1
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Jordan O, Gan BH, Alwan S, Perron K, Sublet E, Ducret V, Ye H, Borchard G, Reymond JL, Patrulea V. Highly Potent Cationic Chitosan Derivatives Coupled to Antimicrobial Peptide Dendrimers to Combat Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304118. [PMID: 38412457 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The burden of bacterial wound infections has considerably increased due to antibiotic resistance to most of the currently available antimicrobial drugs. Herein, for the first time, a chemical coupling of two cationic N-aryl (pyridyl and aminocinnamyl) chitosan derivatives to antimicrobial peptide dendrimers (AMPDs) of different generations (first, second, and third) via thioether-haloacetyl reaction is reported. The new chitosan-AMPD conjugates show high selectivity by killing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and very low toxicity toward mammalian cells, as well as extremely low hemolysis to red blood cells. Electron microscopy reveals that the new chitosan derivatives coupled to AMPD destroy both the inner and outer membranes of Gram-negative P. aeruginosa. Moreover, chitosan-AMPD conjugates show synergetic effects within extremely low concentrations. The new chitosan-AMPD conjugates can be used as potent antimicrobial therapeutic agents, to eradicate pathogens such as those present in acute and chronic infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Jordan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Bee Ha Gan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Sari Alwan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Karl Perron
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Sublet
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Verena Ducret
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Hua Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, UK
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Viorica Patrulea
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
- Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, UK
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2
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Krul ES, Sá AGA, Goldberg EM, House JD. In vitro protein digestibility to replace in vivo digestibility for purposes of nutrient content claim substantiation in North America's context. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1390146. [PMID: 38854163 PMCID: PMC11157434 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1390146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The reliance by North American regulatory authorities on in vivo rodent bioassays-Protein Correct-Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) in the U.S. and Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) in Canada-to measure the protein quality for protein content claim substantiation represents a major barrier for innovation in the development and marketing of protein foods. Although FAO in 2013 proposed a new method (Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score, DIAAS), it is still not used for protein content claim substantiation in any jurisdiction. Together with public health efforts to increase the consumption of plant-based foods, removing hurdles is key to incentivizing the food industry to measure protein digestibility in making food formulation decisions as well as in claiming protein content on product labels. To address this issue, a pathway has been proposed to position alternative methods for in vitro protein digestibility in collaborative studies to generate the data necessary for method approval by a certifying body. The latter is critical to the potential recognition of these methods by both Health Canada and the US FDA. The purpose of this article is to briefly summarize the state-of-the-art in the field, to inform the research community of next steps, and to describe the path engaging collaborative laboratories in a proficiency test as the first step in moving forward toward acceptance of in vitro digestibility methods. Throughout, a consultative and iterative process will be utilized to ensure the program goals are met. Success will be achieved when the proposed path results in the acceptance of an in vitro methods for protein digestibility used for PDCAAS determinations, which will enable increased protein analyses and improved nutrition labeling of protein foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda G. A. Sá
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Erin M. Goldberg
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - James D. House
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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3
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Qu L, Ma X, Wang F. The roles of gut microbiome and metabolites associated with skin photoaging in mice by intestinal flora sequencing and metabolomics. Life Sci 2024; 341:122487. [PMID: 38316265 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Photoaging of skin, a chronic disease, can produce the appearance changes and cancer lesions of skin. Therefore, it is of great significance to investigate the mechanisms and explore effective methods to treat the disorder. Gut microbiota and intestinal metabolisms have critical roles in a variety of diseases. However, their roles on photoaging of skin were not well tested. In the present work, the results showed that compared with control group, the levels of MDA, SOD and CAT associated with oxidative stress, the levels of COL I, CER, and HA associated with skin function, and the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α associated with inflammation after long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation in mice were significantly changed. Skin pathological tissue was also seriously damaged. The protein levels of AQP3 and FLG were significantly decreased. Ultraviolet exposure also promoted skin photoaging by activating TNFR1/TRAF2-mediated MAPK pathway, in which the protein levels of P38/P-P38, c-FOS/P-c-FOS, MMP1, TNFR1 and TRAF2 were significantly increased in model mice compared with control group. In fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment, we found that the intestinal microbiome of control mice alleviated skin photoaging via adjusting the protein levels of P38/P-P38, c-FOS/P-c-FOS, MMP1, TNFR1 and TRAF2. 16S rRNA sequencing found that 1639 intestinal bacteria were found, in which 15 bacteria including norank_f_Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospirac -eae_NK4A136_group, Lachnoclostridium, etc., were significantly different at the genus level. Untargeted GC-TOF/MS and UHPLC-MS/MS metabolomics showed 72 and 188 metabolites including taurine, ornithine, L-arginine, L-histidine, sucrose with significant differences compared with control group. Then, amino acid targeting assay showed 10 amino acids including L-ornithine, L-arginine and L-citrulline with higher levels in control group compared with model group. In addition, we also found that the variation of Lachnoclostridium abundance may regulate L-arginine metabolism to affect skin photoaging. Some intestinal bacteria and metabolites including amino acids may be closely related to skin photoaging, which should provide new methods to treat skin photoaging in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Qu
- Yunnan Botanee Bio-technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Yunnan Botanee Bio-technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Yunnan Botanee Bio-technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China.
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Mohanasundaram B, Koley S, Allen DK, Pandey S. Physcomitrium patens response to elevated CO 2 is flexible and determined by an interaction between sugar and nitrogen availability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1222-1235. [PMID: 37929754 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Mosses hold a unique position in plant evolution and are crucial for protecting natural, long-term carbon storage systems such as permafrost and bogs. Due to small stature, mosses grow close to the soil surface and are exposed to high levels of CO2 , produced by soil respiration. However, the impact of elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) levels on mosses remains underexplored. We determined the growth responses of the moss Physcomitrium patens to eCO2 in combination with different nitrogen levels and characterized the underlying physiological and metabolic changes. Three distinct growth characteristics, an early transition to caulonema, the development of longer, highly pigmented rhizoids, and increased biomass, define the phenotypic responses of P. patens to eCO2 . Elevated CO2 impacts growth by enhancing the level of a sugar signaling metabolite, T6P. The quantity and form of nitrogen source influences these metabolic and phenotypic changes. Under eCO2 , P. patens exhibits a diffused growth pattern in the presence of nitrate, but ammonium supplementation results in dense growth with tall gametophores, demonstrating high phenotypic plasticity under different environments. These results provide a framework for comparing the eCO2 responses of P. patens with other plant groups and provide crucial insights into moss growth that may benefit climate change models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somnath Koley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Doug K Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- USDA-ARS, Saint Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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5
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Ortega A, Zhao H, Van Amburgh ME. Development and Validation of a Method for Hydrolysis and Analysis of Amino Acids in Ruminant Feeds, Tissue, and Milk Using Isotope Dilution Z-HILIC Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Triple Quadrupole LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:833-844. [PMID: 38117943 PMCID: PMC10786030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Current analytical methods for amino acid (AA) analysis in ruminant nutrition are time-consuming and expensive. This study aimed to develop a method for AA analysis that is faster, more efficient, rugged, and accessible. Four representative matrixes were selected for method development and validation: milk, tissue, feed, and soy flour standard reference material from National Institute of Standards and Technology. Acid and alkaline hydrolysis were used to analyze 18 AA. Separation of AA was performed using a Z-HILIC column in an 18-min run coupled to a triple quadrupole LC/MS system in positive and negative electrospray ionization for identification and quantitation. The method was evaluated for recovery, precision, calibration curve linearity, and limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) and applied to other feed samples. Good quantitation results were achieved for all AA, with coefficients of determination (R2) over 0.995; LODs at 0.2-28.2 and LOQs at 0.7-94.1 ng/mL; intraday and interday precision <14.9% relative standard deviation; blank recovery between 75.6 and 116.2%; and sample recovery between 75.6 and 118.0%. Overall, AA concentrations were similar to literature values, and there was a tendency for higher N recovery as AA. In conclusion, an efficient and robust method was validated to routinely analyze AA for appropriate characterization in diet formulation for dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres
F. Ortega
- Department
of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hui Zhao
- Agilent
Technologies Inc, Wilmington, Delaware 19808, United States
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6
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Qasrawi DO, Petrotchenko EV, Borchers CH. Amino acid analysis for peptide quantitation using reversed-phase liquid chromatography combined with multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5261-5267. [PMID: 37468754 PMCID: PMC10444640 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid analysis (AAA) can be used for absolute quantitation of standard peptides after acid hydrolysis using 6 M HCl. Obtained individual amino acids can then be quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Achieving baseline separation of non-derivatized amino acids is challenging when reversed-phase (RP) chromatography is used. Several derivatization methods are commonly utilized to address this issue; however, derivatization has several drawbacks, such as derivative instability and lack of reproducibility. Currently, separation of non-derivatized amino acids is typically done using HILIC, but HILIC has problems of poor reproducibility and long column equilibration times. We developed a method to quantify non-derivatized amino acids, including methionine and cysteine, from peptide hydrolysates by RP-LC-MS without special pre-treatment of the samples. Samples were spiked with certified isotopically labeled (13C- and/or 15N-) amino acids as internal standards. The amino acids released from acid hydrolysis were then analyzed by RP-UPLC-MRM-MS and quantified using the analyte/internal standard chromatographic peak area ratios. Peptide quantitation was based on the sum of the individual amino acid concentrations from the known peptide sequences. The resulting method did not require derivatization, used standard C18-based reversed-phase liquid chromatography, did not require external calibration, was robust, and was able to quantify all 17 amino acids for which we had internal standards, including the sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine, in their respective oxidized forms. This simple and robust method enabled the absolute quantitation of standard peptides using only acid hydrolysis and a standard RP-UPLC-MRM-MS setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deema O Qasrawi
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Evgeniy V Petrotchenko
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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7
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Melenbacher A, Stillman MJ. Metallothionein-3: 63 Cu(I) binds to human 68 Zn 7 -βα MT3 with no preference for Cu 4 -β cluster formation. FEBS J 2023; 290:4316-4341. [PMID: 37165729 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Human metallothioneins (MTs) are involved in binding the essential elements, Cu(I) and Zn(II), and the toxic element, Cd(II), in metal-thiolate clusters using 20 reduced cysteines. The brain-specific MT3 binds a mixture of Cu(I) and Zn(II) in vivo. Its metallation properties are critically important because of potential connections between Cu, Zn and neurodegenerative diseases. We report that the use of isotopically pure 63 Cu(I) and 68 Zn(II) greatly enhances the element resolution in the ESI-mass spectral data revealing species with differing Cu:Zn ratios but the same total number of metals. Room temperature phosphorescence and circular dichroism spectral data measured in parallel with ESI-mass spectral data identified the presence of specific Cu(I)-thiolate clusters in the presence of Zn(II). A series of Cu(I)-thiolate clusters form following Cu(I) addition to apo MT3: the two main clusters that form are a Cu6 cluster in the β domain followed by a Cu4 cluster in the α domain. 63 Cu(I) addition to 68 Zn7 -MT3 results in multiple species, including clustered Cu5 Zn5 -MT3 and Cu9 Zn3 -MT3. We assign the domain location of the metals for Cu5 Zn5 -MT3 as a Cu5 Zn1 -β cluster and a Zn4 -α cluster and for Cu9 Zn3 -MT3 as a Cu6 -β cluster and a Cu3 Zn3 -α cluster. While many reports of the average MT3 metal content exist, determining the exact Cu,Zn stoichiometry has proven very difficult even with native ESI-MS. The work in this paper solves the ambiguity introduced by the overlap of the naturally abundant Cu(I) and Zn(II) isotopes. Contrary to other reports, there is no indication of a major fraction of Cu4 -β-Znn -α-MT3 forming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adyn Melenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Martin J Stillman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Koochi ZH, Jahromi KG, Kavoosi G, Ramezanian A. Fortification of Chlorella vulgaris with citrus peel amino acid for improvement biomass and protein quality. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 39:e00806. [PMID: 37415835 PMCID: PMC10319642 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid extract (protein hydrolysate) from various citrus peels was employed as an organic nutrition source for the culture of Chlorella to investigate their effects on the biomass and protein quality of the microalgae. The major amino acids in citrus peels included proline, asparagine, aspartate, alanine, serine, and arginine. The most plentiful amino acids in the Chlorella were alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, serine, threonine, leucine, proline, lysine, and arginine. Adding the citrus peel amino acid extracts to the Chlorella medium enhanced overall microalgal biomass (more than two folds p < 0.05) and protein content (more than 1.25 fold, p < 0.05). Citrus peel amino acids increase essential amino acids and decrease the non-protein amino acid of Chlorella (p > 0.05). The present research shows that citrus peels have good nutritional quality and could be used for the inexpensive cultivation of Chlorella biomass with potential utility for food application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Heydari Koochi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Gholamreza Kavoosi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asghar Ramezanian
- Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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9
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Carabetta S, Di Sanzo R, Fuda S, Muscolo A, Russo M. A Predictive Model to Correlate Amino Acids and Aromatic Compounds in Calabrian Honeys. Foods 2023; 12:3284. [PMID: 37685218 PMCID: PMC10486382 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the biochemistry of the organoleptic properties of honey influencing its commercial value, a predictive model for correlating amino acid profiles to aromatic compounds was built. Because the amino acid composition of different varieties of honey plays a key role as a precursor of specific aroma bouquets, it is necessary to relate the amino acid typesetting to aromatic molecules. A selection of unifloral honeys produced in Calabria, South Italy, were used, and a new methodology based on the use of HILIC-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS and HS-SPME-GC-MS combined with multivariate processing has been developed. This study, carried out for the first time on honey, shows its excellent potential as a modern analytical tool for a rapid multicomponent analysis of food-quality indicators. Data obtained showed strong positive linear correlations between aldehydes and isoleucine, valine, leucine, and phenylalanine. Furans are correlated with isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine; hydrocarbons with serine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid; and ketones with serine, alanine, glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and lysine. Alcohols were more associated with tyrosine than esters with arginine. Proline, tryptophan, and threonine showed poor correlations with all the classes of aroma compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Carabetta
- Department of Agriculture, Food Chemistry, Authentication, Safety and Sensoromic Laboratory (FoCuSS Lab), Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Via dell’Università, 25, Stecca 4, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (R.D.S.)
| | - Rosa Di Sanzo
- Department of Agriculture, Food Chemistry, Authentication, Safety and Sensoromic Laboratory (FoCuSS Lab), Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Via dell’Università, 25, Stecca 4, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (R.D.S.)
| | - Salvatore Fuda
- Department of Agriculture, Food Chemistry, Authentication, Safety and Sensoromic Laboratory (FoCuSS Lab), Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Via dell’Università, 25, Stecca 4, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (R.D.S.)
| | - Adele Muscolo
- Department of Agriculture, Soil Chemistry and Soil Ecology Laboratory, University of Reggio Calabria, Via dell’Università, 25, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Russo
- Department of Agriculture, Food Chemistry, Authentication, Safety and Sensoromic Laboratory (FoCuSS Lab), Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Via dell’Università, 25, Stecca 4, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (R.D.S.)
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10
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Xu S, Qi G, Durrett TP, Li Y, Liu X, Bai J, Chen MS, Sun XS, Wang W. High Nutritional Quality of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Generated Proteins through an Advanced Scalable Peptide Hydrogel 3D Suspension System. Foods 2023; 12:2713. [PMID: 37509805 PMCID: PMC10380007 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cultured protein technology has become increasingly attractive due to its sustainability and climate benefits. The aim of this study is to determine the nutritional quality of the human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-cultured proteins in an advanced 3D peptide hydrogel system for the highly efficient production of cell-cultured proteins. Our previous study demonstrated a PGmatrix peptide hydrogel for the 3D embedded culture of long-term hiPSC maintenance and expansion (PGmatrix-hiPSC (PG-3D)), which showed significantly superior pluripotency when compared with traditional 2D cell culture on Matrigel and/or Vitronectin and other existing 3D scaffolding systems such as Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels. In this study, we designed a PGmatrix 3D suspension (PG-3DSUSP) system from the PG-3D embedded system that allows scaling up a hiPSC 3D culture volume by 20 times (e.g., from 0.5 mL to 10 mL). The results indicated that the PG-3DSUSP was a competitive system compared to the well-established PG-3D embedded method in terms of cell growth performance and cell pluripotency. hiPSCs cultured in PG-3DSUSP consistently presented a 15-20-fold increase in growth and a 95-99% increase in viability across multiple passages with spheroids with a size range of 30-50 μm. The expression of pluripotency-related genes, including NANOG, OCT4, hTERT, REX1, and UTF1, in PG-3DSUSP-cultured hiPSCs was similar to or higher than that observed in a PG-3D system, suggesting continuous pluripotent maintenance. The nutritional value of the hiPSC-generated proteins from the PG-3DSUSP system was further evaluated for amino acid composition and in vitro protein digestibility. The amino acid composition of the hiPSC-generated proteins demonstrated a significantly higher essential amino acid content (39.0%) than human skeletal muscle protein (31.8%). In vitro protein digestibility of hiPSC-generated proteins was significantly higher (78.0 ± 0.7%) than that of the commercial beef protein isolate (75.7 ± 0.6%). Taken together, this is the first study to report an advanced PG-3DSUSP culture system to produce highly efficient hiPSC-generated proteins that possess more essential amino acids and better digestibility. The hiPSC-generated proteins with superior nutrition quality may be of particular significance as novel alternative proteins in food engineering and industries for future food, beverage, and supplement applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xu
- Department of Food Nutrition Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Guangyan Qi
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Timothy P Durrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Xuming Liu
- USDA-ARS and Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- USDA-ARS and Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Xiuzhi Susan Sun
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Department of Food Nutrition Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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11
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Escudero-Cernuda S, García de Pablos C, Celis FC, Fernández-Sánchez ML, Encinar JR. Certification of protein biomarker standards using element MS and generic standards: Application to human cytokines. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:341002. [PMID: 36925291 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The availability of protein standards and methods for their characterization, quantification, and purity assessment are currently a bottleneck in absolute quantitative proteomics. In this work, we introduce an absolute quantitative analytical strategy based on ICP-MS sulfur detection that uses sulfate as generic standard to quantify and certify the mass purity of protein standards. The methodology combines capillary chromatographic separation with parallel detection with ICP-MS and ESI-MS to determine proteoforms concentration and identity, respectively. The workability of the methodology was demonstrated using recombinant human cytokine standards IP-10 and Flt3L (2 batches), which are relevant biomarkers for carcinoma or inflammatory diseases. Every key factor (transport efficiency, column recovery, signal stability and internal standard suitability) was taken into account and certified BSA standard was used as quality control for validation purposes. Protein quantification values and resulting mass purity certification of IP-10 and one batch of Flt3L were very high (100 and 86%, respectively). Lower mass purity obtained for another batch of Flt3L (<70%) concurred with the finding of significant proteoforms resulted from oxidation processes as observed by parallel ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Escudero-Cernuda
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - Carlos García de Pablos
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - Francisco Calderón Celis
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo, 33006, Spain.
| | - M Luisa Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo, 33006, Spain.
| | - Jorge Ruiz Encinar
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Avda. Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
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12
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Kröncke N, Wittke S, Steinmann N, Benning R. Analysis of the Composition of Different Instars of Tenebrio molitor Larvae using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Prediction of Amino and Fatty Acid Content. INSECTS 2023; 14:310. [PMID: 37103125 PMCID: PMC10141721 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Insects are a sustainable protein source for food and feed. The yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) is a promising candidate for industrial insect rearing and was the focus of this study. This research revealed the diversity of Tenebrio molitor larvae in the varying larval instars in terms of the nutritional content. We hypothesized that water and protein are highest in the earlier instar, while fat content is very low but increases with larval development. Consequently, an earlier instar would be a good choice for harvest, since proteins and amino acids content decrease with larval development. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was represented in this research as a tool for predicting the amino and fatty acid composition of mealworm larvae. Samples were scanned with a near-infrared spectrometer using wavelengths from 1100 to 2100 nm. The calibration for the prediction was developed with modified partial least squares (PLS) as the regression method. The coefficient for determining calibration (R2C) and prediction (R2P) were >0.82 and >0.86, with RPD values of >2.20 for 10 amino acids, resulting in a high prediction accuracy. The PLS models for glutamic acid, leucine, lysine and valine have to be improved. The prediction of six fatty acids was also possible with the coefficient of the determination of calibration (R2C) and prediction (R2P) > 0.77 and >0.66 with RPD values > 1.73. Only the prediction accuracy of palmitic acid was very weak, which was probably due to the narrow variation range. NIRS could help insect producers to analyze the nutritional composition of Tenebrio molitor larvae fast and easily in order to improve the larval feeding and composition for industrial mass rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kröncke
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Stefan Wittke
- Laboratory for (Marine) Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Nico Steinmann
- Laboratory for (Marine) Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Rainer Benning
- Institute of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
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13
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Joel AC, Rawal A, Yao Y, Jenner A, Ariotti N, Weissbach M, Adler L, Stafstrom J, Blamires SJ. Physico-chemical properties of functionally adhesive spider silk nanofibres. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2139-2150. [PMID: 36727424 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01599d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Currently, synthetic fibre production focuses primarily on high performance materials. For high performance fibrous materials, such as silks, this involves interpreting the structure-function relationship and downsizing to a smaller scale to then harness those properties within synthetic products. Spiders create an array of fibres that range in size from the micrometre to nanometre scale. At about 20 nm diameter spider cribellate silk, the smallest of these silks, is too small to contain any of the typical secondary protein structures of other spider silks, let alone a hierarchical skin-core-type structure. Here, we performed a multitude of investigations to elucidate the structure of cribellate spider silk. These confirmed our hypothesis that, unlike all other types of spider silk, it has a disordered molecular structure. Alanine and glycine, the two amino acids predominantly found in other spider silks, were much less abundant and did not form the usual α-helices and β-sheet secondary structural arrangements. Correspondingly, we characterized the cribellate silk nanofibre to be very compliant. This characterization matches its function as a dry adhesive within the capture threads of cribellate spiders. Our results imply that at extremely small scales there may be a limit reached below which a silk will lose its structural, but not functional, integrity. Nano-sized fibres, such as cribellate silk, thus offer a new opportunity for inspiring the creation of novel scaled-down functional adhesives and nano meta-materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Christin Joel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Institute of Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aditya Rawal
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yin Yao
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Jenner
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas Ariotti
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Lewis Adler
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jay Stafstrom
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sean J Blamires
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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14
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Zhou J, Wan Z, Gali KK, Jha AB, Nickerson MT, House JD, Tar’an B, Warkentin TD. Quantitative trait loci associated with amino acid concentration and in vitro protein digestibility in pea ( Pisum sativum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1083086. [PMID: 36968409 PMCID: PMC10038330 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1083086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With the expanding interest in plant-based proteins in the food industry, increasing emphasis is being placed on breeding for protein concentration and quality. Two protein quality traits i.e., amino acid profile and protein digestibility, were assessed in replicated, multi-location field trials from 2019 to 2021 in pea recombinant inbred line population PR-25. This RIL population was targeted specifically for the research of protein related traits and its parents, CDC Amarillo and CDC Limerick, had distinct variations in the concentration of several amino acids. Amino acid profile was determined using near infrared reflectance analysis, and protein digestibility was through an in vitro method. Several essential amino acids were selected for QTL analysis, including lysine, one of the most abundant essential amino acids in pea, and methionine, cysteine, and tryptophan, the limiting amino acids in pea. Based on phenotypic data of amino acid profiles and in vitro protein digestibility of PR-25 harvested in seven location-years, three QTLs were associated with methionine + cysteine concentration, among which, one was located on chromosome 2 (R2 = 17%, indicates this QTL explained 17% phenotypic variation of methionine + cysteine concentration within PR-25), and two were located on chromosome 5 (R2 = 11% and 16%). Four QTLs were associated with tryptophan concentration and are located on chromosome 1 (R2 = 9%), chromosome 3 (R2 = 9%), and chromosome 5 (R2 = 8% and 13%). Three QTLs were associated with lysine concentration, among which, one was located on chromosome 3 (R2 = 10%), the other two were located on chromosome 4 (R2 = 15% and 21%). Two QTLs were associated with in vitro protein digestibility, one each located on chromosomes 1 (R2 = 11%) and 2 (R2 = 10%). QTLs associated with in vitro protein digestibility, and methionine + cysteine concentration on chromosome 2 were identified to be co-localized with known QTL for total seed protein concentration in PR-25. QTLs associated with tryptophan and methionine + cysteine concentration co-localized on chromosome 5. The identification of QTLs associated with pea seed quality is an important step towards marker-assisted selection of breeding lines with improved nutritional quality, which will further boost the competitiveness of pea in plant-based protein markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Zhou
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Zhongyang Wan
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Krishna Kishore Gali
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ambuj Bhushan Jha
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michael T. Nickerson
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - James D. House
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bunyamin Tar’an
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Thomas D. Warkentin
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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15
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Morley SA, Ma F, Alazem M, Frankfater C, Yi H, Burch-Smith T, Clemente TE, Veena V, Nguyen H, Allen DK. Expression of malic enzyme reveals subcellular carbon partitioning for storage reserve production in soybeans. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 36829298 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Central metabolism produces amino and fatty acids for protein and lipids that establish seed value. Biosynthesis of storage reserves occurs in multiple organelles that exchange central intermediates including two essential metabolites, malate, and pyruvate that are linked by malic enzyme. Malic enzyme can be active in multiple subcellular compartments, partitioning carbon and reducing equivalents for anabolic and catabolic requirements. Prior studies based on isotopic labeling and steady-state metabolic flux analyses indicated malic enzyme provides carbon for fatty acid biosynthesis in plants, though genetic evidence confirming this role is lacking. We hypothesized that increasing malic enzyme flux would alter carbon partitioning and result in increased lipid levels in soybeans. Homozygous transgenic soybean plants expressing Arabidopsis malic enzyme alleles, targeting the translational products to plastid or outside the plastid during seed development, were verified by transcript and enzyme activity analyses, organelle proteomics, and transient expression assays. Protein, oil, central metabolites, cofactors, and acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACPs) levels were quantified overdevelopment. Amino and fatty acid levels were altered resulting in an increase in lipids by 0.5-2% of seed biomass (i.e. 2-9% change in oil). Subcellular targeting of a single gene product in central metabolism impacts carbon and reducing equivalent partitioning for seed storage reserves in soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart A Morley
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Mazen Alazem
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Cheryl Frankfater
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Hochul Yi
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Tessa Burch-Smith
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Tom Elmo Clemente
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 202 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Veena Veena
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, N300 Beadle Center, 1901 Vine St., Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Doug K Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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16
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Use of some amino acid potentiometric biosensors as detectors in ion chromatography. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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17
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Chromatomass-Spectrometric Method for the Quantitative Determination of Amino- and Carboxylic Acids in Biological Samples. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010016. [PMID: 36676941 PMCID: PMC9863782 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly sensitive method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of amino- and carboxylic acids, as well as a number of urea and methionine cycle metabolites in the studied solutions, is presented. Derivatives (esterification) were obtained for amino acids by their reaction in a solution of 3 N of hydrochloric acid in n-butanol for 15 min at 65 °C and for carboxylic acids by their reaction with phenol in ethyl acetate with 3 N of hydrochloric acid for 20 min at 65 °C. Experimental work on the determination of individual metabolites was carried out using the HPLC-MS/MS method and included the creation of a library of spectra of the analyzed compounds and their quantitative determination. Multiplex methods have been developed for the quantitative analysis of the desired metabolites in a wide range of concentrations of 3-4 orders of magnitude. The approach to the analysis of metabolites was developed based on the method of the dynamic monitoring of multiple reactions of the formation of fragments for a mass analyzer with a triple quadrupole (QQQ). The effective chromatographic separation of endogenous metabolites was carried out within 13 min. The calibration curves of the analyzed compounds were stable throughout the concentration range and had the potential to fit below empirical levels. The developed methods and obtained experimental data are of interest for a wide range of biomedical studies, as well as for monitoring the content of endogenous metabolites in biological samples under various pathological conditions. The sensitivity limit of the methods for amino acids was about 4.8 nM and about 0.5 μM for carboxylic acids. Up to 19 amino- and up to 12 carboxy acids and about 10 related metabolites can be tested in a single sample.
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18
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David KI, Ravikumar TS, Sethuraman S, Krishnan UM. Investigations of an organic-inorganic nanotheranostic hybrid for pancreatic cancer therapy using cancer-in-a-dish and in vivomodels. Biomed Mater 2022; 18. [PMID: 36270604 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac9cb2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of highly aggressive pancreatic cancer is increasing across the globe and is projected to increase to 18.6% by 2050. The mortality rate for this form of cancer is very high and the 5 y relative survival rate is only about 9%-10%. The 3D pancreatic cancer microenvironment exerts a major influence on the poor survival rate. A key factor is the prevention of the penetration of the chemotherapeutic drugs in the three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment leading to the development of chemoresistance which is a major contributor to the survival rates. Hence,in vitrostudies using 3D cultures represent a better approach to understand the effect of therapeutic formulations on the cancer cells when compared to conventional 2D cultures. In the present study, we have explored three different conditions for the development of a 3D pancreatic tumour spheroid model from MiaPaCa-2 and PanC1 cells cultured for 10 days using Matrigel matrix. This optimized spheroid model was employed to evaluate a multi-functional nanotheranostic system fabricated using chitosan nanoparticles co-encapsulated with the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine and gold-capped iron oxide nanoparticles for multimodal imaging. The effect of the single and multiple-dose regimens of the theranostic system on the viability of 3D spheroids formed from the two pancreatic cancer cell lines was studied. It was observed that the 3D tumour spheroids cultured for 10 days exhibited resistance towards free gemcitabine drug, unlike the 2D culture. The administration of the multifunctional nanotheranostic system on alternate days effectively reduced the cancer cell viability after five doses to about 20% when compared with other groups. The repeated doses of the nanotheranostic system were found to be more effective than the single dose. Cell line-based differences in internalization of the carrier was also reflected in their response to the nanocarrier with PanC1 showing better sensitivity to the treatment.In vivostudies revealed that the combination of gemcitabine and magnetic field induced hypothermia produced superior regression in cancer when compared with the chemotherapeutic agent alone by a combination of activating the pro-apoptotic pathway and heat-induced necrosis. Our results reveal that this multi-functional system holds promise to overcome the current challenges to treat pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolyn Infanta David
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India
| | - T S Ravikumar
- Formerly at Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS) Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Advanced Biomaterials, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India.,School of Arts, Sciences, Humanities and Education, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, TamilNadu 613401, India
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19
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Koley S, Chu KL, Mukherjee T, Morley SA, Klebanovych A, Czymmek KJ, Allen DK. Metabolic synergy in Camelina reproductive tissues for seed development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo7683. [PMID: 36306367 PMCID: PMC9616503 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo7683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in fruits is well documented, but its contribution to seed development and yield remains largely unquantified. In oilseeds, the pods are green and elevated with direct access to sunlight. With 13C labeling in planta and through an intact pod labeling system, a unique multi-tissue comprehensive flux model mechanistically described how pods assimilate up to one-half (33 to 45%) of seed carbon by proximal photosynthesis in Camelina sativa. By capturing integrated tissue metabolism, the studies reveal the contribution of plant architecture beyond leaves, to enable seed filling and maximize the number of viable seeds. The latent capacity of the pod wall in the absence of leaves contributes approximately 79% of seed biomass, supporting greater seed sink capacity and higher theoretical yields that suggest an opportunity for crop productivity gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Koley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin L. Chu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Stewart A. Morley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Doug K. Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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20
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Kassara S, Norton EL, Mierczynska-Vasilev A, Lavi Sacks G, Bindon KA. Quantification of protein by acid hydrolysis reveals higher than expected concentrations in red wines: Implications for wine tannin concentration and colloidal stability. Food Chem 2022; 385:132658. [PMID: 35313192 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein is reportedly negligible in most red wines, due to its loss following co-precipitation with phenolic substances. A method for protein quantification in red wine was developed which overcame analytical interference from phenolic substances, based on ethanol precipitation, followed by acid-hydrolysis and amino acid quantification. Protein concentration was surveyed in a range of red wines produced from V. vinifera and interspecific (Vitis spp) hybrids, revealing higher than expected concentrations, ranging from 23 mg/L ± 2.57 to 380 mg/L ± 16. The results showed that tannin extracted from grapes remains soluble in wine in the presence of protein even at high protein (>100 mg/L) and tannin (>500 mg/L) concentrations. As a further consequence of this, the particle size and concentration of colloids within high- and low-protein wines were similar, independent of protein or tannin concentration. Higher wine tannin concentration was also correlated with increased heat stability of wine protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Kassara
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, P.O. Box 197, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Erin L Norton
- Midwest Grape and Wine Industry Institute, Iowa State University, 536 Farm House Lane, Ames, Iowa 50011-1054, USA
| | | | - Gavin Lavi Sacks
- Cornell University, Department of Food Science, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Keren A Bindon
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, P.O. Box 197, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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21
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Omeje KO, Ozioko JN, Ezema BO, Eze SO. Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus): Nutrient profiling using HPLC and UV-spectroscopic techniques. S AFR J SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2022/11783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Food insecurity and undernourishment constitute a major challenge in Africa and the world at large. To meet key nutritional targets and tackle the menace of undernourishment, we need to exploit available but underutilised food crops. A common underutilised food crop with the potential to improve daily nutrition is tiger nut. This potential is evidenced in the number of essential amino acids detected, which constitute 74.425% of the entire amino acids detected, in addition to important minerals and vitamins. The nutritional composition of the yellow variety of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) was determined using the standard methods of high-performance liquid chromatography and UV-spectroscopy. Ten amino acids were identified and quantified, including six essential amino acids, of which valine had the highest concentration (67.59 μg/100 g), followed by leucine (3.019 μg/100 g), phenylalanine (1.767 μg/100 g), lysine (0.946 μg/100 g), histidine (1.048 μg/100 g) and tryptophan (0.055 μg/100 g). The other amino acids were proline (24.124 μg/100 g), cysteine (1.269 μg/100 g), glycine (0.024 μg/100 g), and glutamine (0.022 μg/100 g). Monosaccharides detected were ribose (41.76%), glucose (21.52%), sedoheptulose (17.94%), fructose (4.566%), rhamnose (1.78%) and mannose (1.58%), whilst disaccharides detected were sucrose (87.66%) and maltose (11.39%). Mineral concentrations were K 144.80 ± 1.10 mg/100 g, Ca 94.39 ± 0.02 mg/100 g, Na 83.92 ± 0.04 mg/100 g, Fe 19.36 ± 0.54 mg/100 g, Mg 17.63±0.13 mg/100 g, Cu 13.28±0.05 mg/100 g and Zn 5.18±0.01 mg/100 g Vitamins A, B2, C and E were detected and quantified as 53.93±1.03, 7.61±1.20, 31.70±1.25 and 128.75±0.74 μg/100 g, respectively. The chemical and nutritional properties of the yellow variety of tiger nut suggest that it is rich in essential amino acids, minerals, and some vitamins. Hence, it should be recommended to persons with nutritional deficiencies as it is cheap and available all year round.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliet N. Ozioko
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin O. Ezema
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Energy and Bioproducts Research Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sabinus O.O. Eze
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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22
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Aznar-Moreno JA, Mukherjee T, Morley SA, Duressa D, Kambhampati S, Chu KL, Koley S, Allen DK, Durrett TP. Suppression of SDP1 Improves Soybean Seed Composition by Increasing Oil and Reducing Undigestible Oligosaccharides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:863254. [PMID: 35401590 PMCID: PMC8983916 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.863254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In developing soybean seeds, carbon is partitioned between oil, protein and carbohydrates. Here, we demonstrate that suppression of lipase-mediated turnover of triacylglycerols (TAG) during late seed development increases fatty acid content and decreases the presence of undigestible oligosaccharides. During late stages of embryo development, the fatty acid content of soybean seed decreases while the levels of the oligosaccharides raffinose and stachyose increase. Three soybean genes orthologous to the Arabidopsis lipase gene SUGAR-DEPENDENT1 (SDP1) are upregulated at this time. Suppression of these genes resulted in higher oil levels, with lipid levels in the best lines exceeding 24% of seed weight. In addition, lipase-suppressed lines produced larger seeds compared to wild-type plants, resulting in increases of over 20% in total lipid per seed. Levels of raffinose and stachyose were lower in the transgenic lines, with average reductions of 15% in total raffinose family oligosaccharides observed. Despite the increase in oil, protein content was not negatively impacted and trended higher in the transgenic lines. These results are consistent with a role for SDP1 in turning over TAG to supply carbon for other needs, including the synthesis of oligosaccharides, and offer new strategies to further improve the composition of soybean seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Aznar-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Thiya Mukherjee
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Stewart A. Morley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dechassa Duressa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | | | - Kevin L. Chu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Somnath Koley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Doug K. Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Timothy P. Durrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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23
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Synergistic effects of antimicrobial peptide dendrimer-chitosan polymer conjugates against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 280:119025. [PMID: 35027127 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a new chemical platform for coupling chitosan derivatives to antimicrobial peptide dendrimers (AMPDs) with different degrees of ramification and molecular weights via thiol-maleimide reactions. Previous studies showed that simple incorporation of AMPDs to polymeric hydrogels resulted in a loss of antibacterial activity and augmented cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. We have shown that coupling AMPDs to chitosan derivatives enabled the two compounds to act synergistically. We showed that the antimicrobial activity was preserved when incorporating AMPD conjugates into various biopolymer formulations, including nanoparticles, gels, and foams. Investigating their mechanism of action using electron and time-lapse microscopy, we showed that the AMPD-chitosan conjugates were internalized after damaging outer and inner Gram-negative bacterial membranes. We also showed the absence of AMPD conjugates toxicity to mammalian cells. This chemical technological platform could be used for the development of new membrane disruptive therapeutics to eradicate pathogens present in acute and chronic wounds.
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24
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Comparative evaluation of pseudocereals peptides: A review of their nutritional contribution. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Tang X, Ghimire S, Liu W, Fu X, Zhang H, Sun F, Zhang N, Si H. Genome-wide identification of U-box genes and protein ubiquitination under PEG-induced drought stress in potato. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13475. [PMID: 34114235 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is one of the most important posttranslational modifications in eukaryotic cells, and it is involved in a variety of biological processes, including abiotic stress response. The ubiquitination modification is highly specific, which depends on the accurate recognition of substrate proteins by ubiquitin ligase. Plant U-box (PUB) proteins are a class of ubiquitin ligases, multiple members of which have shown to participate in water-deficit stress in Arabidopsis and rice. U-box gene family and large-scale profiling of the ubiquitome in potato has not been reported to date, although it is one of the most important food crops. The identified 66 U-box genes from the potato genome database were unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes. These StPUBs have a large number of tandem repeat sequences. Analysis of gene expression characteristics revealed that many StPUBs responded to abiotic stress. Three hundred and fourteen lys modification sites were identified under PEG-induced drought stress, which were distributed on 200 proteins, with 25 differential ubiquitination modification sites, most of which were up-regulated. The ubiquitination modification in potato protein was enhanced under PEG-induced drought stress, and U-box ubiquitin ligase was involved. This study provides an overall strategy and rich data set to clarify the effects of ubiquitination on potatoes under PEG-induced drought stress and the ubiquitination modification involved in potato U-box genes in response to PEG-induced drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Tang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shantwana Ghimire
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weigang Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue Fu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fujun Sun
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaijun Si
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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26
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Chu KL, Koley S, Jenkins LM, Bailey SR, Kambhampati S, Foley K, Arp JJ, Morley SA, Czymmek KJ, Bates PD, Allen DK. Metabolic flux analysis of the non-transitory starch tradeoff for lipid production in mature tobacco leaves. Metab Eng 2022; 69:231-248. [PMID: 34920088 PMCID: PMC8761171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic plasticity of tobacco leaves has been demonstrated via the generation of transgenic plants that can accumulate over 30% dry weight as triacylglycerols. In investigating the changes in carbon partitioning in these high lipid-producing (HLP) leaves, foliar lipids accumulated stepwise over development. Interestingly, non-transient starch was observed to accumulate with plant age in WT but not HLP leaves, with a drop in foliar starch concurrent with an increase in lipid content. The metabolic carbon tradeoff between starch and lipid was studied using 13CO2-labeling experiments and isotopically nonstationary metabolic flux analysis, not previously applied to the mature leaves of a crop. Fatty acid synthesis was investigated through assessment of acyl-acyl carrier proteins using a recently derived quantification method that was extended to accommodate isotopic labeling. Analysis of labeling patterns and flux modeling indicated the continued production of unlabeled starch, sucrose cycling, and a significant contribution of NADP-malic enzyme to plastidic pyruvate production for the production of lipids in HLP leaves, with the latter verified by enzyme activity assays. The results suggest an inherent capacity for a developmentally regulated carbon sink in tobacco leaves and may in part explain the uniquely successful leaf lipid engineering efforts in this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Chu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
| | - Somnath Koley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
| | - Lauren M Jenkins
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
| | - Sally R Bailey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA; United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
| | | | - Kevin Foley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
| | - Jennifer J Arp
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
| | - Stewart A Morley
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA; United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
| | - Kirk J Czymmek
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA
| | - Philip D Bates
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - Doug K Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA; United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63132, USA.
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27
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Dellero Y, Berardocco S, Berges C, Filangi O, Bouchereau A. Validation of carbon isotopologue distribution measurements by GC-MS and application to 13C-metabolic flux analysis of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Brassica napus leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:885051. [PMID: 36704152 PMCID: PMC9871494 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.885051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The estimation of metabolic fluxes in photosynthetic organisms represents an important challenge that has gained interest over the last decade with the development of 13C-Metabolic Flux Analysis at isotopically non-stationary steady-state. This approach requires a high level of accuracy for the measurement of Carbon Isotopologue Distribution in plant metabolites. But this accuracy has still not been evaluated at the isotopologue level for GC-MS, leading to uncertainties for the metabolic fluxes calculated based on these fragments. Here, we developed a workflow to validate the measurements of CIDs from plant metabolites with GC-MS by producing tailor-made E. coli standard extracts harboring a predictable binomial CID for some organic and amino acids. Overall, most of our TMS-derivatives mass fragments were validated with these standards and at natural isotope abundance in plant matrices. Then, we applied this validated MS method to investigate the light/dark regulation of plant TCA cycle by incorporating U-13C-pyruvate to Brassica napus leaf discs. We took advantage of pathway-specific isotopologues/isotopomers observed between two and six hours of labeling to show that the TCA cycle can operate in a cyclic manner under both light and dark conditions. Interestingly, this forward cyclic flux mode has a nearly four-fold higher contribution for pyruvate-to-citrate and pyruvate-to-malate fluxes than the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc) flux reassimilating carbon derived from some mitochondrial enzymes. The contribution of stored citrate to the mitochondrial TCA cycle activity was also questioned based on dynamics of 13C-enrichment in citrate, glutamate and succinate and variations of citrate total amounts under light and dark conditions. Interestingly, there was a light-dependent 13C-incorporation into glycine and serine showing that decarboxylations from pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and TCA cycle enzymes were actively reassimilated and could represent up to 5% to net photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younès Dellero
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection (IGEPP), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université Rennes, Institut Agro, Le Rheu, France
- Metabolic Profiling and Metabolomics platform (P2M2), Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection (IGEPP), Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies (BIA), Le Rheu, France
- MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Younès Dellero,
| | - Solenne Berardocco
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection (IGEPP), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université Rennes, Institut Agro, Le Rheu, France
- Metabolic Profiling and Metabolomics platform (P2M2), Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection (IGEPP), Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies (BIA), Le Rheu, France
| | - Cécilia Berges
- MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, National center for Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA), Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Filangi
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection (IGEPP), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université Rennes, Institut Agro, Le Rheu, France
- Metabolic Profiling and Metabolomics platform (P2M2), Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection (IGEPP), Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies (BIA), Le Rheu, France
- MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Bouchereau
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection (IGEPP), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université Rennes, Institut Agro, Le Rheu, France
- Metabolic Profiling and Metabolomics platform (P2M2), Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection (IGEPP), Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies (BIA), Le Rheu, France
- MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
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28
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Hosbas Coskun S, Wise SA, Kuszak AJ. The Importance of Reference Materials and Method Validation for Advancing Research on the Health Effects of Dietary Supplements and Other Natural Products. Front Nutr 2021; 8:786261. [PMID: 34970578 PMCID: PMC8713974 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.786261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient assessment of the identity and chemical composition of complex natural products, including botanicals, herbal remedies, and dietary supplements, hinders reproducible research and limits understanding mechanism(s) of action and health outcomes, which in turn impede improvements in clinical practice and advances in public health. This review describes available analytical resources and good methodological practices that support natural product characterization and strengthen the knowledge gained for designing and interpreting safety and efficacy investigations. The practice of validating analytical methods demonstrates that measurements of constituents of interest are reproducible and appropriate for the sample (e.g., plant material, phytochemical extract, and biological specimen). In particular, the utilization of matrix-based reference materials enables researchers to assess the accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of analytical measurements of natural product constituents, including dietary ingredients and their metabolites. Select case studies are presented where the careful application of these resources and practices has enhanced experimental rigor and benefited research on dietary supplement health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam J. Kuszak
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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29
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High-Throughput Analysis of Amino Acids for Protein Quantification in Plant and Animal-Derived Samples Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247578. [PMID: 34946660 PMCID: PMC8705696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current methods for measuring the abundance of proteogenic amino acids in plants require derivatisation, extended run times, very sensitive pH adjustments of the protein hydrolysates, and the use of buffers in the chromatographic phases. Here, we describe a fast liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method for the determination of amino acids that requires only three steps: hydrolysis, neutralisation, and sample dilution with a borate buffer solution for pH and retention time stability. The method shows excellent repeatability (repeated consecutive injections) and reproducibility (repeated hydrolysis) in the amino acid content, peak area, and retention time for all the standard amino acids. The chromatographic run time is 20 min with a reproducibility and repeatability of <1% for the retention time and <11% for the peak area of the BSA and quality control (QC) lentil samples. The reproducibility of the total protein levels in the hydrolysis batches 1–4 was <12% for the BSA and the lentil samples. The level of detection on column was below 0.1 µM for most amino acids (mean 0.017 µM).
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30
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Doherty A, Wall A, Khaldi N, Kussmann M. Artificial Intelligence in Functional Food Ingredient Discovery and Characterisation: A Focus on Bioactive Plant and Food Peptides. Front Genet 2021; 12:768979. [PMID: 34868255 PMCID: PMC8640466 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.768979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific research consistently demonstrates that diseases may be delayed, treated, or even prevented and, thereby, health may be maintained with health-promoting functional food ingredients (FFIs). Consumers are increasingly demanding sound information about food, nutrition, nutrients, and their associated health benefits. Consequently, a nutrition industry is being formed around natural foods and FFIs, the economic growth of which is increasingly driven by consumer decisions. Information technology, in particular artificial intelligence (AI), is primed to vastly expand the pool of characterised and annotated FFIs available to consumers, by systematically discovering and characterising natural, efficacious, and safe bioactive ingredients (bioactives) that address specific health needs. However, FFI-producing companies are lagging in adopting AI technology for their ingredient development pipelines for several reasons, resulting in a lack of efficient means for large-scale and high-throughput molecular and functional ingredient characterisation. The arrival of the AI-led technological revolution allows for the comprehensive characterisation and understanding of the universe of FFI molecules, enabling the mining of the food and natural product space in an unprecedented manner. In turn, this expansion of bioactives dramatically increases the repertoire of FFIs available to the consumer, ultimately resulting in bioactives being specifically developed to target unmet health needs.
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31
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Violi JP, Bishop DP, Padula MP, Westerhausen MT, Rodgers KJ. Acetonitrile adduct analysis of underivatised amino acids offers improved sensitivity for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462530. [PMID: 34517165 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
LC-MS/MS method development for native amino acid detection can be problematic due to low ionisation efficiencies, in source fragmentation, potential for cluster ion formation and incorrect application of chromatography techniques. This has led to the majority of the scientific community derivatising amino acids for more sensitive analysis. Derivatisation has several benefits including reduced signal-to-noise ratios, more efficient ionisation, and a change in polarity, allowing the use of reverse phase chromatography. However, derivatisation of amino acids can be expensive, requires additional sample preparation steps, is more time consuming and increases sample instability, due to the most derivatised amino acids only be stable for finite amount of time. While showing initial promise, development of reliable hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) separation methods has presented difficulties for the analyst including irreproducible separation and poor sensitivity. This study aimed to find a means to improve the detection sensitivity of the 20 protein amino acids by HILIC-MS/MS. We describe the use of previously undescribed amino acid-acetonitrile (ACN) adducts to improve detection of 16 out of the 20 amino acids. While all amino acids examined did form an ACN adduct, 4 had low intensity adduct formation compared to their protonated state, 3 of which are classified as basic amino acids. For 15 of the 20 amino acids tested, we used the ACN adduct for both quantification and qualification ions and demonstrated a significant enhancement in signal-to-noise ratio, ranging from 23 to 1762% improvement. Lower LODs, LOQs and lower ranges of linearity were also achieved for these amino acids. The optimised method was applied to a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) with the potential to be applied to other complex sample types. The improved sensitivity this method offers simplifies sample preparation and reduces the costs of amino acid analysis compared to those methods that rely on derivatisation for sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake P Violi
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
| | - David P Bishop
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
| | - Mika T Westerhausen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
| | - Kenneth J Rodgers
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia.
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32
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Protein nutritional quality, amino acid profile, anti-amylase and anti-glucosidase properties of microalgae: Inhibition and mechanisms of action through in vitro and in silico studies. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Gargano EM, Sell S, Langhoff S, Schmidt CU, Wierlacher S. Development and validation of a method for simultaneous analysis of hair underivatized amino acids and damage biomarkers, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 233:122584. [PMID: 34215076 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The forensic and medical fields are seeing growing interest in the amino acid and damage biomarker composition of hair, in order to identify adulteration of drug hair testing and for diagnostic purposes. Therefore, there is an increased demand for quick and accurate analytical methods. This study presents the first liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for the simultaneous quantification of hair amino acids and four damage biomarkers, which also implements an isotopic dilution strategy to improve recovery and precision of the acid hydrolysis-sensitive analytes. The applied strategy enabled a recovery of the hydrolysis-sensitive amino acids between 83 and 120% (vs. 33-77%, without isotopic dilution) for two different protein standards, and a precision with a relative standard deviation (RSD) between 1.3 and 7.5% (vs. 9.0-29.4%, without isotopic dilution). All 21 analytes could be measured without interferences by matrix and sample components, thus demonstrating satisfactory selectivity of the method. For spiked samples of hair hydrolyzate, recovery was between 88 and 120%, whereas precision and intermediate precision were below 10.1%. The high sensitivity of the method made it possible to reduce sample preparation to a 10000-fold dilution of the raw hydrolyzate. The wide linear range displayed by the method allowed the simultaneous quantification of minor (0.3 μmol/g of hair) and major (up to 1000 μmol/g of hair) components of the biological fiber. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of real hair samples submitted to six different treatments. Statistical data analysis by means of t-test and principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clear discrimination of the treated from the untreated hair samples and of the different treatments. Since these hair treatments can interfere with hair drug testing, the method possesses the ability of identifying hair samples with potential for attempted drug test evasion. In addition, lanthionine emerged as a new biomarker for heat damaged hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Gargano
- R&D Analytical, Wella Company (formerly Coty), Berliner Allee 65, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - S Sell
- R&D Analytical, Wella Company (formerly Coty), Berliner Allee 65, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - S Langhoff
- R&D Analytical, Wella Company (formerly Coty), Berliner Allee 65, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - C-U Schmidt
- R&D Analytical, Wella Company (formerly Coty), Berliner Allee 65, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - S Wierlacher
- R&D Analytical, Wella Company (formerly Coty), Berliner Allee 65, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany.
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34
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Chen GY, Pan YC, Wu TY, Yao TY, Wang WJ, Shen WJ, Ahmed A, Chan ST, Tang CH, Huang WC, Hung MC, Yang JC, Wu YC. Potential natural products that target the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein identified by structure-based virtual screening, isothermal titration calorimetry and lentivirus particles pseudotyped (Vpp) infection assay. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 12:73-89. [PMID: 34549024 PMCID: PMC8443859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters cells through the binding of the viral spike protein with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), resulting in the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, few antiviral drugs are available that can effectively block viral infection. This study aimed to identify potential natural products from Taiwan Database of Extracts and Compounds (TDEC) that may prevent the binding of viral spike proteins with human ACE2 proteins. Methods The structure-based virtual screening was performed using the AutoDock Vina program within PyRX software, the binding affinities of compounds were verified using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), the inhibitions of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection efficacy were examined by lentivirus particles pseudotyped (Vpp) infection assay, and the cell viability was tested by 293T cell in MTT assay. Results and conclusion We identified 39 natural products targeting the viral receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in silico. In ITC binding assay, dioscin, celastrol, saikosaponin C, epimedin C, torvoside K, and amentoflavone showed dissociation constant (K d) = 0.468 μM, 1.712 μM, 6.650 μM, 2.86 μM, 3.761 μM and 4.27 μM, respectively. In Vpp infection assay, the compounds have significantly and consistently inhibition with the 50-90% inhibition of viral infection efficacy. In cell viability, torvoside K, epimedin, amentoflavone, and saikosaponin C showed IC50 > 100 μM; dioscin and celastrol showed IC50 = 1.5625 μM and 0.9866 μM, respectively. These natural products may bind to the viral spike protein, preventing SARS-CoV-2 from entering cells. Section 1 Natural Products. Taxonomy classification by evise SARS-CoV-2, Structure-Based Virtual Screening, Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and Lentivirus Particles Pseudotyped (Vpp) Infection Assay, in silico and in vitro study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yu Chen
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Pan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ying Wu
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-You Yao
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Wang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Research Center for Cancer Biology, New Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jou Shen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Azaj Ahmed
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, Drug Development Center, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chien Huang
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, Drug Development Center, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Research Center for Cancer Biology, New Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Juan-Cheng Yang
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. No. 2, Yude Road, North District, Taichung City, 404332, Taiwan.
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, North District, Taichung City, 40402, Taiwan.
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Kumar D, Joshi R, Sharma A, Nadda G, Kumar D. A Comprehensive Search of the Primary and Secondary Metabolites and Radical Scavenging Potential of Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100300. [PMID: 34375021 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Trillium govanianum rhizomes are traditionally consumed as a raw powder and decoction for the treatment of health complications. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate whether aqueous and alcoholic extracts of T. govanianum rhizomes under hot and cold extraction conditions have similar or dissimilar chemical, nutrient, and antioxidant profiles. The total phenolics, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and energy values were estimated in all the conditionally prepared samples. The total phenolics (21.23±1.4 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoids (70.57±3.24 mg RE/g extract) were found higher in hot ethanolic extract (TGHEt), while cold water extract (TGGC) showed higher nutrients including amino acids (10.545±0.219 mg/g) and nucleosides (1.803±0.018 mg/g). The nutrient energy value (2.60 and 2.49 Kcal/g extract) was higher in cold and hot ethanolic extracts. Further, TGHEt scavenged the DPPH. (IC50 ; 870±22 μg/mL) and ABTS.+ (IC50 ; 80±1.49 μg/mL) effectively and proved its highest antioxidant activity compared to other samples. In LC/MS/MS-based metabolite profiling, twenty-six metabolites (fatty acids, steroidal saponins, triterpene saponins, ecdysteroid hormones) were confirmed with mass fragmentation and literature, while one hundred nine metabolites were identified using the METLIN database. The principal component analysis showed clustering of hot condition extracts while cold extracts were differentially located in quadrants. The heatmaps exhibited the associations and differences between metabolite composition, solvents, and extraction conditions. The identified metabolites speculatively predicted the biosynthesis pathway of T. govanianum. Findings also illustrated that T. govanianum is a source of bioactive nutritional components and saponins. The current metabolite profiling of T. govanianum will help in its agricultural and biotechnological interventions for higher quality produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176 061, HP, India
| | - Aakriti Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gireesh Nadda
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.,Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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36
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Qian X, Nie L, Dai Z, Ma S. Determination of Free Amino Acids in Banlangen Granule and its Fractions by Solid Phase Extraction Combined with Ion-pair Hig-h Perfor mance Liquid Chromatography using a Corona-charged Aerosol Detector (SPE-HPLC-CAD). CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200526120449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Banlangen granules are broad-spectrum effective antiviral drugs, and have a
large clinical demand in China. Free amino acid is one of the main antiviral active ingredients of Banlangen
granules. The pre-processing of samples by the existing pre-column derivatization reversed-
HPLC method is complicated. Therefore, the determination of free amino acids (AAs) by underivatized
ion-pair HPLC-CAD is advantageous for simplifying the preparation process and improving sensitivity.
Objective:
To better optimize AAs analysis methods, here a sensitive SPE-HPLC-CAD method with a
better resolution was established for the determination of underivatized AAs in Banlangen Granule for
the first time.
Method:
The analytes were separated only by HPLC using a Hypercarb column with gradient elution of solvent A (20
mM nonafluorovaleric Acid in water) and solvent B (0.3% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-0.3% trifluoroacetic acid
in water (1:9, v/v)) at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min. N2 gas pressure and evaporation temperature of CAD were held at a
constant 58.6 psi and 60 ℃, respectively.
Results:
This method was linear over the respective concentration range of six amino acids. The precision, accuracy,
stability and recovery were satisfactory in all samples examined. And the method was successfully applied to
determination of free amino acids in Banlangen granules and its fractions. The total contents of six amino acids in 28
batches of Banlangen Granule were between 1.36 mg/g-11.62 mg/g.
Conclusion:
The proposed method could be a simple, accurate and sensitive alternative approach for the determination
of free AAs in Banlangen Granule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyu Qian
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050,China
| | - Lixing Nie
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050,China
| | - Zhong Dai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050,China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050,China
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37
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Kambhampati S, Aznar-Moreno JA, Bailey SR, Arp JJ, Chu KL, Bilyeu KD, Durrett TP, Allen DK. Temporal changes in metabolism late in seed development affect biomass composition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:874-890. [PMID: 33693938 PMCID: PMC8195533 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The negative association between protein and oil production in soybean (Glycine max) seed is well-documented. However, this inverse relationship is based primarily on the composition of mature seed, which reflects the cumulative result of events over the course of soybean seed development and therefore does not convey information specific to metabolic fluctuations during developmental growth regimes. In this study, we assessed maternal nutrient supply via measurement of seed coat exudates and metabolite levels within the cotyledon throughout development to identify trends in the accumulation of central carbon and nitrogen metabolic intermediates. Active metabolic activity during late seed development was probed through transient labeling with 13C substrates. The results indicated: (1) a drop in lipid contents during seed maturation with a concomitant increase in carbohydrates, (2) a transition from seed filling to maturation phases characterized by quantitatively balanced changes in carbon use and CO2 release, (3) changes in measured carbon and nitrogen resources supplied maternally throughout development, (4) 13C metabolite production through gluconeogenic steps for sustained carbohydrate accumulation as the maternal nutrient supply diminishes, and (5) oligosaccharide biosynthesis within the seed coat during the maturation phase. These results highlight temporal engineering targets for altering final biomass composition to increase the value of soybeans and a path to breaking the inverse correlation between seed protein and oil content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose A Aznar-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Sally R Bailey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Jennifer J Arp
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Kevin L Chu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Kristin D Bilyeu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Timothy P Durrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Doug K Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
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38
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Kianfar E. Protein nanoparticles in drug delivery: animal protein, plant proteins and protein cages, albumin nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:159. [PMID: 34051806 PMCID: PMC8164776 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we will describe the properties of albumin and its biological functions, types of sources that can be used to produce albumin nanoparticles, methods of producing albumin nanoparticles, its therapeutic applications and the importance of albumin nanoparticles in the production of pharmaceutical formulations. In view of the increasing use of Abraxane and its approval for use in the treatment of several types of cancer and during the final stages of clinical trials for other cancers, to evaluate it and compare its effectiveness with conventional non formulations of chemotherapy Paclitaxel is paid. In this article, we will examine the role and importance of animal proteins in Nano medicine and the various benefits of these biomolecules for the preparation of drug delivery carriers and the characteristics of plant protein Nano carriers and protein Nano cages and their potentials in diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of protein nanoparticles are mentioned, as well as the methods of production of albumin nanoparticles, its therapeutic applications and the importance of albumin nanoparticles in the production of pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Kianfar
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology Application and Research Center, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey.
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39
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Łozowicka B, Kaczyński P, Iwaniuk P. Analysis of 22 free amino acids in honey from Eastern Europe and Central Asia using LC-MS/MS technique without derivatization step. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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40
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Zhu F. Buckwheat proteins and peptides: Biological functions and food applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Nitrogen-doping to enhance the separation selectivity of glucose-based carbon dots-modified silica stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Talanta 2020; 218:121140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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42
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Monitoring the composition, authenticity and quality dynamics of commercially available Nigerian fat-filled milk powders under inclement conditions using NIRS, chemometrics, packaging and microbiological parameters. Food Chem 2020; 339:127844. [PMID: 32829243 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fat-filled milk powders (FMP) are inexpensive milk alternatives predominantly exported to developing countries to satisfy growing demands for dairy proteins. Harsh climatic and sanitary conditions, poor border controls and relatively long periods for distribution and storage enhance the inherent vulnerability of FMP to fraud and stability. Rapid, low-cost methods are needed for extensive routine authentication of FMP products. This study investigated, for the first time, the sample integrity and the quality dynamics of 7 Nigerian FMP brands stored for 7 weeks at 40 °C. The prominent melamine and urea absorption peaks were absent, but protein contents were below the permitted limit. The peak absorbance of the OH functional group increased while the tryptophan contents decreased with storage time. Multiclass analyses differentiated the fresh FMP brands from one another, and from those that were aged. Robust interval-PLS predictions obtained for storage time may be excellent indicators of FMP freshness and stability.
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43
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Lei Z, Kumar S, Sarma SJ, Kumar R, Sumner BW, Stacey MG, Sumner LW. Protein Precipitation to Remove Carbohydrates that Interfere in Protein-Bound Tryptophan Quantification in Soybean Seeds. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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44
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A study on the protein fraction of coffee silverskin: Protein/non-protein nitrogen and free and total amino acid profiles. Food Chem 2020; 326:126940. [PMID: 32413751 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Silverskin, the main coffee roasting by-product, is rich in fiber, protein and antioxidants. Its protein fraction was studied regarding total, protein and non-protein nitrogen content. Amino acids were analysed after automated on-line derivatization. The method showed to be precise (<6.9%) and accurate (recoveries using a certified reference material and spiked blanks: 90-102%; for spiked samples: 73-113%). The real protein content of silverskin was 12%. One quarter of the total nitrogen corresponded to the non-protein fraction. All essential amino acids were present in the free form, except methionine. Regarding total amino acids, aspartic and glutamic acids (9-10 mg/g) were the major compounds. Branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) were also present in substantial amounts (5-8 mg/g), as well as proline and arginine (~5 mg/g). Concluding, silverskin is a source of amino acids with relevance for the improvement of cognitive and physical performances.
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45
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Ovais M, Nethi SK, Ullah S, Ahmad I, Mukherjee S, Chen C. Recent advances in the analysis of nanoparticle-protein coronas. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:1037-1061. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of radical advances in nanobiotechnology, the clinical translation of nanoparticle (NP)-based agents is still a major challenge due to various physiological factors that influence their interactions with biological systems. Recent decade witnessed meticulous investigation on protein corona (PC) that is the first surrounds NPs once administered into the body. Formation of PC around NP surface exhibits resilient effects on their circulation, distribution, therapeutic activity, toxicity and other factors. Although enormous literature is available on the role of PC in altering pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of NPs, understanding on its analytical characterization methods still remains shallow. Therefore, the current review summarizes the impact of PC on biological fate of NPs and stressing on analytical methods employed for studying the NP-PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ovais
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Susheel Kumar Nethi
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Saleem Ullah
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Life Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience & Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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46
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Using 4-(Carbazole-9-yl)-benzyl Chloroformate as a Derivatization Reagent for the Measurement of Amino Acids in Tea Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Czajka JJ, Kambhampati S, Tang YJ, Wang Y, Allen DK. Application of Stable Isotope Tracing to Elucidate Metabolic Dynamics During Yarrowia lipolytica α-Ionone Fermentation. iScience 2020; 23:100854. [PMID: 32058965 PMCID: PMC7005465 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted metabolite analysis in combination with 13C-tracing is a convenient strategy to determine pathway activity in biological systems; however, metabolite analysis is limited by challenges in separating and detecting pathway intermediates with current chromatographic methods. Here, a hydrophilic interaction chromatography tandem mass spectrometry approach was developed for improved metabolite separation, isotopologue analysis, and quantification. The physiological responses of a Yarrowia lipolytica strain engineered to produce ∼400 mg/L α-ionone and temporal changes in metabolism were quantified (e.g., mevalonate secretion, then uptake) indicating bottleneck shifts in the engineered pathway over the course of fermentation. Dynamic labeling results indicated limited tricarboxylic acid cycle label incorporation and, combined with a measurable ATP shortage during the high ionone production phase, suggested that electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation may limit energy supply and strain performance. The results provide insights into terpenoid pathway metabolic dynamics of non-model yeasts and offer guidelines for sensor development and modular engineering. A HILIC method is demonstrated for efficient separation of 57 cellular metabolites Production of α-ionone was ∼400 mg/L in bench-top bioreactors Engineered Y. lipolytica secreted then consumed mevalonate during fermentation Oxidative phosphorylation may limit performance in high-cell-density fermentations
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Czajka
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Yinjie J Tang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Yechun Wang
- Arch Innotek, LLC, 4320 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Doug K Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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48
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Kambhampati S, Aznar-Moreno JA, Hostetler C, Caso T, Bailey SR, Hubbard AH, Durrett TP, Allen DK. On the Inverse Correlation of Protein and Oil: Examining the Effects of Altered Central Carbon Metabolism on Seed Composition Using Soybean Fast Neutron Mutants. Metabolites 2019; 10:E18. [PMID: 31905618 PMCID: PMC7022410 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein and oil levels measured at maturity are inversely correlated across soybean lines; however, carbon is in limited supply during maturation resulting in tradeoffs for the production of other reserves including oligosaccharides. During the late stages of seed development, the allocation of carbon for storage reserves changes. Lipid and protein levels decline while concentrations of indigestible raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) increase, leading to a decreased crop value. Since the maternal source of carbon is diminished during seed maturation stages of development, carbon supplied to RFO synthesis likely comes from an internal, turned-over source and may contribute to the reduction in protein and lipid content in mature seeds. In this study, fast neutron (FN) mutagenized soybean populations with deletions in central carbon metabolic genes were examined for trends in oil, protein, sugar, and RFO accumulation leading to an altered final composition. Two lines with concurrent increases in oil and protein, by combined 10%, were identified. A delayed switch in carbon allocation towards RFO biosynthesis resulted in extended lipid accumulation and without compromising protein. Strategies for future soybean improvement using FN resources are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikaar Kambhampati
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA; (S.K.); (C.H.); (T.C.); (A.H.H.)
| | - Jose A. Aznar-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Cooper Hostetler
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA; (S.K.); (C.H.); (T.C.); (A.H.H.)
| | - Tara Caso
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA; (S.K.); (C.H.); (T.C.); (A.H.H.)
| | - Sally R. Bailey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA;
| | - Allen H. Hubbard
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA; (S.K.); (C.H.); (T.C.); (A.H.H.)
| | - Timothy P. Durrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Doug K. Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA; (S.K.); (C.H.); (T.C.); (A.H.H.)
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA;
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49
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Nogoy FM, Jung YJ, Kang KK, Cho YG. Physico-chemical characterization and transcriptome analysis of 5-methyltryptophan resistant lines in rice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222262. [PMID: 31532784 PMCID: PMC6750609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation breeding has brought significant contributions to the development of high value crops. It steered the first studies to generate plants with desired mutations of genes encoding key enzymes involved in important metabolic pathways. Molecular characterization of 5-methyl tryptophan (5-MT) resistant plants has revealed different base changes in alpha unit of anthranilate synthase (OsASA) gene that can lead to insensitivity to feedback inhibition of anthranilate synthase. The objective of this study was to perform in silico analysis of microarray data from five progressing time points during grain filling of rice. Results showed various differentially expressed genes. Enrichment of these genes revealed their roles in amino acid transportation during grain filling. Surprisingly, among all DEGs, only LOC_Os06g42560, a tryptophan synthase beta chain, was found to be directly related to tryptophan biosynthesis. It might affect amino acid content during grain filling. For physico-chemical analysis, different grain and eating qualities parameters were measured using mutant rice lines. Evaluation results showed that 5MT resistant-lines (5MT R-lines) showed approximately 60% chalkiness after milling although it had 20 times higher tryptophan content measured in μg/100 mg seeds. Taste quality of these 5MT R-lines in general was not affected significantly. However, other parameters such as peak time of viscosity and gelatinization temperature showed different results compared to the wildtype. Mutant lines generated in this study are important resources for high tryptophan content, although they have lower grain quality than the wildtype. They might be useful for developing new high nutrient rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Jin Jung
- Department of Horticulture, Hankyong National University, Ansung, Korea
| | - Kwon-Kyoo Kang
- Department of Horticulture, Hankyong National University, Ansung, Korea
- * E-mail: (K-KK); (Y-GC)
| | - Yong-Gu Cho
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
- * E-mail: (K-KK); (Y-GC)
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