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Chen R, Dai J. Lipid metabolism in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: From pathogenesis to therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:905-915. [PMID: 37289208 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic irreversible interstitial lung disease characterized by a progressive decline in lung function. The etiology of IPF is unknown, which poses a significant challenge to the treatment of IPF. Recent studies have identified a strong association between lipid metabolism and the development of IPF. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of small molecule metabolites using lipidomics reveals that lipid metabolic reprogramming plays a role in the pathogenesis of IPF. Lipids such as fatty acids, cholesterol, arachidonic acid metabolites, and phospholipids are involved in the onset and progression of IPF by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, promoting cell apoptosis, and enhancing the expression of pro-fibrotic biomarkers. Therefore, targeting lipid metabolism can provide a promising therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis. This review focuses on lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranxun Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Scott WC, Cahill KN, Milne GL, Li P, Sheng Q, Huang LC, Dennis S, Snyder J, Bauer AM, Chandra RK, Chowdhury NI, Turner JH. Inflammatory heterogeneity in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:1318-1328.e5. [PMID: 33189729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a mechanistically distinct subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Although frequently associated with type 2 inflammation, literature characterizing the milieu of inflammatory cytokines and lipid mediators in AERD has been conflicting. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify differences in the upper airway inflammatory signature between CRSwNP and AERD and determine whether endotypic subtypes of AERD may exist. METHODS Levels of 7 cytokines representative of type 1, type 2, and type 3 inflammation, and 21 lipid mediators were measured in nasal mucus from 109 patients with CRSwNP, 30 patients with AERD, and 64 non-CRS controls. Differences in inflammatory mediators were identified between groups, and patterns of inflammation among patients with AERD were determined by hierarchical cluster analysis. RESULTS AERD could be distinguished from CRSwNP by profound elevations in IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and IFN-γ; however, significant heterogeneity existed between patients. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified 3 inflammatory subendotypes of AERD characterized by (1) low inflammatory burden, (2) high type 2 cytokines, and (3) comparatively low type 2 cytokines and high levels of type 1 and type 3 cytokines. Several lipid mediators were associated with asthma and sinonasal disease severity; however, lipid mediators showed less variability than cytokines. CONCLUSIONS AERD is associated with elevations in type 2 cytokines (IL-5 and IL-13) and the type 1 cytokine, IFN-γ. Among patients with AERD, the inflammatory signature is heterogeneous, supporting subendotypes of the disease. Variability in AERD immune signatures should be further clarified because this may predict clinical response to biologic medications that target type 2 inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Scott
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Katherine N Cahill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Li Ching Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Spencer Dennis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Jacob Snyder
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Ashley M Bauer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Rakesh K Chandra
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Naweed I Chowdhury
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Justin H Turner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn.
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Guan PP, Liang YY, Cao LL, Yu X, Wang P. Cyclooxygenase-2 Induced the β-Amyloid Protein Deposition and Neuronal Apoptosis Via Upregulating the Synthesis of Prostaglandin E 2 and 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1255-1268. [PMID: 31392591 PMCID: PMC6985346 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PGs) have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Analysis of the underlying mechanisms elucidated a function of sequential PGE2 and PGD2 synthesis in regulating β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition by modulating tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-dependent presenilin (PS)1/2 activity in COX-2 and APP/PS1 crossed mice. Specifically, COX-2 overexpression accelerates the expression of microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), leading to the synthesis of PGE2 and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) in 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Consequently, PGE2 has the ability to increase Aβ production by enhancing the expression of PS1/2 in a TNF-α-dependent manner, which accelerates the cognitive decline of COX-2/APP/PS1 mice. More interestingly, low concentrations of 15d-PGJ2 treatment facilitate the effects of PGE2 on the deposition of Aβ via TNF-α-dependent PS1/2 mechanisms. In contrast, high concentrations of 15d-PGJ2 treatment inhibit the deposition of Aβ via suppressing the expression of TNF-α-dependent PS1/2. In this regard, a high concentration of 15d-PGJ2 appears to be a therapeutic agent against Alzheimer's disease. However, the high 15d-PGJ2 concentration treatment induces neuronal apoptosis via increasing the protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and DFF45, which further impairs the learning ability of APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yun-Yue Liang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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Maseda D, Ricciotti E, Crofford LJ. Prostaglandin regulation of T cell biology. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104456. [PMID: 31553935 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) are pleiotropic bioactive lipids involved in the control of many physiological processes, including key roles in regulating inflammation. This links PG to the modulation of the quality and magnitude of immune responses. T cells, as a core part of the immune system, respond readily to inflammatory cues from their environment, and express a diverse array of PG receptors that contribute to their function and phenotype. Here we put in context our knowledge about how PG affect T cell biology, and review advances that bring light into how specific T cell functions that have been newly discovered are modulated through PG. We will also comment on drugs that target PG metabolism and sensing, their effect on T cell function during disease, and we will finally discuss how we can design new approaches that modulate PG in order to maximize desired therapeutic T cell effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Maseda
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 8-138 Smillow Center for Translational Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Emanuela Ricciotti
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leslie J Crofford
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Xu JY, Xiong YY, Lu XT, Yang YJ. Regulation of Type 2 Immunity in Myocardial Infarction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:62. [PMID: 30761134 PMCID: PMC6362944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 immunity participates in the pathogeneses of helminth infection and allergic diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that the components of type 2 immunity are also involved in maintaining metabolic hemostasis and facilitating the healing process after tissue injury. Numerous preclinical studies have suggested regulation of type 2 immunity-related cytokines, such as interleukin-4, -13, and -33, and cell types, such as M2 macrophages, mast cells, and eosinophils, affects cardiac functions after myocardial infarction (MI), providing new insights into the importance of immune modulation in the infarcted heart. This review provides an overview of the functions of these cytokines and cells in the setting of MI as well as their potential to predict the severity and prognosis of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Yan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Lu
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Opposing roles of PGD 2 in GBM. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017; 134:66-76. [PMID: 29042181 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization classifies glioblastoma (GBM) as a grade IV astrocytoma. Despite the advances in chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation treatments that improve a patient's length of survival, the overall trajectory of the disease remains unchanged. GBM cells produce significant levels of various types of bioactive lipids. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) influences both pro- and anti-tumorigenic activities in the cell; however, its role in GBM is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the impact of PGD2 on GBM cell activities in vitro. METHODS First we looked to identify the presence of the PGD2 synthesis pathway through RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and HPLC-MS/MS in three GBM cell lines. Then, to observe PGD2's effects on cell count and apoptosis/mitosis (Hoechst 33342 stain), and migration (Transwell Assay), the cells were treated in vitro with physiological (<1μM) and/or supraphysiological (>1μM) concentrations of PGD2 over 72h. HPLC-MS/MS was used to identify the lipid composition of patients with either Grade II/III gliomas or GBM. RESULTS We identified the presence of endogenous PGD2 with its corresponding enzymes and receptors. Exogenous PGD2 both increased cell count (<1μM) and decreased cell count (10μM) in a concentration-dependent manner. There were no significant effects on apoptosis. A significant decrease in mitotic activity was seen only in U251MG, and a significant increase was seen in migration with 5μM PGD2 treatments. A very significant increase of PGD2 was seen from Grade II/III gliomas to GBM. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that prostaglandin D2 possesses a dynamic, concentration-dependent effect in GBM cell activities. The increase of PGD2 production in GBM patients suggests a pro-tumorigenic role of PGD2 in glioma growth and invasion. Therefore, prostaglandin signaling in GBM requires further investigation to identify new targets for more effective therapies.
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Freitas HR, Isaac AR, Malcher-Lopes R, Diaz BL, Trevenzoli IH, De Melo Reis RA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and endocannabinoids in health and disease. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:695-714. [PMID: 28686542 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1347373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are lipid derivatives of omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or of omega-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) synthesized from membrane phospholipids and used as a precursor for endocannabinoids (ECs). They mediate significant effects in the fine-tune adjustment of body homeostasis. Phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids also rule the daily life of billions worldwide, as they are involved in obesity, depression and drug addiction. Consequently, there is growing interest to reveal novel active compounds in this field. Cloning of cannabinoid receptors in the 90s and the identification of the endogenous mediators arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonyglycerol (2-AG), led to the characterization of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), together with their metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters. Today, the ECS is known to be involved in diverse functions such as appetite control, food intake, energy balance, neuroprotection, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, mood disorders, emesis, modulation of pain, inflammatory responses, as well as in cancer therapy. Western diet as well as restriction of micronutrients and fatty acids, such as DHA, could be related to altered production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. eicosanoids) and ECs, contributing to the progression of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, depression or impairing conditions, such as Alzheimer' s disease. Here we review how diets based in PUFAs might be linked to ECS and to the maintenance of central and peripheral metabolism, brain plasticity, memory and learning, blood flow, and genesis of neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hércules Rezende Freitas
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Alinny Rosendo Isaac
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Lourenço Diaz
- c Laboratory of Inflammation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- d Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto De Melo Reis
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
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Sun Y, Yang J, Zhang S, Gao Y, Jin Y, Wang M, Ni L, Wang Z, Kang P, Qiu Y, Liu X, Li Y. Effect of mechanical ventilation on urine volume and expression of aquaporins in rabbits. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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9
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Kong D, Li J, Shen Y, Liu G, Zuo S, Tao B, Ji Y, Lu A, Lazarus M, Breyer RM, Yu Y. Niacin Promotes Cardiac Healing after Myocardial Infarction through Activation of the Myeloid Prostaglandin D 2 Receptor Subtype 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 360:435-444. [PMID: 28057839 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Niacin is a well established drug used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease events. However, niacin also causes cutaneous flushing side effects due to release of the proresolution mediator prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). Recent randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that addition of niacin with laropiprant [a PGD2 receptor subtype 1 (DP1) blocker] to statin-based therapies does not significantly decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease events, but increases the risk of serious adverse events. Here, we tested whether, and how, niacin beneficial effects on myocardial ischemia require the activation of the PGD2/DP1 axis. Myocardial infarction (MI) was reproduced by ligation of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery in mice. We found that niacin increased PGD2 release in macrophages and shifted macrophages to M2 polarization both in vitro and in vivo by activation of DP1 and accelerated inflammation resolution in zymosan-induced peritonitis in mice. Moreover, niacin treatment facilitated wound healing and improved cardiac function after MI through DP1-mediated M2 bias and timely resolution of inflammation in infarcted hearts. In addition, we found that niacin intake also stimulated M2 polarization of peripheral monocytes in humans. Collectively, niacin promoted cardiac functional recovery after ischemic myocardial infarction through DP1-mediated M2 polarization and timely resolution of inflammation in hearts. These results indicated that DP1 inhibition may attenuate the cardiovascular benefits of niacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deping Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (D.K., Y.S., Y.Y.); Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.K., G.L., S.Z., B.T., Y.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology (J.L.), and Department of Cardiology (A.L.); Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Y.J.); International Institute for Integrative, Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan (M.L.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (R.M.B.)
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (D.K., Y.S., Y.Y.); Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.K., G.L., S.Z., B.T., Y.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology (J.L.), and Department of Cardiology (A.L.); Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Y.J.); International Institute for Integrative, Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan (M.L.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (R.M.B.)
| | - Yujun Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (D.K., Y.S., Y.Y.); Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.K., G.L., S.Z., B.T., Y.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology (J.L.), and Department of Cardiology (A.L.); Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Y.J.); International Institute for Integrative, Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan (M.L.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (R.M.B.)
| | - Guizhu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (D.K., Y.S., Y.Y.); Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.K., G.L., S.Z., B.T., Y.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology (J.L.), and Department of Cardiology (A.L.); Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Y.J.); International Institute for Integrative, Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan (M.L.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (R.M.B.)
| | - Shengkai Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (D.K., Y.S., Y.Y.); Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.K., G.L., S.Z., B.T., Y.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology (J.L.), and Department of Cardiology (A.L.); Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Y.J.); International Institute for Integrative, Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan (M.L.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (R.M.B.)
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (D.K., Y.S., Y.Y.); Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.K., G.L., S.Z., B.T., Y.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology (J.L.), and Department of Cardiology (A.L.); Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Y.J.); International Institute for Integrative, Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan (M.L.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (R.M.B.)
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (D.K., Y.S., Y.Y.); Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.K., G.L., S.Z., B.T., Y.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology (J.L.), and Department of Cardiology (A.L.); Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Y.J.); International Institute for Integrative, Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan (M.L.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (R.M.B.)
| | - Ankang Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (D.K., Y.S., Y.Y.); Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.K., G.L., S.Z., B.T., Y.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology (J.L.), and Department of Cardiology (A.L.); Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Y.J.); International Institute for Integrative, Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan (M.L.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (R.M.B.)
| | - Michael Lazarus
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (D.K., Y.S., Y.Y.); Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.K., G.L., S.Z., B.T., Y.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology (J.L.), and Department of Cardiology (A.L.); Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Y.J.); International Institute for Integrative, Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan (M.L.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (R.M.B.)
| | - Richard M Breyer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (D.K., Y.S., Y.Y.); Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.K., G.L., S.Z., B.T., Y.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology (J.L.), and Department of Cardiology (A.L.); Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Y.J.); International Institute for Integrative, Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan (M.L.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (R.M.B.)
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (D.K., Y.S., Y.Y.); Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.K., G.L., S.Z., B.T., Y.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology (J.L.), and Department of Cardiology (A.L.); Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Y.J.); International Institute for Integrative, Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan (M.L.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (R.M.B.)
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10
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Gangwar RS, Landolina N, Arpinati L, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cell and eosinophil surface receptors as targets for anti-allergic therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:37-63. [PMID: 27773785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ludovica Arpinati
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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11
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Kong D, Shen Y, Liu G, Zuo S, Ji Y, Lu A, Nakamura M, Lazarus M, Stratakis CA, Breyer RM, Yu Y. PKA regulatory IIα subunit is essential for PGD2-mediated resolution of inflammation. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2209-26. [PMID: 27621415 PMCID: PMC5030806 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetic participation of macrophages is critical for inflammatory resolution and recovery from myocardial infarction (MI), particularly with respect to the transition from the M1 to the M2 phenotype; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we found that the deletion of prostaglandin (PG) D2 receptor subtype 1 (DP1) in macrophages retarded M2 polarization, antiinflammatory cytokine production, and resolution in different inflammatory models, including the MI model. DP1 deletion up-regulated proinflammatory genes expression via JAK2/STAT1 signaling in macrophages, whereas its activation facilitated binding of the separated PKA regulatory IIα subunit (PRKAR2A) to the transmembrane domain of IFN-γ receptor, suppressed JAK2-STAT1 axis-mediated M1 polarization, and promoted resolution. PRKAR2A deficiency attenuated DP1 activation-mediated M2 polarization and resolution of inflammation. Collectively, PGD2-DP1 axis-induced M2 polarization facilitates resolution of inflammation through the PRKAR2A-mediated suppression of JAK2/STAT1 signaling. These observations indicate that macrophage DP1 activation represents a promising strategy in the management of inflammation-associated diseases, including post-MI healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deping Kong
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yujun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Guizhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shengkai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ankang Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Masataka Nakamura
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard M Breyer
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37212 Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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12
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Morand DN, Davideau JL, Clauss F, Jessel N, Tenenbaum H, Huck O. Cytokines during periodontal wound healing: potential application for new therapeutic approach. Oral Dis 2016; 23:300-311. [PMID: 26945691 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of periodontal tissues is one of the main goals of periodontal therapy. However, current treatment, including surgical approach, use of membrane to allow maturation of all periodontal tissues, or use of enamel matrix derivatives, presents limitations in their indications and outcomes leading to the development of new tissue engineering strategies. Several cytokines are considered as key molecules during periodontal destruction process. However, their role during each phase of periodontal wound healing remains unclear. Control and modulation of the inflammatory response and especially, release of cytokines or activation/inhibition in a time- and spatial-controlled manner may be a potential perspective for periodontal tissue engineering. The aim of this review was to summarize the specific role of several cytokines during periodontal wound healing and the potential therapeutic interest of inflammatory modulation for periodontal regeneration especially related to the expression sequence of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Morand
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1109, Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Department of periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - J-L Davideau
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1109, Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Department of periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - F Clauss
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1109, Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Department of periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - N Jessel
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1109, Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - H Tenenbaum
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1109, Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Department of periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - O Huck
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1109, Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Department of periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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13
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Marcinek P, Geithe C, Krautwurst D. Chemosensory G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR) in Blood Leukocytes. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Gabbs M, Leng S, Devassy JG, Monirujjaman M, Aukema HM. Advances in Our Understanding of Oxylipins Derived from Dietary PUFAs. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:513-40. [PMID: 26374175 PMCID: PMC4561827 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the main mediators of PUFA effects in the body. They are formed via cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450 pathways, resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxy fatty acids (FAs), epoxy FAs, lipoxins, eoxins, hepoxilins, resolvins, protectins (also called neuroprotectins in the brain), and maresins. In addition to the well-known eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, recent developments in lipidomic methodologies have raised awareness of and interest in the large number of oxylipins formed from other PUFAs, including those from the essential FAs and the longer-chain n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs. Oxylipins have essential roles in normal physiology and function, but can also have detrimental effects. Compared with the oxylipins derived from n-3 PUFAs, oxylipins from n-6 PUFAs generally have greater activity and more inflammatory, vasoconstrictory, and proliferative effects, although there are notable exceptions. Because PUFA composition does not necessarily reflect oxylipin composition, comprehensive analysis of the oxylipin profile is necessary to understand the overall physiologic effects of PUFAs mediated through their oxylipins. These analyses should include oxylipins derived from linoleic and α-linolenic acids, because these largely unexplored bioactive oxylipins constitute more than one-half of oxylipins present in tissues. Because collated information on oxylipins formed from different PUFAs is currently unavailable, this review provides a detailed compilation of the main oxylipins formed from PUFAs and describes their functions. Much remains to be elucidated in this emerging field, including the discovery of more oxylipins, and the understanding of the differing biological potencies, kinetics, and isomer-specific activities of these novel PUFA metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harold M Aukema
- Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
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15
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Croasdell A, Thatcher TH, Kottmann RM, Colas RA, Dalli J, Serhan CN, Sime PJ, Phipps RP. Resolvins attenuate inflammation and promote resolution in cigarette smoke-exposed human macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L888-901. [PMID: 26301452 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00125.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a protective response to injury, but it can become chronic, leading to tissue damage and disease. Cigarette smoke causes multiple inflammatory diseases, which account for thousands of deaths and cost billions of dollars annually. Cigarette smoke disrupts the function of immune cells, such as macrophages, by prolonging inflammatory signaling, promoting oxidative stress, and impairing phagocytosis, contributing to increased incidence of infections. Recently, new families of lipid-derived mediators, "specialized proresolving mediators" (SPMs), were identified. SPMs play a critical role in the active resolution of inflammation by counterregulating proinflammatory signaling and promoting resolution pathways. We have identified dysregulated concentrations of lipid mediators in exhaled breath condensate, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and serum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In human alveolar macrophages from COPD and non-COPD patients, D-series resolvins decreased inflammatory cytokines and enhanced phagocytosis. To further investigate the actions of resolvins on human cells, macrophages were differentiated from human blood monocytes and treated with D-series resolvins and then exposed to cigarette smoke extract. Resolvins significantly suppressed macrophage production of proinflammatory cytokines, enzymes, and lipid mediators. Resolvins also increased anti-inflammatory cytokines, promoted an M2 macrophage phenotype, and restored cigarette smoke-induced defects in phagocytosis, highlighting the proresolving functions of these molecules. These actions were receptor-dependent and involved modulation of canonical and noncanonical NF-κB expression, with the first evidence for SPM action on alternative NF-κB signaling. These data show that resolvins act on human macrophages to attenuate cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory effects through proresolving mechanisms and provide new evidence of the therapeutic potential of SPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Croasdell
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; and
| | - R Matthew Kottmann
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; and
| | - Romain A Colas
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; and
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; and
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16
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Pereira PAT, Bitencourt CDS, dos Santos DF, Nicolete R, Gelfuso GM, Faccioli LH. Prostaglandin D2-loaded microspheres effectively activate macrophage effector functions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 78:132-9. [PMID: 26143263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres (MS) improve the stability of biomolecules stability and allow enable their sustained release. Lipid mediators represent a strategy for improving host defense; however, most of these mediators, such as prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), have low water solubility and are unstable. The present study aimed to develop and characterize MS loaded with PGD2 (PGD2-MS) to obtain an innovative tool to activate macrophages. PGD2-MS were prepared using an oil-in-water emulsion solvent extraction-evaporation process, and the size, zeta potential, surface morphology and encapsulation efficiency were determined. It was also evaluated in vitro the phagocytic index, NF-κB activation, as well as nitric oxide and cytokine production by alveolar macrophages (AMs) in response to PGD2-MS. PGD2-MS were spherical with a diameter of 5.0±3.3 μm and regular surface, zeta potential of -13.4±5.6 mV, and 36% of encapsulation efficiency, with 16-26% release of entrapped PGD2 at 4 and 48 h, respectively. PGD2-MS were more efficiently internalized by AMs than unloaded-MS, and activated NF-κB more than free PGD2. Moreover, PGD2-MS stimulated the production of nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, and TGF-β, more than free PGD2, indicating that microencapsulation increased the activating effect of PGD2 on cells. In LPS-pre-treated AMs, PGD2-MS decreased the release of IL-6 but increased the production of nitric oxide and IL-1β. These results show that the morphological characteristics of PGD2-MS facilitated interaction with, and activation of phagocytic cells; moreover, PGD2-MS retained the biological activities of PGD2 to trigger effector mechanisms in AMs. It is suggested that PGD2-MS represent a strategy for therapeutic intervention in the lungs of immunocompromised subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Aparecida Tartari Pereira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Claudia da Silva Bitencourt
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Daiane Fernanda dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Roberto Nicolete
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz Rondônia), Rua da Beira, 7671, Porto Velho, RO 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Martins Gelfuso
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Medicamentos, Alimentos e Cosméticos (LTMAC), Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
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17
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Malki A, Fiedler J, Fricke K, Ballweg I, Pfaffl MW, Krautwurst D. Class I odorant receptors, TAS1R and TAS2R taste receptors, are markers for subpopulations of circulating leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:533-45. [PMID: 25624459 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0714-331rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our cellular immune system has to cope constantly with foodborne substances that enter the bloodstream postprandially. Here, they may activate leukocytes via specific but yet mostly unknown receptors. Ectopic RNA expression out of gene families of chemosensory receptors, i.e., the ∼400 ORs, ∼25 TAS2R bitter-taste receptors, and the TAS1R umami- and sweet-taste receptor dimers by which we typically detect foodborne substances, has been reported in a variety of peripheral tissues unrelated to olfaction or taste. In the present study, we have now discovered, by gene-specific RT-PCR experiments, the mRNA expression of most of the Class I ORs (TAS1R) and TAS2R in 5 different types of blood leukocytes. Surprisingly, we did not detect Class II OR mRNA. By RT-qPCR, we show the mRNA expression of human chemosensory receptors and their cow orthologs in PMN, thus suggesting an evolutionary concept. By immunocytochemistry, we demonstrate that some olfactory and taste receptors are expressed, on average, in 40-60% of PMN and T or B cells and largely coexpress in the same subpopulation of PMN. The mRNA expression and the size of subpopulations expressing certain chemosensory receptors varied largely among individual blood samples, suggesting a regulated expression of olfactory and taste receptors in these cells. Moreover, we show mRNA expression of their downstream signaling molecules and demonstrate that PTX abolishes saccharin- or 2-PEA-induced PMN chemotactic migration, indicating a role for Gi-type proteins. In summary, our data suggest "chemosensory"-type subpopulations of circulating leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Malki
- *Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institute, Freising, Germany; and Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie-Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Julia Fiedler
- *Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institute, Freising, Germany; and Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie-Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Kristina Fricke
- *Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institute, Freising, Germany; and Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie-Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Ines Ballweg
- *Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institute, Freising, Germany; and Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie-Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- *Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institute, Freising, Germany; and Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie-Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- *Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institute, Freising, Germany; and Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie-Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
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18
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Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Rockwell P, Schmidt-Glenewinkel T, Serrano P. Neuroinflammation and J2 prostaglandins: linking impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and mitochondria to neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 7:104. [PMID: 25628533 PMCID: PMC4292445 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response of the CNS is a defense mechanism activated upon injury to initiate repair mechanisms while chronic over-activation of the CNS immune system (termed neuroinflammation) may exacerbate injury. The latter is implicated in a variety of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, HIV dementia, and prion diseases. Cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), which are key enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid into bioactive prostanoids, play a central role in the inflammatory cascade. J2 prostaglandins are endogenous toxic products of cyclooxygenases, and because their levels are significantly increased upon brain injury, they are actively involved in neuronal dysfunction induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which J2 prostaglandins (1) exert their actions, (2) potentially contribute to the transition from acute to chronic inflammation and to the spreading of neuropathology, (3) disturb the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and mitochondrial function, and (4) contribute to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and demyelination in Krabbe disease. We conclude by discussing the therapeutic potential of targeting the J2 prostaglandin pathway to prevent/delay neurodegeneration associated with neuroinflammation. In this context, we suggest a shift from the traditional view that cyclooxygenases are the most appropriate targets to treat neuroinflammation, to the notion that J2 prostaglandin pathways and other neurotoxic prostaglandins downstream from cyclooxygenases, would offer significant benefits as more effective therapeutic targets to treat chronic neurodegenerative diseases, while minimizing adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Rockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Schmidt-Glenewinkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
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19
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Rodriguez R, Rosu-Myles M, Aráuzo-Bravo M, Horrillo A, Pan Q, Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M, Menendez P. Human bone marrow stromal cells lose immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties upon oncogenic transformation. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:606-19. [PMID: 25358789 PMCID: PMC4223704 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their immunomodulatory properties, human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) represent promising stem cells for treatment of immune disorders. hBMSCs expansion precedes their clinical use, so the possibility that hBMSCs undergo spontaneous transformation upon long-term culture should be addressed. Whether hBMSCs retain immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties upon oncogenic transformation remains unknown. Using sequentially mutated hBMSCs and spontaneously transformed hBMSCs, we report that, upon oncogenic transformation, hBMSCs lose immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptome profiling and functional assays reveal immune effectors underlying the loss of immunomodulation in transformed hBMSCs. They display a proinflammatory transcriptomic signature, with deregulation of immune and inflammatory modulators and regulators of the prostaglandin synthesis. Transformed hBMSCs lose their capacity to secrete the immunosuppressive prostacyclins prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGI2 but produce proinflammatory thromboxanes. Together, the immunoregulatory profile adopted by hBMSCs largely depends on intrinsic genetic-molecular determinants triggered by genomic instability/oncogenic transformation. Oncogenic hBMSCs display robustly impaired immune properties Transformed hBMSCs display a proinflammatory transcriptomic signature Transformed hBMSCs lose capacity to secrete immunosuppressive prostacyclins Transformed hBMSCs gain the capacity to produce proinflammatory thromboxanes
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rodriguez
- Hospital Universitario de Asturias-Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Marcos Aráuzo-Bravo
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation of Science, Bilbao 20014, Spain; Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Angélica Horrillo
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program, Medicine School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Rey
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra/CSIC, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra/CSIC, Granada 18016, Spain.
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program, Medicine School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Instituciò Catala de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain.
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20
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van den Brule S, Huaux F, Uwambayinema F, Ibouraadaten S, Yakoub Y, Palmai-Pallag M, Trottein F, Renauld JC, Lison D. Lung inflammation and thymic atrophy after bleomycin are controlled by the prostaglandin D2 receptor DP1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:212-22. [PMID: 24003988 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0520oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) can be accompanied by secondary systemic manifestations. In a model of ALI induced by bleomycin (bleo), we examined the response of D prostanoid receptor 1 (DP1)-deficient mice (DP1(-/-)) to better understand these processes. DP1 deficiency aggravated the toxicity of bleo as indicated by enhanced body weight loss, mortality, and lung inflammation including bronchoalveolar permeability and neutrophilia. Thymic atrophy was also observed after bleo and was strongly exacerbated in DP1(-/-) mice. This resulted from the enhanced depletion of immature T lymphocytes in the thymus of DP1(-/-) mice, a phenomenon usually related to increased glucocorticoid release in blood. Serum corticosterone was more elevated in DP1(-/-) mice after bleo than in wild-type (wt) mice. Thymocytes of DP1(-/-) mice were not more sensitive to dexamethasone in vitro, and systemic delivery of dexamethasone or peritoneal inflammation after LPS induced a similar thymic atrophy in wt and DP1(-/-) mice, indicating that pulmonary DP1 was critical to the control of thymic atrophy after bleo. DP1(-/-) mice showed increased lung and/or blood mediators involved in neutrophil recruitment and/or glucocorticoid production/thymic atrophy (osteopontin, leukemia inhibitory factor, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine) after bleo. Finally, local pulmonary DP1 activation or inhibition in wt mice abrogated or amplified thymic atrophy after bleo, respectively. Altogether, our data reveal that ALI can perturb the systemic T-cell pool by inducing thymic atrophy and that both pathological processes are controlled by the pulmonary DP1 receptor. This new pathway represents a potential therapeutic target in ALI.
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Oeste CL, Pérez-Sala D. Modification of cysteine residues by cyclopentenone prostaglandins: interplay with redox regulation of protein function. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:110-125. [PMID: 23818260 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPG) are endogenous lipid mediators involved in the resolution of inflammation and the regulation of cell proliferation and cellular redox status. Upon exogenous administration they have shown beneficial effects in models of inflammation and tissue injury, as well as potential antitumoral actions, which have raised a considerable interest in their study for the development of therapeutic tools. Due to their electrophilic nature, the best-known mechanism of action of these mediators is the covalent modification of proteins at cysteine residues through Michael addition. Identification of cyPG targets through proteomic approaches, including MS/MS analysis to pinpoint the modified residues, is proving critical to characterize their mechanisms of action. Among the targets of cyPG are proinflammatory transcription factors, proteins involved in cell defense, such as the regulator of the antioxidant response Keap1 and detoxifying enzymes like GST, and key signaling proteins like Ras proteins. Moreover, cyPG may interact with redox-active small molecules, such as glutathione and hydrogen sulfide. Much has been learned about cyPG in the past few years and this knowledge has also contributed to clarify both pharmacological actions and signaling mechanisms of these and other electrophilic lipids. Given the fact that many cyPG targets are involved in or are targets for redox regulation, there is a complex interplay with redox-induced modifications. Here we address the modification of protein cysteine residues by cyPG elucidated by proteomic studies, paying special attention to the interplay with redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L Oeste
- Chemical and Physical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Cheema AK, Suman S, Kaur P, Singh R, Fornace AJ, Datta K. Long-term differential changes in mouse intestinal metabolomics after γ and heavy ion radiation exposure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87079. [PMID: 24475228 PMCID: PMC3903607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue consequences of radiation exposure are dependent on radiation quality and high linear energy transfer (high-LET) radiation, such as heavy ions in space is known to deposit higher energy in tissues and cause greater damage than low-LET γ radiation. While radiation exposure has been linked to intestinal pathologies, there are very few studies on long-term effects of radiation, fewer involved a therapeutically relevant γ radiation dose, and none explored persistent tissue metabolomic alterations after heavy ion space radiation exposure. Using a metabolomics approach, we report long-term metabolomic markers of radiation injury and perturbation of signaling pathways linked to metabolic alterations in mice after heavy ion or γ radiation exposure. Intestinal tissues (C57BL/6J, female, 6 to 8 wks) were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS) two months after 2 Gy γ radiation and results were compared to an equitoxic 56Fe (1.6 Gy) radiation dose. The biological relevance of the metabolites was determined using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, immunoblots, and immunohistochemistry. Metabolic profile analysis showed radiation-type-dependent spatial separation of the groups. Decreased adenine and guanosine and increased inosine and uridine suggested perturbed nucleotide metabolism. While both the radiation types affected amino acid metabolism, the 56Fe radiation preferentially altered dipeptide metabolism. Furthermore, 56Fe radiation caused upregulation of ‘prostanoid biosynthesis’ and ‘eicosanoid signaling’, which are interlinked events related to cellular inflammation and have implications for nutrient absorption and inflammatory bowel disease during space missions and after radiotherapy. In conclusion, our data showed for the first time that metabolomics can not only be used to distinguish between heavy ion and γ radiation exposures, but also as a radiation-risk assessment tool for intestinal pathologies through identification of biomarkers persisting long after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita K. Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Shubhankar Suman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Prabhjit Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Rajbir Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Center of Excellence In Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The immunobiology of prostanoid receptor signaling in connecting innate and adaptive immunity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:683405. [PMID: 24024207 PMCID: PMC3762073 DOI: 10.1155/2013/683405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids, including prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), and prostacyclins, are synthesized from arachidonic acid (AA) by the action of Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. They are bioactive inflammatory lipid mediators that play a key role in immunity and immunopathology. Prostanoids exert their effects on immune and inflammatory cells by binding to membrane receptors that are widely expressed throughout the immune system and act at multiple levels in innate and adaptive immunity. The immunoregulatory role of prostanoids results from their ability to regulate cell-cell interaction, antigen presentation, cytokine production, cytokine receptor expression, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, cell-surface molecule levels, and cell migration in both autocrine and paracrine manners. By acting on immune cells of both systems, prostanoids and their receptors have great impact on immune regulation and play a pivotal role in connecting innate and adaptive immunity. This paper focuses on the immunobiology of prostanoid receptor signaling because of their potential clinical relevance for various disorders including inflammation, autoimmunity, and tumorigenesis. We mainly discuss the effects of major COX metabolites, PGD2, PGE2, their signaling during dendritic cell (DC)-natural killer (NK) reciprocal crosstalk, DC-T cell interaction, and subsequent consequences on determining crucial aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in normal and pathological settings.
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Dave M, Amin AR. Yin-Yang regulation of prostaglandins and nitric oxide by PGD2 in human arthritis: reversal by celecoxib. Immunol Lett 2013; 152:47-54. [PMID: 23603366 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of PGD2 has been recognized in allergy, innate immunity and inflammation. Western blot analysis identified 21 kDa lipocalin (L)-prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) synthase (S) in human osteoarthritis (OA)-affected cartilage, whose expression was increased by IL-1β and TNFα. Similarly, PGD2 was spontaneously released by human OA-affected cartilage (and upregulated by IL-β) in ex vivo conditions and could be inhibited by indomethacin. Addition of PGD2 to human OA-affected cartilage significantly increased accumulation of PGE2, PGF1α, PGF2α, TXB2, but inhibited LTB4 and nitric oxide (NO) accumulation. Similarly, PGD2 (but not 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGD2) augmented IL-1β induced PGE2 but inhibited IL-β induced nitric oxide (NO) in human chondrocytes. Celecoxib (10 μM) inhibits COX-1 mediated PGD2, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mediated NO in human OA-affected cartilage. Furthermore, celecoxib (1 μM) counter balances (IL-1β induced+PGD2 modulated) levels of NO and PGE2 in human OA-affected cartilage and chondrocytes to basal levels. These results show concentration-dependent, pro- and anti-inflammatory activity of PGD2 in human chondrocytes and cartilage, which can be neutralized by celecoxib. In view of the broad prostaglandin dependent and independent mechanism of action of celecoxib, these observations further reaffirm the broader role of celecoxib as a "Disease Modifying Drug" for human Osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Dave
- NYU-Hospital for Joint Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Luna-Gomes T, Bozza PT, Bandeira-Melo C. Eosinophil recruitment and activation: the role of lipid mediators. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:27. [PMID: 23525348 PMCID: PMC3605515 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are effector cells that migrate toward several mediators released at inflammatory sites to perform their multiple functions. The mechanisms driving eosinophil selective accumulation in sites of allergic inflammation are well-established and involve several steps controlled by adhesion molecules, priming agents, chemotactic, and surviving factors. Even though the majority of studies focused on role of protein mediators like IL-5 and eotaxins, lipid mediators also participate in eosinophil recruitment and activation. Among the lipid mediators with distinguish eosinophil recruitment and activation capabilities are platelet activating factor and the eicosanoids, including leukotriene B4, cysteinyl leukotrienes, and prostaglandin D2. In this review, we focused on the role of these four lipid mediators in eosinophil recruitment and activation, since they are recognized as key mediators of eosinophilic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Luna-Gomes
- Instituto de Biofïsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Baudouin-Legros M, Colas J, Moriceau S, Kelly M, Planelles G, Edelman A, Ollero M. Long-term CFTR inhibition modulates 15d-prostaglandin J2 in human pulmonary cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1009-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Zhao J, Zhao J, Legge K, Perlman S. Age-related increases in PGD(2) expression impair respiratory DC migration, resulting in diminished T cell responses upon respiratory virus infection in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4921-30. [PMID: 22105170 DOI: 10.1172/jci59777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality associated with respiratory virus infection is felt most keenly among the elderly. T cells are necessary for viral clearance, and many age-dependent intrinsic T cell defects have been documented. However, the development of robust T cell responses in the lung also requires respiratory DCs (rDCs), which must process antigen and migrate to draining LNs (DLNs), and little is known about age-related defects in these T cell-extrinsic functions. Here, we show that increases in prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) expression in mouse lungs upon aging correlate with a progressive impairment in rDC migration to DLNs. Decreased rDC migration resulted in diminished T cell responses and more severe clinical disease in older mice infected with respiratory viruses. Diminished rDC migration associated with virus-specific defects in T cell responses and was not a result of cell-intrinsic defect, rather it reflected the observed age-dependent increases in PGD(2) expression. Blocking PGD(2) function with small-molecule antagonists enhanced rDC migration, T cell responses, and survival. This effect correlated with upregulation on rDCs of CCR7, a chemokine receptor involved in DC chemotaxis. Our results suggest that inhibiting PGD(2) function may be a useful approach to enhance T cell responses against respiratory viruses in older humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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28
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Abstract
Decline in immune function with age has been attributed to defects or alterations in both the innate and the adaptive immune system. In this issue of the JCI, Zhao and coworkers provide evidence for a novel mechanism of immune dysfunction in aging mice. They show that migration of respiratory DCs from the site of virus replication to the draining lymph nodes in response to infection with several different respiratory viruses is markedly diminished with increasing age. The impaired DC migration was a result of increased levels of the lipid mediator prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) in the respiratory tract with age and could be partially reversed by blockade of PGD(2) synthesis or action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Braciale
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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29
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Induction of apoptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells by PGD2metabolite, 15d-PGJ2. Cell Biol Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Mackay GA, Stewart AG. R2D(2) for C(4)Eo: an 'alliance' of PGD(2) receptors is required for LTC(4) production by human eosinophils. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1671-3. [PMID: 21426314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils play important roles in limiting parasitic infection and in allergic inflammation in the asthmatic airways. Activation of eosinophils by diverse stimuli, including prostaglandin D(2) (PD(2) ), leads to leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4) ) synthesis that contributes to the expulsion of parasites and to epithelial injury in allergic inflammation. Mesquita-Santos et al. in this issue of the journal describe a collaboration between the two PGD(2) receptors, DP(1) and DP(2) [also known as CRTH2 (chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 lymphocytes)] that is required to trigger LTC(4) synthesis. DP(1) receptors coupled to G(αs) increase adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP/ protein kinase A-dependent formation of lipid bodies, and DP(2) receptors coupled to G(αi) increase calcium. Each of these signals is required for LTC(4) production. These observations lead to consideration of the effects of other stimuli for eosinophil cAMP, such as the β(2) -adrenoceptor agonists, which inhibit rather than enhance LTC(4) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A Mackay
- The Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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31
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Milatovic D, Montine TJ, Aschner M. Prostanoid signaling: dual role for prostaglandin E2 in neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:312-9. [PMID: 21376752 PMCID: PMC3090136 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The prostanoids, a naturally occurring subclass of eicosanoids, are lipid mediators generated through oxidative pathways from arachidonic acid. These cyclooxygenase metabolites, consisting of the prostaglandins (PG), prostacyclin and tromboxane, are released in response to a variety of physiological and pathological stimuli in almost all organs, including the brain. They are produced by various cell types and act upon targeted cells via specific G protein-coupled receptors. The existence of multiple receptors, cross-reactivity and coupling to different signal transduction pathways for each prostanoid, collectively establish their diverse effects. Notably, these effects can occur in functionally opposing directions within the same cell or organ. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is the most versatile prostanoid because of its receptors, E Prostanoid (EP) receptor subtypes 1 through 4, its biological heterogeneity and its differential expression on neuronal and glial cells throughout the central nervous system. Since PGE(2) plays an important role in processes associated with various neurological diseases, this review focuses on its dual neuroprotective and neurotoxic role in EP receptor subtype signaling pathways in different models of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Milatovic
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Mesquita-Santos FP, Bakker-Abreu I, Luna-Gomes T, Bozza PT, Diaz BL, Bandeira-Melo C. Co-operative signalling through DP(1) and DP(2) prostanoid receptors is required to enhance leukotriene C(4) synthesis induced by prostaglandin D(2) in eosinophils. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1674-85. [PMID: 20973774 PMCID: PMC3081113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prostaglandin (PG) D(2) has emerged as a key mediator of allergic inflammatory pathologies and, particularly, PGD(2) induces leukotriene (LT) C(4) secretion from eosinophils. Here, we have characterized how PGD(2) signals to induce LTC(4) synthesis in eosinophils. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Antagonists and agonists of DP(1) and DP(2) prostanoid receptors were used in a model of PGD(2) -induced eosinophilic inflammation in vivo and with PGD(2) -stimulated human eosinophils in vitro, to identify PGD(2) receptor(s) mediating LTC(4) secretion. The signalling pathways involved were also investigated. KEY RESULTS In vivo and in vitro assays with receptor antagonists showed that PGD(2) -triggered cysteinyl-LT (cysLT) secretion depends on the activation of both DP(1) and DP(2) receptors. DP(1) and DP(2) receptor agonists elicited cysLTs production only after simultaneous activation of both receptors. In eosinophils, LTC(4) synthesis, but not LTC(4) transport/export, was activated by PGD(2) receptor stimulation, and lipid bodies (lipid droplets) were the intracellular compartments of DP(1) /DP(2) receptor-driven LTC(4) synthesis. Although not sufficient to trigger LTC(4) synthesis by itself, DP(1) receptor activation, signalling through protein kinase A, did activate the biogenesis of eosinophil lipid bodies, a process crucial for PGD(2) -induced LTC(4) synthesis. Similarly, concurrent DP(2) receptor activation used Pertussis toxin-sensitive and calcium-dependent signalling pathways to achieve effective PGD(2) -induced LTC(4) synthesis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Based on pivotal roles of cysLTs in allergic inflammatory pathogenesis and the collaborative interaction between PGD(2) receptors described here, our data suggest that both DP(1) and DP(2) receptor antagonists might be attractive candidates for anti-allergic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Mesquita-Santos
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Lin TA, Kourteva G, Hilton H, Li H, Tare NS, Carvajal V, Hang JS, Wei X, Renzetti LM. The mRNA level of Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 is a marker for CRTH2 activation in human whole blood in vitro. Biomarkers 2010; 15:646-54. [PMID: 20858065 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.511266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CRTH2 is one of the prostaglandin D₂ receptors and plays a proinflammatory role in allergic diseases. Gene expression markers in whole blood induced by CRTH2 activation have not previously been reported. Using microarray analyses of 54 675 genes, we revealed modest gene expression changes in human whole blood stimulated in vitro by a selective CRTH2 agonist, DK-PGD₂. Five genes were found to exhibit 1.5- to 2.6-fold changes in expression. The expression of Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 (CLC/Gal-10) in particular was consistently enhanced in human whole blood stimulated by DK-PGD₂, as confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. DK-PGD(2)-induced increases in blood CLC/Gal-10 mRNA levels were largely attenuated by the CRTH2 antagonist CAY10471.Thus, the DK-PGD₂-induced CLC/Gal-10 mRNA level can serve as a potential marker for monitoring pharmacodynamic effects of blood exposure to CRTH2 modulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-An Lin
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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Dorsam ST, Vomhof-Dekrey E, Hermann RJ, Haring JS, Van der Steen T, Wilkerson E, Boskovic G, Denvir J, Dementieva Y, Primerano D, Dorsam GP. Identification of the early VIP-regulated transcriptome and its associated, interactome in resting and activated murine CD4 T cells. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1181-94. [PMID: 20117839 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
More than 40 years after the discovery of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), its transcriptome in the immune system has still not been completely elucidated. In an attempt to understand the biological role of this neuropeptide in immunity, we chose CD4 T cells as a cellular system. Agilent Mouse Whole Genome microarrays were hybridized with fluorescently labeled total RNA isolated from resting CD4 T cells cultured +/-10(-7)M VIP for 5h or PMA/ionomycin activated CD4 T cells cultured +/-10(-7)M VIP for 5h. These VIP-regulated transcriptomes were analyzed by Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software to identify relevant signaling pathways modulated by VIP in the absence and presence of T cell activation. In resting CD4 T cells, VIP-modulated 368 genes, ranging from 3.49 to -4.78-fold. In the PMA/ionomycin activated CD4 T cells, 326 gene expression levels were changed by VIP, ranging from 2.94 to -1.66-fold. IPA analysis revealed that VIP exposure alters cellular function through EGFR signaling in resting CD4 T cells, and modulates immediate early genes, Fos and CREM/ICER, in activated CD4 T cells. These gene expression changes are suggested to explain at a molecular level how VIP can regulate T cell homing to the gut and induce regulatory T cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri Tinnell Dorsam
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Coll T, Palomer X, Blanco-Vaca F, Escolà-Gil JC, Sánchez RM, Laguna JC, Vázquez-Carrera M. Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition exacerbates palmitate-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 2010; 151:537-48. [PMID: 20022932 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Palmitate-induced inflammation is involved in the development of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells. Here we evaluated the effect of the saturated fatty acid palmitate and the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate on Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2 and -4 and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression and examined whether the inhibition of this enzyme modulates fatty acid-induced inflammation. Skeletal muscle cells exposed to palmitate showed enhanced TLR-2 and COX-2 mRNA levels, whereas oleate did not modify their expression. Palmitate-induced expression of these genes was dependent on nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation, because expression was reduced in the presence of the NF-kappaB inhibitor parthenolide. Coincubation of palmitate-exposed cells with oleate also prevented the increase in the expression of TLR-2 and COX-2, through a mechanism that may involve activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR alpha) by this monounsaturated fatty acid. COX-2 inhibition by NS-398 enhanced IL-6 and TNF-alpha expression and IL-6 protein secretion induced by palmitate. NF-kappaB binding activity and TNF-alpha mRNA levels were enhanced in palmitate-exposed cells in the absence or in the presence of NS-398, whereas coincubation of palmitate-exposed cells with NS-398 and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) prevented these changes. In contrast, 12-lypoxygenase and cytochrome P450 hydroxylase pathways were not involved in these changes. Similarly, COX-2 inhibition impaired insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and 2-deoxy-D-[(14)C]glucose uptake in palmitate-exposed skeletal muscle cells, and this effect was abolished in the presence of PGE(2). These findings indicate that COX-2 activity, through the production of PGE(2), attenuates the fatty acid-induced inflammatory process and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Coll
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Tull SP, Yates CM, Maskrey BH, O'Donnell VB, Madden J, Grimble RF, Calder PC, Nash GB, Rainger GE. Omega-3 Fatty acids and inflammation: novel interactions reveal a new step in neutrophil recruitment. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000177. [PMID: 19707265 PMCID: PMC2718617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While investigating new mechanisms by which the dietary omega-3 fatty acids regulate inflammation, the authors have identified a new step in the regulation of neutrophil migration across vascular endothelial cells. Inflammation is a physiological response to tissue trauma or infection, but leukocytes, which are the effector cells of the inflammatory process, have powerful tissue remodelling capabilities. Thus, to ensure their precise localisation, passage of leukocytes from the blood into inflamed tissue is tightly regulated. Recruitment of blood borne neutrophils to the tissue stroma occurs during early inflammation. In this process, peptide agonists of the chemokine family are assumed to provide a chemotactic stimulus capable of supporting the migration of neutrophils across vascular endothelial cells, through the basement membrane of the vessel wall, and out into the tissue stroma. Here, we show that, although an initial chemokine stimulus is essential for the recruitment of flowing neutrophils by endothelial cells stimulated with the inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-α, transit of the endothelial monolayer is regulated by an additional and downstream stimulus. This signal is supplied by the metabolism of the omega-6-polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-6-PUFA), arachidonic acid, into the eicosanoid prostaglandin-D2 (PGD2) by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. This new step in the neutrophil recruitment process was revealed when the dietary n-3-PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), was utilised as an alternative substrate for COX enzymes, leading to the generation of PGD3. This alternative series eicosanoid inhibited the migration of neutrophils across endothelial cells by antagonising the PGD2 receptor. Here, we describe a new step in the neutrophil recruitment process that relies upon a lipid-mediated signal to regulate the migration of neutrophils across endothelial cells. PGD2 signalling is subordinate to the chemokine-mediated activation of neutrophils, but without the sequential delivery of this signal, neutrophils fail to penetrate the endothelial cell monolayer. Importantly, the ability of the dietary n-3-PUFA, EPA, to inhibit this process not only revealed an unsuspected level of regulation in the migration of inflammatory leukocytes, it also contributes to our understanding of the interactions of this bioactive lipid with the inflammatory system. Moreover, it indicates the potential for novel therapeutics that target the inflammatory system with greater affinity and/or specificity than supplementing the diet with n-3-PUFAs. Inflammation is a physiological response to tissue trauma or infection. Neutrophils, which circulate in the blood stream, are the first inflammatory cells to be recruited to a site of tissue inflammation. In response to recruitment signals provided by chemotactic peptides called chemokines, neutrophils traverse the endothelial cell lining of blood vessels. This process involves a multistep cascade of neutrophil adhesion and activation events on the endothelial barrier. While investigating the anti-inflammatory functions of the omega-3 fatty acid , EPA, which is found, for instance, in dietary fish oil, we identified an additional unexpected lipid-derived signal that is essential for neutrophil migration across the endothelium. Our experiments show that a chemokine delivered the first signal needed to bind neutrophils firmly to the endothelial surface. However, in order to traverse the endothelium, a subsequent signal delivered by prostaglandin-D2 (PGD2), a lipid derived from the omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid, was essential. When EPA, was introduced into the experiment, it was used to form PGD3. This alternative lipid blocked interactions between PGD2 and its receptor on neutrophils, preventing the process of migration across the endothelial barrier. Thus, we reveal a new step in the recruitment of neutrophils during inflammation, and a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of dietary EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha P. Tull
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, The Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Clara M. Yates
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, The Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin H. Maskrey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B. O'Donnell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie Madden
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert F. Grimble
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard B. Nash
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, The Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - G. Ed. Rainger
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, The Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Dyslipidaemias, particularly those characterized by the 'atherogenic profile' of high low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, are the major modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis. The search for drugs to favourably alter such lipid profiles, reducing the associated morbidity and mortality, remains a major research focus. Niacin (nicotinic acid) is the most effective agent available for increasing high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, but its use is associated with side effects that negatively affect patient compliance: these appear to arise largely as a result of production of prostaglandin D(2) and its subsequent activation of the DP(1) receptor. Desire to reduce the side effects (and improve pharmacokinetic parameters) has led to the development of a number of agonists that have differing effects, both in terms of clinical potency and the severity of adverse effects. The recent discovery of the niacin G-protein-coupled receptor HM74A (GPR109A) has clarified the distinction between the mechanism whereby niacin exerts its therapeutic effects and the mechanisms responsible for the generation of side effects. This has allowed the development of new drugs that show great potential for the treatment of dyslipidaemia. However, recent advances in understanding of the contribution of prostaglandin metabolism to vascular wall health suggest that some of the beneficial effects of niacin may well result from activation of the same pathways responsible for the adverse reactions. The purpose of this review is to emphasize that the search for agonists that show higher tolerability must take into account all aspects of signalling through this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Vosper
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK.
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Cerrato S, Brazis P, della Valle MF, Miolo A, Puigdemont A. Effects of palmitoylethanolamide on immunologically induced histamine, PGD2 and TNFalpha release from canine skin mast cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 133:9-15. [PMID: 19625089 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endocannabinoid-like compound and the parent molecule of the aliamide family, a group of fatty acid amides able to act through the down-regulation of mast cell degranulation. PEA has been proven to exert both analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, and recent studies have shown its ability in reducing clinical symptoms of inflammatory skin diseases, both in humans and in animals. Although its pharmacological efficacy is well known, the mechanism of action of this family of compounds is still unclear. To better understand the cellular effects of aliamides in dogs, canine mast cells freshly isolated from skin biopsies were incubated with IgE-rich serum and were challenged with anti-canine IgE. Histamine, prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) release was measured in the presence and absence of increasing concentrations of PEA, ranging from 10(-8)M to 10(-5)M. Histamine, PGD(2) and TNFalpha release, immunologically induced by canine anti-IgE, were significantly inhibited in the presence of PEA. The maximum inhibitory effect on histamine release was observed at 3x10(-6)M PEA concentration achieving an inhibition of 54.3+/-5.2%. PGD(2) release was significantly inhibited at 10(-5)M and 10(-6)M PEA concentrations with 25.5+/-10.2% and 14.6+/-5.6% of inhibition, respectively. Finally, PEA inhibited TNFalpha release to 29.2+/-2.0% and 22.1+/-7.2%, at concentrations of 10(-5)M and 3x10(-6)M, respectively. The results obtained in the present study showed the ability of the aliamide PEA to down-modulate skin mast cell activation. Therefore, our findings suggest that the beneficial effect of PEA, observed in inflammation and pain clinical studies, could be due, at least in part, to its ability to inhibit the release of both preformed and newly synthesised mast cell mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cerrato
- UNIVET, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Berdnikovs S, Abdala-Valencia H, McCary C, Somand M, Cole R, Garcia A, Bryce P, Cook-Mills JM. Isoforms of vitamin E have opposing immunoregulatory functions during inflammation by regulating leukocyte recruitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4395-405. [PMID: 19299740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reports indicate contradictory outcomes for anti-inflammatory functions of the alpha-tocopherol isoform of vitamin E in clinical studies of asthma and atherosclerosis. These seemingly disparate clinical results are consistent with novel unrecognized properties of isoforms of vitamin E reported in this study. We demonstrate that the isoform d-gamma-tocopherol elevates inflammation in experimental asthma. Moreover, d-gamma-tocopherol, at as little as 10% the concentration of d-alpha-tocopherol, ablates the anti-inflammatory benefit of the d-alpha-tocopherol isoform. A mechanism for these opposing immunoregulatory functions of purified tocopherols at physiological concentrations is not through modulation of expression of several cytokines, chemokines, or adhesion molecules, but is, at least in part, by regulation of endothelial cell signals during leukocyte recruitment. These opposing regulatory functions of vitamin E isoforms have impact on interpretations of vitamin E studies. In summary, our studies with purified tocopherol isoforms alter our understanding of vitamin E regulation of vascular function and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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40
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Rao KN, Brown MA. Mast cells: multifaceted immune cells with diverse roles in health and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1143:83-104. [PMID: 19076346 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1443.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells were discovered more than 100 years ago and until recently, have been considered renegades of the host with the sole purpose of perpetuating allergy. The discovery of mast cell-deficient mice that could be reconstituted with mast cells (the so called "mast cell knock-in" mice) has allowed the study of the in vivo functions of mast cells and revealed several new facets of these cells. It is now evident that mast cells have a much broader impact on many physiological and pathologic processes. Mast cells, particularly through their dynamic interaction with the nervous system, have been implicated in wound healing, tissue remodeling, and homeostasis. Perhaps the most progress has been made in our understanding of the role of mast cells in immunity outside the realm of allergy, and host defense. Mast cells play critical roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, including immune tolerance. Greater insight into mast cell biology has prompted studies probing the additional consequences of mast cell dysfunction, which reveal a central role for mast cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. Here, we review recent developments in the study of mast cells, which present a complex picture of mast cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha N Rao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Yoon HJ, Jeon SB, Kim IH, Park EJ. Regulation of TLR2 Expression by Prostaglandins in Brain Glia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8400-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Shi J, Misso NL, Kedda MA, Horn J, Welch MD, Duffy DL, Williams C, Thompson PJ. Cyclooxygenase-2 gene polymorphisms in an Australian population: association of the -1195G > A promoter polymorphism with mild asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:913-20. [PMID: 18489027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is an inducible enzyme responsible for catalysing the formation of prostaglandins (PGs) in settings of inflammation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the COX-2 gene may influence gene transcription and PG production in the asthmatic airway. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the frequencies of COX-2 SNPs in an Australian Caucasian population, and determine potential associations between common COX-2 promoter SNPs and asthma, asthma severity and aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA). METHODS The frequencies of 25 COX-2 SNPs were determined in a random population (n=176). The SNPs with a minor allele frequency of >10% were then studied in asthmatic (n=663), non-asthmatic controls (n=513) and AIA subjects (n=58). Genotype, allele and haplotype associations were assessed. Functional assessment of SNPs was performed by transfection into HeLa cells measured using the luciferase dual-reporter assay system. RESULTS Eighteen COX-2 SNPs were not detected, five were rare and two promoter SNPs, -1195G>A (rs689465), and -1290A>G (rs689466), were further studied. The A allele of the -1195 SNP was present at a significantly higher frequency among all asthmatic subjects (P=0.012). Over 60% of the asthmatic individuals were -1195A homozygotes compared with 54.6% of the control subjects (odds ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.06-1.72, P=0.03). After classifying for severity, the mild asthmatics represented 64.6% of -1195AA individuals, the highest of all the asthma groups compared with 54.6% of the control subjects (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.12-2.02, P=0.02). The -1290A/-1195G/-765G haplotype was associated with a reduced incidence of asthma (odds ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61-0.95, P=0.017). CONCLUSION The -1195G>A polymorphism appears to be associated with asthma, and in particular with mild asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shi
- Lung Institute of Western Australia and Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Torres D, Paget C, Fontaine J, Mallevaey T, Matsuoka T, Maruyama T, Narumiya S, Capron M, Gosset P, Faveeuw C, Trottein F. Prostaglandin D2 inhibits the production of IFN-gamma by invariant NK T cells: consequences in the control of B16 melanoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:783-92. [PMID: 18178816 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NK T (iNKT) cells are a subset of innate/memory lymphocytes that recognize lipid Ags presented by CD1d-expressing APCs such as dendritic cells (DCs). Upon primary stimulation through their TCR, iNKT cells promptly produce large amounts of IFN-gamma and/or IL-4 that play critical roles in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. To date, the role of environmental factors on iNKT cell functions has been poorly investigated. In this study, we addressed the question of whether PGD2, a potent eicosanoid lipid mediator involved in immune responses and inflammation, could be important in DC/iNKT cell cross-talk. We show that PGD2 dramatically reduced the production of IFN-gamma, but not IL-4, by iNKT cells in response to the superagonist alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) both in vitro and in vivo. This effect is mediated by the D prostanoid receptor 1 (DP1) expressed by DCs and iNKT cells and requires protein kinase A activation. We also report that PGD2 and BW245C (a selective DP1 agonist) reduce the protective effects of alpha-GalCer in B16F10-induced melanoma metastasis, an effect that depends on IFN-gamma production by iNKT cells. As a whole, these data reveal novel pathways regulating iNKT cell biologic functions and confirm the immunoregulatory roles of PGD2 on the innate response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Torres
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 547, Lille, France
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Poncin S, Gérard AC, Boucquey M, Senou M, Calderon PB, Knoops B, Lengelé B, Many MC, Colin IM. Oxidative stress in the thyroid gland: from harmlessness to hazard depending on the iodine content. Endocrinology 2008; 149:424-33. [PMID: 17884933 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In basal conditions, thyroid epithelial cells produce moderate amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are physiologically required for thyroid hormone synthesis. They are not necessarily toxic because they are continuously detoxified either in the process of hormone synthesis or by endogenous antioxidant systems. Using a rat model of goiter formation and iodine-induced involution, we found that compared with control thyroids, the oxidative stress, assessed by the detection of 4-hydroxynonenal, was strongly enhanced both in hyperplastic and involuting glands. The level of antioxidant defenses (glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins) was also up-regulated in both groups, although somewhat less in the latter. Of note, increased oxidative stress came along with an inflammatory reaction, but only in involuting glands, suggesting that although antioxidant systems can adequately buffer a heavy load of ROS in goiter, it is not necessarily the case in involuting glands. The effects of 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2), an endogenous ligand of peroxisome proliferated-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) with antiinflammatory properties, were then investigated in involuting glands. This drug strongly reduced both 4-hydroxynonenal staining and the inflammatory reaction, indicating that it can block iodine-induced cytotoxicity. When experiments were carried out with the PPARgamma antagonist, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, 15dPGJ2-induced effects remained unchanged, suggesting that these effects were not mediated by PPARgamma. In conclusion, thyroid epithelial cells are well adapted to endogenously produced ROS in basal and goitrous conditions. In iodine-induced goiter involution, the increased oxidative stress is accompanied by inflammation that can be blocked by 15dPGJ2 through PPARgamma-independent protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Poncin
- Unité de Morphologie Expérimentale (MOEX), Université catholique de Louvain, UCL-5251, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Chen Y, Perussia B, Campbell KS. Prostaglandin D2 suppresses human NK cell function via signaling through D prostanoid receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2766-73. [PMID: 17709490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells play critical roles in immune responses against tumors or virus infections by generating type 1 cytokine and cytotoxicity responses. In contrast, during type 2 dominant immune responses, such as allergic diseases, activities of NK cells are often impaired. These type 2 immune-mediated diseases have been reported to be closely associated with local production of PGD(2). PGD(2) is an eicosanoid primarily synthesized by mast cells and alveolar macrophages, and it functions through two major receptors, D prostanoid receptor (DP) and chemoattractant receptor-like molecule on the Th2 cell. Within the immune system, PGD(2) binding to DP generally leads to suppression of cellular functions. In the current study, we show that: 1) DP is expressed in human NK cells as detected by mRNA analysis and Western blot; 2) PGD(2) inhibits cytotoxicity, chemotaxis, and type 1 cytokine production of human NK cells via signaling through DP; 3) PGD(2) signaling via DP elevates intracellular cAMP levels and the inhibitory effects on NK cells are cAMP dependent; 4) PGD(2) binding to DP suppresses Ca(2+) mobilization triggered by the cross-linking of the activating receptor, CD16. Together, these data uncover a novel mechanism by which PGD(2) functions through DP to suppress type 1 and cytolytic functions of human NK cells, thus contributing to the promotion of a type 2 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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The roles of the prostaglandin D(2) receptors DP(1) and CRTH2 in promoting allergic responses. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153 Suppl 1:S191-9. [PMID: 17965752 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) is produced by mast cells, Th2 lymphocytes and dendritic cells and has been detected in high concentrations at sites of allergic inflammation. PGD(2) exerts its inflammatory effects through high affinity interactions with the G protein coupled receptors DP(1) and chemoattractant-homologous receptor expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2, also known as DP(2)). DP(1) and CRTH2 act in concert to promote a number of biological effects associated with the development and maintenance of the allergic response. During the process of allergen sensitization, DP(1) activation may enhance polarization of Th0 cells to Th2 cells by inhibiting production of interleukin 12 by dendritic cells. Upon exposure to allergen in sensitized individuals, activation of DP(1) may contribute to the long lasting blood flow changes in the target organ. CRTH2 is expressed by Th2 lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils and may mediate the recruitment of these cell types during the late phase allergic response. The role played by CRTH2 in promoting the production of Th2 cytokines and IgE make antagonism of this receptor a particularly attractive approach to the treatment of chronic allergic disease.
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