BE exerted the opposite effects. Furthermore, we found that after deletion of amino acids 1-28, H2BE did not promote PEDV replication. In conclusion, these studies revealed the mechanism by which H2BE is associated with ER stress-mediated apoptosis to regulate PEDV replication. Nsp9 upregulates H2BE. H2BE plays a role in inhibiting apoptosis and thus facilitating viral replication, which depends on the N-terminal region of H2BE (amino acids 1-28). These findings provide a reference for host-PEDV interactions and offer the possibility for developing strategies for PEDV decontamination and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingrui Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojie Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuchao Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Naling Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Quanqiong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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