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Hu Y, Hu XD, He ZQ, Liu Y, Gui YK, Zhu SH, Da X, Liu YN, Liu LX, Shen QY, Xu GH. Anesthesia/surgery activate MMP9 leading to blood-brain barrier disruption, triggering neuroinflammation and POD-like behavior in aged mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112290. [PMID: 38796964 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Anesthesia and surgery activate matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), leading to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and postoperative delirium (POD)-like behavior, especially in the elderly. Aged mice received intraperitoneal injections of either the MMP9 inhibitor SB-3CT, melatonin, or solvent, and underwent laparotomy under 3 % sevoflurane anesthesia(anesthesia/surgery). Behavioral tests were performed 24 h pre- and post-operatively. Serum and cortical tissue levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured using ELISA. Levels of PDGFRβ, MMP9, tight junction, Mfsd2a, caveolin-1, synaptophysin, and postsynaptic densin (PSD)-95 proteins in the prefrontal cortex were assayed using Western blotting. BBB permeability was assessed by detecting IgG in the prefrontal cortex and serum S100β levels. Anesthesia/surgery-induced peripheral inflammation activated MMP9, which in turn injured pericytes and tight junctions and increased transcytosis, thereby disrupting the BBB. Impaired BBB allowed the migration of peripheral inflammation into the central nervous system (CNS), thereby inducing neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and POD-like behaviors. However, MMP9 inhibition reduced pericyte and tight junction injury and transcytosis, thereby preserving BBB function and preventing the migration of peripheral inflammation into the CNS, thus attenuating synaptic dysfunction and POD-like behavior. In addition, to further validate the above findings, we showed that melatonin exerted similar effects through inhibition of MMP9. The present study shows that after anesthesia/surgery, inflammatory cytokines upregulation is involved in regulating BBB permeability in aged mice through activation of MMP9, suggesting that MMP9 may be a potential target for the prevention of POD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xu-Dong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Zi-Qing He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yong-Kang Gui
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Si-Hui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xin Da
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yi-Nuo Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Qi-Ying Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China.
| | - Guang-Hong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China.
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Li C, Chen X, Du Z, Geng X, Li M, Yang X, Bo C, Jia Q, Yu G, Shi L. Inhibiting ferroptosis in brain microvascular endothelial cells: A potential strategy to mitigate polystyrene nanoplastics‒induced blood‒brain barrier dysfunction. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118506. [PMID: 38387496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs), a group of ubiquitous pollutants, may injure the central nervous system through the blood‒brain barrier (BBB). However, whether exposure to PS-NPs contributes to BBB disruption and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In vivo, we found that PS-NPs (25 mg/kg BW) could significantly increase BBB permeability in mice and downregulate the distribution of the tight junction-associated protein zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Using an in vitro BBB model, exposure to PS-NPs significantly reduced the transendothelial electrical resistance and altered ZO-1 expression and distribution in a dose-dependent manner. RNA-seq analysis and functional investigations were used to investigate the molecular pathways involved in the response to PS-NPs. The results revealed that the ferroptosis and glutathione metabolism signaling pathways were related to the disruption of the BBB model caused by the PS-NPs. PS-NPs treatment promoted ferroptosis in bEnd.3 cells by inducing disordered glutathione metabolism in addition to Fe2+ and lipid peroxide accumulation, while suppressing ferroptosis with ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) suppressed ferroptosis-related changes in bEnd.3 cells subjected to PS-NPs. Importantly, Fer-1 alleviated the decrease in ZO-1 expression in bEnd.3 cells and the exacerbation of BBB damage induced by PS-NPs. Collectively, our findings suggest that inhibiting ferroptosis in BMECs may serve as a potential therapeutic target against BBB disruption induced by PS-NPs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250062, China
| | - Xiaoshu Chen
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250062, China
| | - Zhongjun Du
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250062, China
| | - Xiao Geng
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250062, China
| | - Ming Li
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250062, China
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250062, China
| | - Cunxiang Bo
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250062, China
| | - Qiang Jia
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250062, China.
| | - Gongchang Yu
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250062, China; Shandong Mental Health Center, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250014, China.
| | - Liang Shi
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250062, China.
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Mokbel AY, Burns MP, Main BS. The contribution of the meningeal immune interface to neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:135. [PMID: 38802931 PMCID: PMC11131220 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and mortality worldwide, particularly among the elderly, yet our mechanistic understanding of what renders the post-traumatic brain vulnerable to poor outcomes, and susceptible to neurological disease, is incomplete. It is well established that dysregulated and sustained immune responses elicit negative consequences after TBI; however, our understanding of the neuroimmune interface that facilitates crosstalk between central and peripheral immune reservoirs is in its infancy. The meninges serve as the interface between the brain and the immune system, facilitating important bi-directional roles in both healthy and disease settings. It has been previously shown that disruption of this system exacerbates neuroinflammation in age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease; however, we have an incomplete understanding of how the meningeal compartment influences immune responses after TBI. In this manuscript, we will offer a detailed overview of the holistic nature of neuroinflammatory responses in TBI, including hallmark features observed across clinical and animal models. We will highlight the structure and function of the meningeal lymphatic system, including its role in immuno-surveillance and immune responses within the meninges and the brain. We will provide a comprehensive update on our current knowledge of meningeal-derived responses across the spectrum of TBI, and identify new avenues for neuroimmune modulation within the neurotrauma field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Y Mokbel
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building-EG11, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Mark P Burns
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building-EG11, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Bevan S Main
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building-EG11, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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Kandell RM, Wu JR, Kwon EJ. Reprograming Clots for In Vivo Chemical Targeting in Traumatic Brain Injury. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2301738. [PMID: 38780012 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a critical public health concern, yet there are no therapeutics available to improve long-term outcomes. Drug delivery to TBI remains a challenge due to the blood-brain barrier and increased intracranial pressure. In this work, a chemical targeting approach to improve delivery of materials to the injured brain, is developed. It is hypothesized that the provisional fibrin matrix can be harnessed as an injury-specific scaffold that can be targeted by materials via click chemistry. To accomplish this, the brain clot is engineered in situ by delivering fibrinogen modified with strained cyclooctyne (SCO) moieties, which incorporated into the injury lesion and is retained there for days. Improved intra-injury capture and retention of diverse, clickable azide-materials including a small molecule azide-dye, 40 kDa azide-PEG nanomaterial, and a therapeutic azide-protein in multiple dosing regimens is subsequently observed. To demonstrate therapeutic translation of this approach, a reduction in reactive oxygen species levels in the injured brain after delivery of the antioxidant catalase, is achieved. Further, colocalization between azide and SCO-fibrinogen is specific to the brain over off-target organs. Taken together, a chemical targeting strategy leveraging endogenous clot formation is established which can be applied to improve therapeutic delivery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Kandell
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jason R Wu
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ester J Kwon
- Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Feng L, Li Y, Lin M, Xie D, Luo Y, Zhang Y, He Z, Gong Q, Zhun ZY, Gao J. Trilobatin attenuates cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction by targeting matrix metalloproteinase 9: The legend of a food additive. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1005-1027. [PMID: 37723895 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is one of the crucial pathological changes of cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Trilobatin (TLB), a naturally occurring food additive, exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral I/R injury as demonstrated in our previous study. This study was designed to investigate the effect of TLB on BBB disruption after cerebral I/R injury. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats with focal cerebral ischaemia caused by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion were studied along with brain microvascular endothelial cells and human astrocytes to mimic BBB injury caused by oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). KEY RESULTS The results showed that TLB effectively maintained BBB integrity and inhibited neuronal loss following cerebral I/R challenge. Furthermore, TLB increased tight junction proteins including ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin 5, and decreased the levels of apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4, cyclophilin A (CypA) and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), thereby reducing proinflammatory cytokines. TLB also decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cleaved-caspase 3 levels along with a reduced number of apoptotic neurons. Molecular docking and transcriptomics predicted MMP9 as a prominent gene evoked by TLB treatment. The protective effects of TLB on cerebral I/R-induced BBB breakdown was largely abolished by overexpression of MMP9, and the beneficial effects of TLB on OGD/R-induced loss of BBB integrity in human brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocyte co-cultures was markedly reinforced by knockdown of MMP9. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings reveal a novel property of TLB: preventing BBB disruption following cerebral I/R via targeting MMP9 and inhibiting APOE4/CypA/NF-κB axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linying Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yeli Li
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mu Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dianyou Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yunmei Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuandong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhixu He
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qihai Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhu Yi Zhun
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jianmei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Eisenbaum M, Pearson A, Ortiz C, Koprivica M, Cembran A, Mullan M, Crawford F, Ojo J, Bachmeier C. Repetitive head trauma and apoE4 induce chronic cerebrovascular alterations that impair tau elimination from the brain. Exp Neurol 2024; 374:114702. [PMID: 38301863 PMCID: PMC10922621 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (r-mTBI) sustained in the military or contact sports have been associated with the accumulation of extracellular tau in the brain, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative tauopathies. The expression of the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) isoform has been associated with higher levels of tau in the brain, and worse clinical outcomes after r-mTBI, though the influence of apoE genotype on extracellular tau dynamics in the brain is poorly understood. We recently demonstrated that extracellular tau can be eliminated across blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is progressively impaired following r-mTBI. The current studies investigated the influence of repetitive mild TBI (r-mTBI) and apoE genotype on the elimination of extracellular solutes from the brain. Following intracortical injection of biotin-labeled tau into humanized apoE-Tr mice, the levels of exogenous tau residing in the brain of apoE4 mice were elevated compared to other isoforms, indicating reduced tau elimination. Additionally, we found exposure to r-mTBI increased tau residence in apoE2 mice, similar to our observations in E2FAD animals. Each of these findings may be the result of diminished tau efflux via LRP1 at the BBB, as LRP1 inhibition significantly reduced tau uptake in endothelial cells and decreased tau transit across an in vitro model of the BBB (basolateral-to-apical). Notably, we showed that injury and apoE status, (particularly apoE4) resulted in chronic alterations in BBB integrity, pericyte coverage, and AQP4 polarization. These aberrations coincided with an atypical reactive astrocytic gene signature indicative of diminished CSF-ISF exchange. Our work found that CSF movement was reduced in the chronic phase following r-mTBI (>18 months post injury) across all apoE genotypes. In summary, we show that apoE genotype strongly influences cerebrovascular homeostasis, which can lead to age-dependent deficiencies in the elimination of toxic proteins from the brain, like tau, particularly in the aftermath of head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA
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Whitehead B, Corbin D, Albowaidey A, Zhang N, Karelina K, Weil ZM. Mild traumatic brain injury induces pericyte detachment independent of stroke vulnerability. Neurosci Lett 2024; 818:137552. [PMID: 37949292 PMCID: PMC10913758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke and can result in poorer outcomes- an effect presumed to involve the cerebral vasculature. Here we tested the hypothesis that mTBI-induced pericyte detachment from the cerebrovascular endothelium is responsible for worsened stroke outcomes. We performed a mild closed-head injury and/or treated C57/bl6 mice with imatinib mesylate, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that induces pericyte detachment. The time course of pericyte detachment was assessed 7, 14, and 28 days post injury (DPI). To test the role of pericytes in TBI-induced exacerbation of ischemic stroke outcomes, we induced mTBI and/or treated mice with imatinib for one week prior to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. We found that injury promoted pericyte detachment from the vasculature commensurate with the levels of detachment seen in imatinib-only treated animals, and that the detachment persisted for at least 14DPI, but recovered to sham levels by 28DPI. Further, mTBI, but not imatinib-induced pericyte detachment, increased infarct volume. Thus, we conclude that the transient detachment of pericytes caused by mTBI may not be sufficient to exacerbate subsequent ischemic stroke damage. These data have important implications for understanding cerebrovascular dysfunction following mTBI and potential mechanisms of increased risk for future ischemic strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Whitehead
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Deborah Corbin
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Ali Albowaidey
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Zachary M Weil
- Department of Neuroscience and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, 108 Biomedical Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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Lee CH, Murrell CE, Chu A, Pan X. Circadian Regulation of Apolipoproteins in the Brain: Implications in Lipid Metabolism and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17415. [PMID: 38139244 PMCID: PMC10743770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm is a 24 h internal clock within the body that regulates various factors, including sleep, body temperature, and hormone secretion. Circadian rhythm disruption is an important risk factor for many diseases including neurodegenerative illnesses. The central and peripheral oscillators' circadian clock network controls the circadian rhythm in mammals. The clock genes govern the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain. One function of the circadian clock is regulating lipid metabolism. However, investigations of the circadian regulation of lipid metabolism-associated apolipoprotein genes in the brain are lacking. This review summarizes the rhythmic expression of clock genes and lipid metabolism-associated apolipoprotein genes within the SCN in Mus musculus. Nine of the twenty apolipoprotein genes identified from searching the published database (SCNseq and CircaDB) are highly expressed in the SCN. Most apolipoprotein genes (ApoE, ApoC1, apoA1, ApoH, ApoM, and Cln) show rhythmic expression in the brain in mice and thus might be regulated by the master clock. Therefore, this review summarizes studies on lipid-associated apolipoprotein genes in the SCN and other brain locations, to understand how apolipoproteins associated with perturbed cerebral lipid metabolism cause multiple brain diseases and disorders. This review describes recent advancements in research, explores current questions, and identifies directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeeun Hannah Lee
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Charlotte Ellzabeth Murrell
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Alexander Chu
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Pan
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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Lendvai-Emmert D, Magyar-Sumegi ZD, Hegedus E, Szarka N, Fazekas B, Amrein K, Czeiter E, Buki A, Ungvari Z, Toth P. Mild traumatic brain injury-induced persistent blood-brain barrier disruption is prevented by cyclosporine A treatment in hypertension. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1252796. [PMID: 38073626 PMCID: PMC10699755 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1252796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and hypertension synergize to induce persistent disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. However, the underlying mechanisms are not known. Cerebral production of Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is induced in hypertension and after TBI, and it was demonstrated to activate the nuclear factor-κB (NF-kB)- matrix-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) pathway in cerebral vessels leading to BBB disruption. Methods To test the role of CyPA in mTBI- and hypertension-induced BBB disruption we induced mTBI in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), then the animals were treated with cyclosporine A (a specific inhibitor of CyPA production) or vehicle for 7 days. We assessed BBB permeability and integrity, cerebral expression and activity of the CyPA-NF-kB-MMP-9 pathway, extravasation of fibrin and neuroinflammation. Results We found that mild TBI induced BBB disruption and upregulation of the CyPA-NF-kB-MMP-9 pathway in hypertension, which were prevented by blocking CyPA. Cyclosporine treatment and preservation of BBB function prevented accumulation of blood-derived fibrin in the brain parenchyma of hypertensive rats after mTBI and reversed increased neuroinflammation. Discussion We propose that mTBI and hypertension interact to promote BBB disruption via the CyPA-NF-kB-MMP-9 pathway, and inhibition of cyclophilin production after mTBI may exert neuroprotection and improve cognitive function in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Lendvai-Emmert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Dina Magyar-Sumegi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Emoke Hegedus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Szarka
- Department of Primary Health Care, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balint Fazekas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Amrein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- ELKH-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Endre Czeiter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- ELKH-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andras Buki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Public Health, International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Toth
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- ELKH-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Public Health, International Training Program in Geroscience, Doctoral School of Basic and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Laskowitz DT, Van Wyck DW. ApoE Mimetic Peptides as Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1496-1507. [PMID: 37592168 PMCID: PMC10684461 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of targeted therapies for traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a compelling clinical unmet need. Although knowledge of the pathophysiologic cascades involved in TBI has expanded rapidly, the development of novel pharmacological therapies has remained largely stagnant. Difficulties in creating animal models that recapitulate the different facets of clinical TBI pathology and flaws in the design of clinical trials have contributed to the ongoing failures in neuroprotective drug development. Furthermore, multiple pathophysiological mechanisms initiated early after TBI that progress in the subacute and chronic setting may limit the potential of traditional approaches that target a specific cellular pathway for acute therapeutic intervention. We describe a reverse translational approach that focuses on translating endogenous mechanisms known to influence outcomes after TBI to develop druggable targets. In particular, numerous clinical observations have demonstrated an association between apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism and functional recovery after brain injury. ApoE has been shown to mitigate the response to acute brain injury by exerting immunomodulatory properties that reduce secondary tissue injury as well as protecting neurons from excitotoxicity. CN-105 represents an apoE mimetic peptide that can effectively penetrate the CNS compartment and retains the neuroprotective properties of the intact protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- AegisCN LLC, 701 W Main Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - David W Van Wyck
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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11
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Meng F, Fu J, Zhang L, Guo M, Zhuang P, Yin Q, Zhang Y. Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in diabetic cognitive impairment. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105591. [PMID: 37543309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cognitive impairment (DCI) is a complex complication of diabetes in the central nervous system, and its pathological mechanism is still being explored. Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in central nervous system that perform diverse functions in health and disease. Accumulating excellent research has identified astrocyte dysfunction in many neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, aging and Parkinson's disease), and summarized and discussed its pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic value. However, the contribution of astrocytes to DCI has been largely overlooked. In this review, we first systematically summarized the effects and mechanisms of diabetes on brain astrocytes, and found that the diabetic environment (such as hyperglycemia, advanced glycation end products and cerebral insulin resistance) mediated brain reactive astrogliosis, which was specifically reflected in the changes of cell morphology and the remodeling of signature molecules. Secondly, we emphasized the contribution and potential targets of reactive astrogliosis to DCI, and found that reactive astrogliosis-induced increased blood-brain barrier permeability, glymphatic system dysfunction, neuroinflammation, abnormal cell communication and cholesterol metabolism dysregulation worsened cognitive function. In addition, we summarized effective strategies for treating DCI by targeting astrocytes. Finally, we discuss the application of new techniques in astrocytes, including single-cell transcriptome, in situ sequencing, and prospected new functions, new subsets and new targets of astrocytes in DCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyu Meng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jiafeng Fu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Mengqing Guo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Qingsheng Yin
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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12
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Hansson MJ, Elmér E. Cyclosporine as Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1482-1495. [PMID: 37561274 PMCID: PMC10684836 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug development in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been impeded by the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease pathology, as well as limited understanding of the secondary injury cascade that follows the initial trauma. As a result, patients with TBI have an unmet need for effective pharmacological therapies. One promising drug candidate is cyclosporine, a polypeptide traditionally used to achieve immunosuppression in transplant recipients. Cyclosporine inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition, thereby reducing secondary brain injury, and has shown neuroprotective effects in multiple preclinical models of TBI. Moreover, the cyclosporine formulation NeuroSTAT® displayed positive effects on injury biomarker levels in patients with severe TBI enrolled in the Phase Ib/IIa Copenhagen Head Injury Ciclosporin trial (NCT01825044). Future research on neuroprotective compounds such as cyclosporine should take advantage of recent advances in fluid-based biomarkers and neuroimaging to select patients with similar disease pathologies for clinical trials. This would increase statistical power and allow for more accurate assessment of long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus J Hansson
- Abliva AB, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Abliva AB, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mitochondrial Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Sun B, Wu W, Narasipura EA, Ma Y, Yu C, Fenton OS, Song H. Engineering nanoparticle toolkits for mRNA delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115042. [PMID: 37536506 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The concept of using mRNA to produce its own medicine in situ in the body makes it an ideal drug candidate, holding great potential to revolutionize the way we approach medicine. The unique characteristics of mRNA, as well as its customizable biomedical functions, call for the rational design of delivery systems to protect and transport mRNA molecules. In this review, a nanoparticle toolkit is presented for the development of mRNA-based therapeutics from a drug delivery perspective. Nano-delivery systems derived from either natural systems or chemical synthesis, in the nature of organic or inorganic materials, are summarised. Delivery strategies in controlling the tissue targeting and mRNA release, as well as the role of nanoparticles in building and boosting the activity of mRNA drugs, have also been introduced. In the end, our insights into the clinical and translational development of mRNA nano-drugs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Weixi Wu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Eshan A Narasipura
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yutian Ma
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Owen S Fenton
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Hao Song
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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14
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Buenaventura RG, Harvey AC, Burns MP, Main BS. Traumatic brain injury induces an adaptive immune response in the meningeal transcriptome that is amplified by aging. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1210175. [PMID: 37588516 PMCID: PMC10425597 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1210175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and mortality, particularly among the elderly, yet our mechanistic understanding of how age renders the post-traumatic brain vulnerable to poor clinical outcomes and susceptible to neurological disease remains poorly understood. It is well established that dysregulated and sustained immune responses contribute to negative outcomes after TBI, however our understanding of the interactions between central and peripheral immune reservoirs is still unclear. The meninges serve as the interface between the brain and the immune system, facilitating important bi-directional roles in healthy and disease settings. It has been previously shown that disruption of this system exacerbates inflammation in age related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, however we have an incomplete understanding of how the meningeal compartment influences immune responses after TBI. Here, we examine the meningeal tissue and its response to brain injury in young (3-months) and aged (18-months) mice. Utilizing a bioinformatic approach, high-throughput RNA sequencing demonstrates alterations in the meningeal transcriptome at sub-acute (7-days) and chronic (1 month) timepoints after injury. We find that age alone chronically exacerbates immunoglobulin production and B cell responses. After TBI, adaptive immune response genes are up-regulated in a temporal manner, with genes involved in T cell responses elevated sub-acutely, followed by increases in B cell related genes at chronic time points after injury. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are also implicated as contributing to the immune response in the meninges, with ingenuity pathway analysis identifying interferons as master regulators in aged mice compared to young mice following TBI. Collectively these data demonstrate the temporal series of meningeal specific signatures, providing insights into how age leads to worse neuroinflammatory outcomes in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bevan S. Main
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
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15
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Romariz SAA, Main BS, Harvey AC, Longo BM, Burns MP. Delayed treatment with ceftriaxone reverses the enhanced sensitivity of TBI mice to chemically-induced seizures. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288363. [PMID: 37440485 PMCID: PMC10343160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological changes that occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to the development of post-traumatic epilepsy, a life-long complication of brain trauma. The etiology of post-traumatic epilepsy remains unknown, but TBI brains exhibit an abnormal excitatory / inhibitory balance. In this study, we examine how brain injury alters susceptibility to chemically-induced seizures in C57Bl/6J mice, and if pharmacological enhancement of glutamate transporters can reduce chronic post-traumatic seizures. We found that controlled cortical impact (CCI) mice display delayed susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures. While CCI mice have no change in seizure susceptibility at 7d post-injury (dpi), at 70dpi they have reduced latency to PTZ-induced seizure onset, higher seizure frequency and longer seizure duration. Quantification of glutamate transporter mRNA showed that levels of Scl1a2 and Scl1a3 mRNA were increased at 7dpi, but significantly decreased at 70dpi. To test if increased levels of glutamate transporters can ameliorate delayed-onset seizure susceptibility in TBI mice, we exposed a new cohort of mice to CCI and administered ceftriaxone (200mg/kg/day) for 14d from 55-70dpi. We found that ceftriaxone significantly increased Scl1a2 and Scl1a3 in CCI mouse brain at 70dpi, and prevented the susceptibility of CCI mice to PTZ-induced seizures. This study demonstrates cortical impact can induce a delayed-onset seizure phenotype in mice. Delayed (55dpi) ceftriaxone treatment enhances glutamate transporter mRNA in the CCI brain, and reduces PTZ-induced seizures in CCI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A. A. Romariz
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bevan S. Main
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Alex C. Harvey
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Beatriz M. Longo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mark P. Burns
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
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16
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Kloske CM, Gearon MD, Weekman EM, Rogers C, Patel E, Bachstetter A, Nelson PT, Wilcock DM. Association between APOE genotype and microglial cell morphology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2023; 82:620-630. [PMID: 37087107 PMCID: PMC10280358 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
APOE is the largest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) with E4 conferring an increased risk for AD compared to E3. The ApoE protein can impact diverse pathways in the brain including neuroinflammation but the precise impact of ApoE isoforms on inflammation remains unknown. As microglia are a primary source of neuroinflammation, this study determined whether ApoE isoforms have an impact on microglial morphology and activation using immunohistochemistry and digital analyses. Analysis of ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) immunoreactivity indicated greater microglial activation in both the hippocampus and superior and middle temporal gyrus (SMTG) in dementia participants versus non-demented controls. Further, only an increase in activation was seen in E3-Dementia participants in the entire SMTG, whereas in the grey matter of the SMTG, only a diagnosis of dementia impacted activation. Specific microglial morphologies showed a reduction in ramified microglia in the dementia group. For rod microglia, a reduction was seen in E4-Control patients in the hippocampus whereas in the SMTG an increase was seen in E4-Dementia patients. These findings suggest an association between ApoE isoforms and microglial morphologies and highlight the importance of considering ApoE isoforms in studies of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Kloske
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Mary D Gearon
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Erica M Weekman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Colin Rogers
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ela Patel
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Adam Bachstetter
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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17
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Lin X, Li Q, Sun X, Shi Q, Dan W, Zhan Y, Deng B, Xia Y, Xie Y, Jiang L. Effects of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on cerebral oxygen saturation, cerebral perfusion, and early prognosis after traumatic brain injury. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:1002-1011. [PMID: 37186447 PMCID: PMC10270252 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene on oxygen saturation and cerebral perfusion in the early stages of traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS This study included 136 consecutive TBI patients and 51 healthy individuals. The APOE genotypes of all subjects were determined using quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR). Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) of patients with TBI and normal subjects was monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Computed tomography (CT) perfusion was used to obtain cerebral perfusion in patients with TBI and normal subjects. RESULTS In the TBI group, the rScO2 of APOEε4 carriers (53.06 ± 6.87%) was significantly lower than that of non-carriers (58.19 ± 5.83%, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the MTT of APOEε4 carriers (6.75 ± 1.30 s) was significantly longer than that of non-carriers (5.87 ± 1.00 s, p < 0.05). Furthermore, correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between rSCO2 and MTT in patients with TBI. Both the univariate and multifactorial logistic regression analyses revealed that APOE ε4, hypoxia, MTT >5.75 s, Marshall CT Class, and GCS were independent risk factors for early poor prognosis in patients with TBI. CONCLUSION Both cerebral perfusion and cerebral oxygen were significantly impaired after TBI, and low cerebral perfusion and hypoxia were related to poor prognosis of patients with TBI. Compared with APOE ε4 non-carriers, APOE ε4 carriers not only had poorer cerebral perfusion and cerebral oxygen metabolism but also worse prognosis in the early stages of TBI. Furthermore, a negative correlation was observed between the rSCO2 and MTT levels. In addition, both CT perfusion scanning (CTP) and NIRS are reliable for monitoring the condition of patients with TBI in the neurological intensive care unit (NICU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Lin
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Qilin Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryYouyang HospitalChongqingPR China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Quanhong Shi
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Wei Dan
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Yan Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Bo Deng
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Yulong Xia
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Yanfeng Xie
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingPR China
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18
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YTHDF1 Attenuates TBI-Induced Brain-Gut Axis Dysfunction in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044240. [PMID: 36835655 PMCID: PMC9966860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain-gut axis (BGA) is a significant bidirectional communication pathway between the brain and gut. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation can affect gut functions through BGA. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), as the most popular posttranscriptional modification of eukaryotic mRNA, has recently been identified as playing important roles in both the brain and gut. However, whether m6A RNA methylation modification is involved in TBI-induced BGA dysfunction is not clear. Here, we showed that YTHDF1 knockout reduced histopathological lesions and decreased the levels of apoptosis, inflammation, and oedema proteins in brain and gut tissues in mice after TBI. We also found that YTHDF1 knockout improved fungal mycobiome abundance and probiotic (particularly Akkermansia) colonization in mice at 3 days post-CCI. Then, we identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the cortex between YTHDF1-knockout and WT mice. These genes were primarily enriched in the regulation of neurotransmitter-related neuronal signalling pathways, inflammatory signalling pathways, and apoptotic signalling pathways. This study reveals that the ITGA6-mediated cell adhesion molecule signalling pathway may be the key feature of m6A regulation in TBI-induced BGA dysfunction. Our results suggest that YTHDF1 knockout could attenuate TBI-induced BGA dysfunction.
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19
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a genetically complex and heterogeneous disorder with multifaceted neuropathological features, including β-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. Over the past decade, emerging evidence has implicated both beneficial and pathological roles for innate immune genes and immune cells, including peripheral immune cells such as T cells, which can infiltrate the brain and either ameliorate or exacerbate AD neuropathogenesis. These findings support a neuroimmune axis of AD, in which the interplay of adaptive and innate immune systems inside and outside the brain critically impacts the etiology and pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we discuss the complexities of AD neuropathology at the levels of genetics and cellular physiology, highlighting immune signaling pathways and genes associated with AD risk and interactions among both innate and adaptive immune cells in the AD brain. We emphasize the role of peripheral immune cells in AD and the mechanisms by which immune cells, such as T cells and monocytes, influence AD neuropathology, including microglial clearance of amyloid-β peptide, the key component of β-amyloid plaque cores, pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of microglia, astrogliosis, and their interactions with the brain vasculature. Finally, we review the challenges and outlook for establishing immune-based therapies for treating and preventing AD.
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20
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Steele OG, Stuart AC, Minkley L, Shaw K, Bonnar O, Anderle S, Penn AC, Rusted J, Serpell L, Hall C, King S. A multi-hit hypothesis for an APOE4-dependent pathophysiological state. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5476-5515. [PMID: 35510513 PMCID: PMC9796338 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The APOE gene encoding the Apolipoprotein E protein is the single most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The APOE4 genotype confers a significantly increased risk relative to the other two common genotypes APOE3 and APOE2. Intriguingly, APOE4 has been associated with neuropathological and cognitive deficits in the absence of Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid or tau pathology. Here, we review the extensive literature surrounding the impact of APOE genotype on central nervous system dysfunction, focussing on preclinical model systems and comparison of APOE3 and APOE4, given the low global prevalence of APOE2. A multi-hit hypothesis is proposed to explain how APOE4 shifts cerebral physiology towards pathophysiology through interconnected hits. These hits include the following: neurodegeneration, neurovascular dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endosomal trafficking impairments, lipid and cellular metabolism disruption, impaired calcium homeostasis and altered transcriptional regulation. The hits, individually and in combination, leave the APOE4 brain in a vulnerable state where further cumulative insults will exacerbate degeneration and lead to cognitive deficits in the absence of Alzheimer's disease pathology and also a state in which such pathology may more easily take hold. We conclude that current evidence supports an APOE4 multi-hit hypothesis, which contributes to an APOE4 pathophysiological state. We highlight key areas where further study is required to elucidate the complex interplay between these individual mechanisms and downstream consequences, helping to frame the current landscape of existing APOE-centric literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucy Minkley
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Kira Shaw
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Orla Bonnar
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah King
- School of PsychologyUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
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21
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Liu LF, Hu Y, Liu YN, Shi DW, Liu C, Da X, Zhu SH, Zhu QY, Zhang JQ, Xu GH. Reactive oxygen species contribute to delirium-like behavior by activating CypA/MMP9 signaling and inducing blood-brain barrier impairment in aged mice following anesthesia and surgery. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1021129. [PMID: 36337710 PMCID: PMC9629746 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1021129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative delirium (POD) is common in the elderly and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage have been implicated in the development of POD, but the association between these two factors and the potential mechanism is not clear. Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a specifically chemotactic leukocyte factor that can be secreted in response to ROS, which activates matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and mediates BBB breakdown. We, therefore, hypothesized that ROS may contribute to anesthesia/surgery-induced BBB damage and delirium-like behavior via the CypA/MMP9 pathway. To test these hypotheses, 16-month-old mice were subjected to laparotomy under 3% sevoflurane anesthesia (anesthesia/surgery) for 3 h. ROS scavenger (N-acetyl-cysteine) and CypA inhibitor (Cyclosporin A) were used 0.5 h before anesthesia/surgery. A battery of behavior tests (buried food test, open field test, and Y maze test) was employed to evaluate behavioral changes at 24 h before and after surgery in the mice. Levels of tight junction proteins, CypA, MMP9, postsynaptic density protein (PSD)-95, and synaptophysin in the prefrontal cortex were assessed by western blotting. The amounts of ROS and IgG in the cortex of mice were observed by fluorescent staining. The concentration of S100β in the serum was detected by ELISA. ROS scavenger prevented the reduction in TJ proteins and restored the permeability of BBB as well as reduced the levels of CypA/MMP9, and further alleviated delirium-like behavior induced by anesthesia/surgery. Furthermore, the CypA inhibitor abolished the increased levels of CypA/MMP, which reversed BBB damage and ameliorated delirium-like behavior caused by ROS accumulation. Our findings demonstrated that ROS may participate in regulating BBB permeability in aged mice with POD via the CypA/MMP9 pathway, suggesting that CypA may be a potential molecular target for preventing POD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-fang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Yi-nuo Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - De-wen Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Da
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Si-hui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Qian-yun Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Ji-qian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
| | - Guang-hong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-hong Xu,
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22
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The Role of Clusterin Transporter in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease at the Blood–Brain Barrier Interface: A Systematic Review. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101452. [PMID: 36291661 PMCID: PMC9599067 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered a chronic and debilitating neurological illness that is increasingly impacting older-age populations. Some proteins, including clusterin (CLU or apolipoprotein J) transporter, can be linked to AD, causing oxidative stress. Therefore, its activity can affect various functions involving complement system inactivation, lipid transport, chaperone activity, neuronal transmission, and cellular survival pathways. This transporter is known to bind to the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, which is the major pathogenic factor of AD. On the other hand, this transporter is also active at the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a barrier that prevents harmful substances from entering and exiting the brain. Therefore, in this review, we discuss and emphasize the role of the CLU transporter and CLU-linked molecular mechanisms at the BBB interface in the pathogenesis of AD.
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23
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Feng D, Zhou J, Liu H, Wu X, Li F, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Chao M, Wang Q, Qin H, Ge S, Liu Q, Zhang J, Qu Y. Astrocytic NDRG2-PPM1A interaction exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption after subarachnoid hemorrhage. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2423. [PMID: 36179025 PMCID: PMC9524825 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury critically exacerbates the poor prognosis of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The massively increased matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP-9) plays a deleterious role in BBB. However, the main source and mechanism of MMP-9 production after SAH remain unclear. We reported that the increased MMP-9 was mainly derived from reactive astrocytes after SAH. Ndrg2 knockout in astrocytes inhibited MMP-9 expression after SAH and attenuated BBB damage. Astrocytic Ndrg2 knockout decreased the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and the transcription of MMP-9. Notably, cytoplasmic NDRG2 bound to the protein phosphatase PPM1A and restricted the dephosphorylation of Smad2/3. Accordingly, TAT-QFNP12, a novel engineered peptide that could block the NDRG2-PPM1A binding and reduce Smad2/3 dephosphorylation, decreased astrocytic MMP-9 production and BBB disruption after SAH. In conclusion, this study identified NDRG2-PPM1A signaling in reactive astrocytes as a key switch for MMP-9 production and provided a novel therapeutic avenue for BBB protection after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Haixiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Xun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Development Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Min Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Huaizhou Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Shunnan Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, International Cooperation Platform for Encephalopathy of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710038, China
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24
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Fernández-Calle R, Konings SC, Frontiñán-Rubio J, García-Revilla J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, Svensson M, Martinson I, Boza-Serrano A, Venero JL, Nielsen HM, Gouras GK, Deierborg T. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and brain diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36153580 PMCID: PMC9509584 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell–cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
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25
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Piatek P, Lewkowicz N, Michlewska S, Wieczorek M, Bonikowski R, Parchem K, Lewkowicz P, Namiecinska M. Natural fish oil improves the differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to oligodendrocytes in vitro after interaction with the blood–brain barrier. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932383. [PMID: 35935952 PMCID: PMC9353075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) tightly controls the microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS) to allow neurons to function properly. Additionally, emerging studies point to the beneficial effect of natural oils affecting a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes in the human body. In this study, using an in vitro model of the BBB, we tested the influence of natural fish oil mixture (FOM) vs. borage oil (BO), both rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) such as oleic acid (C18:1n9c) or nervonic acid (NA), on human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (hOPCs) during their maturation to oligodendrocytes (OLs) regarding their ability to synthesize myelin peptides and NA. We demonstrated that FOM, opposite to BO, supplemented endothelial cells (ECs) and astrocytes forming the BBB, affecting the function of hOPCs during their maturation. This resulted in improved synthesis of myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), proteolipid protein (PLP), and NA in mature OLs. This effect is probably the result of BBB cell and hOPC stimulation via free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), which increases insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inhibits fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) synthesis. The unique formula of fish oil, characterized by much more varied components compared to those of BOs, also improved the enhancement of the tight junction by increasing the expression of claudin-5 and VE-cadherin on ECs. The obtained data justify consideration of naturally derived fish oil intake in human diet as affecting during remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Piatek
- Department of Immunogenetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Natalia Lewkowicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosal Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Bonikowski
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karol Parchem
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Przemysław Lewkowicz
- Department of Immunogenetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- *Correspondence: Przemysław Lewkowicz, ; Magdalena Namiecinska,
| | - Magdalena Namiecinska
- Department of Immunogenetics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- *Correspondence: Przemysław Lewkowicz, ; Magdalena Namiecinska,
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26
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The Effect of Traumatic Brain Injury on Sleep Architecture and Circadian Rhythms in Mice—A Comparison of High-Frequency Head Impact and Controlled Cortical Injury. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071031. [PMID: 36101412 PMCID: PMC9312487 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant risk factor for the development of sleep and circadian rhythm impairments. In order to understand if TBI models with different injury mechanism, severity and pathology have different sleep and circadian rhythm disruptions, we performed a detailed sleep and circadian analysis of the high-frequency head impact TBI model (a mouse model that mimics sports-related head impacts) and the controlled cortical impact TBI model (a mouse model that mimics severe brain trauma). We found that both TBI models disrupt the ability of brain cells to maintain circadian rhythms; however, both injury groups could still maintain circadian behavior patterns. Both the mild head impact model and the severe brain injury model had normal amount of sleep at 7 d after injury; however, the severe brain injury mice had disrupted brain wave patterns during sleep. We conclude that different types of TBI have different patterns of sleep disruptions. Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant risk factor for the development of sleep and circadian rhythm impairments. In this study we compare the circadian rhythms and sleep patterns in the high-frequency head impact (HFHI) and controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse models of TBI. These mouse models have different injury mechanisms key differences of pathology in brain regions controlling circadian rhythms and EEG wave generation. We found that both HFHI and CCI caused dysregulation in the diurnal expression of core circadian genes (Bmal1, Clock, Per1,2, Cry1,2) at 24 h post-TBI. CCI mice had reduced locomotor activity on running wheels in the first 7 d post-TBI; however, both CCI and HFHI mice were able to maintain circadian behavior cycles even in the absence of light cues. We used implantable EEG to measure sleep cycles and brain activity and found that there were no differences in the time spent awake, in NREM or REM sleep in either TBI model. However, in the sleep states, CCI mice have reduced delta power in NREM sleep and reduced theta power in REM sleep at 7 d post-TBI. Our data reveal that different types of brain trauma can result in distinct patterns of circadian and sleep disruptions and can be used to better understand the etiology of sleep disorders after TBI.
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27
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Atherton K, Han X, Chung J, Cherry JD, Baucom Z, Saltiel N, Nair E, Abdolmohammadi B, Uretsky M, Khan MM, Shea C, Durape S, Martin BM, Palmisano JN, Farrell K, Nowinski CJ, Alvarez VE, Dwyer B, Daneshvar DH, Katz DI, Goldstein LE, Cantu RC, Kowall NW, Alosco ML, Huber BR, Tripodis Y, Crary JF, Farrer L, Stern RA, Stein TD, McKee AC, Mez J. Association of APOE Genotypes and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. JAMA Neurol 2022; 79:787-796. [PMID: 35759276 PMCID: PMC9237800 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Importance Repetitive head impact (RHI) exposure is the chief risk factor for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). However, the occurrence and severity of CTE varies widely among those with similar RHI exposure. Limited evidence suggests that the APOEε4 allele may confer risk for CTE, but previous studies were small with limited scope. Objective To test the association between APOE genotype and CTE neuropathology and related endophenotypes. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional genetic association study analyzed brain donors from February 2008 to August 2019 from the Veterans Affairs-Boston University-Concussion Legacy Foundation Brain Bank. All donors had exposure to RHI from contact sports or military service. All eligible donors were included. Analysis took place between June 2020 and April 2022. Exposures One or more APOEε4 or APOEε2 alleles. Main Outcomes and Measures CTE neuropathological status, CTE stage (0-IV), semiquantitative phosphorylated tau (p-tau) burden in 11 brain regions (0-3), quantitative p-tau burden in the dorsolateral frontal lobe (log-transformed AT8+ pixel count per mm2), and dementia. Results Of 364 consecutive brain donors (100% male; 53 [14.6%] self-identified as Black and 311 [85.4%] as White; median [IQR] age, 65 [47-77] years) 20 years or older, there were 294 individuals with CTE and 70 controls. Among donors older than 65 years, APOEε4 status was significantly associated with CTE stage (odds ratio [OR], 2.34 [95% CI, 1.30-4.20]; false discovery rate [FDR]-corrected P = .01) and quantitative p-tau burden in the dorsolateral frontal lobe (β, 1.39 [95% CI, 0.83-1.94]; FDR-corrected P = 2.37 × 10-5). There was a nonsignificant association between APOEε4 status and dementia (OR, 2.64 [95% CI, 1.06-6.61]; FDR-corrected P = .08). Across 11 brain regions, significant associations were observed for semiquantitative p-tau burden in the frontal and parietal cortices, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex (OR range, 2.45-3.26). Among football players, the APOEε4 association size for CTE stage was similar to playing more than 7 years of football. Associations were significantly larger in the older half of the sample. There was no significant association for CTE status. Association sizes were similar when donors with an Alzheimer disease neuropathological diagnosis were excluded and were reduced but remained significant after adjusting for neuritic and diffuse amyloid plaques. No associations were observed for APOEε2 status. Models were adjusted for age at death and race. Conclusions and Relevance APOEε4 may confer increased risk for CTE-related neuropathological and clinical outcomes among older individuals with RHI exposure. Further work is required to validate these findings in an independent sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Atherton
- Boston University Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xudong Han
- Boston University Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston, Massachusetts.,Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jaeyoon Chung
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan D Cherry
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Zachary Baucom
- Boston University Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole Saltiel
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Evan Nair
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bobak Abdolmohammadi
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Madeline Uretsky
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Conor Shea
- Boston University Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shruti Durape
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brett M Martin
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Biostatistics & Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph N Palmisano
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Biostatistics & Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kurt Farrell
- Department of Pathology, Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Christopher J Nowinski
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Concussion Legacy Foundation, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor E Alvarez
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Brigid Dwyer
- Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel H Daneshvar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas I Katz
- Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lee E Goldstein
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert C Cantu
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurosurgery, Emerson Hospital, Concord, Massachusetts
| | - Neil W Kowall
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael L Alosco
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bertrand R Huber
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Boston University Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John F Crary
- Department of Pathology, Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lindsay Farrer
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Boston University Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert A Stern
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thor D Stein
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Ann C McKee
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesse Mez
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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Kocheril PA, Moore SC, Lenz KD, Mukundan H, Lilley LM. Progress Toward a Multiomic Understanding of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review. Biomark Insights 2022; 17:11772719221105145. [PMID: 35719705 PMCID: PMC9201320 DOI: 10.1177/11772719221105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not a single disease state but describes an array
of conditions associated with insult or injury to the brain. While some
individuals with TBI recover within a few days or months, others present with
persistent symptoms that can cause disability, neuropsychological trauma, and
even death. Understanding, diagnosing, and treating TBI is extremely complex for
many reasons, including the variable biomechanics of head impact, differences in
severity and location of injury, and individual patient characteristics. Because
of these confounding factors, the development of reliable diagnostics and
targeted treatments for brain injury remains elusive. We argue that the
development of effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for TBI requires
a deep understanding of human neurophysiology at the molecular level and that
the framework of multiomics may provide some effective solutions for the
diagnosis and treatment of this challenging condition. To this end, we present
here a comprehensive review of TBI biomarker candidates from across the
multiomic disciplines and compare them with known signatures associated with
other neuropsychological conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease and
Parkinson’s disease. We believe that this integrated view will facilitate a
deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI and its potential links to
other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Kocheril
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Group, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Shepard C Moore
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Group, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Kiersten D Lenz
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Group, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Harshini Mukundan
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Group, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Laura M Lilley
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy Group, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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29
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Kumar R, Sharma A, Alexiou A, Bilgrami AL, Kamal MA, Ashraf GM. DeePred-BBB: A Blood Brain Barrier Permeability Prediction Model With Improved Accuracy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:858126. [PMID: 35592264 PMCID: PMC9112838 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.858126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a selective and semipermeable boundary that maintains homeostasis inside the central nervous system (CNS). The BBB permeability of compounds is an important consideration during CNS-acting drug development and is difficult to formulate in a succinct manner. Clinical experiments are the most accurate method of measuring BBB permeability. However, they are time taking and labor-intensive. Therefore, numerous efforts have been made to predict the BBB permeability of compounds using computational methods. However, the accuracy of BBB permeability prediction models has always been an issue. To improve the accuracy of the BBB permeability prediction, we applied deep learning and machine learning algorithms to a dataset of 3,605 diverse compounds. Each compound was encoded with 1,917 features containing 1,444 physicochemical (1D and 2D) properties, 166 molecular access system fingerprints (MACCS), and 307 substructure fingerprints. The prediction performance metrics of the developed models were compared and analyzed. The prediction accuracy of the deep neural network (DNN), one-dimensional convolutional neural network, and convolutional neural network by transfer learning was found to be 98.07, 97.44, and 97.61%, respectively. The best performing DNN-based model was selected for the development of the “DeePred-BBB” model, which can predict the BBB permeability of compounds using their simplified molecular input line entry system (SMILES) notations. It could be useful in the screening of compounds based on their BBB permeability at the preliminary stages of drug development. The DeePred-BBB is made available at https://github.com/12rajnish/DeePred-BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Anju Sharma
- Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
- AFNP Med Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anwar L. Bilgrami
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Ghulam Md Ashraf, ,
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30
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Rudge JD. A New Hypothesis for Alzheimer’s Disease: The Lipid Invasion Model. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:129-161. [PMID: 35530118 PMCID: PMC9028744 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes a new hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)—the lipid invasion model. It argues that AD results from external influx of free fatty acids (FFAs) and lipid-rich lipoproteins into the brain, following disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The lipid invasion model explains how the influx of albumin-bound FFAs via a disrupted BBB induces bioenergetic changes and oxidative stress, stimulates microglia-driven neuroinflammation, and causes anterograde amnesia. It also explains how the influx of external lipoproteins, which are much larger and more lipid-rich, especially more cholesterol-rich, than those normally present in the brain, causes endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities and overproduction of the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ). This leads to the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the most well-known hallmarks of AD. The lipid invasion model argues that a key role of the BBB is protecting the brain from external lipid access. It shows how the BBB can be damaged by excess Aβ, as well as by most other known risk factors for AD, including aging, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), and lifestyle factors such as hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, chronic sleep deprivation, stress, and head injury. The lipid invasion model gives a new rationale for what we already know about AD, explaining its many associated risk factors and neuropathologies, including some that are less well-accounted for in other explanations of AD. It offers new insights and suggests new ways to prevent, detect, and treat this destructive disease and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D’Arcy Rudge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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31
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Reddi S, Thakker-Varia S, Alder J, Giarratana AO. Status of precision medicine approaches to traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2166-2171. [PMID: 35259824 PMCID: PMC9083178 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious condition in which trauma to the head causes damage to the brain, leading to a disruption in brain function. This is a significant health issue worldwide, with around 69 million people suffering from TBI each year. Immediately following the trauma, damage occurs in the acute phase of injury that leads to the primary outcomes of the TBI. In the hours-to-days that follow, secondary damage can also occur, leading to chronic outcomes. TBIs can range in severity from mild to severe, and can be complicated by the fact that some individuals sustain multiple TBIs, a risk factor for worse long-term outcomes. Although our knowledge about the pathophysiology of TBI has increased in recent years, unfortunately this has not been translated into effective clinical therapies. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has yet to approve any drugs for the treatment of TBI; current clinical treatment guidelines merely offer supportive care. Outcomes between individuals greatly vary, which makes the treatment for TBI so challenging. A blow of similar force can have only mild, primary outcomes in one individual and yet cause severe, chronic outcomes in another. One of the reasons that have been proposed for this differential response to TBI is the underlying genetic differences across the population. Due to this, many researchers have begun to investigate the possibility of using precision medicine techniques to address TBI treatment. In this review, we will discuss the research detailing the identification of genetic risk factors for worse outcomes after TBI, and the work investigating personalized treatments for these higher-risk individuals. We highlight the need for further research into the identification of higher-risk individuals and the development of personalized therapies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahithi Reddi
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Smita Thakker-Varia
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Janet Alder
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Anna O Giarratana
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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32
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Factors Influencing Alzheimer's Disease Risk: Whether and How They are Related to the APOE Genotype. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:809-819. [PMID: 35149974 PMCID: PMC9276873 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease featuring progressive cognitive impairment. Although the etiology of late-onset AD remains unclear, the close association of AD with apolipoprotein E (APOE), a gene that mainly regulates lipid metabolism, has been firmly established and may shed light on the exploration of AD pathogenesis and therapy. However, various confounding factors interfere with the APOE-related AD risk, raising questions about our comprehension of the clinical findings concerning APOE. In this review, we summarize the most debated factors interacting with the APOE genotype and AD pathogenesis, depict the extent to which these factors relate to APOE-dependent AD risk, and discuss the possible underlying mechanisms.
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33
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Yang B, Liang X, Wu Z, Sun X, Shi Q, Zhan Y, Dan W, Zheng D, Xia Y, Deng B, Xie Y, Jiang L. APOE gene polymorphism alters cerebral oxygen saturation and quantitative EEG in early-stage traumatic brain injury. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 136:182-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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34
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Troutwine BR, Hamid L, Lysaker CR, Strope TA, Wilkins HM. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:496-510. [PMID: 35256931 PMCID: PMC8897057 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in apolipoprotein E (APOE) influences Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. APOE ε4 alleles are the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset sporadic AD. The AD risk is dose dependent, as those carrying one APOE ε4 allele have a 2-3-fold increased risk, while those carrying two ε4 alleles have a 10-15-fold increased risk. Individuals carrying APOE ε2 alleles have lower AD risk and those carrying APOE ε3 alleles have neutral risk. APOE is a lipoprotein which functions in lipid transport, metabolism, and inflammatory modulation. Isoform specific effects of APOE within the brain include alterations to Aβ, tau, neuroinflammation, and metabolism. Here we review the association of APOE with AD, the APOE isoform specific effects within brain and periphery, and potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Troutwine
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Laylan Hamid
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Colton R. Lysaker
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Taylor A. Strope
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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35
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Houle S, Kokiko-Cochran ON. A Levee to the Flood: Pre-injury Neuroinflammation and Immune Stress Influence Traumatic Brain Injury Outcome. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:788055. [PMID: 35095471 PMCID: PMC8790486 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.788055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that aging influences the brain's response to traumatic brain injury (TBI), setting the stage for neurodegenerative pathology like Alzheimer's disease (AD). This topic is often dominated by discussions of post-injury aging and inflammation, which can diminish the consideration of those same factors before TBI. In fact, pre-TBI aging and inflammation may be just as critical in mediating outcomes. For example, elderly individuals suffer from the highest rates of TBI of all severities. Additionally, pre-injury immune challenges or stressors may alter pathology and outcome independent of age. The inflammatory response to TBI is malleable and influenced by previous, coincident, and subsequent immune insults. Therefore, pre-existing conditions that elicit or include an inflammatory response could substantially influence the brain's ability to respond to traumatic injury and ultimately affect chronic outcome. The purpose of this review is to detail how age-related cellular and molecular changes, as well as genetic risk variants for AD affect the neuroinflammatory response to TBI. First, we will review the sources and pathology of neuroinflammation following TBI. Then, we will highlight the significance of age-related, endogenous sources of inflammation, including changes in cytokine expression, reactive oxygen species processing, and mitochondrial function. Heightened focus is placed on the mitochondria as an integral link between inflammation and various genetic risk factors for AD. Together, this review will compile current clinical and experimental research to highlight how pre-existing inflammatory changes associated with infection and stress, aging, and genetic risk factors can alter response to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Houle
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Olga N. Kokiko-Cochran
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36
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Yu G, Zhang Y, Ning B. Reactive Astrocytes in Central Nervous System Injury: Subgroup and Potential Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:792764. [PMID: 35002629 PMCID: PMC8733560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.792764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injury, which includes both traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), is associated with irreversible loss of neurological function and high medical care costs. Currently, no effective treatment exists to improve the prognosis of patients. Astrocytes comprise the largest population of glial cells in the CNS and, with the advancements in the field of neurology, are increasingly recognized as having key functions in both the brain and the spinal cord. When stimulated by disease or injury, astrocytes become activated and undergo a series of changes, including alterations in gene expression, hypertrophy, the loss of inherent functions, and the acquisition of new ones. Studies have shown that astrocytes are highly heterogeneous with respect to their gene expression profiles, and this heterogeneity accounts for their observed context-dependent phenotypic diversity. In the inured CNS, activated astrocytes play a dual role both as regulators of neuroinflammation and in scar formation. Identifying the subpopulations of reactive astrocytes that exert beneficial or harmful effects will aid in deciphering the pathological mechanisms underlying CNS injuries and ultimately provide a theoretical basis for the development of effective strategies for the treatment of associated conditions. Following CNS injury, as the disease progresses, astrocyte phenotypes undergo continuous changes. Although current research methods do not allow a comprehensive and accurate classification of astrocyte subpopulations in complex pathological contexts, they can nonetheless aid in understanding the roles of astrocytes in disease. In this review, after a brief introduction to the pathology of CNS injury, we summarize current knowledge regarding astrocyte activation following CNS injury, including: (a) the regulatory factors involved in this process; (b) the functions of different astrocyte subgroups based on the existing classification of astrocytes; and (c) attempts at astrocyte-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuiLian Yu
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Ning
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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37
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Frank CJ, McNay EC. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier: A mediator of increased Alzheimer's risk in patients with metabolic disorders? J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13074. [PMID: 34904299 PMCID: PMC8791015 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders (MDs), including type 1 and 2 diabetes and chronic obesity, are among the faster growing diseases globally and are a primary risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The term "type-3 diabetes" has been proposed for AD due to the interrelated cellular, metabolic, and immune features shared by diabetes, insulin resistance (IR), and the cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration found in AD. Patients with MDs and/or AD commonly exhibit altered glucose homeostasis and IR; systemic chronic inflammation encompassing all of the periphery, blood-brain barrier (BBB), and central nervous system; pathological vascular remodeling; and increased BBB permeability that allows transfusion of neurotoxic molecules from the blood to the brain. This review summarizes the components of the BBB, mechanisms through which MDs alter BBB permeability via immune and metabolic pathways, the contribution of BBB dysfunction to the manifestation and progression of AD, and current avenues of therapeutic research that address BBB permeability. In addition, issues with the translational applicability of current animal models of AD regarding BBB dysfunction and proposals for future directions of research that address the relationship between MDs, BBB dysfunction, and AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Frank
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA
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38
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Jackson RJ, Meltzer JC, Nguyen H, Commins C, Bennett RE, Hudry E, Hyman BT. APOE4 derived from astrocytes leads to blood-brain barrier impairment. Brain 2021; 145:3582-3593. [PMID: 34957486 PMCID: PMC9586546 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifaceted secreted molecule synthesized in the CNS by astrocytes and microglia, and in the periphery largely by the liver. ApoE has been shown to impact the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and, in humans, the APOE4 allele of the gene is reported to lead to a leaky blood-brain barrier. We used allele specific knock-in mice expressing each of the common (human) ApoE alleles, and longitudinal multiphoton intravital microscopy, to directly monitor the impact of various ApoE isoforms on blood-brain barrier integrity. We found that humanized APOE4, but not APOE2 or APOE3, mice show a leaky blood-brain barrier, increased MMP9, impaired tight junctions, and reduced astrocyte end-foot coverage of blood vessels. Removal of astrocyte-produced ApoE4 led to the amelioration of all phenotypes while the removal of astrocyte-produced ApoE3 had no effect on blood-brain barrier integrity. This work shows a cell specific gain of function effect of ApoE4 in the dysfunction of the BBB and implicates astrocyte production of ApoE4, possibly as a function of astrocytic end foot interactions with vessels, as a key regulator of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Jackson
- Alzheimer Research Unit, The Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, The Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Caitlin Commins
- Alzheimer Research Unit, The Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, The Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel E Bennett
- Alzheimer Research Unit, The Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, The Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eloise Hudry
- Alzheimer Research Unit, The Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, The Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Correspondence to: Bradley Hyman Massachusetts General Hospital MIND Institute 114 16th Street, Charlestown, 02129 MA, USA E-mail:
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39
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Hu Y, Tao W. Microenvironmental Variations After Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:750810. [PMID: 34899180 PMCID: PMC8662751 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.750810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is linked to several pathologies. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is considered to be one of the initial changes. Further, the microenvironmental alteration following TBI-induced BBB breakdown can be multi-scaled, constant, and dramatic. The microenvironmental variations after disruption of BBB includes several pathological changes, such as cerebral blood flow (CBF) alteration, brain edema, cerebral metabolism imbalances, and accumulation of inflammatory molecules. The modulation of the microenvironment presents attractive targets for TBI recovery, such as reducing toxic substances, inhibiting inflammation, and promoting neurogenesis. Herein, we briefly review the pathological alterations of the microenvironmental changes following BBB breakdown and outline potential interventions for TBI recovery based on microenvironmental modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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40
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Guo R, Wang X, Fang Y, Chen X, Chen K, Huang W, Chen J, Hu J, Liang F, Du J, Dordoe C, Tian X, Lin L. rhFGF20 promotes angiogenesis and vascular repair following traumatic brain injury by regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112200. [PMID: 34649342 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of cerebrovascular disorders takes an important role in traumatic brain injury (TBI) by increasing intracranial pressure. Fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20) is a brain-derived neurotrophic factor, that has been shown to play an important role in the survival of dopaminergic neurons and the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, little is known about the role of FGF20 in the treatment of TBI and its underlying mechanism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of recombinant human FGF20 (rhFGF20) on protecting cerebral blood vessels after TBI. In this study, we indicated that rhFGF20 could reduce brain edema, Evans blue penetration and upregulated the expression of blood-brain barrier (BBB)-related tight junction (TJ) proteins, exerting a protective effect on the BBB in vivo after TBI. In the TBI repair phase, rhFGF20 promoted angiogenesis, neurological and cognitive function recovery. In tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3), an in vitro BBB disruption model, rhFGF20 reversed the impairment in cell migration and tube formation induced by TNF-α. Moreover, in both the TBI mouse model and the in vitro model, rhFGF20 increased the expression of β-catenin and GSK3β, which are the two key regulators in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In addition, the Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor IWR-1-endo significantly reversed the effects of rhFGF20. These results indicate that rhFGF20 may prevent vascular repair and angiogenesis through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yani Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiongjian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Kun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 315020, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Fei Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jingting Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Confidence Dordoe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xianxi Tian
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 315020, China.
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 315020, China; Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China.
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41
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Guo P, Jin Z, Wang J, Sang A, Wu H. Irisin Rescues Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability following Traumatic Brain Injury and Contributes to the Neuroprotection of Exercise in Traumatic Brain Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1118981. [PMID: 34697562 PMCID: PMC8541859 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1118981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a high incidence, mortality, and morbidity all over the world. One important reason for its poor clinical prognosis is brain edema caused by blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction after TBI. The mechanism may be related to the disorder of mitochondrial morphology and function of neurons in damaged brain tissue, the decrease of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) activity, and the increase of inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous irisin on BBB dysfunction after TBI and its role in the neuroprotective effects of endurance exercise (EE) in mice. The concentrations of irisin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of patients with mild to severe TBI were measured by ELISA. Then, male C57BL/6J mice and UCP2 knockout mice with C57BL/6J background were used to establish the TBI model. The BBB structure and permeability were examined by transmission electron microscopy and Evans blue extravasation, respectively. The protein expressions of irisin, occludin, claudin-5, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2), quinine oxidoreductase (NQO-1), hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), cytochrome C (Cyt-C), cytochrome C oxidase (COX IV), BCL2-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved caspase-3, and UCP2 were detected by western blot. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by the dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. The levels of inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA. In this study, we found that the CSF irisin levels were positively correlated with the severity of disease in patients with TBI and both EE and exogenous irisin could reduce BBB damage in a mouse model of TBI. In addition, we used UCP2-/- mice and further found that irisin could improve the dysfunction of BBB after TBI by promoting the expression of UCP2 on the mitochondrial membrane of neurons, reducing the damage of mitochondrial structure and function, thus alleviating the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. In conclusion, the results of this study suggested that irisin might alleviate brain edema after TBI by promoting the expression of UCP2 on the mitochondrial membrane of neurons and contribute to the neuroprotection of EE against TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230022, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Zhao Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Aming Sang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430071, China
| | - Huisheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230022, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430071, China
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42
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Lavie I, Beeri MS, Berman Y, Schwartz Y, Soleimani L, Heymann A, Ravona-Springer R. Trajectories of depression symptoms over time differ by APOE4 genotype in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:1567-1575. [PMID: 34010987 PMCID: PMC8845090 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The APOE-ε4 genotype has been associated with old-age depression, but this relationship has been rarely investigated in type 2 diabetes (T2D) older adults, who are at significantly increased risk for depression, a major contributor to T2D complications. We examined whether trajectories of depression symptoms over time differ by APOE-ε4 genotype in older adults with T2D. METHODS Participants (n = 754 [13.1% APOE-ε4 carrier]s) were from the longitudinal Israel Diabetes and Cognitive Decline (IDCD) study. They were initially cognitively normal and underwent evaluations of depression approximately every 18 months using the 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the depression subscale of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). APOE was defined as a dichotomy of ε4 carriers and non-carriers. We used Hierarchical Linear Mixed Models (HLMM) that modeled the effects of APOE status on repeated GDS and NPI-depression scores in an unadjusted model (Model 1), adjusting for demographic factors (Model 2) and additionally adjusting for cardiovascular factors and global cognition (Model 3). RESULTS Participants' mean age was 71.37 (SD = 4.5); 38.2% female. In comparison to non-carriers, APOE-ε4 carriers had lower mean GDS scores (β = -0.46, p = 0.018) and lower NPI-depression scores (β = -0.170, p = 0.038) throughout all study follow period. The groups did not differ in the slope of change over time in GDS (β = -0.005, p = 0.252) or NPI-depression (β = -0.001, p = 0.994) scores. Additional adjustment for cardiovascular factors and global cognition did not alter these results. CONCLUSIONS In older adults with T2D, APOE-ε4 carriers have less depressive symptoms in successive measurements suggesting they may be less susceptible to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbar Lavie
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel,The Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Yuval Berman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yonathan Schwartz
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Laili Soleimani
- The Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Heymann
- Department of Family Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,Maccabi Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ramit Ravona-Springer
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel,Psychiatric Division, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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Apolipoprotein e (APOE) ε4 genotype influences memory performance following remote traumatic brain injury in U.S. military service members and veterans. Brain Cogn 2021; 154:105790. [PMID: 34487993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele and neurocognitive functioning following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in military service members and veterans (SMVs). Participants included 176 SMVs with a history of remote TBI (≥1 year post-injury), categorized into mild (n = 100), moderate (n = 40), and severe (n = 36) TBI groups. Participants completed a neuropsychological assessment and APOE genotyping (n = 46 ε4+, n = 130 ε4-). Neurocognitive composite scores representing memory, executive functioning, and visual processing speed were computed. ANCOVAs adjusting for race, education, combat exposure, and PTSD symptom severity showed a significant main effect of ε4 on the memory composite, such that ε4+ SMVs exhibited poorer memory performance than ε4- SMVs. When ε2 allele carriers were removed from the analyses, associations with memory were strengthened, demonstrating a possible protective effect of the ε2 allele. No main effect of TBI group was identified on any cognitive composite, nor were there any significant TBI group × ε4 status interactions for any cognitive composite. Future studies with larger samples are needed to verify these findings, but our results suggest an important relationship between ε4 status and memory functioning following remote TBI of all severities.
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Carmichael J, Hicks AJ, Spitz G, Gould KR, Ponsford J. Moderators of gene-outcome associations following traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:107-124. [PMID: 34411558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The field of genomics is the principal avenue in the ongoing development of precision/personalised medicine for a variety of health conditions. However, relating genes to outcomes is notoriously complex, especially when considering that other variables can change, or moderate, gene-outcome associations. Here, we comprehensively discuss moderation of gene-outcome associations in the context of traumatic brain injury (TBI), a common, chronically debilitating, and costly neurological condition that is under complex polygenic influence. We focus our narrative review on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of three of the most studied genes (apolipoprotein E, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and catechol-O-methyltransferase) and on three demographic variables believed to moderate associations between these SNPs and TBI outcomes (age, biological sex, and ethnicity). We speculate on the mechanisms which may underlie these moderating effects, drawing widely from biomolecular and behavioural research (n = 175 scientific reports) within the TBI population (n = 72) and other neurological, healthy, ageing, and psychiatric populations (n = 103). We conclude with methodological recommendations for improved exploration of moderators in future genetics research in TBI and other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Carmichael
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Amelia J Hicks
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Gershon Spitz
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kate Rachel Gould
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jennie Ponsford
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Jiang H, Li H, Cao Y, Zhang R, Zhou L, Zhou Y, Zeng X, Wu J, Wu D, Wu D, Guo X, Li X, Wu H, Li P. Effects of cannabinoid (CBD) on blood brain barrier permeability after brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2021; 1768:147586. [PMID: 34289379 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol is a natural herbal medicine known to protect the brain from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, a TBI rat model was established, with cannabidiol administered intraperitoneally at doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg, 30 min before surgery and 6 h after surgery until sacrifice. Brain water content, body weight, and modified neurological severity scores were determined, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining, Nissl staining, Evans-blue dye extravasation, and western blotting were performed. Results showed that cannabidiol decreased the number of aquaporin-4-positive and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells. Cannabidiol also significantly reduced the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and significantly increased the expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-5 and occludin). Moreover, cannabidiol administration significantly mitigated water content in the brain after TBI and blood-brain barrier disruption and ameliorated the neurological deficit score after TBI. Cannabidiol administration improved the integrity and permeability of the blood-brain barrier and reduced edema in the brain after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; Department of Pathology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining 629000, China
| | - Hengxi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Kunming Medical University Electron Microscope Laboratory, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Forensic Medicine of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Morphology Laboratory, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Douwei Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Deye Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Qilu Medical University, Zibo 255213, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaobing Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China.
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Li C, Shi L, Wang Y, Peng C, Wu L, Zhang Y, Du Z. High-fat diet exacerbates lead-induced blood-brain barrier disruption by disrupting tight junction integrity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1412-1421. [PMID: 33749115 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to lead (Pb) can damage to the central nervous system (CNS) in humans. High-fat diet (HFD) also has been suggested to impair neurocognitive function. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a rigorous permeability barrier for maintaining homeostasis of CNS. The damage of BBB caused by tight junctions (TJs) disruption is central to the etiology of various CNS disorders. This study aimed to investigate whether HFD could exacerbate Pb exposure induced the destruction of BBB integrity by TJs disruption. To this end, we measured cell viability assay, trans-endothelial electrical resistance assay, horseradish peroxidase flux measurement, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence experiments. The results showed that palmitic acid (PA), the most common saturated fatty acid found in the human body, can increase the permeability of the BBB in vitro which formed in bEnd.3 cells induced by Pb exposure, and decrease the expression of TJs, such as zonula occludins-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Besides, we found that PA could promote the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression and activate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway induced by Pb. MMP-9 inhibitor or JNK inhibitor could increase BBB integrity and up-regulate the expressions of ZO-1 and occludin after treatment, respectively. Moreover, the JNK inhibitor could down-regulate the expression of MMP-9. In conclusion, these results suggested that HFD exacerbates Pb-induced BBB disruption by disrupting TJs integrity. This may be because PA promotes the activation of JNK pathway and then up-regulated the expression of MMP-9 after Pb-exposure. It is suggested that people with HFD exposed to environmental Pb may cause more serious damage to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanbo Wang
- Institute of Plastic Surgery, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lei Wu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Yanshu Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Zhongjun Du
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
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Bracko O, Cruz Hernández JC, Park L, Nishimura N, Schaffer CB. Causes and consequences of baseline cerebral blood flow reductions in Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1501-1516. [PMID: 33444096 PMCID: PMC8221770 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20982383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reductions of baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) of ∼10-20% are a common symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that appear early in disease progression and correlate with the severity of cognitive impairment. These CBF deficits are replicated in mouse models of AD and recent work shows that increasing baseline CBF can rapidly improve the performance of AD mice on short term memory tasks. Despite the potential role these data suggest for CBF reductions in causing cognitive symptoms and contributing to brain pathology in AD, there remains a poor understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms causing them. This review compiles data on CBF reductions and on the correlation of AD-related CBF deficits with disease comorbidities (e.g. cardiovascular and genetic risk factors) and outcomes (e.g. cognitive performance and brain pathology) from studies in both patients and mouse models, and discusses several potential mechanisms proposed to contribute to CBF reductions, based primarily on work in AD mouse models. Future research aimed at improving our understanding of the importance of and interplay between different mechanisms for CBF reduction, as well as at determining the role these mechanisms play in AD patients could guide the development of future therapies that target CBF reductions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bracko
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jean C Cruz Hernández
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laibaik Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Chris B Schaffer
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Augustine R, Aqel AH, Kalva SN, Joshy KS, Nayeem A, Hasan A. Bioengineered microfluidic blood-brain barrier models in oncology research. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101087. [PMID: 33865030 PMCID: PMC8066424 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major reason for most brain tumors with up to a 50% chance of occurrence in patients with other types of malignancies. Brain metastasis occurs if cancer cells succeed to cross the 'blood-brain barrier' (BBB). Moreover, changes in the structure and function of BBB can lead to the onset and progression of diseases including neurological disorders and brain-metastases. Generating BBB models with structural and functional features of intact BBB is highly important to better understand the molecular mechanism of such ailments and finding novel therapeutic agents targeting them. Hence, researchers are developing novel in vitro BBB platforms that can recapitulate the structural and functional characteristics of BBB. Brain endothelial cells-based in vitro BBB models have thus been developed to investigate the mechanism of brain metastasis through BBB and facilitate the testing of brain targeted anticancer drugs. Bioengineered constructs integrated with microfluidic platforms are vital tools for recapitulating the features of BBB in vitro closely as possible. In this review, we outline the fundamentals of BBB biology, recent developments in the microfluidic BBB platforms, and provide a concise discussion of diverse types of bioengineered BBB models with an emphasis on the application of them in brain metastasis and cancer research in general. We also provide insights into the challenges and prospects of the current bioengineered microfluidic platforms in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Augustine
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, PO Box 2713 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ahmad H Aqel
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, PO Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Sumama Nuthana Kalva
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, PO Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - K S Joshy
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, PO Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Ajisha Nayeem
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Mary's College, Thrissur 680020, Kerala, India
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, PO Box 2713 Doha, Qatar.
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Michinaga S, Koyama Y. Pathophysiological Responses and Roles of Astrocytes in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126418. [PMID: 34203960 PMCID: PMC8232783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is immediate damage caused by a blow to the head resulting from traffic accidents, falls, and sporting activity, which causes death or serious disabilities in survivors. TBI induces multiple secondary injuries, including neuroinflammation, disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and brain edema. Despite these emergent conditions, current therapies for TBI are limited or insufficient in some cases. Although several candidate drugs exerted beneficial effects in TBI animal models, most of them failed to show significant effects in clinical trials. Multiple studies have suggested that astrocytes play a key role in the pathogenesis of TBI. Increased reactive astrocytes and astrocyte-derived factors are commonly observed in both TBI patients and experimental animal models. Astrocytes have beneficial and detrimental effects on TBI, including promotion and restriction of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, acceleration and suppression of neuroinflammation, and disruption and repair of the BBB via multiple bioactive factors. Additionally, astrocytic aquaporin-4 is involved in the formation of cytotoxic edema. Thus, astrocytes are attractive targets for novel therapeutic drugs for TBI, although astrocyte-targeting drugs have not yet been developed. This article reviews recent observations of the roles of astrocytes and expected astrocyte-targeting drugs in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Michinaga
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kita Higashinada, Kobe 668-8558, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-78-441-7572
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50
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High-frequency head impact causes chronic synaptic adaptation and long-term cognitive impairment in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2613. [PMID: 33972519 PMCID: PMC8110563 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated head impact exposure can cause memory and behavioral impairments. Here, we report that exposure to non-damaging, but high frequency, head impacts can alter brain function in mice through synaptic adaptation. High frequency head impact mice develop chronic cognitive impairments in the absence of traditional brain trauma pathology, and transcriptomic profiling of mouse and human chronic traumatic encephalopathy brain reveal that synapses are strongly affected by head impact. Electrophysiological analysis shows that high frequency head impacts cause chronic modification of the AMPA/NMDA ratio in neurons that underlie the changes to cognition. To demonstrate that synaptic adaptation is caused by head impact-induced glutamate release, we pretreated mice with memantine prior to head impact. Memantine prevents the development of the key transcriptomic and electrophysiological signatures of high frequency head impact, and averts cognitive dysfunction. These data reveal synapses as a target of high frequency head impact in human and mouse brain, and that this physiological adaptation in response to head impact is sufficient to induce chronic cognitive impairment in mice.
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