1
|
Nasrabadi ME, Al-Harrasi A, Mohammadi S, Zarif Azam Kardani F, Rahmati M, Memarian A. Pioglitazone as a potential modulator in autoimmune diseases: a review on its effects in systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39279585 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2401614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current medications for autoimmune disorders often induce broad-ranging side effects, prompting a growing interest in therapies with more specific immune system modulation. Pioglitazone, known for its anti-diabetic properties, is increasingly recognized for significant immunomodulatory potential. Beyond its traditional use in diabetes management, pioglitazone emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate for autoimmune disorders. AREAS COVERED This comprehensive review explores pioglitazone's impact on four prominent autoimmune conditions: systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis. We focus on pioglitazone's diverse effects on immune cells and cytokines in these diseases, highlighting its potential as a valuable therapeutic option for autoimmune diseases. Here we have reviewed the latest and most current research literature available on PubMed, based on research published in the last 15 years. EXPERT OPINION Pioglitazone as an immunomodulatory agent can regulate T cell differentiation, inhibit inflammatory cytokines, and promote anti-inflammatory macrophages. While further clinical studies are needed to fully understand its mechanisms and optimize treatment strategies, pioglitazone represents a potential therapeutic approach to improve outcomes for patients with these challenging autoimmune conditions. The future of autoimmune disease research may involve personalized treatment approaches, and collaborative efforts to improve patient quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Esmail Nasrabadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Fateme Zarif Azam Kardani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mina Rahmati
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Memarian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sepidarkish M, Kalantari N, Gorgani-Firouzjaee T, Rostami-Mansoor S, Shirafkan H. Association between insulin resistance and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:1015-1026. [PMID: 38767742 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of metabolic perturbations in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and insulin is an important parameter that has controversial effects on neurological disease. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to explore the association between insulin resistance (IR) and MS as well as insulin levels and MS. Three electronic databases, including Medline, Scopus, and the Web of Science, were examined up to 26 May 2023 for observational studies. Two independent reviewers assessed the studies according to a pre-specified protocol. Random-effects model using a Restricted-maximum Likelihood (REML) estimator was used to meta-analyze the association between IR [assessed by Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR)], insulin and MS. Eighteen datasets from 2012 to 2022 were included in this meta-analysis. The standardized mean difference (SMD) for comparison IR and insulin between MS and healthy control group as outcomes 1 and 2 were 0.78 and 0.72 respectively. Furthermore, for outcome 1, we observed a greater effect size in studies that recruited different types of MS (Mix) (SMD: 1.09) than in those that included only relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) (SMD: 0.59). The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between IR, insulin and MS, with stronger associations in studies that recruited mixed patients. However, high heterogeneity has been observed in the present study. Therefore, more studies are needed to confirm the association between these parameters and MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Sepidarkish
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Narges Kalantari
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Tahmineh Gorgani-Firouzjaee
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sahar Rostami-Mansoor
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Hoda Shirafkan
- Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar S, Mehan S, Narula AS. Therapeutic modulation of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPAR-γ signaling in neurological dysfunctions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:9-49. [PMID: 36478124 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine-activated Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) cascade is a pleiotropic pathway that involves receptor subunit multimerization. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase that perceives and integrates a variety of intracellular and environmental stimuli to regulate essential activities such as cell development and metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a prototypical metabolic nuclear receptor involved in neural differentiation and axon polarity. The JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling pathways serve as a highly conserved signaling hub that coordinates neuronal activity and brain development. Additionally, overactivation of JAK/STAT, mTOR, and inhibition of PPARγ signaling have been linked to various neurocomplications, including neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Emerging research suggests that even minor disruptions in these cellular and molecular processes can have significant consequences manifested as neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Of interest, target modulators have been proven to alleviate neuronal complications associated with acute and chronic neurological deficits. This research-based review explores the therapeutic role of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling modulators in preventing neuronal dysfunctions in preclinical and clinical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab, Moga, India.
| | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ballav S, Biswas B, Sahu VK, Ranjan A, Basu S. PPAR-γ Partial Agonists in Disease-Fate Decision with Special Reference to Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:3215. [PMID: 36291082 PMCID: PMC9601205 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) has emerged as one of the most extensively studied transcription factors since its discovery in 1990, highlighting its importance in the etiology and treatment of numerous diseases involving various types of cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune, dermatological and cardiovascular disorders. Ligands are regarded as the key determinant for the tissue-specific activation of PPAR-γ. However, the mechanism governing this process is merely a contradictory debate which is yet to be systematically researched. Either these receptors get weakly activated by endogenous or natural ligands or leads to a direct over-activation process by synthetic ligands, serving as complete full agonists. Therefore, fine-tuning on the action of PPAR-γ and more subtle modulation can be a rewarding approach which might open new avenues for the treatment of several diseases. In the recent era, researchers have sought to develop safer partial PPAR-γ agonists in order to dodge the toxicity induced by full agonists, akin to a balanced activation. With a particular reference to cancer, this review concentrates on the therapeutic role of partial agonists, especially in cancer treatment. Additionally, a timely examination of their efficacy on various other disease-fate decisions has been also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ballav
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Bini Biswas
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Sahu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Amit Ranjan
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Soumya Basu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Inhibition effect of PPAR-γ signaling on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation through down-regulation of PAK1/ NF-κB activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
6
|
Role of JAK-STAT and PPAR-Gamma Signalling Modulators in the Prevention of Autism and Neurological Dysfunctions. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3888-3912. [PMID: 35437700 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Janus-kinase (JAK) and signal transducer activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathways regulate gene expression and control various factors involved in normal physiological functions such as cell proliferation, neuronal development, and cell survival. JAK activation phosphorylates STAT3 in astrocytes and microglia, and this phosphorylation has been linked to mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, reactive astrogliosis, and genetic mutations. As a regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), in relation to JAK-STAT signalling, prevents this phosphorylation and aids in the treatment of the above-mentioned neurocomplications. Changes in cellular signalling may also contribute to the onset and progression of autism. Thus, PPAR-gamma agonist upregulation may be associated with JAK-STAT signal transduction downregulation. It may also be responsible for attenuating neuropathological changes by stimulating SOCS3 or involving RXR or SMRT, thereby reducing transcription of the various cytokine proteins and genes involved in neuronal damage. Along with JAK-STAT inhibitors, PPAR-gamma agonists could be used as target therapeutic interventions for autism. This research-based review explores the potential involvement and mutual regulation of JAK-STAT and PPAR-gamma signalling in controlling multiple pathological factors associated with autism.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dacic M, Shibu G, Rogatsky I. Physiological Convergence and Antagonism Between GR and PPARγ in Inflammation and Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:123-141. [PMID: 36107316 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors that modulate gene expression in a ligand-dependent manner. The ubiquitously expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) represent steroid (type I) and non-steroid (type II) classes of NRs, respectively. The diverse transcriptional and physiological outcomes of their activation are highly tissue-specific. For example, in subsets of immune cells, such as macrophages, the signaling of GR and PPARγ converges to elicit an anti-inflammatory phenotype; in contrast, in the adipose tissue, their signaling can lead to reciprocal metabolic outcomes. This review explores the cooperative and divergent outcomes of GR and PPARγ functions in different cell types and tissues, including immune cells, adipose tissue and the liver. Understanding the coordinated control of these NR pathways should advance studies in the field and potentially pave the way for developing new therapeutic approaches to exploit the GR:PPARγ crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dacic
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gayathri Shibu
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, The David Rosenzweig Genomics Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shawki MA, Elsayed NS, Mantawy EM, Said RS. Promising drug repurposing approach targeted for cytokine storm implicated in SARS-CoV-2 complications. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 43:395-409. [PMID: 34057871 PMCID: PMC8171013 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.1931302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A global threat has emerged in 2019 due to the rapid spread of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). As of January 2021, the number of cases worldwide reached 103 million cases and 2.22 million deaths which were confirmed as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This global pandemic galvanized the scientific community to study the causative virus (SARS-CoV2) pathogenesis, transmission, and clinical symptoms. Remarkably, the most common complication associated with this disease is the cytokine storm which is responsible for COVID-19 mortality. Thus, targeting the cytokine storm with new medications is needed to hamper COVID-19 complications where the most prominent strategy for the treatment is drug repurposing. Through this strategy, several steps are skipped especially those required for testing drug safety and thus may help in reducing the dissemination of this pandemic. Accordingly, the aim of this review is to outline the pathogenesis, clinical features, and immune complications of SARS-CoV2 in addition to suggesting several repurposed drugs with their plausible mechanism of action for possible management of severe COVID-19 cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May Ahmed Shawki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha Salah Elsayed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Mantawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Riham S. Said
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Willems S, Zaienne D, Merk D. Targeting Nuclear Receptors in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9592-9638. [PMID: 34251209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, also known as ligand-activated transcription factors, regulate gene expression upon ligand signals and present as attractive therapeutic targets especially in chronic diseases. Despite the therapeutic relevance of some nuclear receptors in various pathologies, their potential in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation is insufficiently established. This perspective gathers preclinical and clinical data for a potential role of individual nuclear receptors as future targets in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, and concomitantly evaluates the level of medicinal chemistry targeting these proteins. Considerable evidence suggests the high promise of ligand-activated transcription factors to counteract neurodegenerative diseases with a particularly high potential of several orphan nuclear receptors. However, potent tools are lacking for orphan receptors, and limited central nervous system exposure or insufficient selectivity also compromises the suitability of well-studied nuclear receptor ligands for functional studies. Medicinal chemistry efforts are needed to develop dedicated high-quality tool compounds for the therapeutic validation of nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Zaienne
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hoang QTM, Nguyen VK, Oberacher H, Fuchs D, Hernandez-Vargas EA, Borucki K, Waldburg N, Wippermann J, Schreiber J, Bruder D, Veluswamy P. Serum Concentration of the Phytohormone Abscisic Acid Is Associated With Immune-Regulatory Mediators and Is a Potential Biomarker of Disease Severity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:676058. [PMID: 34169084 PMCID: PMC8217626 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.676058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD and asthma are two distinct but sometimes overlapping diseases exhibiting varying degrees and types of inflammation on different stages of the disease. Although several biomarkers are defined to estimate the inflammatory endotype and stages in these diseases, there is still a need for new markers and potential therapeutic targets. We investigated the levels of a phytohormone, abscisic acid (ABA) and its receptor, LANCL2, in COPD patients and asthmatics. In addition, PPAR-γ that is activated by ABA in a ligand-binding domain-independent manner was also included in the study. In this study, we correlated ABA with COPD-propagating factors to define the possible role of ABA, in terms of immune regulation, inflammation, and disease stages. We collected blood from 101 COPD patients, 52 asthmatics, and 57 controls. Bronchoscopy was performed on five COPD patients and 29 controls. We employed (i) liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and HPLC to determine the ABA and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase levels, respectively; (ii) real-time PCR to quantify the gene expression of LANCL2 and PPAR-γ; (iii) Flow cytometry to quantify adipocytokines; and (iv) immunoturbidimetry and ELISA to measure CRP and cytokines, respectively. Finally, a multinomial regression model was used to predict the probability of using ABA as a biomarker. Blood ABA levels were significantly reduced in COPD patients and asthmatics compared to age- and gender-matched normal controls. However, PPAR-γ was elevated in COPD patients. Intriguingly, ABA was positively correlated with immune-regulatory factors and was negatively correlated with inflammatory markers, in COPD. Of note, ABA was increased in advanced COPD stages. We thereby conclude that ABA might be involved in regulation of COPD pathogenesis and might be regarded as a potential biomarker for COPD stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quynh Trang Mi Hoang
- Department of Pneumonology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany.,Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Van Kinh Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Esteban A Hernandez-Vargas
- Systems Medicine for Infectious Diseases, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany.,Instituto de Matematicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Katrin Borucki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Jens Wippermann
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jens Schreiber
- Department of Pneumonology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany.,Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Priya Veluswamy
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany.,Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Balestri S, Del Giovane A, Sposato C, Ferrarelli M, Ragnini-Wilson A. The Current Challenges for Drug Discovery in CNS Remyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062891. [PMID: 33809224 PMCID: PMC8001072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelin sheath wraps around axons, allowing saltatory currents to be transmitted along neurons. Several genetic, viral, or environmental factors can damage the central nervous system (CNS) myelin sheath during life. Unless the myelin sheath is repaired, these insults will lead to neurodegeneration. Remyelination occurs spontaneously upon myelin injury in healthy individuals but can fail in several demyelination pathologies or as a consequence of aging. Thus, pharmacological intervention that promotes CNS remyelination could have a major impact on patient’s lives by delaying or even preventing neurodegeneration. Drugs promoting CNS remyelination in animal models have been identified recently, mostly as a result of repurposing phenotypical screening campaigns that used novel oligodendrocyte cellular models. Although none of these have as yet arrived in the clinic, promising candidates are on the way. Many questions remain. Among the most relevant is the question if there is a time window when remyelination drugs should be administrated and why adult remyelination fails in many neurodegenerative pathologies. Moreover, a significant challenge in the field is how to reconstitute the oligodendrocyte/axon interaction environment representative of healthy as well as disease microenvironments in drug screening campaigns, so that drugs can be screened in the most appropriate disease-relevant conditions. Here we will provide an overview of how the field of in vitro models developed over recent years and recent biological findings about how oligodendrocytes mature after reactivation of their staminal niche. These data have posed novel questions and opened new views about how the adult brain is repaired after myelin injury and we will discuss how these new findings might change future drug screening campaigns for CNS regenerative drugs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu Y, Wang J, Luo S, Zhan Y, Lu Q. The roles of PPARγ and its agonists in autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2020; 113:102510. [PMID: 32622513 PMCID: PMC7327470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are common diseases of the immune system that are characterized by the loss of self-tolerance and the production of autoantibodies; the breakdown of immune tolerance and the prolonged inflammatory reaction are undisputedly core steps in the initiation and maintenance of autoimmunity. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor family and act as ligand-activated transcription factors. There are three different isotypes of PPARs: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ. PPARγ is an established regulator of glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Recent studies have demonstrated that PPARγ exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in multiple disease models. PPARγ can also modulate the activation and polarization of macrophages, regulate the function of dendritic cells and mediate T cell survival, activation, and differentiation. In this review, we summarize the signaling pathways and biological functions of PPARγ and focus on how PPARγ and its agonists play protective roles in autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid diseases, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, primary Sjogren syndrome and primary biliary cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, #176 Tongzipo Rd, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, PR China
| | - Shuangyan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China
| | - Yi Zhan
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prashantha Kumar BR, Kumar AP, Jose JA, Prabitha P, Yuvaraj S, Chipurupalli S, Jeyarani V, Manisha C, Banerjee S, Jeyabalan JB, Mohankumar SK, Dhanabal SP, Justin A. Minutes of PPAR-γ agonism and neuroprotection. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104814. [PMID: 32758586 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is one of the ligand-activated transcription factors which regulates a number of central events and considered as a promising target for various neurodegenerative disease conditions. Numerous reports implicate that PPAR-γ agonists have shown neuroprotective effects by regulating genes transcription associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. In regards, this review critically appraises the recent knowledge of PPAR-γ receptors in neuroprotection in order to hypothesize potential neuroprotective mechanism of PPAR-γ agonism in chronic neurological conditions. Of note, the PPAR-γ's interaction dynamics with PPAR-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) has gained significant attention for neuroprotection. Likewise, a plethora of studies suggest that the PPAR-γ pathway can be actuated by the endogenous ligands present in the CNS and thus identification and development of novel agonist for the PPAR-γ receptor holds a vow to prevent neurodegeneration. Together, the critical insights of this review enlighten the translational possibilities of developing novel neuroprotective therapeutics targeting PPAR-γ for various neurodegenerative disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Prashantha Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwini Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jincy A Jose
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - P Prabitha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Yuvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandhya Chipurupalli
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Victoria Jeyarani
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Chennu Manisha
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sayani Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jeyaram Bharathi Jeyabalan
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Mohankumar
- TIFAC CORE in HD, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S P Dhanabal
- TIFAC CORE in HD, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Antony Justin
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Davidson MA, Mattison DR, Azoulay L, Krewski D. Thiazolidinedione drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: past, present and future. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:52-108. [PMID: 28816105 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1351420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have proven effective in improving insulin sensitivity, hyperglycemia, and lipid metabolism. Though well tolerated by some patients, their mechanism of action as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) results in the activation of several pathways in addition to those responsible for glycemic control and lipid homeostasis. These pathways, which include those related to inflammation, bone formation, and cell proliferation, may lead to adverse health outcomes. As treatment with TZDs has been associated with adverse hepatic, cardiovascular, osteological, and carcinogenic events in some studies, the role of TZDs in the treatment of T2DM continues to be debated. At the same time, new therapeutic roles for TZDs are being investigated, with new forms and isoforms currently in the pre-clinical phase for use in the prevention and treatment of some cancers, inflammatory diseases, and other conditions. The aims of this review are to provide an overview of the mechanism(s) of action of TZDs, a review of their safety for use in the treatment of T2DM, and a perspective on their current and future therapeutic roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Davidson
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Donald R Mattison
- b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Laurent Azoulay
- d Center for Clinical Epidemiology , Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,e Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada.,f Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Peymani M, Ghaedi K, Hashemi MS, Ghoochani A, Kiani-Esfahani A, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Baharvand H. Ameliorating the Effect of Pioglitazone on LPS-Induced Inflammation of Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:517-527. [PMID: 28488008 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are appropriate model cells for studying the progress of neurodegenerative disorders and evaluation of pharmacological efficacies of small molecules for treatment of these disorders. Here, we focused on the therapeutic role of Pioglitazone, which is a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a respective nuclear receptor in inflammatory responses. Human embryonic stem cell-derived OPCs were pretreated by Pioglitazone at differing concentrations. Pretreated OPCs were further examined after induction of inflammation by LPS. Interestingly, Pioglitazone reversed the inflammatory conditions and enhanced OPC viability. Data showed that Pioglitazone reduced Nitric Oxide (NO) production. Moreover, Pioglitazone enhanced cell viability through distinct mechanisms including reduction of apoptosis and regulation of cell cycle markers. This study demonstrated that NO induces apoptosis through FOXO1 and degradation of β-catenin, while the presence of Pioglitazone inhibited these effects in rescuing human OPCs from apoptosis. Also, Pioglitazone did not show a significant influence on mRNA levels of TLR2, TRL4, and TNFα. Furthermore, simultaneous treatment of Pioglitazone with CHIR, a GSKβ inhibitor, facilitated anti-apoptotic responses of OPCs. Taken together, therapy with Pioglitazone represents a novel potential drug in alleviating the loss of OPCs in neurodegenerative conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.,Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 816513-1378, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. .,Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 816513-1378, Iran.
| | - Motahare-Sadat Hashemi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 816513-1378, Iran
| | - Ali Ghoochani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 816513-1378, Iran
| | - Abbas Kiani-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 816513-1378, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 816513-1378, Iran.
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, P.O. Box 19395-4644, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gardner LA, Levin MC. Importance of Apolipoprotein A-I in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:278. [PMID: 26635608 PMCID: PMC4654019 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Jean-Martin Charcot has first described multiple sclerosis (MS) as a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) over a century ago. MS remains incurable today, and treatment options are limited to disease modifying drugs. Over the years, significant advances in understanding disease pathology have been made in autoimmune and neurodegenerative components. Despite the fact that brain is the most lipid rich organ in human body, the importance of lipid metabolism has not been extensively studied in this disorder. In MS, the CNS is under attack by a person's own immune system. Autoantigens and autoantibodies are known to cause devastation of myelin through up regulation of T-cells and cytokines, which penetrate through the blood-brain barrier to cause inflammation and myelin destruction. The anti-inflammatory role of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) has been implicated in a plethora of biological processes: vasodilation, immunity to infection, oxidation, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, it is not known what role HDL plays in neurological function and myelin repair in MS. Understanding of lipid metabolism in the CNS and in the periphery might unveil new therapeutic targets and explain the partial success of some existing MS therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia A. Gardner
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael C. Levin
- Research Service, VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Barbiero JK, Santiago RM, Persike DS, da Silva Fernandes MJ, Tonin FS, da Cunha C, Lucio Boschen S, Lima MM, Vital MA. Neuroprotective effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma agonists in model of parkinsonism induced by intranigral 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahyropyridine. Behav Brain Res 2014; 274:390-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
18
|
Levin MC, Douglas JN, Meyers L, Lee S, Shin Y, Gardner LA. Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis involves multiple pathogenic mechanisms. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2014; 4:49-63. [PMID: 32669900 PMCID: PMC7337253 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s54391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease that impairs the central nervous system (CNS). The neurological disability and clinical course of the disease is highly variable and unpredictable from one patient to another. The cause of MS is still unknown, but it is thought to occur in genetically susceptible individuals who develop disease due to a nongenetic trigger, such as altered metabolism, a virus, or other environmental factors. MS patients develop progressive, irreversible, neurological disability associated with neuronal and axonal damage, collectively known as neurodegeneration. Neurodegeneration was traditionally considered as a secondary phenomenon to inflammation and demyelination. However, recent data indicate that neurodegeneration develops along with inflammation and demyelination. Thus, MS is increasingly recognized as a neurodegenerative disease triggered by an inflammatory attack of the CNS. While both inflammation and demyelination are well described and understood cellular processes, neurodegeneration might be defined by a diverse pool of any of the following: neuronal cell death, apoptosis, necrosis, and virtual hypoxia. In this review, we present multiple theories and supporting evidence that identify common biological processes that contribute to neurodegeneration in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Levin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua N Douglas
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Sangmin Lee
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neurology
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neurology
| | - Lidia A Gardner
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neurology
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist pioglitazone suppresses experimental autoimmune uveitis. Exp Eye Res 2013; 116:291-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
20
|
Jiang Y, Zou Y, Chen S, Zhu C, Wu A, Liu Y, Ma L, Zhu D, Ma X, Liu M, Kang Z, Pi R, Peng F, Wang Q, Chen X. The anti-inflammatory effect of donepezil on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57 BL/6 mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:415-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Cholerton B, Baker LD, Craft S. Insulin, cognition, and dementia. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:170-179. [PMID: 24070815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive disorders of aging represent a serious threat to the social and economic welfare of current society. It is now widely recognized that pathology related to such conditions, particularly Alzheimer's disease, likely begins years or decades prior to the onset of clinical dementia symptoms. This revelation has led researchers to consider candidate mechanisms precipitating the cascade of neuropathological events that eventually lead to clinical Alzheimer's disease. Insulin, a hormone with potent effects in the brain, has recently received a great deal of attention for its potential beneficial and protective role in cognitive function. Insulin resistance, which refers to the reduced sensitivity of target tissues to the favorable effects of insulin, is related to multiple chronic conditions known to impact cognition and increase dementia risk. With insulin resistance-associated conditions reaching epidemic proportions, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders will continue to rise exponentially. Fortunately, these chronic insulin-related conditions are amenable to pharmacological intervention. As a result, novel therapeutic strategies that focus on increasing insulin sensitivity in the brain may be an important target for protecting or treating cognitive decline. The following review will highlight our current understanding of the role of insulin in brain, potential mechanisms underlying the link between insulin resistance and dementia, and current experimental therapeutic strategies aimed at improving cognitive function via modifying the brain's insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Cholerton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura D Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1207, USA
| | - Suzanne Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1207, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu J, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Ma S, Liu Q, Dang S, Jin M, Shi Y, Wan B, Zhang Y. Inhibition of 12/15-lipoxygenase by baicalein induces microglia PPARβ/δ: a potential therapeutic role for CNS autoimmune disease. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e569. [PMID: 23559003 PMCID: PMC3668632 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15-LO) is an enzyme that converts polyunsaturated fatty acids into bioactive lipid derivatives. In this study, we showed that inhibition of 12/15-LO by baicalein (BA) significantly attenuated clinical severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Inhibited migration of autoimmune T cells into the central nervous system (CNS) by BA treatment could be attributed to reduced activation of microglia, which was indicated by suppressed phagocytosis, and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the CNS. We further observed that inhibition of 12/15-LO with BA led to increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ in microglia of EAE mice. This was confirmed in vitro in primary microglia and a microglia cell line, BV2. In addition, we demonstrated that BA did not affect 12/15-LO or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) expression in microglia, but significantly decreased 12/15-LO products without influencing the levels of 5-LO metabolites. Moreover, among these compounds only 12/15-LO metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was able to reverse BA-mediated upregulation of PPARβ/δ in BV2 cells. We also showed that inhibition of microglia activation by PPARβ/δ was associated with repressed NF-κB and MAPK activities. Our findings indicate that inhibition of 12/15-LO induces PPARβ/δ, demonstrating important regulatory properties of 12/15-LO in CNS inflammation. This reveals potential therapeutic applications for MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brooks-Worrell BM, Palmer JP. Attenuation of islet-specific T cell responses is associated with C-peptide improvement in autoimmune type 2 diabetes patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 171:164-70. [PMID: 23286943 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists in cell-mediated autoimmune diseases results from down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and autoimmune effector cells. T cell islet autoimmunity has been demonstrated to be common in patients with phenotypic type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and islet-specific T cells (T(+) ) to be correlated positively with more severe beta cell dysfunction. We hypothesized that the beneficial effects of the PPAR-γ agonist, rosiglitazone, therapy in autoimmune T2DM patients is due, in part, to the immunosuppressive properties on the islet-specific T cell responses. Twenty-six phenotypic T2DM patients positive for T cell islet autoimmunity (T(+) ) were identified and randomized to rosiglitazone (n = 12) or glyburide (n = 14). Beta cell function, islet-specific T cell responses, interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ responses and islet autoantibodies were followed for 36 months. Patients treated with rosiglitazone demonstrated significant (P < 0·03) down-regulation of islet-specific T cell responses, although no change in response to tetanus, a significant decrease (P < 0·05) in IFN-γ production and significantly (P < 0·001) increased levels of adiponectin compared to glyburide-treated patients. Glucagon-stimulated beta cell function was observed to improve significantly (P < 0·05) in the rosiglitazone-treated T2DM patients coinciding with the down-regulation of the islet-specific T cell responses. In contrast, beta cell function in the glyburide-treated T2DM patients was observed to drop progressively throughout the study. Our results suggest that down-regulation of islet-specific T cell autoimmunity through anti-inflammatory therapy may help to improve beta cell function in autoimmune phenotypic T2DM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Brooks-Worrell
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Greene-Schloesser D, Schnegg CI, Robbins ME. Behavioral paradigms to evaluate PPAR modulation in animal models of brain injury. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 952:325-336. [PMID: 23100244 PMCID: PMC3795415 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-155-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of behavioral testing has become an invaluable tool for assessing the efficacy of therapeutics for a variety of disorders of the central nervous system. This chapter will describe in detail several behavioral paradigms to evaluate the efficacy of PPAR agonists to modulate cognitive impairments in rodent models. When used together as a battery these procedures allow for a global assessment of cognition. These tests are explained in detail below, and include: (1) Novel Object Recognition (NOR), (2) Morris Water Maze (MWM), (3) Delay Match to Place (DMP), and (4) Cue Strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Greene-Schloesser
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang H, Wu H, Rocuts F, Gu Z, Bach FH, Otterbein LE. Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Prolongs Islet Allograft Survival. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2111-8. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x637399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposing donor mice to carbon monoxide (CO) protects transplanted islet allografts from immune rejection after transplantation (referred as the “donor” effect). In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of the donor effect of CO, we found that donor treatment with CO upregulates expression of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ (PPARγ), a transcriptional regulator, in isolated islets. In this study, we evaluated whether PPARγ contributes to the survival and function of transplanted islets and whether PPARγ mediates the protective effect of CO in a major mismatch islet allogeneic transplantation model. BALB/c (H-2d) islets in which PPARγ activity was induced by its agonists, 15-deoxy-Δ12–14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) or troglitazone were transplanted into C57BL/6 (H-2b) recipients that had been rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ). Blood glucose levels of recipients were monitored to determine the function of transplanted islets. Our data indicated that PPARγ activation in islets led to a high percentage of BALB/c islets survived long-term in C57BL/6 recipients. Activation of PPARγ in the donor suppresses expressions of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in transplanted islets. Blocking PPARγ activity by its antagonist, GW9662, abrogated the donor effect of CO in vivo and in vitro. Our data demonstrate that PPARγ plays a critical role in the survival and function of transplanted islets after transplantation in the recipient. The protective effects of CO are at least in part mediated by PPARγ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongju Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Fredy Rocuts
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhuoying Gu
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fritz H. Bach
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo E. Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Laloux C, Petrault M, Lecointe C, Devos D, Bordet R. Differential susceptibility to the PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 6-hydroxydopamine rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Res 2012; 65:514-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
27
|
Abstract
Sir Harold Himsworth's prescient observations 75 years ago have recently been expanded to include a clear relationship between insulin resistance and central nervous system function. Insulin is a master regulator of corporeal ageing in all known species, determining the rate and expression of ageing in multiple body systems. Thus, it is not surprising that insulin also plays an important role in brain ageing and cognitive decline that is associated with pathological brain ageing. Brain ageing is accompanied by reduced insulin effectiveness, either by an inadequate cellular response to insulin or by insulin deficiency attributable to reduced insulin transport across the blood-brain barrier. Age-associated brain insulin abnormalities may contribute to cognitive decline in ageing, as have been documented in older adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. With more extreme pathology, brain insulin resistance may be associated with neurogenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and the condition which precedes Alzheimer's disease, known as amnestic mild cognitive impairment. In the following review, we discuss the mechanisms through which insulin resistance may induce or potentiate pathological brain ageing and thereby create a neurobiological environment that promotes neurodegeneration and associated cognitive decline. This topic is timely, given that insulin resistance-associated conditions such as diabetes and obesity have reached epidemic proportions. The prevalence of such chronic conditions, in combination with a rapidly ageing population, may result in a corresponding increase in the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. Fortunately, insulin resistance-associated conditions are amenable to both pharmacologic and lifestyle interventions that may reduce the deleterious impact of insulin resistance on the ageing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Cholerton
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
The Role of PPARgamma in the Cyclooxygenase Pathway in Lung Cancer. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:790568. [PMID: 18769553 PMCID: PMC2526169 DOI: 10.1155/2008/790568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and high levels of the proinflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) have been observed in many tumor types. Both reduced (PPARγ) expression and elevated COX-2 within the tumor are associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients, and recent work has indicated that these signaling pathways may be interrelated. Synthetic (PPARγ) agonists such as the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of anti-diabetic drugs can decrease COX-2 levels, inhibit growth of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells in vitro, and block tumor progression in xenograft models. TZDs alter the expression of COX-2 and consequent production of the protumorigenic inflammatory molecule prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) through both (PPARγ) dependent and independent mechanisms. Certain TZDs also reduce expression of PGE2 receptors or upregulate the PGE2 catabolic enzyme 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase. As several COX-2 enzymatic products have antitumor properties and specific COX-2 inhibition has been associated with increased risk of adverse cardiac events, directly reducing the effects or concentration of PGE2 may provide a more safe and effective strategy for lung cancer treatment. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these effects may be helpful for designing anticancer therapies. This article summarizes recent research on the relationship between (PPARγ), TZDs, and the COX-2/PGE2 pathways in lung cancer.
Collapse
|
29
|
PPAR-gamma: Therapeutic Potential for Multiple Sclerosis. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:627463. [PMID: 18604287 PMCID: PMC2441778 DOI: 10.1155/2008/627463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in altering lipid and glucose metabolism is well established. More recent studies indicate that PPARs also play critical roles in controlling immune responses. We and others have previously demonstrated that PPAR-γ agonists modulate the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review will discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these agonists are believed to modulate disease. The therapeutic potential of PPAR-γ agonists in the treatment of multiple sclerosis will also be considered.
Collapse
|
30
|
PPAR Regulation of Inflammatory Signaling in CNS Diseases. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:658520. [PMID: 18670616 PMCID: PMC2490815 DOI: 10.1155/2008/658520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) is an immune privileged site, nevertheless inflammation associates with many CNS diseases. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear hormone receptors that regulate immune and inflammatory responses. Specific ligands for PPARα, γ, and δ isoforms have proven effective in the animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and trauma/stroke, suggesting their use in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases. The activation of NF-κB and Jak-Stat signaling pathways and secretion of inflammatory cytokines are critical in the pathogenesis of CNS diseases. Interestingly, PPAR agonists mitigate CNS disease by modulating inflammatory signaling network in immune cells. In this manuscript, we review the current knowledge on how PPARs regulate neuroinflammatory signaling networks in CNS diseases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Han S, Zheng Y, Roman J. Rosiglitazone, an Agonist of PPARgamma, Inhibits Non-Small Cell Carcinoma Cell Proliferation In Part through Activation of Tumor Sclerosis Complex-2. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:29632. [PMID: 17597835 PMCID: PMC1892639 DOI: 10.1155/2007/29632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARγ ligands inhibit the proliferation of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells in vitro. The mechanisms responsible for this effect remain incompletely elucidated, but PPARγ ligands appear to inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We set out to test the hypothesis that PPARγ ligands activate tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2), a tumor suppressor gene that inhibits mTOR signaling. We found that the PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone stimulated the phosphorylation of TSC2 at serine-1254, but not threonine-1462. However, an antagonist of PPARγ and PPARγ siRNA did not inhibit these effects. Rosiglitazone also increased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, but inhibitors of p38 MAPK and its downstream signal MK2 had no effect on rosiglitazone-induced activation of TSC2. Activation of TSC2 resulted in downregulation of phosphorylated p70S6K, a downstream target of mTOR. A TSC2 siRNA induced p70S6K phosphorylation at baseline and inhibited p70S6K downregulation by rosiglitazone. When compared to a control siRNA in a thymidine incorporation assay, the TSC2 siRNA reduced the growth inhibitory effect of rosiglitazone by fifty percent. These observations suggest that rosiglitazone inhibits NSCLC growth partially through phosphorylation of TSC2 via PPARγ-independent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ShouWei Han
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China 2nd University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- *ShouWei Han:
| | - Ying Zheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China 2nd University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jesse Roman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yuan Y, Zhang A, Huang S, Ding G, Chen R. A PPARγ agonist inhibits aldosterone-induced mesangial cell proliferation by blocking ROS-dependent EGFR intracellular signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F393-402. [PMID: 21123490 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00418.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesangial cell (MC) proliferation is a key feature in the pathogenesis of a number of renal diseases. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) has attracted considerable attention for its effects on stimulating cell differentiation and on inducing cell cycle arrest. We previously showed that aldosterone (Aldo) stimulates MC proliferation via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, which was dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation (Huang S, Zhang A, Ding G, and Chen R. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296: F1323–F1333, 2009). In this study, we examined whether the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone inhibited Aldo-induced MC proliferation by modulating ROS-dependent EGFR intracellular signaling. Rosiglitazone at 1–10 μM dose dependently inhibited Aldo-induced MC proliferation of cultured mouse MCs. The inhibitory effect was blocked by the PPARγ antagonist PD-68235, indicating that the rosiglitazone effect acted through PPARγ activation. Rosiglitazone also arrested Aldo-induced cell cycle progression and suppressed expression of cyclins D1 and A. Moreover, rosiglitazone dose dependently blocked Aldo-induced ROS production, EGFR phosphorylation, and PI3K/Akt activation. These results suggest that the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone may inhibit Aldo-induced MC proliferation directly, by affecting ROS/EGFR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and cell cycle-regulatory proteins. PPARγ might be a novel therapeutic target against glomerular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University and
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University and
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Songming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University and
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guixia Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University and
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ronghua Chen
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Riveros C, Mellor D, Gandhi KS, McKay FC, Cox MB, Berretta R, Vaezpour SY, Inostroza-Ponta M, Broadley SA, Heard RN, Vucic S, Stewart GJ, Williams DW, Scott RJ, Lechner-Scott J, Booth DR, Moscato P. A transcription factor map as revealed by a genome-wide gene expression analysis of whole-blood mRNA transcriptome in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14176. [PMID: 21152067 PMCID: PMC2995726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several lines of evidence suggest that transcription factors are involved in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) but complete mapping of the whole network has been elusive. One of the reasons is that there are several clinical subtypes of MS and transcription factors that may be involved in one subtype may not be in others. We investigate the possibility that this network could be mapped using microarray technologies and contemporary bioinformatics methods on a dataset derived from whole blood in 99 untreated MS patients (36 Relapse Remitting MS, 43 Primary Progressive MS, and 20 Secondary Progressive MS) and 45 age-matched healthy controls. Methodology/Principal Findings We have used two different analytical methodologies: a non-standard differential expression analysis and a differential co-expression analysis, which have converged on a significant number of regulatory motifs that are statistically overrepresented in genes that are either differentially expressed (or differentially co-expressed) in cases and controls (e.g., V$KROX_Q6, p-value <3.31E-6; V$CREBP1_Q2, p-value <9.93E-6, V$YY1_02, p-value <1.65E-5). Conclusions/Significance Our analysis uncovered a network of transcription factors that potentially dysregulate several genes in MS or one or more of its disease subtypes. The most significant transcription factor motifs were for the Early Growth Response EGR/KROX family, ATF2, YY1 (Yin and Yang 1), E2F-1/DP-1 and E2F-4/DP-2 heterodimers, SOX5, and CREB and ATF families. These transcription factors are involved in early T-lymphocyte specification and commitment as well as in oligodendrocyte dedifferentiation and development, both pathways that have significant biological plausibility in MS causation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Riveros
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Drew Mellor
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Kaushal S. Gandhi
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Fiona C. McKay
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mathew B. Cox
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Regina Berretta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - S. Yahya Vaezpour
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Department of Computer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mario Inostroza-Ponta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simon A. Broadley
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Gold Coast Hospital, Southport, Australia
| | - Robert N. Heard
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Stephen Vucic
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Graeme J. Stewart
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | | | - Rodney J. Scott
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jeanette Lechner-Scott
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - David R. Booth
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, St Lucia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhu M, Flynt L, Ghosh S, Mellema M, Banerjee A, Williams E, Panettieri RA, Shore SA. Anti-inflammatory effects of thiazolidinediones in human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 45:111-9. [PMID: 20870897 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0445oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells have been reported to contribute to the inflammation of asthma. Because the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) exert anti-inflammatory effects, we examined the effects of troglitazone and rosiglitazone on the release of inflammatory moieties from cultured human ASM cells. Troglitazone dose-dependently reduced the IL-1β-induced release of IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor, the TNF-α-induced release of eotaxin and regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES), and the IL-4-induced release of eotaxin. Rosiglitazone also inhibited the TNF-α-stimulated release of RANTES. Although TZDs are known to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), these anti-inflammatory effects were not affected by a specific PPARγ inhibitor (GW 9662) or by the knockdown of PPARγ using short hairpin RNA. Troglitazone and rosiglitazone each caused the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as detected by Western blotting using a phospho-AMPK antibody. The anti-inflammatory effects of TZDs were largely mimicked by the AMPK activators, 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribose (AICAR) and metformin. However, the AMPK inhibitors, Ara A and Compound C, were not effective in preventing the anti-inflammatory effects of troglitazone or rosiglitzone, suggesting that the effects of these TZDs are likely not mediated through the activation of AMPK. These data indicate that TZDs inhibit the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators from human ASM cells, suggesting that they may be useful in the treatment of asthma, and the data also indicate that the effects of TZDs are not mediated by PPARγ or AMPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhu
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115-6021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The third lineage of T helper subsets, Th17, has recently been identified as an IL- 17-producing CD4+ Th cell, and its functions and regulatory mechanisms have been extensively characterized in immune responses. Functional studies have provided evidence that Th17 cells are important for the modulation of autoimmune responses, such as chronic asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and multiple sclerosis. Murine Th17 cell differentiation is enhanced by the coordinated functions of distinct cytokines including TGFbeta, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-23, whereas IL-2, IL-4, IFNgamma, and IL-27 inhibit its differentiation. In addition, Th17 cells are controlled by several transcription factors such as RORgammat, IRF4, BATF, FoxP3, T-bet, PPARgamma, E-FABP, and SOCSs. This review focuses on the functions and regulatory mechanisms of several transcription factors in the control of Th17 cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sook Hwang
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Phamacy, Ewha Womans University, Center for Cell Signaling and Drug Discovery Research, 11-1 Daehyeon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Randy LH, Guoying B. Agonism of Peroxisome Proliferator Receptor-Gamma may have Therapeutic Potential for Neuroinflammation and Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 5:35-46. [PMID: 18615152 DOI: 10.2174/157015907780077123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests inflammation, mitochondria dysfunction, and oxidative stress play major roles in Parkinson's disease (PD), where the primary pathology is the significant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Current methods used to treat PD focus mainly on replacing dopamine in the nigrostriatal system. However, with time these methods fail and worsen the symptoms of the disease. This implies there is more to the treatment of PD than just restoring dopamine or the dopaminergic neurons, and that a broader spectrum of factors must be changed in order to restore environmental homeostasis. Pharmacological agents that can protect against progressive neuronal degeneration, increase the level of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system, or restore the dopaminergic system offer various avenues for the treatment of PD. Drugs that reduce inflammation, restore mitochondrial function, or scavenge free radicals have also been shown to offer neuroprotection in various animal models of PD. The activation of peroxisome proliferator receptor- gamma (PPAR-gamma ) has been associated with altering insulin sensitivity, increasing dopamine, inhibiting inflammation, altering mitochondrial bioenergetics, and reducing oxidative stress - a variety of factors that are altered in PD. Therefore, PPAR-gamma activation may offer a new clinically relevant treatment approach to neuroinflammation and PD related neurodegeneration. This review will summarize the current understanding of the role of PPAR-gamma agonists in neuroinflammation and discuss their potential for the treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Hunter Randy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yang SL, Chen SL, Wu JY, Ho TC, Tsao YP. Pigment epithelium-derived factor induces interleukin-10 expression in human macrophages by induction of PPAR gamma. Life Sci 2010; 87:26-35. [PMID: 20553736 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM In search for the anti-inflammation mechanism of PEDF, we investigate whether pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) induces the gene expression of interleukin (IL)-10 in human macrophages and determine the molecular basis of this induction. MAIN METHODS Human macrophages derived from a monocytic cell line, THP-1, and peripheral monocytes were treated with PEDF. IL-10 expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, and promoter-reporter assay. Activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was assessed by immunoblotting using antibodies targeting phosphorylated kinases forms. Elk-1 and ATF-2 phosphorylation was determined as well. Pharmacological inhibitors were used to examine the involvement of ERK, p38 MAPK, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) on the IL-10 expression induced by PEDF. KEY FINDINGS PEDF increased the levels of IL-10 mRNA and protein in THP-1 cells and human macrophages derived from peripheral monocytes. Blockade of activity of ERK or p38 MAPK attenuated PEDF effects on induction of PPARgamma and IL-10. PEDF increased the transcriptional activity of IL-10 promoter. The effect was synergistically augmented by PPARgamma agonist, but attenuated by inhibitors of PPARgamma, ERK or p38 MAPK. These results showed that PEDF promotes IL-10 expression at transcriptional level, and that this is achieved through the ERK2/p38MAPK-dependent PPARgamma expression. SIGNIFICANCE The anti-inflammatory property of PEDF may in part through the induction of IL-10 in macrophages. Our study supports the therapeutic potential of PEDF and PPARgamma agonists in inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wu Y, Zhao XD, Zhuang Z, Xue YJ, Cheng HL, Yin HX, Shi JX. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist rosiglitazone attenuates oxyhemoglobin-induced Toll-like receptor 4 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Brain Res 2010; 1322:102-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
39
|
Craft S. The Role of Insulin Dysregulation in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease. DIABETES, INSULIN AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-04300-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
40
|
Won HY, Min HJ, Ahn JH, Yoo SE, Bae MA, Hong JH, Hwang ES. Anti-allergic function and regulatory mechanisms of KR62980 in allergen-induced airway inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:888-96. [PMID: 19896472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ligand-activated transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma, and its ligands inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production by immune cells, thus exerting anti-inflammatory activity. As a non-thiazolidinedione PPARgamma ligand, KR62980 has anti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic activities, but its anti-inflammatory function has yet to be characterized. In this study, we investigated the functions and mechanisms of KR62980 in the activation and differentiation of CD4+ T helper (Th) cells by comparing its effects with those of a thiazolidinedione PPARgamma ligand, rosiglitazone. KR62980 dose-dependently and significantly suppressed TCR-triggered Th cell proliferation by suppressing IL-2/IL-2Ralpha-mediated signaling. Both KR62980 and rosiglitazone suppressed IFNgamma production in a dose-dependent manner, whereas IL-4 gene expression was specifically suppressed by only KR62980. In addition, sustained KR62980 treatment diminished Th2 cytokine production by inhibiting c-Maf expression. In vivo administration of KR62980 in a model of allergic asthma significantly attenuated eotaxin-induced eosinophil infiltration, allergic cytokine production and collagen deposition in the lung. KR62980 also decreased goblet cell hyperplasia in the airway and mucous cell metaplasia in nasal epithelium, concurrent with decreases of allergic Th2 cytokines and IL-17 in the draining lymph node. In conclusion, a novel PPARgamma ligand, KR62980, suppresses in vitro Th2 cell differentiation and attenuates in vivo OVA-induced airway inflammation, suggesting a beneficial role for KR62980 in the treatment of allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeon Won
- College of Pharmacy and Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyun-Dong, Sudaemun-Ku, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Guignabert C, Alvira CM, Alastalo TP, Sawada H, Hansmann G, Zhao M, Wang L, El-Bizri N, Rabinovitch M. Tie2-mediated loss of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in mice causes PDGF receptor-beta-dependent pulmonary arterial muscularization. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297:L1082-90. [PMID: 19801450 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00199.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma is reduced in pulmonary arteries (PAs) of patients with PA hypertension (PAH), and we reported that deletion of PPARgamma in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of transgenic mice results in PAH. However, the sequelae of loss of PPARgamma in PA endothelial cells (ECs) are unknown. Therefore, we bred Tie2-Cre mice with PPARgamma(flox/flox) mice to induce EC loss of PPARgamma (Tie2 PPARgamma(-/-)), and we assessed PAH by right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), RV hypertrophy (RVH), and muscularized distal PAs in room air (RA), after chronic hypoxia (CH), and after 4 wk of recovery in RA (Rec-RA). The Tie2 PPARgamma(-/-) mice developed spontaneous PAH in RA with increased RVSP, RVH, and muscularized PAs vs. wild type (WT); both genotypes exhibited a similar degree of PAH following chronic hypoxia, but Tie2 PPARgamma(-/-) mice had more residual PAH compared with WT mice after Rec-RA. The Tie2 PPARgamma(-/-) vs. WT mice in RA had increased platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGF-Rbeta) expression and signaling, despite an elevation in the PPARgamma target apolipoprotein E, an inhibitor of PDGF signaling. Inhibition of PDGF-Rbeta signaling with imatinib, however, was sufficient to reverse the PAH observed in the Tie2 PPARgamma(-/-) mice. Thus the disruption of PPARgamma signaling in EC is sufficient to cause mild PAH and to impair recovery from CH-induced PAH. Inhibition of heightened PDGF-Rbeta signaling is sufficient to reverse PAH in this genetic model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Guignabert
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford Univ. School of Medicine, CA 94305-5162, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ramanan S, Zhao W, Riddle DR, Robbins ME. Role of PPARs in Radiation-Induced Brain Injury. PPAR Res 2009; 2010:234975. [PMID: 19789638 PMCID: PMC2748193 DOI: 10.1155/2010/234975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-brain irradiation (WBI) represents the primary mode of treatment for brain metastases; about 200 000 patients receive WBI each year in the USA. Up to 50% of adult and 100% of pediatric brain cancer patients who survive >6 months post-WBI will suffer from a progressive, cognitive impairment. At present, there are no proven long-term treatments or preventive strategies for this significant radiation-induced late effect. Recent studies suggest that the pathogenesis of radiation-induced brain injury involves WBI-mediated increases in oxidative stress and/or inflammatory responses in the brain. Therefore, anti-inflammatory strategies can be employed to modulate radiation-induced brain injury. Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the steroid/thyroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily. Although traditionally known to play a role in metabolism, increasing evidence suggests a role for PPARs in regulating the response to inflammation and oxidative injury. PPAR agonists have been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier and confer neuroprotection in animal models of CNS disorders such as stroke, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. However, the role of PPARs in radiation-induced brain injury is unclear. In this manuscript, we review the current knowledge and the emerging insights about the role of PPARs in modulating radiation-induced brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Ramanan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - David R. Riddle
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Mike E. Robbins
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhao W, Thacker SG, Hodgin JB, Zhang H, Wang JH, Park JL, Randolph A, Somers EC, Pennathur S, Kretzler M, Brosius FC, Kaplan MJ. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone improves cardiometabolic risk and renal inflammation in murine lupus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 183:2729-40. [PMID: 19620300 PMCID: PMC2765333 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a striking increase in the risk of premature atherosclerosis, a complication preceded by significant subclinical vascular damage. A proposed mechanism leading to accelerated vascular disease in SLE is an imbalance between vascular damage and repair, as patients with this disease display significant abnormalities in phenotype and function of endothelial progenitor cells. In addition, individuals with SLE have a higher incidence of insulin resistance which may further contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk. This study examined the role of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone in improving endothelial function, endothelial progenitor cell numbers and functional capacity, metabolic parameters, and disease activity in the lupus-prone murine model New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZB x NZW)F(1). Ten-week-old prenephritic female NZB/NZW F(1) mice were exposed to 10 or 25 mg/kg/day of oral pioglitazone or vehicle for 15 or 24 wk. Mice exposed to pioglitazone exhibited pronounced enhancement in endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation of thoracic aortas and in endothelial progenitor cell function, as assessed by the capacity of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells to differentiate into mature endothelial cells. Pioglitazone-treated mice showed improvement in insulin resistance, adipokine, and lipid profile. Kidneys from pioglitazone-treated mice showed significant decreases in immune complex deposition, renal inflammation, T cell glomerular infiltration, and intrarenal synthesis of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and VCAM-1. These results indicate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists could serve as important tools in the prevention of premature cardiovascular disease and organ damage in SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenpu Zhao
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
A pilot test of pioglitazone as an add-on in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 211:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
45
|
Bright JJ, Walline CC, Kanakasabai S, Chakraborty S. Targeting PPAR as a therapy to treat multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 12:1565-75. [PMID: 19007323 DOI: 10.1517/14728220802515400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that causes chronic paralysis and immense socio-economic problem among young adults. The etiology of MS is not known but it is generally viewed as an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the CNS. Over the past decade, several anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed to control MS symptoms but there is no medical cure. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use and mechanism of action of agonists of PPAR, a family of nuclear receptor transcription factors that regulate inflammation, in treatment of MS. METHODS There are several reports showing beneficial effects of PPAR agonists in treating MS-like disease in animal models. We review recent advances in this field. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS PPAR agonists regulate MS-like disease in animal models by blocking inflammatory signaling pathways, suggesting their use in treatment of MS. Current human trials are likely to confirm the safety and efficacy of PPAR agonists for MS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Bright
- Methodist Research Institute, Neuroscience Research Laboratory, 1800 N Capitol Avenue, Noyes Bldg E-504C, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Eto M, Sumi H, Fujimura H, Yoshikawa H, Sakoda S. Pioglitazone promotes peripheral nerve remyelination after crush injury through CD36 upregulation. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2009; 13:242-8. [PMID: 18844791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2008.00183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we found that CD36-deficient mice showed significant delays in peripheral nerve remyelination after sciatic nerve crush injury and suggested that CD36 played an important role in the restoration of injured peripheral nerves. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CD36 upregulation can promote peripheral nerve remyelination. We made crush injury that caused demyelination and mild axonal degeneration to sciatic nerves and investigated the effect of pioglitazone (PIO) on the remyelination post-injury in C57Bl/6 wild-type and CD36-deficient mice. The immunohistochemistry with anti-CD36 antibody showed that CD36 was upregulated in macrophages infiltrating peripheral nerves from the wild-type mice by PIO administration at 1 week post-injury. The lectin histochemistry represented that infiltrating macrophages lessened in the wild-type mice at 3 weeks post-injury by PIO administration. General histopathology and morphometry indicated that thinly myelinated fibers and naked axons diminished in PIO-treated wild-type mice compared with non-treated wild-type mice at 3 weeks post-injury. No significant differences were observed in remyelination and number of infiltrating macrophages between PIO-treated and non-treated CD36-deficient mice. These results indicate that PIO promotes peripheral nerve remyelination possibly through CD36. It may be possible to apply PIO to the remedy against demyelinating neuropathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Eto
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Teotico DG, Bischof JJ, Peng L, Kliewer SA, Redinbo MR. Structural basis of human pregnane X receptor activation by the hops constituent colupulone. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:1512-20. [PMID: 18768384 PMCID: PMC2584763 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hops extracts are used to alleviate menopausal symptoms and as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy, but they can produce potentially harmful drug-drug interactions. The nuclear xenobiotic receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) is promiscuously activated by a range of structurally distinct chemicals. It has a key role in the transcriptional regulation of genes that encode xenobiotic metabolism enzymes. In this study, hops extracts are shown to induce the expression of numerous drug metabolism and excretion proteins. The beta-bitter acid colupulone is demonstrated to be a bioactive component and direct activator of human PXR. The 2.8-A resolution crystal structure of the ligand binding domain of human PXR in complex with colupulone was elucidated, and colupulone was observed to bind in a single orientation stabilized by both van der Waals and hydrogen bonding contacts. The crystal structure also indicates that related alpha- and beta-bitter acids have the capacity to serve as PXR agonists as well. Taken together, these results reveal the structural basis for drug-drug interactions mediated by colupulone and related constituents of hops extracts.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/biosynthesis
- Binding Sites
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Cyclohexanones/chemistry
- Cyclohexanones/pharmacology
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/biosynthesis
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Humans
- Humulus
- In Vitro Techniques
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/biosynthesis
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Pregnane X Receptor
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Steroid/agonists
- Receptors, Steroid/chemistry
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise G Teotico
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor beta/delta in the Brain: Facts and Hypothesis. PPAR Res 2008; 2008:780452. [PMID: 19009042 PMCID: PMC2581793 DOI: 10.1155/2008/780452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors acting as lipid sensors. Besides its metabolic activity in peripheral organs, the PPAR beta/delta isotype is highly expressed in the brain and its deletion in mice induces a brain developmental defect. Nevertheless, exploration of PPARβ action in the central nervous system remains sketchy. The lipid content alteration observed in PPARβ null brains and the positive action of PPARβ agonists on oligodendrocyte differentiation, a process characterized by lipid accumulation, suggest that PPARβ acts on the fatty acids and/or cholesterol metabolisms in the brain. PPARβ could also regulate central inflammation and antioxidant mechanisms in the damaged brain. Even if not fully understood, the neuroprotective effect of PPARβ agonists highlights their potential benefit to treat various acute or chronic neurological disorders. In this perspective, we need to better understand the basic function of PPARβ in the brain. This review proposes different leads for future researches.
Collapse
|
49
|
Chearwae W, Bright JJ. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) and curcumin modulate the expression of toll-like receptors 4 and 9 in autoimmune T lymphocyte. J Clin Immunol 2008; 28:558-70. [PMID: 18463970 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease model for multiple sclerosis (MS). We have shown earlier that 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) and curcumin ameliorate EAE by modulating inflammatory signaling pathways in T lymphocytes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), expressed primarily in innate immune cells, play critical roles in the pathogenesis of EAE. T lymphocytes also express TLRs and function as costimulatory receptors to upregulate proliferation and cytokine production in response to specific agonists. DISCUSSION In this study, we show that naïve CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells express detectable levels of TLR4 and TLR9 and that increase after the induction of EAE in SJL/J and C57BL/6 mice by immunization with PLPp139-151 and MOGp35-55 antigen, respectively. It is interesting to note that in vivo treatment with 15d-PGJ2 or curcumin results in a significant decrease in TLR4 and TLR9 expression in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in association with the amelioration of EAE. CONCLUSION Although the exact mechanisms are not known, the modulation of TLR expression in T lymphocytes by 15d-PGJ(2) and curcumin suggests new therapeutic targets in the treatment of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanida Chearwae
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute at Clarian Health, 1800 North Capitol Avenue, Noyes Building E-504C, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ferreira-Silva V, Rodrigues AC, Hirata TDC, Hirabara SM, Curi R. Effects of 15-deoxy-Δ12, 14 prostaglandin J2 and ciglitazone on human cancer cell cycle progression and death: The role of PPARγ. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 580:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|