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Karimzadeh F, Soltani Fard E, Nadi A, Malekzadeh R, Elahian F, Mirzaei SA. Advances in skin gene therapy: utilizing innovative dressing scaffolds for wound healing, a comprehensive review. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38887828 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00966e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The skin, serving as the body's outermost layer, boasts a vast area and intricate structure, functioning as the primary barrier against external threats. Disruptions in the composition and functionality of the skin can lead to a diverse array of skin conditions, such as wounds, burns, and diabetic ulcers, along with inflammatory disorders, infections, and various types of skin cancer. These disorders not only exacerbate concerns regarding skin health and beauty but also have a significant impact on mental well-being. Due to the complexity of these disorders, conventional treatments often prove insufficient, necessitating the exploration of new therapeutic approaches. Researchers develop new therapies by deciphering these intricacies and gaining a thorough understanding of the protein networks and molecular processes in skin. A new window of opportunity has opened up for improving wound healing processes because of recent advancements in skin gene therapy. To enhance skin regeneration and healing, this extensive review investigates the use of novel dressing scaffolds in conjunction with gene therapy approaches. Scaffolds that do double duty as wound protectors and vectors for therapeutic gene delivery are being developed using innovative biomaterials. To improve cellular responses and speed healing, these state-of-the-art scaffolds allow for the targeted delivery and sustained release of genetic material. The most recent developments in gene therapy techniques include RNA interference, CRISPR-based gene editing, and the utilization of viral and non-viral vectors in conjunction with scaffolds, which were reviewed here to overcome skin disorders and wound complications. In the future, there will be rare chances to develop custom methods for skin health care thanks to the combination of modern technology and collaboration among disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Karimzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Elahe Soltani Fard
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Akram Nadi
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Rahim Malekzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Elahian
- Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Seyed Abbas Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Pérez JM, Jesser EN, Werdin JO, Berry C, Gebely MA, Crespo-Ginés R, Granados JE, López-Montoya AJ. In vitro acaricidal activity of several natural products against ibex-derived Sarcoptes scabiei. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110189. [PMID: 38714065 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
In this study we analysed the effect of the temperature, diverse strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, Lysinibacillus sphaericus and nanoformulations with essential plant oils (EONP) on the survival of Sarcoptes scabiei mites derived from naturally-infested Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica). In general, mites maintained at 12ºC survived more than those maintained at 35ºC (40.7 hr and 31.2 hr, respectively). Mites with no treatment survived 27.6 h on average. Mites treated with B. thuringiensis serovar. konkukian and geranium EONP showed significant reduction in their survival. Despite the fact that these agents seem to be promising candidates for controlling sarcoptic mange in the field, further research is still needed to get stable, efficient and eco-friendly acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., Jaén E-23071, Spain.
| | - Emiliano N Jesser
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, Bahía Blanca B 8000CPB, Argentina
| | - Jorge O Werdin
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, Bahía Blanca B 8000CPB, Argentina
| | - Colin Berry
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Mohamed A Gebely
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Raquel Crespo-Ginés
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., Jaén E-23071, Spain; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC-CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, Ciudad Real E-13071, Spain
| | - José E Granados
- Centro Administrativo Parque Nacional y Parque Natural Sierra Nevada, Carretera Antigua Sierra Nevada, Km 7, E-18071, Pinos Genil, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J López-Montoya
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Jaén University, Campus Las Lagunillas, s.n., Jaén E-23071, Spain
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Hassanen EI, Morsy EA, Abuowarda M, Ibrahim MA, Shaalan M. Silver and gold nanoparticles as a novel approach to fight Sarcoptic mange in rabbits. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10618. [PMID: 38724594 PMCID: PMC11081955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60736-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Various kinds of pets have been known to contract the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei. Current acaricides are becoming less effective because of the resistance developed by the mite besides their adverse effects on the general activity and reproductive performance of domestic pets. For this reason, the present study aims to discover a novel and safe approach using silver and gold nanoparticles to fight Sarcoptic mange in rabbits as well as to explain their mechanism of action. 15 pet rabbits with clinical signs of Sarcoptic mange that were confirmed by the microscopic examination were used in our study. All rabbits used in this study were assessed positive for the presence of different developing stages of S. scabiei. Three groups of rabbits (n = 5) were used as follows: group (1) didn't receive any treatment, and group (2 and 3) was treated with either AgNPs or GNPs, respectively. Both nanoparticles were applied daily on the affected skin areas via a dressing and injected subcutaneously once a week for 2 weeks at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg bwt. Our results revealed that all rabbits were severely infested and took a mean score = 3. The skin lesions in rabbits that didn't receive any treatments progressed extensively and took a mean score = of 4. On the other hand, all nanoparticle-treated groups displayed marked improvement in the skin lesion and took an average score of 0-1. All NPs treated groups showed remarkable improvement in the microscopic pictures along with mild iNOS, TNF-α, and Cox-2 expression. Both nanoparticles could downregulate the m-RNA levels of IL-6 and IFγ and upregulate IL-10 and TGF-1β genes to promote skin healing. Dressing rabbits with both NPs didn't affect either liver and kidney biomarkers or serum Ig levels indicating their safety. Our residual analysis detected AgNPs in the liver of rabbits but did not detect any residues of GNPs in such organs. We recommend using GNPs as an alternative acaricide to fight rabbit mange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman I Hassanen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Eman A Morsy
- Department of Poultry Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mai Abuowarda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shaalan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovakia
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4
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Galván-Casas C, Ortiz-Álvarez J, Martínez-García E, Corbacho-Monné M. Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) expert recommendations for the management of sexual transmitted parasitosis. Scabies, and pediculosis pubis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:475-492. [PMID: 38061452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections are communicable diseases where the pathogen is transmitted through sexual contact. The Sexually Transmitted Infections Working Group of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) is engaged in the drafting of documents to guide dermatologists and health care personnel who treat Spanish patients with these infections. This document analyzes the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and control characteristics of 2 sexually transmitted parasitosis: scabies due to Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, and pubic pediculosis due to Phthirus pubis. Both parasitoses share a sort of mixed spread through sexual and community transmission regardless of the route through which the infection was initially acquired. This specific feature creates particularities in the management and control of the infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galván-Casas
- Unidad Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections; Fundación Lucha contra las Infecciones, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, España.
| | - J Ortiz-Álvarez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España
| | - E Martínez-García
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España
| | - M Corbacho-Monné
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, España
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Galván-Casas C, Ortiz-Álvarez J, Martínez-García E, Corbacho-Monné M. [Translated article] Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) expert recommendations for the management of sexual transmitted parasitosis. Scabies, and pediculosis pubis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:T475-T492. [PMID: 38479688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections are communicable diseases where the pathogen is transmitted through sexual contact. The Sexually Transmitted Infections Working Group of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV) is engaged in the drafting of documents to guide dermatologists and health care personnel who treat Spanish patients with these infections. This document analyzes the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and control characteristics of 2 sexually transmitted parasitosis: scabies due to Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, and pubic pediculosis due to Phthirus pubis. Both parasitoses share a sort of mixed spread through sexual and community transmission regardless of the route through which the infection was initially acquired. This specific feature creates particularities in the management and control of the infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galván-Casas
- Unidad Skin Neglected Tropical Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections; Fundació Lluita contra les Infeccions, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Ortiz-Álvarez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Martínez-García
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Corbacho-Monné
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
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Gómez-Guillamón F, Jiménez-Martín D, Dellamaria D, Arenas A, Rossi L, Citterio CV, Camacho-Sillero L, Moroni B, Cano-Terriza D, García-Bocanegra I. Surveillance of Sarcoptic Mange in Iberian Ibexes ( Capra pyrenaica) and Domestic Goats ( Capra hircus) in Southern Spain. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1194. [PMID: 38672342 PMCID: PMC11047307 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious skin disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei. Sera were collected from 411 Iberian ibexes, comprising 157 individuals with sarcoptic mange skin lesions and 254 clinically healthy animals, in 13 population nuclei across Andalusia (southern Spain) between 2015 and 2021. Skin samples from 88 of the 157 animals with mange-compatible lesions were also obtained. Moreover, 392 serum samples from domestic goats (Capra hircus) were collected in the same region and study period. Antibodies against S. scabiei were tested using an in-house indirect ELISA, while the presence of mites of S. scabiei was evaluated in the skin samples by potassium hydroxide digestion. Seropositivity was found in eight (3.1%) of the clinically healthy ibexes and in 104 (66.2%) of the animals with mange-compatible lesions. The presence of S. scabiei was confirmed in 57 (64.8%) out of the 88 skin samples analysed and anti-S. scabiei antibodies were found in 49 (86.0%) of these 57 mite-positive individuals. Seropositive animals were detected in population nuclei with previous records of sarcoptic mange, where S. scabiei mites were detected by potassium hydroxide digestion in individuals with sarcoptic mange-compatible external lesions. However, seropositivity was not observed in population nuclei that were historically free of this disease. None of the 392 domestic goats had antibodies against S. scabiei, suggesting an independent epidemiological cycle of sarcoptic mange in Iberian ibex populations in the study area, and a limited or null role of domestic goats in the transmission of the parasite to this wild species. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of maintaining and/or implementing integrated surveillance programs and control strategies in wildlife and livestock, to limit the risk of S. scabiei circulation in Iberian ibex populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Gómez-Guillamón
- Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Fauna Silvestre (PVE), Consejería de Sostenibilidad, Medio Ambiente y Economía Azul, Junta de Andalucía, 29002 Málaga, Spain; (F.G.-G.); (L.C.-S.)
| | - Débora Jiménez-Martín
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (D.J.-M.); (A.A.); (I.G.-B.)
| | - Debora Dellamaria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (D.D.); (C.V.C.)
| | - Antonio Arenas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (D.J.-M.); (A.A.); (I.G.-B.)
| | - Luca Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Carlo V. Citterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (D.D.); (C.V.C.)
| | - Leonor Camacho-Sillero
- Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Fauna Silvestre (PVE), Consejería de Sostenibilidad, Medio Ambiente y Economía Azul, Junta de Andalucía, 29002 Málaga, Spain; (F.G.-G.); (L.C.-S.)
| | - Barbara Moroni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy;
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (D.J.-M.); (A.A.); (I.G.-B.)
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (D.J.-M.); (A.A.); (I.G.-B.)
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII—CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Insyari’ati T, Hamid PH, Rahayu ET, Sugar DL, Rahma NN, Kusumarini S, Kurnianto H, Wardhana AH. Ectoparasites Infestation to Small Ruminants and Practical Attitudes among Farmers toward Acaricides Treatment in Central Region of Java, Indonesia. Vet Sci 2024; 11:162. [PMID: 38668429 PMCID: PMC11053668 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectoparasite infestations are one of the major problems affecting goat and sheep farming. Disease resulting from these infestations can cause changes in physical appearance, such as severe lesions on the skin, and economic consequences in the form of significantly reduced selling prices. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites in the Boyolali district, Central Java, Indonesia. A total of 651 sheep and goats were surveyed in this study. The parasites were collected via skin scraping, twister, or manually from clinically infected goats and sheep in traditional farms. All of the ectoparasites collected were successfully identified. The prevalence of ectoparasites in ruminants in Boyolali was 97.8% (637/651). The species make-up was as follows: Bovicola caprae 97.8% (637/651), Linognathus africanus 39% (254/651), Haemaphysalis bispinosa 3.5% (23/651), Ctenocephalides spp. 0.2% (1/651), and Sarcoptes scabiei 5.2% (34/651). The predilection sites were in the face, ear, and leg areas, and in the axillary, dorsal, abdomen, and scrotum regions of the surveyed animals. An evaluation of farmers' attitudes to ectoparasites was performed using a questionnaire. The findings of this study imply that animals in the investigated area are highly exposed to ectoparasite infestations. Given the importance of ectoparasites in both livestock and human communities, specifically in the health domain, more research into appropriate control strategies is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titis Insyari’ati
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Penny Humaidah Hamid
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Endang Tri Rahayu
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Diah Lutfiah Sugar
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Nadya Nurvita Rahma
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Shelly Kusumarini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University, Kota Malang 65151, Indonesia;
| | - Heri Kurnianto
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16122, Indonesia; (H.K.); (A.H.W.)
| | - April Hari Wardhana
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16122, Indonesia; (H.K.); (A.H.W.)
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Hindle IJ, Forbes LK, Walters SJ, Carver S. The effects of spatially-constrained treatment regions upon a model of wombat mange. J Math Biol 2024; 88:53. [PMID: 38565734 PMCID: PMC10987376 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-024-02078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The use of therapeutic agents is a critical option to manage wildlife disease, but their implementation is usually spatially constrained. We seek to expand knowledge around the effectiveness of management of environmentally-transmitted Sarcoptes scabiei on a host population, by studying the effect of a spatially constrained treatment regime on disease dynamics in the bare-nosed wombat Vombatus ursinus. A host population of wombats is modelled using a system of non-linear partial differential equations, a spatially-varying treatment regime is applied to this population and the dynamics are studied over a period of several years. Treatment could result in mite decrease within the treatment region, extending to a lesser degree outside, with significant increases in wombat population. However, the benefits of targeted treatment regions within an environment are shown to be dependent on conditions at the start (endemic vs. disease free), as well as on the locations of these special regions (centre of the wombat population or against a geographical boundary). This research demonstrates the importance of understanding the state of the environment and populations before treatment commences, the effects of re-treatment schedules within the treatment region, and the transient large-scale changes in mite numbers that can be brought about by sudden changes to the environment. It also demonstrates that, with good knowledge of the host-pathogen dynamics and the spatial terrain, it is possible to achieve substantial reduction in mite numbers within the target region, with increases in wombat numbers throughout the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy J Hindle
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Lawrence K Forbes
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Stephen J Walters
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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9
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Stott EK, Nie S, Williamson NA, Skerratt LF. Free drug percentage of moxidectin declines with increasing concentrations in the serum of marsupials. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100899. [PMID: 38274349 PMCID: PMC10808906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Moxidectin (MOX) is a macrocyclic lactone used to eliminate endo and ectoparasites in many mammalian species. It is notably the active ingredient of the anti-parasitic drug Cydectin®, manufactured by Virbac, and is frequently used to treat sarcoptic mange in Australian wildlife. Protein binding plays a significant role in the efficacy of a drug, as the unbound/free drug in plasma ultimately reflects the pharmacologically relevant concentration. This study aimed to investigate the free drug percentage of Moxidectin after in vitro spiking into the sera of four sarcoptic mange-susceptible Australian wildlife species; the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), the bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus), the eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), and the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami). Three concentration points of MOX were tested for each individual: 20 pg/μL, 100 pg/μL and 500 pg/μL. Serum from five individuals of each species underwent an equilibrium dialysis followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed an atypical concentration dependent binding across all species, where free drug percentage decreased as MOX concentration increased. In addition, wombats showed significantly lower free drug levels. These findings call for further research into the mechanisms of moxidectin protein binding to help understand MOX pharmacokinetics in marsupials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza K. Stott
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, Werribee, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Williamson
- Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lee F. Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, Werribee, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Tiffin HS, Brown JD, Ternent M, Snavely B, Carrollo E, Kibe E, Buderman FE, Mullinax JM, Machtinger ET. Resolution of Clinical Signs of Sarcoptic Mange in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus), in Ivermectin-Treated and Nontreated Individuals. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:434-447. [PMID: 38305090 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei causes mange in nearly 150 species of mammals by burrowing under the skin, triggering hypersensitivity responses that can alter animals' behavior and result in extreme weight loss, secondary infections, and even death. Since the 1990s, sarcoptic mange has increased in incidence and geographic distribution in Pennsylvania black bear (Ursus americanus) populations, including expansion into other states. Recovery from mange in free-ranging wildlife has rarely been evaluated. Following the Pennsylvania Game Commission's standard operating procedures at the time of the study, treatment consisted of one subcutaneous injection of ivermectin. To evaluate black bear survival and recovery from mange, from 2018 to 2020 we fitted 61 bears, including 43 with mange, with GPS collars to track their movements and recovery. Bears were collared in triplicates according to sex and habitat, consisting of one bear without mange (healthy control), one scabietic bear treated with ivermectin when collared, and one untreated scabietic bear. Bears were reevaluated for signs of mange during annual den visits, if recaptured during the study period, and after mortality events. Disease status and recovery from mange was determined based on outward gross appearance and presence of S. scabiei mites from skin scrapes. Of the 36 scabietic bears with known recovery status, 81% fully recovered regardless of treatment, with 88% recovered with treatment and 74% recovered without treatment. All bears with no, low, or moderate mite burdens (<16 mites on skin scrapes) fully recovered from mange (n=20), and nearly half of bears with severe mite burden (≥16 mites) fully recovered (n=5, 42%). However, nonrecovered status did not indicate mortality, and mange-related mortality was infrequent. Most bears were able to recover from mange irrespective of treatment, potentially indicating a need for reevaluation of the mange wildlife management paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Tiffin
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 4 Chemical Ecology Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Justin D Brown
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 108D AVBS Building, Shortlidge Rd., University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Mark Ternent
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Ave., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110, USA
| | - Brandon Snavely
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Ave., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110, USA
| | - Emily Carrollo
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Ave., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110, USA
| | - Ethan Kibe
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Ave., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110, USA
| | - Frances E Buderman
- Department of Ecosystem Science & Management, Pennsylvania State University, 401 Forest Resources Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Jennifer M Mullinax
- Department of Environmental Science & Technology, University of Maryland, 1433 Animal Science Building, 8127 Regents Dr., College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Erika T Machtinger
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 4 Chemical Ecology Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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11
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Linn C, O’Malley A, Khatri K, Wright EM, Sebagh D, Grbić M, Kowal K, Chruszcz M. Microscopic Menaces: The Impact of Mites on Human Health. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3675. [PMID: 38612486 PMCID: PMC11011512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mites are highly prevalent arthropods that infest diverse ecological niches globally. Approximately 55,000 species of mites have been identified but many more are yet to be discovered. Of the ones we do know about, most go unnoticed by humans and animals. However, there are several species from the Acariformes superorder that exert a significant impact on global human health. House dust mites are a major source of inhaled allergens, affecting 10-20% of the world's population; storage mites also cause a significant allergy in susceptible individuals; chiggers are the sole vectors for the bacterium that causes scrub typhus; Demodex mites are part of the normal microfauna of humans and their pets, but under certain conditions populations grow out of control and affect the integrity of the integumentary system; and scabies mites cause one of the most common dermatological diseases worldwide. On the other hand, recent genome sequences of mites provide novel tools for mite control and the development of new biomaterial with applications in biomedicine. Despite the palpable disease burden, mites remain understudied in parasitological research. By better understanding mite biology and disease processes, researchers can identify new ways to diagnose, manage, and prevent common mite-induced afflictions. This knowledge can lead to improved clinical outcomes and reduced disease burden from these remarkably widespread yet understudied creatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Linn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.L.); (A.O.); (K.K.); (E.M.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Andrea O’Malley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.L.); (A.O.); (K.K.); (E.M.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Kriti Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.L.); (A.O.); (K.K.); (E.M.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Elaine M. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.L.); (A.O.); (K.K.); (E.M.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Dylan Sebagh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.L.); (A.O.); (K.K.); (E.M.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada;
| | - Krzysztof Kowal
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
- Department of Experimental Allergology and Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.L.); (A.O.); (K.K.); (E.M.W.); (D.S.)
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12
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Sharaf MS. Scabies: Immunopathogenesis and pathological changes. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:149. [PMID: 38433167 PMCID: PMC10909795 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Scabies is an itchy skin disease caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei. During their lifespan, the female mites invade the stratum corneum and create tunnels, in which they reside, move, feed, deposit fecal pellets, and lay eggs. Recently, scabies was included in the World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030. This review attempts to summarize our knowledge about the mite's biology and the disease pathogenesis, pathological changes, and complications. Generally, the host-parasite interaction in scabies is highly complex and involves different mechanisms, some of which are yet largely unknown. Elucidation of the nature of such interaction as well as the underlying mechanisms could allow a better understanding of the mite's biology and the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic options for scabies control programs. Moreover, identification of the molecular basis of such interaction could unveil novel targets for acaricidal agents and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S Sharaf
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia, Egypt.
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13
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Doran GS, Wynan M, Wynan R, Cox A, Ralph H, Stannard HJ. Extraction and analysis of moxidectin in wombat plasma and faeces. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1233:123988. [PMID: 38160526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange in wombats results from a skin infestation by Sarcoptes mites and if untreated, results in a slow and painful death. Moxidectin is a pesticide used to treat internal and external parasites in cattle, but has shown to effectively treat other animals, including wombats. Two methods were developed to analyse wombat plasma, and methods were also developed to analyse faeces and fur. Moxidectin-D3 was used as an internal standard and behaved almost identically to moxidectin, resulting in recoveries of 95-105 % across the three matrices, even when matrix interferences caused signal suppression as high 20 %, or when moxidectin loss was high. This was presumably due to the high binding efficiency of plasma for MOX and MOX-D3. Moxidectin limits of detection were 0.01 ng/mL in plasma, 0.3 ng/g dry weight equivalent for faeces and 0.5 ng/g for fur. This study also developed a method to isolate plasma macromolecules, allowing the extraction of bound moxidectin for quantitative purposes, with an LoQ of 0.05 ng/mL. This method was subsequently used to determine that moxidectin was 97-99.4 % bound to lipoproteins in wombat plasma and 98-99 % bound in sheep, cow and horse plasma. The method reported for plasma was quick, cheap, and conducive to large sample batches, while providing high sensitivity. While faecal samples required additional cleanup steps to reduce the matrix effect, co-extracted matrix components such as undigested chlorophyll continued to result in ionisation suppression in the MS/MS. The methods reported here were used to monitor moxidectin in wombats treated with a single pour-on treatment, and confirmed that the moxidectin concentration in wombat plasma had decreased by more than 90 % by 28 days after application, while providing protection against sarcoptic mites over the majority of their life cycle. Clearance of moxidectin occurred via faecal elimination over the four week period and while moxidectin accumulated on fur due to application as a pour-on, concentrations declined rapidly by the four week period as fur fell out and was replaced by fresh fur that did not contain moxidectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Doran
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Albert Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; Charles Sturt University, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Marie Wynan
- Jarake Wildlife Sanctuary Ltd, Nimmitabel, NSW, Australia
| | - Ray Wynan
- Jarake Wildlife Sanctuary Ltd, Nimmitabel, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda Cox
- Wombat Protection Society of Australia, Tomerong, NSW, Australia
| | - Howard Ralph
- Southern Cross Wildlife Care, Braidwood, NSW, Australia
| | - Hayley J Stannard
- Charles Sturt University, School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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14
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Barroso P, Palencia P. Camera traps reveal a high prevalence of sarcoptic mange in red foxes from northern Spain. Res Vet Sci 2024; 166:105098. [PMID: 38029489 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The mite Sarcoptes scabiei affects numerous mammal species causing the sarcoptic mange, a widespread disease with relevance for wildlife conservation, welfare, and management. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) could become infested by direct and indirect routes leading to external skin lesions potentially recognizable by devices such as camera traps (CTs). In the present study, 86 randomly placed CTs were used to investigate the apparent prevalence and severity of S. scabiei in a red fox population from northern Spain. Their potential environmental and population-related drivers were also assessed. A total of 341 independent encounters were examined to visually identify mange-compatible lesions. The apparent prevalence was 19.16% (confidence interval (CI) 95%: 15.08-23.80) of which 82.81% (CI95%: 71.33-91.10) were severe. Our results revealed that habitat attributes such as lower altitudes, higher coverage of water-linked habitats and woodland predominance, were significant predictors of the apparent risk of mange. The models also suggested that the apparent prevalence of mange was associated with poor body condition and elevated frequencies of spatial coincidence among fox encounters, which facilitates indirect transmission. Interestingly, we did not observe mange-compatible lesions in other sympatric wild species (>15,000 encounters examined). This could be explained by the mite's host specificity and the low probability that these other potential hosts use sites where transmission among foxes usually occurs, such as dens. This study illustrates how camera trapping can be used as an interesting tool for the surveillance of wildlife diseases, thus overcoming the logistic constraints derived from direct sampling and allowing the early detection and better management of pathogens in the riskiest areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Barroso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy; Departament of Animal Health, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León 24071, Spain.
| | - P Palencia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy; Biodiversity Research Institute (University of Oviedo - CSIC - Principado de Asturias), Mieres, Spain
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15
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Sulik M, Antoszczak M, Huczyński A, Steverding D. Antiparasitic activity of ivermectin: Four decades of research into a "wonder drug". Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115838. [PMID: 37793327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases still pose a serious threat to human and animal health, particularly for millions of people and their livelihoods in low-income countries. Therefore, research into the development of effective antiparasitic drugs remains a priority. Ivermectin, a sixteen-membered macrocyclic lactone, exhibits a broad spectrum of antiparasitic activities, which, combined with its low toxicity, has allowed the drug to be widely used in the treatment of parasitic diseases affecting humans and animals. In addition to its licensed use against river blindness and strongyloidiasis in humans, and against roundworm and arthropod infestations in animals, ivermectin is also used "off-label" to treat many other worm-related parasitic diseases, particularly in domestic animals. In addition, several experimental studies indicate that ivermectin displays also potent activity against viruses, bacteria, protozoans, trematodes, and insects. This review article summarizes the last 40 years of research on the antiparasitic effects of ivermectin, and the use of the drug in the treatment of parasitic diseases in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Sulik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61‒614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Antoszczak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61‒614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Huczyński
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61‒614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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16
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Keiser P, Hörweg C, Kübber-Heiss A, Hering-Hagenbeck S, Shahi-Barogh B, Reitl K, Vielgrader H, Voracek T, Fuehrer HP, Ebmer D. Sarcoptes scabiei infestation in a captive lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris): case report, morphological and molecular genetic mite identification. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:3181-3188. [PMID: 37882819 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) is a globally distributed parasitic mite species, which causes mange in a broad spectrum of domestic and wild mammals. In the present study, we report a case of chronic S. scabiei infestation in a captive lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) held in a multi-species exhibit at Vienna Zoo. The adult male showed clinically manifested mange flare-ups three times at an interval of up to 12 months, diagnosed by positive deep-skin scrapings and successfully treated by oral applications of ivermectin (0.1-0.2 mg/kg body weight) and washings with antimicrobial solutions. Clinical symptoms including pruritus, alopecia, erythema, crusts, and superficial bleedings were limited to the axillar and pectoral region, as well as distal limbs. The affected tapir died from underlying bacterial pneumonia during general anesthesia. Skin scrapings, necropsy, and histopathological analysis of mite material (eggs, larvae, and adults) permitted further morphological and molecular identification. The morphological features described here matched the characteristics for the species S. scabiei and molecular data verified morphological identification. Cross-species transmission plays a key role in the expansion of this neglected emerging panzootic disease and urban wildlife could potentially bridge the gap between free-ranging wildlife reservoirs and zoo animals. However, further examinations are needed to detect the primary source of infestation and discover transmission pathways within the zoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Keiser
- Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 6, 1130, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Hörweg
- 3rd Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Kübber-Heiss
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstr. 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Bita Shahi-Barogh
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Reitl
- Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 6, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanna Vielgrader
- Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 6, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Voracek
- Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 6, 1130, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Ebmer
- Veterinary Clinic Vienna Zoo, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 6, 1130, Vienna, Austria.
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Klink JC, Rieger A, Ansorge H, Aurich S, Hoffmann C, Ewers C, Raulf MK, Strube C, Siebert U. Malicious Mites- Sarcoptes scabiei in Raccoon Dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Pathogens 2023; 12:1379. [PMID: 38133264 PMCID: PMC10745952 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange was detected in five free-ranging raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, during a health assessment study of invasive species, including raccoon dogs, carried out between 2021 and 2022. Four raccoon dogs showed severe lesions, including extensive alopecia with thickening and hyperpigmentation of the skin (lichenification). The fifth animal was less affected, showing only thinning of the hair coat in multiple body locations. Skin scrapings were performed and confirmed the presence of Sarcoptes scabiei. Histopathology of the skin revealed diffuse epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, mild eosinophilic dermatitis, and varying amounts of intralesional mites. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Corynebacterium auriscanis were detected in the skin samples of the affected animals, indicating a secondary bacterial infection. The source of sarcoptic mange remains unclear; interspecies transmission via direct or indirect contact seems likely. Raccoon dogs are therefore a potential vector for sarcoptic mange, and their behaviour could contribute to disease spread and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana C. Klink
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.C.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexandra Rieger
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.C.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Hermann Ansorge
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, 02826 Görlitz, Germany;
- International Institute Zittau, Technische Universität Dresden, 02763 Zittau, Germany
| | - Sophie Aurich
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.A.); (C.H.); (C.E.)
| | - Christiane Hoffmann
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.A.); (C.H.); (C.E.)
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.A.); (C.H.); (C.E.)
| | - Marie-Kristin Raulf
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.-K.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.-K.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (J.C.K.); (A.R.)
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18
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Sharaf MS, Othman AA, Abdel-Ghaffar AE, Ali DM, Eid MM. Crusted scabies in a rabbit model: a severe skin disease or more? Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:413. [PMID: 37964301 PMCID: PMC10647032 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 200-300 million people are estimated to be affected by scabies annually worldwide. However, the mechanisms by which this disease may affect the general condition of the host are not entirely clear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the systemic changes that may accompany crusted scabies in both treated and non-treated experimental animals. METHODS Male New Zealand rabbits were infected with Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi and divided into the following three groups: control, ivermectin-treated, and fluralaner-treated. Several methods were used to evaluate the systemic changes, including histopathological examination of the liver, kidney, heart, and spleen, as well as the measurement of serum biochemical parameters and immunological parameters. RESULTS Several definite structural and functional changes at the systemic level were revealed, as evidenced by the observed histopathological changes in the tissue sections of internal organs and the highly significant increases in markers of systemic inflammation, serum procalcitonin, and oxidative stress markers. Abnormalities in the liver and renal function results, as well as in the serum lipid profile, were also noted. Additionally, a disorganized immune response was noted, evidenced by a mixed type 1 and type 2 helper T cell response. Although there was notable clinical and parasitological cure in the ivermectin-treated group, the histopathological, biochemical, and immunological markers indicated incomplete resolution. In contrast, the fluralaner-treated group exhibited a nearly complete resolution of changes in these parameters. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that crusted scabies is a systemic syndrome that can affect several organs besides the skin. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and possibly bacterial infections, are all implicated as underlying mechanisms of tissue damage due to the disease. We recommend that fluralaner, a promising scabicidal agent, should be studied for possible human use, and especially for control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Ali Othman
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Dareen Mohamed Ali
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Eid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Hakami MA, Malak N, Khan A, Ullah H, Cossío-Bayúgar R, Nasreen N, Niaz S, Khan A, Chen CC. In Silico Exploration and Experimental Validation of Camellia sinensis Extract against Rhipicephalus microplus and Sarcoptes scabiei: An Integrated Approach. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2040. [PMID: 37895422 PMCID: PMC10608266 DOI: 10.3390/life13102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei is an ectoparasite of humans and animals that causes scabies. The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a blood-sucking ectoparasite that transmits various pathogens. These two parasites have caused great losses to a country's dairy and agriculture sectors. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro and in silico efficacy of Camellia sinensis plant extracts. Different concentrations of C. sinensis ethanolic plant extracts were prepared using the maceration method and were used against mites and ticks (in adult immersion test AIT and larval packet test LPT) to evaluate their in vitro acaricidal activity. Additionally, in silico molecular docking was performed to investigate the inhibitory interactions between the phytochemicals of the plant and S. scabiei and R. microplus glutathione transferase proteins (SsGST and RmGST). This study observed that the plant extract showed high efficacy in vitro against mites and different tick stages in adult immersion and larval packet tests. Additionally, the in silico study revealed a strong binding interaction between ellagic acid and SsGST protein, with a binding energy of -7.3 kcal/mol, with respect to permethrin (-6.7 kcal/mol), whereas quercetin and RmGST resulted in a docking score of -8.6 kcal/mol compared to deltamethrin (-8.2 kcal/mol). Overall, this study explored the potential of C. sinensis as a natural alternative for controlling tick and mite infestations and provided insights into the inhibitory mechanisms of its phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh 11911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nosheen Malak
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Afshan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal eInocuidad, INIFAP, Km 11 Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla, No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Zoology and Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Centre for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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20
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Dumitrache MO, Cadiergues MC. The most effective systemic treatment in dogs with sarcoptic mange: a critically appraised topic. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:189. [PMID: 37798627 PMCID: PMC10552383 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoptic mange is a common, pruritic parasitic skin disease of dogs. Due to its highly contagious character, it represents a potential veterinary and public health risk. Because of clinical similarity with other diseases, cross-antigenicity, and low sensitivity of available diagnostic methods, therapeutical trial is frequently used to confirm the disease. Considering the variety of available acaricidal molecules as well as the need to use the most effective treatment, the present paper reviews evidence comparing different types of systemic treatment of canine scabies. RESULTS Analysis of the results showed that afoxolaner, fluralaner and sarolaner as well as several macrocyclic lactones such as selamectin, moxidectin and milbemycin oxime can lead to parasitological and clinical cure. CONCLUSION The similarity in the clinical and parasitological efficacy of these substances enhances the need for comparative studies, which could allow the identification of the most efficacious product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirabela O Dumitrache
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Christine Cadiergues
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31076, Toulouse, France.
- INFINITy, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS, 31059, Toulouse, France.
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21
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Khan A, Taj S, Malak N, Swelum AA, Khan A, Nasreen N, Niaz S, Wu WF. Integrating In Vitro and In Silico Approaches to Assess Monotheca buxifolia Plant Extract against Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) microplus and Sarcoptes scabiei. Molecules 2023; 28:6930. [PMID: 37836773 PMCID: PMC10574717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick and mite infestations pose significant challenges to animal health, agriculture, and public health worldwide. The search for effective and environmentally friendly acaricidal agents has led researchers to explore natural alternatives. In this study, we investigated the acaricidal potential of the Monotheca buxifolia plant extract against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks and Sarcoptes scabiei mites. Additionally, we employed a computational approach to identify phytochemicals from the extract that could serve as drug candidates against these ectoparasites. The contact bioassay results demonstrated that the M. buxifolia plant extract exhibited significant efficacy against R. microplus and S. scabiei, with higher concentrations outperforming the positive control acaricide permethrin in terms of mite mortality. Time exposure to the extract also showed a positive correlation with better lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) values. Similarly, the adult immersion test revealed a notable inhibition of tick oviposition via the plant extract, especially at higher concentrations. The two-protein primary structure, secondary structure and stability were predicted using the Expasy's ProtParam server, SOPMA and SUSUI server, respectively. Using Homology modeling, the 3D structure of the protein was obtained and validated through the ERRAT server, and active sites were determined through the CASTp server. The docking analysis revealed that Alpha-Amyrenyl acetate and alpha-Tocopherol exhibited the highest docking scores for S. scabiei and R. microplus aspartic protease proteins, respectively. These phytochemicals demonstrated strong binding interactions, suggesting their potential as acaricidal drug candidates. In conclusion, the M. buxifolia plant extract displayed significant acaricidal activity against R. microplus and S. scabiei. Moreover, the computational approach identified promising phytochemicals that could serve as potential drug candidates for controlling these ectoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.K.); (S.T.); (N.M.); (N.N.); (S.N.)
| | - Salman Taj
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.K.); (S.T.); (N.M.); (N.N.); (S.N.)
| | - Nosheen Malak
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.K.); (S.T.); (N.M.); (N.N.); (S.N.)
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
- Department of Botany & Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.K.); (S.T.); (N.M.); (N.N.); (S.N.)
| | - Sadaf Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan; (A.K.); (S.T.); (N.M.); (N.N.); (S.N.)
| | - Wen-Feng Wu
- Department of Radiology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
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22
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Gheibi Z, Boroomand M, Soltani A. Comparing the Trends of Vector-Borne Diseases (VBDs) before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Spatial Distribution in Southern Iran. J Trop Med 2023; 2023:7697421. [PMID: 37745307 PMCID: PMC10516689 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7697421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to model and predict the changes in the trend of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in a high-risk area of Iran. Methods This case-series study was conducted in Fars province, south of Iran, between April 2016 and July 2021. All referred cases of VBDs were considered during the five years to investigate the effect of the lockdown on the epidemiological profile of these diseases. We used time-series autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) models. Results Pediculosis incidence trend was rising with a peak of 1,146 per 100,000 in 2018, followed by a dramatic decrease reached to the minimum amount of 157.8 per 100,000 in 2021. In contrast, malaria and scabies had a smooth decreasing trend ranging from 2.2 per 100,000 and 7.3 per 100,000 in 2016 to a minimum of 0.2 per 100,000 in 2021, respectively. Likewise, leishmaniasis had a falling trend, with a maximum rate of 82.9 per 100,000 in 2016 to the lowest rate of 9.4 per 100,000 in 2021. However, the difference between observed and expected values revealed that the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic had increased the number of leishmaniasis cases. Conclusion Tropical regions of Iran, including Fars province, are the favorite destinations for travelers. During COVID-19 outbreaks, some reasons, such as quarantine, movement restrictions, and social distancing, reduced human-vector contact and finally led to the reduction of VBDs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Gheibi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mitra Boroomand
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aboozar Soltani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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23
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Li W, Li X, Song L, Li H, Wu Y, Li J. Optical microscopic study on a novel morphological classification method of multiple diagnostic features of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Parasitology 2023; 150:1070-1075. [PMID: 37846821 PMCID: PMC10801366 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy is the gold standard technique used to confirm the diagnosis of scabies. Multiple diagnostic features of the pathogen Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis (S. scabiei) can be identified under a microscope and classified into 3 categories: mites, eggs and fecal pellets. However, mite and eggshell fragments can also be observed, which have been ignored in the 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) Criteria and by most researchers. In this study, we propose a novel morphological classification method that classifies multiple diagnostic features into 5 categories and 7 subcategories. Our results revealed that 65.2% (1893 of 2896) of the positive cases were confirmed through the identification of mites, eggs or fecal pellets, whereas up to 34.6% (1003 of 2896) of the positive cases were confirmed through the identification of mite or eggshell fragments. Therefore, the important diagnostic values of mite and eggshell fragments should be emphasized. Importantly, for the first time, mite and eggshell fragments were classified into 7 subcategories, some of which are easily ignored or confused with contaminating artefacts. We believe that this novel morphological classification method will be beneficial for operator training in interpreting slides and in improving the 2020 IACS Criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lin Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hongfeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yaliu Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
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24
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Elmaidomy AH, Abdel-Maqsoud NMR, Tammam OY, Abdel-Rahman IM, Elrehany MA, Bakhsh HT, Altemani FH, Algehainy NA, Alzubaidi MA, Alsenani F, Sayed AM, Abdelmohsen UR, Zahran EM. Egyptian mandarin peel oil's anti-scabies potential via downregulation-of-inflammatory/immune-cross-talk: GC-MS and PPI network studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14192. [PMID: 37648727 PMCID: PMC10469216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the scabicidal potential of Egyptian mandarin peel oil (Citrus reticulata Blanco, F. Rutaceae) against sarcoptic mange-in-rabbits. Analysis of the oil's GC-MS identified a total of 20 compounds, accounting for 98.91% of all compounds found. Mandarin peel oil topical application improved all signs of infection, causing a scabicidal effect three days later, whereas in vitro application caused complete mite mortality one day later. In comparison to ivermectin, histopathological analysis showed that the epidermis' inflammatory-infiltration/hyperkeratosis-had disappeared. In addition to TIMP-1, the results of the mRNA gene expression analysis showed upregulation of I-CAM-1-and-KGF and downregulation of ILs-1, 6, 10, VEGF, MMP-9, and MCP-1. The scabies network was constructed and subjected to a comprehensive bioinformatic evaluation. TNF-, IL-1B, and IL-6, the top three hub protein-coding genes, have been identified as key therapeutic targets for scabies. From molecular docking data, compounds 15 and 16 acquired sufficient affinity towards the three screened proteins, particularly both possessing higher affinity towards the IL-6 receptor. Interestingly, it achieved a higher binding energy score than the ligand of the docked protein rather than displaying proper binding interactions like those of the ligand. Meanwhile, geraniol (15) showed the highest affinity towards the GST protein, suggesting its contribution to the acaricidal effect of the extract. The subsequent, MD simulations revealed that geraniol can achieve stable binding inside the binding site of both GST and IL-6. Our findings collectively revealed the scabicidal ability of mandarin peel extract for the first time, paving the way for an efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly herbal alternative for treating rabbits with Sarcoptes mange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer H Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | | | - Omar Y Tammam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Valley University, Kharga, New Valley, Egypt
| | - Islam M Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrehany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minya, Egypt
| | - Hussain T Bakhsh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh A Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak A Alzubaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alsenani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, 62513, Egypt
| | | | - Eman Maher Zahran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minya, Egypt
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25
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Zhao YK, Lu JF, Liu JH, Wu HH, Song LL, Wan CL, Luo DQ. Recalcitrant nodular scabies showing excellent response to tofacitinib: five case reports. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2023; 14:20406223231195632. [PMID: 37655266 PMCID: PMC10467300 DOI: 10.1177/20406223231195632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, and it is always associated with an intense, unbearable, nocturnal deteriorating itch. Its presentations include classic burrows, erythema, pruritic papules, pustules, vesicles, and inflammatory nodules, with diffuse or localized distribution on the finger webs, wrist flexors, elbows, axillae, buttocks, genitalia, and breasts. Nodular scabies is an uncommon clinical variant of scabies. Its management is still challenging for some patients up to date, although topical, intralesional or systemic corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, and crotamiton as well as cryotherapy alone or in different combinations are used. We here report five male patients of nodular scabies, aged between 14 and 25 years, who had classical scabies that had been cured by sulfur ointment for at least 4 weeks except for their itching nodules, and their residual pruritic nodules also failed in previous treatments including antihistamines, topical applying and intralesional injection of steroids as well as topical tacrolimus in different combinations before being recruited to this study. The patients were administered tofacitinib 5 mg, twice a day, which led to excellent and rapid improvement for both lesions and symptoms after 1-4 weeks of treatment, respectively, without any associations. During 6 months of follow-up, only one had re-infection of scabies associated with nodules that were cured by sulfur ointment and tofacitinib again. No adverse reaction was observed. The present results suggested that tofacitinib might be a potential agent for nodular scabies with excellent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kun Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The East Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Fa Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Juan-Hua Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The East Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Hui Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The East Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu-Li Song
- Department of Dermatology, The East Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lei Wan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, 23 Qingnian Rd., Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province 341000, China
| | - Di-Qing Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The East Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 183 Huangpu Rd. E., Guangzhou 510700, China
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26
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He R, Zhang Q, Xu L, Guo M, Gu X, Xie Y, Xu J, Shen Z. Characterization of a novel galectin in Sarcoptes scabiei and its role in regulating macrophage functions. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1251475. [PMID: 37692380 PMCID: PMC10484005 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1251475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei (S. scabiei) endangers human and other mammalian health. There has been limited research into S. scabiei pathogenic mechanisms and the immunological interaction between S. scabiei and hosts. Galectins have critical roles in biological processes such as cell adhesion, signal transduction, and immune response mediation. Galectins of S. scabiei (SsGalectins) were cloned, expressed, and identified, and their transcriptional levels in S. scabiei were measured at various developmental stages. Fluorescent tissue localization was performed on SsGalectins of S. scabiei and scabies skin. A mouse AD model was constructed to evaluate the effect of rSsGalectins on skin pathogenic changes. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunoassay were used to identify macrophage polarization-related components and investigate the immunoregulatory effect of rSsGalectins on mouse macrophages. The results demonstrated that the S. scabiei infection causes macrophage infiltration in the scabies skin. The rSsGalectins displayed strong reactogenicity, and distinct genes of the SsGalectins were differently expressed in different developmental stages of S. scabiei. Fluorescence tissue localization revealed that the SsGalectins were mainly in the mouthparts, intestines, and body surface. Additionally, S. scabiei could secrete SsGalectins into the infected skin, proving that SsGalectins were excretion and secretion proteins of S. scabiei. In the mouse atopic dermatitis model, cutaneous macrophage infiltration and inflammation increase after rSsGalectins injection. Simultaneously, when rSsGalectins acted on bone marrow-derived macrophages, M1 macrophage-related polarization factors IL-1β, IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase all increased, demonstrating that rSsGalectins can induce M1 polarization and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, the SsGalectins are involved in the pathogenic process of S. scabiei by regulating the polarization of host macrophages to the M1 type when S. scabiei invade the host and promoting the incidence and development of the host's inflammatory response. This study offers fresh light on the pathogenic process of scabies mites, investigates the immunological interaction mechanism between S. scabiei and the host, and offers new insights into S. scabiei prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luyang Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Maochuan Guo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaoli Shen
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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Valldeperes M, Yerro PP, López-Olvera JR, Fandos P, Lavín S, Escofet RCS, Mentaberre G, León FJCM, Espinosa J, Ráez-Bravo A, Pérez JM, Tampach S, Estruch J, Velarde R, Granados JE. Diseases of Iberian ibex ( Capra pyrenaica). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2023; 69:63. [PMID: 37274486 PMCID: PMC10233571 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-023-01684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) is an ecologically and economically relevant medium-sized emblematic mountain ungulate. Diseases participate in the population dynamics of the species as a regulating agent, but can also threaten the conservation and viability of vulnerable population units. Moreover, Iberian ibex can also be a carrier or even a reservoir of pathogens shared with domestic animals and/or humans, being therefore a concern for livestock and public health. The objective of this review is to compile the currently available knowledge on (1) diseases of Iberian ibex, presented according to their relevance on the health and demography of free-ranging populations; (2) diseases subjected to heath surveillance plans; (3) other diseases reported in the species; and (4) diseases with particular relevance in captive Iberian ibex populations. The systematic review of all the information on diseases affecting the species unveils unpublished reports, scientific communications in meetings, and scientific articles, allowing the first comprehensive compilation of Iberian ibex diseases. This review identifies the gaps in knowledge regarding pathogenesis, immune response, diagnostic methods, treatment, and management of diseases in Iberian ibex, providing a base for future research. Moreover, this challenges wildlife and livestock disease and wildlife population managers to assess the priorities and policies currently implemented in Iberian ibex health surveillance and monitoring and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valldeperes
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Bellaterra Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma Prieto Yerro
- Parque Natural de las Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas, C/ Martínez Falero 11, 23470 Cazorla Jaén, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación RNM 118. Biología de Especies Cinegéticas y Plagas, Jaén, Spain
| | - Jorge Ramón López-Olvera
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Bellaterra Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Lavín
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Bellaterra Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gregorio Mentaberre
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | | | - José Espinosa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria and Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Arián Ráez-Bravo
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Bellaterra Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Pérez
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Barcelona, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación RNM 118. Biología de Especies Cinegéticas y Plagas, Jaén, Spain
- Department of Animal and Plant Biology, and Ecology, Jaén University, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Stefania Tampach
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Bellaterra Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Estruch
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Bellaterra Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Velarde
- Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Bellaterra Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Enrique Granados
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Barcelona, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación RNM 118. Biología de Especies Cinegéticas y Plagas, Jaén, Spain
- Parque Nacional y Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada. Ctra., Antigua de Sierra Nevada Km 7, Pinos Genil, 18191 Granada, Spain
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28
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Villa L, Allievi C, Gazzonis AL, Ventura G, Gradassi M, Zanzani SA, Manfredi MT. Serological Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa) Hunted in a Highly Anthropized Area in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1730. [PMID: 37889677 PMCID: PMC10251892 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing expansion into urban and rural areas, wild boars represent a potential source of infection with zoonotic and animal-specific parasites for both humans and animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the serological prevalence to Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in blood samples from wild boars (Sus scrofa) hunted in an anthropized area in Italy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests were used to detect antibodies anti-T. gondii and anti-S. scabiei and an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for antibodies anti-N. caninum. 81 out of 128 wild boars (P = 63.3%) resulted positive for at least one of the three parasites. 68 of them were seropositive to T. gondii (P = 53.1%) and 14 to N. caninum (P = 10.9%). 9 wild boars resulted seropositive to S. scabiei var. suis (P = 7.0%). Sampling season was the only significant risk factor related to S. scabiei var. suis seroprevalence (OR = 7.8). The high occurrence of T. gondii supports the role of this species as a source of infection for other animals and humans. Furthermore, the serological prevalence of N. caninum and S. scabiei var. suis in wild boars from the study area characterized by the presence of numerous dairy cattle and pig farms is relevant to demonstrate its suitability for the circulation of these parasites both in domestic and wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Villa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.A.); (A.L.G.); (S.A.Z.)
| | - Carolina Allievi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.A.); (A.L.G.); (S.A.Z.)
| | - Alessia Libera Gazzonis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.A.); (A.L.G.); (S.A.Z.)
| | - Giordano Ventura
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Cardinal Massaia 7, 26100 Cremona, Italy; (G.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Matteo Gradassi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Cardinal Massaia 7, 26100 Cremona, Italy; (G.V.); (M.G.)
| | - Sergio Aurelio Zanzani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.A.); (A.L.G.); (S.A.Z.)
| | - Maria Teresa Manfredi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.A.); (A.L.G.); (S.A.Z.)
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29
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Li M, Feng S, Huang S, Guillot J, Fang F. In Vitro Efficacy of Terpenes from Essential Oils against Sarcoptes scabiei. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083361. [PMID: 37110595 PMCID: PMC10143962 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mite Sarcoptes scabiei is responsible for the emerging or re-emerging skin disease called scabies in humans and sarcoptic mange in animals. Essential oils represent an appealing alternative strategy for the control of Sarcoptes infections, but the commercial development of essential oils may be hampered by their inconsistency in efficacy due to their varied chemical compositions. In order to address this issue, we assessed the efficacy of six components (carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol, citral, terpinen-4-ol, and linalool) against S. scabiei. At a concentration of 0.5%, carvacrol presented the best miticidal efficacy, with a median lethal time (LT50) value of 6.7 min, followed by eugenol (56.3 min), geraniol (1.8 h), citral (6.1 h), terpinen-4-ol (22.3 h), and linalool (39.9 h). The LC50 values at 30 min for carvacrol, eugenol, and geraniol were 0.24, 0.79, and 0.91%, respectively. In conclusion, carvacrol, eugenol, and geraniol represent potential complementary or alternative agents for S. scabiei infections in humans or animals. Our study provides a scientific basis for the development of scabicidal products based on essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Li
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shenrui Feng
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Siyi Huang
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Dermatology-Parasitology-Mycology Departement, Oniris, 100 Route de Gachet, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Fang Fang
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning 530004, China
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30
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Leung OJ, Grindstaff SL, Knollmann-Ritschel BE. Educational Case: Cutaneous infections of the skin. Acad Pathol 2023; 10:100072. [PMID: 37089580 PMCID: PMC10119500 DOI: 10.1016/j.acpath.2023.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel L. Grindstaff
- Corresponding author. Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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31
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First Morphological and Molecular Identification of Demodex injai in Golden Jackal (Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758) in Romania. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030412. [PMID: 36986334 PMCID: PMC10056514 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Demodicosis is one of the most important external parasitic diseases found in carnivores. Three species of the Demodex mite inhabit the skin of dogs and related species, D. canis being the most prevalent. This paper describes the first case of infestation with D. injai in a golden jackal in Romania. An emaciated golden jackal female body found in Timiș County, western Romania, was examined at Parasitology Department of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Timișoara. The gross lesions were present on different regions of the body: feet, tail, axillary and inguinal areas, and skin folds as well, consisting of erythema, extensive severe alopecia with lichenification, seborrhea, and scaling. In order to establish diagnosis, microscopic examination of skin scrapes, trichogram (hair plucking), acetate tape test (impression), fungal culture, and PCR were performed. Both microscopic measurements and PCR analysis have confirmed the presence of D. injai.
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32
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Takano K, de Hayr L, Carver S, Harvey RJ, Mounsey KE. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for treating sarcoptic mange with cross-relevance to Australian wildlife. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 21:97-113. [PMID: 36906936 PMCID: PMC10023865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei is the microscopic burrowing mite responsible for sarcoptic mange, which is reported in approximately 150 mammalian species. In Australia, sarcoptic mange affects a number of native and introduced wildlife species, is particularly severe in bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) and an emerging issue in koala and quenda. There are a variety of acaricides available for the treatment of sarcoptic mange which are generally effective in eliminating mites from humans and animals in captivity. In wild populations, effective treatment is challenging, and concerns exist regarding safety, efficacy and the potential emergence of acaricide resistance. There are risks where acaricides are used intensively or inadequately, which could adversely affect treatment success rates as well as animal welfare. While reviews on epidemiology, treatment strategies, and pathogenesis of sarcoptic mange in wildlife are available, there is currently no review evaluating the use of specific acaricides in the context of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and subsequent likelihood of emerging drug resistance, particularly for Australian wildlife. This review critically evaluates acaricides that have been utilised to treat sarcoptic mange in wildlife, including dosage forms and routes, pharmacokinetics, mode of action and efficacy. We also highlight the reports of resistance of S. scabiei to acaricides, including clinical and in vitro observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Takano
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Lachlan de Hayr
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert J Harvey
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate E Mounsey
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia.
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33
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Moin-Vaziri V, Badakhshan M. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Arthropod-Related Diseases. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2023; 17:28-35. [PMID: 37609568 PMCID: PMC10440499 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v17i1.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Covid-19 pandemic that caused by the infection with the novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has revealed individual and global vulnerabilities all over the world. Many countries that had been struggled with arthropod-borne diseases (VBDs) are now embroiled in another challenge caused by COVID-19 pandemic. The situation that poses major obstacles 1) by misdiagnosis 2) delay in early and appropriate treatment of VBDs 3) difficulties in applying regular strategy for vector control and prevention methods and finally 4) irregularity in financing supports. Given the possible scenario of syndemics, it is important to plan integrated and combined measurement with the maximum participation of the people and health authorities. Here, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on some major arthropod-related diseases will be discussed. Methods To access the collective data all related databases such as Science direct, PubMed, Elsevier, Google scholar, as well WHO web page were searched with key words "arthropoda-related diseases, COVID-19 with the name of each individual disease". Results The results showed that the management, control, and treatment of most important arthropod-related diseases could be delayed due to COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion Dealing with COVID-19, it is crucial to consider the other main killers such as malaria, dengue fever, etc. more especially in vulnerable populations by greater political, financial and global commitment. Continued surveillance will be essential to monitor for any possible changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Moin-Vaziri
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Badakhshan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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34
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Spatio-temporal and transmission dynamics of sarcoptic mange in an endangered New World kit fox. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280283. [PMID: 36795734 PMCID: PMC9934372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange poses a serious conservation threat to endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica). After first appearing in Bakersfield, California in spring 2013, mange reduced the kit fox population approximately 50% until the epidemic ended with minimally detectable endemic cases after 2020. Mange is lethal and thus, with such a high force of infection and lack of immunity, it remains unclear why the epidemic did not burn itself out rapidly and how it persisted so long. Here we explored spatio-temporal patterns of the epidemic, analyzed historical movement data, and created a compartment metapopulation model (named "metaseir") to evaluate whether movement of foxes among patches and spatial heterogeneity would reproduce the eight years epidemic with 50% population reduction observed in Bakersfield. Our main findings from metaseir were that: 1) a simple metapopulation model can capture the Bakersfield-like disease epidemic dynamics even when there is no environmental reservoir or external spillover host, 2) the most impactful parameter on persistence and magnitude of the epidemic is the projection, β/αβ (transmission over decay rate of transmission over space), 3) heterogeneity in patch carrying capacities changes the critical value of the projection needed to achieve an epidemic but makes little difference to epidemic persistence time, and 4) the epidemic is relatively insensitive to birth rates and density vs. frequency-dependent transmission. Our model can help guide management and assessment of metapopulation viability of this vulpid subspecies, while the exploratory data analysis and model will also be valuable to understand mange in other, particularly den-occupying, species.
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35
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Meraz Soto JM, Alvarado Motte RA, Ramírez Carrillo P, Meraz Soto AA, Bayón Villaseñor V, Cheirif Wolosky O. Crusted Hyperkeratotic Scabies: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e34520. [PMID: 36879685 PMCID: PMC9984309 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Crusted scabies is a rare form of classic scabies characterized by severe symptoms, mainly observed in immunosuppressed patients. This disease has been associated with a variety of health problems, such as delayed diagnosis, infection risk, and high mortality, mainly from sepsis. We report the case of a patient with hyperkeratotic scabies in the context of immunosuppression associated with malnutrition and the use of topical corticosteroids. Ivermectin is critical for successfully treating crusted scabies. However, a higher cure rate has been reported with the combination of oral ivermectin and topical permethrin. In our study, we chose to use a plan suitable for grade two scabies, resulting in a subtotal regression of the lesions. Crusted scabies is a highly contagious parasitic cutaneous disease, and there are few reports in the national and international literature. It is necessary to suspect this presentation form in order to establish a timely diagnosis and detect and treat associated comorbidities.
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36
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Lluch-Galcerá JJ, Carrascosa JM, Boada A. [Translated article] Epidemic Scabies: New Treatment Challenges in an Ancient Disease. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2023; 114:T132-T140. [PMID: 36462668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies which is among the most prevalent diseases worldwide, is becoming more frequent in Spain. The problems of this epidemic can be explained by several factors: improper application or prescription of treatments, resistance or reduced sensitivity to topical treatments, and poor understanding of the parasite and contagion. We require a new evidence-based approach to therapy that takes these problems into consideration. If symptoms persist after proper treatment, it is important to identify the reason for failure and standardize our approach. In refractory cases, the prescriber should prioritize oral medication, indicate a higher dose, combine treatments, or evaluate the use of off-label treatments in certain populations. The availability of new medications, such as spinosad or, especially, moxidectin, offer hope for bringing this disease under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lluch-Galcerá
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J M Carrascosa
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Boada
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Aguado Vázquez Á, Gegúndez Hernández H, Melgosa Ramos FJ, Díaz Corpas T. Diagnosis and Clinical Characteristics of Scabies in a Tertiary Care Hospital During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Descriptive Study. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2023; 114:171-172. [PMID: 35659613 PMCID: PMC9161683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Á Aguado Vázquez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, España.
| | | | - F J Melgosa Ramos
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, España
| | - T Díaz Corpas
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, España
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38
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Aguado Vázquez Á, Gegúndez Hernández H, Melgosa Ramos F, Díaz Corpas T. [Translated article] Diagnosis and Clinical Characteristics of Scabies in a Tertiary Care Hospital During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Descriptive Study. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2023; 114:T171-T172. [PMID: 36464010 PMCID: PMC9714123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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39
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Lluch-Galcerá JJ, Carrascosa JM, Boada A. Epidemic Scabies: New Treatment Challenges in an Ancient Disease. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2023; 114:132-140. [PMID: 35963332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Scabies, which is among the most prevalent diseases worldwide, is becoming more frequent in Spain. The problems of this epidemic can be explained by several factors: improper application or prescription of treatments, resistance or reduced sensitivity to topical treatments, and poor understanding of the parasite and contagion. We require a new evidence-based approach to therapy that takes these problems into consideration. If symptoms persist after proper treatment, it is important to identify the reason for failure and standardize our approach. In refractory cases, the prescriber should prioritize oral medication, indicate a higher dose, combine treatments, or evaluate the use of off-label treatments in certain populations. The availability of new medications -such as spinosad or, especially, moxidectin- offer hope for bringing this disease under control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Lluch-Galcerá
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, España.
| | - J M Carrascosa
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, España
| | - A Boada
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, España
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40
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Guan K, Xu J, Gu X, He R, Xie Y, Jing B, Peng X, Yang G. Artificial Infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) in Rabbits Exhibits Progressive Pathological Changes, Apoptosis, and Keratinization in the Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032187. [PMID: 36768507 PMCID: PMC9917239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei (S. scabiei) is an ectoparasite that can infest humans and 150 mammalian host species, primarily causing pruritus, crust, and alopecia. However, neither the pathological process of host skin under S. scabiei infection nor the mechanism of S. scabiei infection in regulating apoptosis and keratinization of host skin has been studied yet. In this study, a total of 56 rabbits were artificially infested with S. scabiei, and the skin samples were collected at seven different time points, including 6 h, 12 h, day 1, day 3, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks, whereas a group of eight rabbits served as controls. We measured epidermal thickness by H&E staining, observed the skin ultrastructure by electron microscopy, and detected the degree of skin apoptosis by TUNEL staining. The level of transcription of genes related to apoptosis and keratinization was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and the level of Bcl-2 protein expression was further detected using immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that, with increased infestation time, the epidermal layer of the rabbit skin exhibited significant thickening and keratinization, swollen mitochondria in the epidermal cells, and increased skin apoptosis. The level of caspase-1, 3, 8, 10, 14, and Bcl-2 mRNA expression was increased, whereas the level of keratin 1 and 5 was decreased after S. scabiei infestation. In conclusion, S. scabiei infestation causes thickening of the epidermis, which may be related to apoptosis-induced proliferation and skin keratinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Guan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (G.Y.)
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (G.Y.)
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41
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Colombo M, Morelli S, Sacra M, Trezza G, Paoletti B, Traversa D, Di Cesare A. An Uncommon and Severe Clinical Case of Sarcoptes scabiei Infestation in a Cat. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010062. [PMID: 36678410 PMCID: PMC9864773 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei causes sarcoptic mange in dogs and other mammals, including humans. Despite S. scabiei infests several animals, little is known about the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment of sarcoptic mange in cats. A few reports have shown that clinical signs of S. scabiei infestation in cats may vary from non-pruritic crusted lesions to itchy and mild lesions, while severe signs are very infrequent. The present report describes a severe case of S. scabiei infestation in a stray cat from Italy, characterized by bilateral alopecia, diffuse and multifocal hyperpigmented, crusted, erythematous, scaled, and exfoliated lesions. The cat was FIV-positive and also infected by the cestode Dipylidium caninum. After treatment with a broad-spectrum parasiticide and an antibiotic, the cat showed an almost complete clinical recovery in 4 weeks. Unfortunately, no further clinical examinations were performed due to the lack of compliance of the owner and to the death of the cat for causes unrelated to sarcoptic mange. This clinical case indicates that under certain circumstances, S. scabiei can reproduce and cause severe clinical signs in cats which are usually considered non-permissive hosts for this mite, and in which the disease is usually self-limiting. Clinic-pathological, epidemiological, and zoonotic implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariasole Colombo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Simone Morelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Marzia Sacra
- Clinica Veterinaria Borghesiana, 00132 Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Trezza
- Clinica Veterinaria Borghesiana, 00132 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Paoletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Donato Traversa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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42
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Essential Oils against Sarcoptes scabiei. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27249067. [PMID: 36558200 PMCID: PMC9788335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herbal remedia are widely employed in folk medicine, and have been more and more often studied and considered in the treatment of several infections. Sarcoptic mange (scabies, when referring to human patients) is a highly contagious skin disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei (sarcoptiformes, Sarcoptinae), an astigmatid mite which burrows into the epidermis, actively penetrating the stratum corneum. This parasitosis negatively affects livestock productions and represents a constraint on animal and human health. The treatment relies on permethrine and ivermectine but, since these molecules do not have ovicidal action, more than a single dose should be administered. Toxicity, the possible onset of parasite resistance, the presence of residues in meat and other animal products and environmental contamination are the major constraints. These shortcomings could be reduced by the use of plant extracts that have been in vitro or in vivo checked against these mites, sometimes with promising results. The aim of the present study was to review the literature dealing with the treatment of both scabies and sarcoptic mange by plant-derived agents, notably essential oils.
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43
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Wang T, Gasser RB, Korhonen PK, Young ND, Ang CS, Williamson NA, Ma G, Samarawickrama GR, Fernando DD, Fischer K. Proteomic analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei reveals that proteins differentially expressed between eggs and female adult stages are involved predominantly in genetic information processing, metabolism and/or host-parasite interactions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010946. [PMID: 36472966 PMCID: PMC9725168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, there is a dearth of proteomic data for parasitic mites and their relationship with the host animals. Here, using a high throughput LC-MS/MS-based approach, we undertook the first comprehensive, large-scale proteomic investigation of egg and adult female stages of the scabies mite, Sarcoptes scabiei-one of the most important parasitic mites of humans and other animals worldwide. In total, 1,761 S. scabiei proteins were identified and quantified with high confidence. Bioinformatic analyses revealed differentially expressed proteins to be involved predominantly in biological pathways or processes including genetic information processing, energy (oxidative phosphorylation), nucleotide, amino acid, carbohydrate and/or lipid metabolism, and some adaptive processes. Selected, constitutively and highly expressed proteins, such as peptidases, scabies mite inactivated protease paralogues (SMIPPs) and muscle proteins (myosin and troponin), are proposed to be involved in key biological processes within S. scabiei, host-parasite interactions and/or the pathogenesis of scabies. These proteomic data will enable future molecular, biochemical and physiological investigations of early developmental stages of S. scabiei and the discovery of novel interventions, targeting the egg stage, given its non-susceptibility to acaricides currently approved for the treatment of scabies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Neil D. Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Williamson
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gangi R. Samarawickrama
- Infection and Inflammation Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Deepani D. Fernando
- Infection and Inflammation Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- Infection and Inflammation Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Park DS, Choi J, Kim HJ, Kim JY, Kim MH, Lee JY, Moon JC, Park HB, Park K, Yun JH, Oh Y, Choe S, Na KJ, Yoon J. Two Cases of Mange Mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) Infestation in Long-Tailed Goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) in Republic of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2022; 60:423-427. [PMID: 36588420 PMCID: PMC9806499 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2022.60.6.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The long-tailed goral, Naemorhedus caudatus (Mammalia: Bovidae), is one of the endangered animals in the Republic of Korea (Korea). Sarcoptic mange mites infested in diverse species of mammals, including humans, but no case has been reported in long-tailed gorals. We report 2 cases of mange mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, infestation in long-tailed gorals. Mange mites were sampled in the skin legions of the 2 long-tailed gorals, which were rescued in 2 different regions, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do and Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea. Our results showed that the ectoparasite was the itch mite that burrowed into skin and caused scabies on the morphological inspection and placed within the phylogenetic relations of the species. The present study confirmed for the first time in Korea that mange mites are pathogenic scabies of long-tailed goral. Closer surveillance of this pathogenic ectoparasite in zoonotic and infectious ecosystems is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Som Park
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531,
Korea
| | - Jin Choi
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531,
Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Kim
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531,
Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Kim
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531,
Korea
| | - Min-Han Kim
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531,
Korea
| | - Jin-Young Lee
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531,
Korea
| | - Jeong Chan Moon
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531,
Korea
| | - Hee-Bok Park
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531,
Korea
| | - KyungMin Park
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531,
Korea
| | - Jun Hee Yun
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531,
Korea
| | - Yeonsu Oh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea
| | - Seongjun Choe
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Na
- Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Jongmin Yoon
- Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531,
Korea,Corresponding author ()
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45
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Hindle IJ, Forbes LK, Carver S. The effect of spatial dynamics on the behaviour of an environmentally transmitted disease. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2022; 16:144-159. [PMID: 35404769 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2022.2061614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spread of pathogens through the environment is critical to a fuller comprehension of disease dynamics. However, many mathematical models of disease dynamics ignore spatial effects. We seek to expand knowledge around the interaction between the bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) and sarcoptic mange (etiologic agent Sarcoptes scabiei), by extending an aspatial mathematical model to include spatial variation. S. scabiei was found to move through our modelled region as a spatio-temporal travelling wave, leaving behind pockets of localized host extinction, consistent with field observations. The speed of infection spread was also comparable with field research. Our model predicts that the inclusion of spatial dynamics leads to the survival and recovery of affected wombat populations when an aspatial model predicts extinction. Collectively, this research demonstrates how environmentally transmitted S. scabiei can result in travelling wave dynamics, and that inclusion of spatial variation reveals a more resilient host population than aspatial modelling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy J Hindle
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Lawrence K Forbes
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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46
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Xu Y, Xu Z, Gu X, Xie Y, He R, Xu J, Jing B, Peng X, Yang G. Immunomodulatory effects of two recombinant arginine kinases in Sarcoptes Scabiei on host peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035729. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAs an important zoonotic parasitic disease with global distribution, scabies causes serious public health and economic problems. Arginine kinase (AK) is involved in cell signal transduction, inflammation, and apoptosis. Two AKs were identified in Sarcoptes scabiei, but their functions in the host immune response remain unclear.MethodsrSsAK-1 and rSsAK-2 were expressed, purified, and immunolocalized. The effects of rSsAK-1 and rSsAK-2 on rabbit PBMC proliferation, apoptosis, and migration; Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Fas, Bax, and NF-κB transcription levels; and IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β1, and IL-17 secretion were detected.ResultsrSsAK-1 and rSsAK-2 were cloned and expressed successfully. Both enzymes were ~57 kDa and contained 17-kDa tagged proteins, and had good catalytic activity and immunoreactivity. The proteins were located in the S. scabiei exoskeleton, chewing mouthparts, legs, stomach, and intestine. SsAK-1 and SsAK-2 were secreted in the pool and epidermis of the skin lesions, which may be involved in S. scabiei–host interaction. rSsAK-1 and rSsAK-2 significantly promoted cell proliferation, induced cell migration, inhibited apoptosis, and increased Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and NF-κB (p65) transcription levels concentration-dependently, and inhibited IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-10 secretion and promoted IL-4 and IL-17 secretion.ConclusionrSsAK-1 and rSsAK-2 might increase Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expression by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway to promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis, which induced PBMC survival. By inducing PBMC migration to the infection site, rSsAK-1 and rSsAK-2 shifted the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 and changed the Th17/Treg balance, which indicated their immune role in S. scabiei allergic inflammation.
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Wu Q, Chen L, Zhang Q, Jin X, Tang L, Zhang X, Liu Y, Li J, Pei J, Zhu Q, Jin S, Zhao Q, Shen J, Zhao Z, Jin Y, He H, Gu X, Yang M. Sarcoptic mange is an emerging threat to biodiversity in the Qinling Mountains in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3724-3736. [PMID: 36251176 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange, a disease caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is globally endemic and an emerging threat to wildlife. Although many studies have shown that wildlife diseases play key roles in biodiversity conservation, knowledge about sarcoptic mange is still insufficient. In this study, we aim to improve the understanding of the impacts of sarcoptic mange on wildlife populations, the mechanisms involved in its eco-epidemiology and the associated risks to public and ecosystem health by investigating mass death events in gorals and serows in the Qinling Mountains. We conducted interviews with practitioners and local people in the central Qinling Mountains. From the same locations, we collected 24 cutaneous samples from various animals and surveillance data from infrared cameras. Pathological, parasitological and microbiological examinations of the samples were performed. Mite-induced cutaneous lesions, mites and eggs were observed in samples from dead gorals and one dead serow but not in other species. Molecular analysis confirmed the mites to be S. scabiei and shared the same cox 1 genotype. The data obtained from the interviews and infrared cameras indicated that the death of wildlife was related to sarcoptic mange infection and that there had been a decrease in the goral population since the outbreak of the disease. We confirmed that sarcoptic mange was the major cause of the mass death events and may have spread from the western to eastern Qinling Mountains. Based on our findings, we propose several protection strategies to help preserve biodiversity in the Qinling Mountains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxing Wu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Niubeiliang National Nature Reserve of Shaanxi, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- Niubeiliang National Nature Reserve of Shaanxi, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuelin Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China
| | - Liubin Tang
- Foping National Reserve of Shaanxi, Hanzhong, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Qinling Ecology and Environment Protection and Comprehensive Law Enforcement Bureau of Chang'an District, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- Forestry Resources Protection Center of Chang'an District, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun'an Li
- Taibai Mountain National Reserve of Shaanxi, Yangling, China
| | - Junfeng Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China
| | - Qifeng Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Qingxia Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Forestry Resources Protection Center of Chang'an District, Xi'an, China
| | - Zemin Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yipeng Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Prevalence, hematological, serum biochemical, histopathology, and molecular characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei in naturally infected rabbits from Minoufiya Governorate, Egypt. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 36:100788. [PMID: 36436899 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious ectoparasitic disease that causes significant economic losses in the rabbit industry. The current study intended to reveal the infection rate, histopathology, and genetic characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei (S. scabiei) in naturally infected rabbits in Minoufiya governorate, Egypt. A total of 1120 rabbits were physically inspected for sarcoptic mange lesions and infections were confirmed microscopically. In addition, the various hematologic and serum biochemical parameters in naturally infected and non-infected rabbits were evaluated. A histopathological examination was performed. Genomic DNA was isolated from skin scraping samples and amplified using PCR primers targeting the ITS-2 region and Cox1 and Actin genes, which were then sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. The overall prevalence of S. scabiei was 5.98%. Although the infection was higher in females than males, the analysis showed no statistically significant difference. White blood cells, lymphocytes, liver enzymes (GOT and GPT), urea, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde dramatically increased whereas RBCs, Hb, and MCV significantly decreased. There were epidermal thickening and hyperkeratosis, inflammation, and homogenous faint pink edematous lesions, and the S. scabiei was attached to the stratum corneum and/or burrowing through it, causing tunnels. PCR and sequence analysis of the ITS-2 region and Cox1 and Actin genes showed that the sequences in the present study were highly identical to the homologous sequences from several countries and confirmed that the mite was S. scabiei. This study presented the first molecular characterization of S. scabiei in rabbits from Minoufiya Governorate, Egypt.
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The Efficacy and Biopharmaceutical Properties of a Fixed-Dose Combination of Disulfiram and Benzyl Benzoate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810969. [PMID: 36142878 PMCID: PMC9502479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies and hair lice are parasitic diseases that affect human skin and hair, respectively. The incidence and resistances of these infections are increasing. Tenutex® (disulfiram and benzyl benzoate emulsion) is an alternative to standard insecticides to avoid resistances. The aim of the work is to evaluate the transdermal absorption and the in vitro efficacy against scabies and hair lice after different exposition times. Dermatomed human skin was used to assess the dermal absorption using a validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. HEK001 keratinocytes were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of benzyl benzoate. Only benzyl benzoate was able to cross the skin, but it did not show cytotoxicity at any of the tested concentrations. The product efficacy was tested on Psoroptes ovis after direct contact and after administration on sheep skin explants at different contact times. Permethrin/malathion-resistant strains of Pediculus humanis capitis adults and eggs were directly exposed to Tenutex, and the vitality and hatchability, respectively, were evaluated. The anti-scabies study demonstrated that exposure for 6 or 24 h completely eradicated the parasite. The pediculicidal activity of Tenutex exhibited superior efficacy than standard treatment on resistant lice. The positive results obtained suggest that Tenutex® is a good treatment option, especially in drug resistance situations.
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50
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Busi A, Ospina-Pérez EM, Rodríguez-Hurtado C, Mejía-Fontecha IY, Ossa-López PA, Rivera-Páez FA, Ramírez-Chaves HE. Infestation, histology, and molecular confirmation of Sarcoptes scabiei in an Andean porcupine ( Coendou quichua) from the Central Andes of Colombia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:266-272. [PMID: 35814637 PMCID: PMC9260439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious, worldwide disease that affects the skin of mammals, including humans. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, however, the information available in wild mammal populations in the world, and particularly in Colombia is limited. Here, we document a new case of sarcoptic mange in an Andean porcupine (Coendou quichua) from the Andean region of Colombia. We morphologically and molecularly confirmed the mite as S. scabiei and documented the histopathology associated with scabies, and show the different stages of the life cycle of S. scabiei from the Andean porcupine skin samples. Our review of reports of additional cases of scabies in wild mammal species in South America showed 15 species, mostly carnivores, artiodactyls, and rodents. Considering the limited information in Colombia, it is urgent to evaluate the risk of this condition on mammals which would contribute to the epidemiological knowledge and the potential implications of sarcoptic mange in the ecology and conservation of wild mammals in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Busi
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Erika Mayerly Ospina-Pérez
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Doctorado en Ciencias – Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Caterine Rodríguez-Hurtado
- Professional Universitaria, Parque Nacional Natural Selva de Florencia, Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia, Corregimiento de Florencia, Samaná, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Ingrith Y. Mejía-Fontecha
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Centro de Museos, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 58 No. 21-50, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Paula A. Ossa-López
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Doctorado en Ciencias – Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Fredy A. Rivera-Páez
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Héctor E. Ramírez-Chaves
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Centro de Museos, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 58 No. 21-50, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
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