1
|
Chen L, Wang J, Ren Y, Ma Y, Liu J, Jiang H, Liu C. Artesunate improves glucose and lipid metabolism in db/db mice by regulating the metabolic profile and the MAPK/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155382. [PMID: 38382280 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia. Chronic metabolic abnormalities and long-term hyperglycaemia may result in a wide range of acute and chronic consequences. Previous studies have demonstrated that artesunate(ART) has antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic, and other beneficial effects, but the specific regulatory mechanism is not completely clear. AIM This study investigated the effects of ART on metabolic disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model db/db mice and explored the underlying mechanisms involved. METHODS C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were used to identify the targets and molecular mechanism of ART. Metabolomic methods were used to evaluate the efficacy of ART in improving T2DM-related metabolic disorders. Network pharmacology and transcriptomic sequencing were used to analyse the targets and pathways of ART in T2DM. Finally, molecular biology experiments were performed to verify the key targets and pathways selected by network pharmacology and transcriptomic analyses. RESULTS After a 7-week ART intervention (160 mg/kg), the glucose and lipid metabolism levels of the db/db mice improved. Additionally, the oxidative stress indices, namely, the MDA and SOD levels, significantly improved (p<0.01). Linoleic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, bile acid synthesis, and purine metabolism disorders in db/db mice were partially corrected after ART treatment. Network pharmacology analysis identified important targets of ART for the treatment of metabolic disorders in T2DM . These targets are involved in key signalling pathways, including the highest scores observed for the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that ART could activate the MAPK signalling pathway and two key gene targets, HGK and GADD45. Immunoblotting revealed that ART increases p-PI3K, p-AKT, Glut2, and IRS1 protein expression and suppresses the phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2, and JNK, returning HGK and GADD45 to their preartesunate levels. CONCLUSION Treatment of db/db mice with 160 mg/kg ART for 7 weeks significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and lipid levels. It also improved metabolic imbalances in amino acids, lipids, purines, and bile acids, thereby improving metabolic disorders. These effects are achieved by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway and inhibiting the MAPK pathway, thus demonstrating the efficacy of the drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chen
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Multiomics and Translational Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jialin Wang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Multiomics and Translational Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yanshuang Ren
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Multiomics and Translational Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yujin Ma
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Multiomics and Translational Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Multiomics and Translational Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Multiomics and Translational Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China.
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Clinical Multiomics and Translational Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chai J, Sun Z, Zhou Q, Xu J. Evaluation of Trace Elements Levels and Construction of Auxiliary Prediction Model in Patients with Diabetes Ketoacidosis in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:3403-3415. [PMID: 37929055 PMCID: PMC10624197 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s425156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trace elements play an important role in reflecting physical metabolic status, but have been rarely evaluated in diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA). Since clinical biochemical parameters are the first-line diagnostic data mastered by clinical doctors and DKA has a rapid progression, it is crucial to fully utilize clinical data and combine innovative parameters to assist in assessing disease progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of trace elements in DKA patients, followed by construction of predictive models combined with the laboratory parameters. Methods A total of 96 T1D individuals (48 DKA patients) were collected from the First Hospital of Jilin University. Serum calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and selenium (Se) were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, and the data of biochemical parameters were collected from the laboratory information system. Training and validation sets were used to construct the model and examine the efficiency of the model. The lambda-mu-sigma method was used to evaluate the changes in the model prediction efficiency as the severity of the patient's condition increases. Results Lower levels of serum Mg, Ca and Zn, but higher levels of serum Fe, Cu and Se were found in DKA patients. Low levels of total protein (TP), Zn and high levels of lipase would be an efficient combination for the prediction of DKA (Area under curves for training set and validation set were 0.867 and 0.961, respectively). The examination test confirmed the clinical applicability of the constructed models. The increasing predictive efficiency of the model was found with NACP. Conclusion More severe oxidative stress in DKA led to further imbalance of trace elements. The combination of TP, lipase and Zn could predict DKA efficiently, which would benefit the early identification and prevention of DKA to improve prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiatong Chai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiancheng Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Benhalima K, Beunen K, Siegelaar SE, Painter R, Murphy HR, Feig DS, Donovan LE, Polsky S, Buschur E, Levy CJ, Kudva YC, Battelino T, Ringholm L, Mathiesen ER, Mathieu C. Management of type 1 diabetes in pregnancy: update on lifestyle, pharmacological treatment, and novel technologies for achieving glycaemic targets. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:490-508. [PMID: 37290466 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucose concentrations within target, appropriate gestational weight gain, adequate lifestyle, and, if necessary, antihypertensive treatment and low-dose aspirin reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery, and other adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes. Despite the increasing use of diabetes technology (ie, continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pumps), the target of more than 70% time in range in pregnancy (TIRp 3·5-7·8 mmol/L) is often reached only in the final weeks of pregnancy, which is too late for beneficial effects on pregnancy outcomes. Hybrid closed-loop (HCL) insulin delivery systems are emerging as promising treatment options in pregnancy. In this Review, we discuss the latest evidence on pre-pregnancy care, management of diabetes-related complications, lifestyle recommendations, gestational weight gain, antihypertensive treatment, aspirin prophylaxis, and the use of novel technologies for achieving and maintaining glycaemic targets during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes. In addition, the importance of effective clinical and psychosocial support for pregnant women with type 1 diabetes is also highlighted. We also discuss the contemporary studies examining HCL systems in type 1 diabetes during pregnancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Benhalima
- Endocrinology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kaat Beunen
- Endocrinology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah E Siegelaar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Painter
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Helen R Murphy
- Diabetes and Antenatal Care, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Denice S Feig
- Department of Medicine, Obstetrics, and Gynecology and Department of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Diabetes and Endocrinology in Pregnancy Program, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lois E Donovan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cumming School Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sarit Polsky
- Medicine and Pediatrics, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Adult Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Buschur
- Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carol J Levy
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Obstetrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yogish C Kudva
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tadej Battelino
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lene Ringholm
- Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Chantal Mathieu
- Endocrinology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guerrero-Santoro J, Morizane M, Oh SY, Mishima T, Goff JP, Bildirici I, Sadovsky E, Ouyang Y, Tyurin VA, Tyurina YY, Kagan VE, Sadovsky Y. The lipase cofactor CGI58 controls placental lipolysis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:168717. [PMID: 37212279 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In eutherians, the placenta plays a critical role in the uptake, storage, and metabolism of lipids. These processes govern the availability of fatty acids to the developing fetus, where inadequate supply has been associated with substandard fetal growth. Whereas lipid droplets are essential for the storage of neutral lipids in the placenta and many other tissues, the processes that regulate placental lipid droplet lipolysis remain largely unknown. To assess the role of triglyceride lipases and their cofactors in determining placental lipid droplet and lipid accumulation, we assessed the role of patatin like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2) and comparative gene identification-58 (CGI58) in lipid droplet dynamics in the human and mouse placenta. While both proteins are expressed in the placenta, the absence of CGI58, not PNPLA2, markedly increased placental lipid and lipid droplet accumulation. These changes were reversed upon restoration of CGI58 levels selectively in the CGI58-deficient mouse placenta. Using co-immunoprecipitation, we found that, in addition to PNPLA2, PNPLA9 interacts with CGI58. PNPLA9 was dispensable for lipolysis in the mouse placenta yet contributed to lipolysis in human placental trophoblasts. Our findings establish a crucial role for CGI58 in placental lipid droplet dynamics and, by extension, in nutrient supply to the developing fetus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Guerrero-Santoro
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mayumi Morizane
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Soo-Young Oh
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Takuya Mishima
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie P Goff
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ibrahim Bildirici
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elena Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yingshi Ouyang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
- Department of Radiation Oncology; and
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The ANGPTL3-4-8 Axis in Normal Gestation and in Gestational Diabetes, and Its Potential Involvement in Fetal Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032486. [PMID: 36768809 PMCID: PMC9917010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia in gestational diabetes has been associated with worse perinatal outcomes. The ANGPTL3-4-8 axis regulates lipid metabolism, especially in the transition from fasting to feeding. In this study, we evaluated the response of ANGPTL3, 4, and 8 after the intake of a mixed meal in women with normal glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes, and we assessed their gene expressions in different placental locations. Regarding the circulating levels of ANGPTL3, 4, and 8, we observed an absence of ANGPTL4 response after the intake of the meal in the GDM group compared to its presence in the control group. At the placental level, we observed a glucose tolerance-dependent expression pattern of ANGPTL3 between the two placental sides. When we compared the GDM pregnancies with the control pregnancies, a downregulation of the maternal side ANGPTL3 expression was observed. This suggests a dysregulation of the ANGPTL3-4-8 axis in GDM, both at the circulating level after ingestion and at the level of placental expression. Furthermore, we discerned that the expressions of ANGPTL3, 4, and 8 were related to birth weight and placental weight in the GDM group, but not in the control group, which suggests that they may play a role in regulating the transplacental passage of nutrients.
Collapse
|
6
|
Easton ZJW, Luo X, Li L, Regnault TRH. The impact of hyperglycemia upon BeWo trophoblast cell metabolic function: A multi-OMICS and functional metabolic analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283118. [PMID: 36930661 PMCID: PMC10022812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing and gestationally-developed diabetes mellitus have been linked with impairments in placental villous trophoblast cell metabolic function, that are thought to underlie the development of metabolic diseases early in the lives of the exposed offspring. Previous research using placental cell lines and ex vivo trophoblast preparations have highlighted hyperglycemia is an important independent regulator of placental function. However, it is poorly understood if hyperglycemia directly influences aspects of placental metabolic function, including nutrient storage and mitochondrial respiration, that are altered in term diabetic placentae. The current study examined metabolic and mitochondrial function as well as nutrient storage in both undifferentiated cytotrophoblast and differentiated syncytiotrophoblast BeWo cells cultured under hyperglycemia conditions (25 mM glucose) for 72 hours to further characterize the direct impacts of placental hyperglycemic exposure. Hyperglycemic-exposed BeWo trophoblasts displayed increased glycogen and triglyceride nutrient stores, but real-time functional readouts of metabolic enzyme activity and mitochondrial respiratory activity were not altered. However, specific investigation into mitochondrial dynamics highlighted increased expression of markers associated with mitochondrial fission that could indicate high glucose-exposed trophoblasts are transitioning towards mitochondrial dysfunction. To further characterize the impacts of independent hyperglycemia, the current study subsequently utilized a multi-omics approach and evaluated the transcriptomic and metabolomic signatures of BeWo cytotrophoblasts. BeWo cytotrophoblasts exposed to hyperglycemia displayed increased mRNA expression of ACSL1, HSD11B2, RPS6KA5, and LAP3 and reduced mRNA expression of CYP2F1, and HK2, concomitant with increased levels of: lactate, malonate, and riboflavin metabolites. These changes highlighted important underlying alterations to glucose, glutathione, fatty acid, and glucocorticoid metabolism in BeWo trophoblasts exposed to hyperglycemia. Overall, these results demonstrate that hyperglycemia is an important independent regulator of key areas of placental metabolism, nutrient storage, and mitochondrial function, and these data continue to expand our knowledge on mechanisms governing the development of placental dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J W Easton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xian Luo
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- The Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy R H Regnault
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, London Health Science Centre-Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kedziora SM, Obermayer B, Sugulle M, Herse F, Kräker K, Haase N, Langmia IM, Müller DN, Staff AC, Beule D, Dechend R. Placental Transcriptome Profiling in Subtypes of Diabetic Pregnancies Is Strongly Confounded by Fetal Sex. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315388. [PMID: 36499721 PMCID: PMC9740420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a temporary organ with a unique structure and function to ensure healthy fetal development. Placental dysfunction is involved in pre-eclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A diabetic state affects maternal and fetal health and may lead to functional alterations of placental metabolism, inflammation, hypoxia, and weight, amplifying the fetal stress. The placental molecular adaptations to the diabetic environment and the adaptive spatio-temporal consequences to elevated glucose or insulin are largely unknown (2). We aimed to identify gene expression signatures related to the diabetic placental pathology of placentas from women with diabetes mellitus. Human placenta samples (n = 77) consisting of healthy controls, women with either gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and women with GDM, type 1 or type 2 diabetes and superimposed PE were collected. Interestingly, gene expression differences quantified by total RNA sequencing were mainly driven by fetal sex rather than clinical diagnosis. Association of the principal components with a full set of clinical patient data identified fetal sex as the single main explanatory variable. Accordingly, placentas complicated by type 1 and type 2 diabetes showed only few differentially expressed genes, while possible effects of GDM and diabetic pregnancy complicated by PE were not identifiable in this cohort. We conclude that fetal sex has a prominent effect on the placental transcriptome, dominating and confounding gene expression signatures resulting from diabetes mellitus in settings of well-controlled diabetic disease. Our results support the notion of placenta as a sexual dimorphic organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Kedziora
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt Obermayer
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Unit Bioinformatics, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Meryam Sugulle
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Florian Herse
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Kräker
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Haase
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Immaculate M. Langmia
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik N. Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10178 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dieter Beule
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Unit Bioinformatics, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dechend
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a Joint Cooperation between the Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 10785 Berlin, Germany
- HELIOS Clinic, Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-4505-40301
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Serine Hydrolases in Lipid Homeostasis of the Placenta-Targets for Placental Function? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126851. [PMID: 35743292 PMCID: PMC9223866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic state of pregnant women and their unborn children changes throughout pregnancy and adapts to the specific needs of each gestational week. These adaptions are accomplished by the actions of enzymes, which regulate the occurrence of their endogenous substrates and products in all three compartments: mother, placenta and the unborn. These enzymes determine bioactive lipid signaling, supply, and storage through the generation or degradation of lipids and fatty acids, respectively. This review focuses on the role of lipid-metabolizing serine hydrolases during normal pregnancy and in pregnancy-associated pathologies, such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, or preterm birth. The biochemical properties of each class of lipid hydrolases are presented, with special emphasis on their role in placental function or dysfunction. While, during a normal pregnancy, an appropriate tonus of bioactive lipids prevails, dysregulation and aberrant signaling occur in diseased states. A better understanding of the dynamics of serine hydrolases across gestation and their involvement in placental lipid homeostasis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions will help to identify new targets for placental function in the future.
Collapse
|
9
|
Song L, Wang N, Peng Y, Sun B, Cui W. Placental lipid transport and content in response to maternal overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus in human term placenta. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:692-702. [PMID: 35109996 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Placental lipid transport is altered in women with high prepregnancy body mass index (pre-BMI) or gestational diabetes (GDM), which consequently affects foetal growth. However, the interaction of maternal overweight (OW) and GDM on placental lipid metabolism and possible adaptations are less studied. We aimed to examine whether maternal OW or GDM is the main factor disrupting placental lipid processing in human term placenta. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 152 lean (18.5 ≤ pre-BMI ≤ 23.9 kg/m2) and OW (24 ≤ pre-BMI ≤ 27.9 kg/m2) pregnant women with or without GDM with a scheduled delivery by caesarean section were recruited. Maternal venous blood samples were used to measure metabolic parameters during pregnancy. Term placentas and cord blood were collected at delivery to determine placental lipid metabolism and foetal circulating lipid levels. Maternal OW significantly increased the placental mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism (FAT/CD36, FATP1, FATP4, FATP6, and PPAR-α), elevated placental lipid content (triglyceride, cholesterol), enhanced placental mTORC1-rpS6 and ERK1/2 signalling, increased cord blood insulin levels and birth weight. Neonatal birth weight was positively correlated with maternal pre-BMI, placental ERK1/2 signalling and cord blood insulin. There was an interaction between OW and GDM in regulating key placental fuel transport and storage gene expression (LPL, FATP6, FABP7, PPAR-α, PPAR-β, PPAR-γ, IR-β, GLUT1, SNAT2, SNAT4, and LAT1). CONCLUSION Maternal OW mainly affects placental lipid metabolism, which may contribute to foetal overgrowth and may impact long-term offspring health. GDM plays a less significant role in affecting placental lipid transfer and other mechanisms may be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Second Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanqi Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Second Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Second Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Valcamonico A, Maggi C, Mazzoni G, Colombi F, Sartori E. Obesità in gravidanza: fattore di rischio per esiti perinatali sfavorevoli? GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.18.04016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
11
|
Balachandiran M, Bobby Z, Dorairajan G, Jacob SE, Gladwin V, Vinayagam V, Packirisamy RM. Placental Accumulation of Triacylglycerols in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association with Altered Fetal Growth are Related to the Differential Expressions of Proteins of Lipid Metabolism. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 129:803-812. [PMID: 31968385 DOI: 10.1055/a-1017-3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) exhibit altered placental lipid metabolism. The molecular basis of this altered metabolism is not clear. Altered placental expression of proteins of lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation may be involved in the placental accumulation of triacylglycerols (TG). The present study was aimed at investigating the differential expressions of placental proteins related to lipid metabolism among GDM women in comparison with control pregnant women (CPW) and to correlate them with maternal and fetal lipid parameters as well as altered fetal growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Maternal blood, cord blood, and placental samples were collected from GDM and CPW. The biochemical parameters, glucose, lipid profile and free fatty acids (FFA) were measured. The placental TG content was measured. Differential placental expressions of proteins; phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) p85α, PI3K p110α,liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), sterol regulatory element binding protein1(SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearyl CoA desaturase1 (SCD1), lipoprotein lipase (LPL),Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and PPARγ were analysed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Placental protein expressions of PI3K p110α, LXRα, FAS, SCD1, and LPL were found to be significantly higher, whereas PPARα and PPARγ were lower in GDM women compared with CPW. The placental TG content and cord plasma FFA were increased in GDM women compared with CPW. The placental TG content positively correlated with Ponderal index of GDM new-borns. CONCLUSION Differential expressions of placental proteins related to lipid metabolism in GDM might have led to placental TG accumulation. This might have contributed to the fetal overgrowth in GDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoharan Balachandiran
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Zachariah Bobby
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Gowri Dorairajan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Sajini Elizabeth Jacob
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Victorraj Gladwin
- Department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Vickneshwaran Vinayagam
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Rajaa Muthu Packirisamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Castillo-Castrejon M, Jansson T, Powell TL. No evidence of attenuation of placental insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and amino acid transport in maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E1037-E1049. [PMID: 31573844 PMCID: PMC6962503 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00196.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancies complicated by obesity and/or gestational diabetes (GDM) are associated with peripheral insulin resistance; however, the insulin responsiveness of the placenta in these pregnancy complications remains largely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that primary human trophoblast cells and placental villous explants will be insulin responsive, characterized by amino acid transport, Akt and Erk activity with maternal obesity, and/or GDM. We evaluated term placentas from women with normal body mass index (BMI) (normal; n = 15), obesity (OB; n = 11), normal BMI with GDM (N-GDM; n = 11), and obesity with GDM (OB-GDM; n = 11). In a subgroup, primary human trophoblast cells (PHT) were isolated, and in an independent subgroup placental villous explants were exposed to varying concentrations of insulin. Amino acid transport capacity and insulin signaling activity were determined. Insulin significantly increased amino acid transport activity to a similar degree in PHT cells isolated from normal (+21%), N-GDM (+38%), OB (+37%), and OB-GDM (+35%) pregnancies. Insulin increased Akt and Erk phosphorylation in PHT cells (3-fold) and in villous explants (2-fold) in all groups to a similar degree. In contrast to the peripheral maternal insulin resistance commonly associated with obesity and/or GDM, we found that the placenta is insulin sensitive in these pregnancy complications. We suggest that elevated maternal insulin levels in pregnancies complicated by obesity and/or GDM promote critical placental functions, including amino acid transport. Insulin-stimulated placental nutrient delivery may contribute to the increased risk of fetal overgrowth and adiposity in these pregnancies. Moreover, our findings may inform efforts to optimize insulin regimens for women with GDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Castillo-Castrejon
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The effect of high glucose on lipid metabolism in the human placenta. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14114. [PMID: 31575970 PMCID: PMC6773712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50626-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) during pregnancy can result in fetal overgrowth, likely due to placental dysfunction, which has health consequences for the infant. Here we test our prediction from previous work using a placental cell line that high glucose concentrations affect placental lipid metabolism. Placentas from women with type 1 (n = 13), type 2 (n = 6) or gestational (n = 12) DM, BMI-matched to mothers without DM (n = 18), were analysed for lipase and fatty acid transport proteins and fatty acid and triglyceride content. Explants from uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 6) cultured in physiological or high glucose were similarly analysed. High glucose levels did not alter placental lipase or transporter expression or the profile and abundance of fatty acids, but triglyceride levels were higher (p < 0.05), suggesting reduced β- oxidation. DM did not affect placental protein expression or fatty acid profile. Triglyceride levels of placentas from mothers with pre-existing DM were similar to controls, but higher in obese women with gestational DM. Maternal hyperglycemia may not affect placental fatty acid uptake and transport. However, placental β-oxidation is affected by high glucose and reduced in a subset of women with DM. Abnormal placental lipid metabolism could contribute to increased maternal-fetal lipid transfer and excess fetal growth in some DM pregnancies.
Collapse
|
14
|
Stogianni A, Lendahls L, Landin-Olsson M, Thunander M. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by diabetes, and control pregnancies, in Kronoberg, Sweden. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:159. [PMID: 31064335 PMCID: PMC6505274 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes during pregnancy is an increasingly common metabolic disorder, associated with significantly increased risks for both mother and child. Aim of this study was to compare maternal and perinatal outcomes in women with pregestational (PDM) type 1 (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and compare these to pregnancies not complicated with diabetes. This study also evaluated a specifically organized care-model mostly involving specialist diabetes nurses. METHODS Retrospective population-based records review 2009-2012. Rates of maternal (preeclampsia, pre-term delivery, cesarean section (CS)) and fetal outcomes (large for gestational age (LGA), macrosomia, congenital malformations/intrauterine death) were assessed and potential predisposing or contributing factors as maternal age, ethnicity, obesity, weight gain, parity, HbA1c levels, insulin types and doses. RESULTS Among 280 pregnancies 48 were PDM, 97 GDM and 135 without diabetes. Within the group with diabetes, early-pregnancy BMI was higher (p = 0.0001), pregnancy weight gain lower (11.1 ± 6.7 kg vs 13.1 ± 7.1 kg, p = 0.005), more delivered preterm (p = 0.0001), by CS (p = 0.05), and had more LGA neonates (p = 0.06) than the group without diabetes. Among pregnancies with diabetes, GDM mothers gained less weight (9.9 kg vs 13.5 kg) (p = 0.006), and rates of CS (p = 0.03), preterm deliveries (p = 0.001) and LGA (p = 0.0001) were not increased compared to PDM; More T1DM infants were LGA, 60% vs. 27% in T2DM. In pregnancies with diabetes obesity, excessive weight gain and multiparity were associated with increased risk of LGA neonates, and mother's type of diabetes and gestational week were associated with higher rates of CS. CONCLUSION Weight gain during pregnancy was lower in pregnancies with diabetes and prevalence of LGA, CS and preterm deliveries in GDM was not elevated, also for T2DM, except increased prevalence of LGA in T1DM that warrants increased clinical attention, indicating that this model of antenatal diabetes care may have contributed to improved maternal and fetal outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stogianni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Central Hospital, Region Kronoberg, S-351 85, Växjö, Sweden. .,Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lena Lendahls
- Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Kronoberg, Sweden.,Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mona Landin-Olsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Thunander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Central Hospital, Region Kronoberg, S-351 85, Växjö, Sweden.,Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Kronoberg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chassen S, Jansson T. Complex, coordinated and highly regulated changes in placental signaling and nutrient transport capacity in IUGR. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165373. [PMID: 30684642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The most common cause of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in the developed world is placental insufficiency, a concept often used synonymously with reduced utero-placental and umbilical blood flows. However, placental insufficiency and IUGR are associated with complex, coordinated and highly regulated changes in placental signaling and nutrient transport including inhibition of insulin and mTOR signaling and down-regulation of specific amino acid transporters, Na+/K+-ATPase, the Na+/H+-exchanger, folate and lactate transporters. In contrast, placental glucose transport capacity is unaltered and Ca2+-ATPase activity and the expression of proteins involved in placental lipid transport are increased in IUGR. These findings are not entirely consistent with the traditional view that the placenta is dysfunctional in IUGR, but rather suggest that the placenta adapts to reduce fetal growth in response to an inability of the mother to allocate resources to the fetus. This new model has implications for the understanding of the mechanisms underpinning IUGR and for the development of intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Chassen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stirm L, Kovárová M, Perschbacher S, Michlmaier R, Fritsche L, Siegel-Axel D, Schleicher E, Peter A, Pauluschke-Fröhlich J, Brucker S, Abele H, Wallwiener D, Preissl H, Wadsack C, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Ensenauer R, Desoye G, Staiger H. BMI-Independent Effects of Gestational Diabetes on Human Placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3299-3309. [PMID: 29931171 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, alterations in maternal lipid metabolism were associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, detailed plasma lipid profiles and their relevance for placental and fetal metabolism are currently not understood. METHODS Maternal and placental lipid profiles were characterized in women with GDM and women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Inflammatory gene expression was compared in placentas and primary term trophoblasts between the groups. In addition, trophoblasts were stimulated with nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and effects on gene expression were quantified. Finally, placental macrophage content and cord blood concentrations of inflammatory parameters and NEFAs were compared between women with GDM and women with NGT with similar body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Palmitate and stearate levels were elevated in both maternal plasma and placental tissue of women with GDM. Placental GDM-associated elevations of IL6, IL8, and TLR2 expression were reflected in trophoblasts derived from women with GDM. Stimulation of primary trophoblasts with palmitate led to increased mRNA expression and protein release of the cytokine IL6 and the chemokine IL8. In line with this, elevated amounts of CD68-positive cells were quantified in the placental tissue of women with GDM. No GDM-associated elevations in a range of inflammatory parameters and NEFAs in cord blood of NGT vs GDM neonates was found. CONCLUSIONS GDM, independently of BMI, altered maternal plasma NEFAs and the placental lipid profile. GDM was associated with trophoblast and whole-placenta lipoinflammation; however, this was not accompanied by elevated concentrations of inflammatory cytokines or NEFAs in neonatal cord blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Stirm
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markéta Kovárová
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Perschbacher
- Institute for Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Renate Michlmaier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Louise Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Siegel-Axel
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erwin Schleicher
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Sara Brucker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Abele
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Diethelm Wallwiener
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Regina Ensenauer
- Institute for Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Division of Experimental Pediatrics and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Staiger
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
McGrath RT, Glastras SJ, Hocking SL, Fulcher GR. Large-for-Gestational-Age Neonates in Type 1 Diabetes and Pregnancy: Contribution of Factors Beyond Hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:1821-1828. [PMID: 30030258 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant reductions in serious adverse perinatal outcomes for women with type 1 diabetes in pregnancy, the opposite effect has been observed for fetal overgrowth and associated complications, such as neonatal hypoglycemia, shoulder dystocia, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. In addition, infants born large for gestational age (LGA) have an increased lifetime risk of obesity, diabetes, and chronic disease. Although exposure to hyperglycemia plays an important role, women who seemingly achieve adequate glycemic control in pregnancy continue to experience a greater risk of excess fetal growth, leading to LGA neonates and macrosomia. We review potential contributors to excess fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by type 1 diabetes. In addition to hyperglycemia, we explore the role of glycemic variability, prepregnancy overweight and obesity, gestational weight gain, and maternal lipid levels. Greater understanding of the stimuli that drive excess fetal growth could lead to targeted management strategies in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes, potentially reducing the incidence of LGA neonates and the inherent risk of acute and long-term complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel T McGrath
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism and the Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia .,Kolling Institute, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Glastras
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism and the Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kolling Institute, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha L Hocking
- Central Clinical School and The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gregory R Fulcher
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism and the Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hulme CH, Stevens A, Dunn W, Heazell AEP, Hollywood K, Begley P, Westwood M, Myers JE. Identification of the functional pathways altered by placental cell exposure to high glucose: lessons from the transcript and metabolite interactome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5270. [PMID: 29588451 PMCID: PMC5869594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific consequences of hyperglycaemia on placental metabolism and function are incompletely understood but likely contribute to poor pregnancy outcomes associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to identify the functional biochemical pathways perturbed by placental exposure to high glucose levels through integrative analysis of the trophoblast transcriptome and metabolome. The human trophoblast cell line, BeWo, was cultured in 5 or 25 mM glucose, as a model of the placenta in DM. Transcriptomic analysis using microarrays, demonstrated 5632 differentially expressed gene transcripts (≥± 1.3 fold change (FC)) following exposure to high glucose. These genes were used to generate interactome models of transcript response using BioGRID (non-inferred network: 2500 nodes (genes) and 10541 protein-protein interactions). Ultra performance-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS) and gas chromatography-MS analysis of intracellular extracts and culture medium were used to assess the response of metabolite profiles to high glucose concentration. The interactions of altered genes and metabolites were assessed using the MetScape interactome database, resulting in an integrated model of systemic transcriptome (2969 genes) and metabolome (41 metabolites) response within placental cells exposed to high glucose. The functional pathways which demonstrated significant change in response to high glucose included fatty acid β-oxidation, phospholipid metabolism and phosphatidylinositol phosphate signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Hulme
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - A Stevens
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - W Dunn
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,School of Biosciences, Phenome Centre Birmingham and Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - A E P Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - K Hollywood
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - P Begley
- Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics (CADET), Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - M Westwood
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - J E Myers
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK. .,Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nam J, Greenwald E, Jack-Roberts C, Ajeeb TT, Malysheva OV, Caudill MA, Axen K, Saxena A, Semernina E, Nanobashvili K, Jiang X. Choline prevents fetal overgrowth and normalizes placental fatty acid and glucose metabolism in a mouse model of maternal obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 49:80-88. [PMID: 28915389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity increases placental transport of macronutrients, resulting in fetal overgrowth and obesity later in life. Choline participates in fatty acid metabolism, serves as a methyl donor and influences growth signaling, which may modify placental macronutrient homeostasis and affect fetal growth. Using a mouse model of maternal obesity, we assessed the effect of maternal choline supplementation on preventing fetal overgrowth and restoring placental macronutrient homeostasis. C57BL/6J mice were fed either a high-fat (HF, 60% kcal from fat) diet or a normal (NF, 10% kcal from fat) diet with a drinking supply of either 25 mM choline chloride or control purified water, respectively, beginning 4 weeks prior to mating until gestational day 12.5. Fetal and placental weight, metabolites and gene expression were measured. HF feeding significantly (P<.05) increased placental and fetal weight in the HF-control (HFCO) versus NF-control (NFCO) animals, whereas the HF choline-supplemented (HFCS) group effectively normalized placental and fetal weight to the levels of the NFCO group. Compared to HFCO, the HFCS group had lower (P<.05) glucose transporter 1 and fatty acid transport protein 1 expression as well as lower accumulation of glycogen in the placenta. The HFCS group also had lower (P<.05) placental 4E-binding protein 1 and ribosomal protein s6 phosphorylation, which are indicators of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 activation favoring macronutrient anabolism. In summary, our results suggest that maternal choline supplementation prevented fetal overgrowth in obese mice at midgestation and improved biomarkers of placental macronutrient homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Nam
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Esther Greenwald
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Chauntelle Jack-Roberts
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Tamara T Ajeeb
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olga V Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kathleen Axen
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Anjana Saxena
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Ekaterina Semernina
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Khatia Nanobashvili
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Xinyin Jiang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bronson SL, Chan JC, Bale TL. Sex-Specific Neurodevelopmental Programming by Placental Insulin Receptors on Stress Reactivity and Sensorimotor Gating. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:127-138. [PMID: 28168960 PMCID: PMC5483189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes, obesity, and overweight are prevalent pregnancy complications that predispose offspring to neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Although male individuals are three to four times more likely than female individuals to develop these disorders, the mechanisms driving the sex specificity of disease vulnerability remain unclear. Because defective placental insulin receptor (InsR) signaling is a hallmark of pregnancy metabolic dysfunction, we hypothesized that it may be an important contributor and novel mechanistic link to sex-specific neurodevelopmental changes underlying disease risk. METHODS We used Cre/loxP transgenic mice to conditionally target InsRs in fetally derived placental trophoblasts. Adult offspring were evaluated for effects of placental trophoblast-specific InsR deficiency on stress sensitivity, cognitive function, sensorimotor gating, and prefrontal cortical transcriptional reprogramming. To evaluate molecular mechanisms driving sex-specific outcomes, we assessed genome-wide expression profiles in the placenta and fetal brain. RESULTS Male, but not female, mice with placental trophoblast-specific InsR deficiency showed a significantly increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress response and impaired sensorimotor gating, phenotypic effects that were associated with dysregulated nucleotide metabolic processes in the male prefrontal cortex. Within the placenta, InsR deficiency elicited changes in gene expression, predominantly in male mice, reflecting potential shifts in vasculature, amino acid transport, serotonin homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. These placental disruptions were associated with altered gene expression profiles in the male fetal brain and suggested delayed cortical development. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data demonstrate the novel role of placental InsRs in sex-specific neurodevelopment and reveal a potential mechanism for neurodevelopmental disorder risk in pregnancies complicated by maternal metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Bronson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer C Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tracy L Bale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Maternal BMI and gestational diabetes alter placental lipid transporters and fatty acid composition. Placenta 2017; 57:144-151. [PMID: 28864004 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental fatty acid (FA) uptake and metabolism depend on maternal supply which may be altered when women have a high pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) or develop gestational diabetes (GDM). Consequently, an impaired FA transport to the fetus may negatively affect fetal development. While placental adaptation of maternal-fetal glucose transfer in mild GDM has been described, knowledge on placental FA acid metabolism and possible adaptations in response to maternal obesity or GDM is lacking. We aimed to analyze the FA composition and the expression of key genes involved in FA uptake and metabolism in placentas from women with pre-pregnancy normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI<25 kg/m2), overweight (25 ≤ BMI<30 kg/m2), obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), and lean pregnant women with GDM. METHODS Placental FA content was determined by gas liquid chromatography. Placental mRNA expression of FA transport proteins (FATP1, FATP4, FATP6), FA binding proteins (FABP3, FABP4, FABP7), FA translocase (FAT/CD36) and enzymes (Endothelial lipase (EL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL)) were quantified by qRT-PCR. RESULTS High pre-pregnancy BMI and GDM were associated with decreased placental FATP1, FATP4, EL and increased FAT/CD36 and FATP6 expressions. LPL mRNA levels and placental total FA content were similar among groups. Specific FA, including some long-chain polyunsaturated FA, were altered. DISCUSSION Our results demonstrate that high pre-pregnancy BMI or GDM independently alter mRNA expression levels of genes involved in FA uptake and metabolism and the placental FA profile, which could affect fetal development and long-term health.
Collapse
|
22
|
Insulin Treatment May Alter Fatty Acid Carriers in Placentas from Gestational Diabetes Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061203. [PMID: 28587267 PMCID: PMC5486026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is little information available on the effect of Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) treatment (diet or insulin) on placental lipid carriers, which may influence fetal fat accretion. Insulin may activate placental insulin receptors protein kinase (AKT) and extracellular signal regulated kinase ERK mediators, which might affect lipid metabolism. Placenta was collected from 25 control women, 23 GDM-Diet and 20 GDM-Insulin. Western blotting of insulin signaling mediators and lipid carriers was performed. The human choricarcinoma-derived cell line BeWo was preincubated with insulin inhibitors protein kinase (AKT) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and ERK inhibitors to evaluate insulin regulation of lipid carriers. Maternal serum insulin at recruitment correlated to ultrasound fetal abdominal circumference in offspring of GDM and placental endothelial lipase (EL). Lipoprotein lipase in placenta was significantly reduced in both GDM, while most of the other lipid carriers tended to higher values, although not significantly. There was a significant increase in both phosphorylated-Akt and ERK in placentas from GDM-Insulin patients; both were associated to placental fatty acid translocase (FAT), fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP), and EL. BeWo cells treated with insulin pathway inhibitors significantly reduced A-FABP, fatty acid transport protein (FATP-1), and EL levels, confirming the role of insulin on these carriers. We conclude that insulin promotes the phosphorylation of placental insulin mediators contributing to higher levels of some specific fatty acid carriers in the placenta and fetal adiposity in GDM.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gallo L, Barrett H, Dekker Nitert M. Review: Placental transport and metabolism of energy substrates in maternal obesity and diabetes. Placenta 2017; 54:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
24
|
Ruiz-Palacios M, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, Sanchez-Campillo M, Larqué E. Role of Insulin in Placental Transport of Nutrients in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2017; 70:16-25. [PMID: 28110332 DOI: 10.1159/000455904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased fetal adiposity, which may increase the risk of obesity in adulthood. The placenta has insulin receptors and maternal insulin can activate its signaling pathways, affecting the transport of nutrients to the fetus. However, the effects of diet or insulin treatment on the placental pathophysiology of GDM are unknown. SUMMARY There are very few studies on possible defects in the insulin signaling pathway in the GDM placenta. Such defects could influence the placental transport of nutrients to the fetus. In this review we discuss the state of insulin signaling pathways in placentas of women with GDM, as well as the role of exogenous insulin in placental nutrient transport to the fetus, and fetal adiposity. Key Messages: Maternal insulin in the third trimester is correlated with fetal abdominal circumference at that time, suggesting the important role of insulin in this process. Since treatment with insulin at the end of pregnancy may activate placental nutrient transport to the fetus and promote placental fatty acid transfer, it would be interesting to improve maternal hyperlipidemia control in GDM subjects treated with this hormone. More research in this area with high number of subjects is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Ruiz-Palacios
- Department of Physiology, Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Murcia Biohealth Research Institute-University of Murcia (IMIB-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Review: Placental mitochondrial function and structure in gestational disorders. Placenta 2016; 54:2-9. [PMID: 28024805 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of many gestational disorders is still unknown. However, insufficient trans-placental nutrient and oxygen transfer due to abnormal placentation is characteristic of several pathologies, and may alter the function of placental mitochondria. Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles that respond to a wide range of stimuli - such as physiological changes in cellular energy demands or various pathologies - by reshaping via fusion or fission, increasing/decreasing in number, altering oxidative phosphorylation, and signalling cellular functions such as apoptosis. Mitochondrial function is integral to tissue functions including energy production, metabolism, and regulation of various cellular responses including response to oxidative stress. This review details the functions of placental mitochondria and investigates mitochondrial function and structure in gestational disorders including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Placental mitochondrial dysfunction may be critical in a range of gestational disorders which have important implications for maternal and fetal/offspring health.
Collapse
|
26
|
Maternal obesity modulates intracellular lipid turnover in the human term placenta. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:317-323. [PMID: 27780978 PMCID: PMC5309341 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity before pregnancy is associated with impaired metabolic status of the mother and the offspring later in life. These adverse effects have been attributed to epigenetic changes in utero, but little is known about the role of placental metabolism and its contribution to fetal development. OBJECTIVES We examined the impact of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity on the expression of genes involved in placental lipid metabolism in lean and obese women. SUBJECTS/METHODS Seventy-three lean and obese women with healthy pregnancy were recruited at term elective cesarean delivery. Metabolic parameters were measured on maternal venous blood samples. Expression of 88 genes involved in lipid metabolism was measured in whole placenta tissue. Proteins of genes differently expressed in response to maternal obesity were quantified, correlated with maternal parameters and immunolocalized in placenta sections. Isolated primary trophoblasts were used for in vitro assays. RESULTS Triglyceride (TG) content was increased in placental tissue of obese (1.10, CI 1.04-1.24 mg g-1, P<0.05) vs lean (0.84, CI 0.72-1.02 mg g-1) women. Among target genes examined, six showed positive correlation (P<0.05) with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, namely ATGL (PNPLA2), FATP1 (SLC27A1), FATP3 (SLC27A3), PLIN2, PPARG and CGI-58 (ABHD5). CGI-58 protein abundance was twofold higher (P<0.001) in placentas of obese vs lean women. CGI-58 protein levels correlated positively with maternal insulin levels and pre-pregnancy body mass index (R=0.63, P<0.001 and R=0.64, P<0.001, respectively). CGI-58 and PLIN2 were primarily located in the syncytiotrophoblast and, were upregulated (1.38- and 500-fold, respectively) upon oleic acid and insulin treatment of cultured trophoblast cells. CONCLUSION Pre-gravid obesity significantly modifies the expression of placental genes related to transport and storage of neutral lipids. We propose that the upregulation of CGI-58, a master regulator of TG hydrolysis, contributes to the turnover of intracellular lipids in placenta of obese women, and is tightly regulated by metabolic factors of the mother.
Collapse
|
27
|
Judge MP, Casavant SG, Dias JAM, McGrath JM. Reduced DHA transfer in diabetic pregnancies: mechanistic basis and long-term neurodevelopmental implications. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:411-20. [PMID: 27142302 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants born to diabetic mothers have a higher frequency of impaired neurodevelopment. The omega-3 or n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important structural component of neural tissue and is critical for fetal brain development. Maternal DHA supplementation during pregnancy is linked to better infant neurodevelopment; however, maternal-fetal transfer of DHA is reduced in women with diabetes. Evidence of mechanisms explaining altered maternal-fetal DHA transfer in this population is limited. This review explores existing evidence underpinning reduced maternal-fetal DHA transfer in maternal fuel metabolism in this population. Further research is necessary to evaluate the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in modulating placental fatty acid binding and maternal-fetal DHA transfer. Considerations for clinical practice include a diet high in DHA and/or provision of supplemental DHA to obstetric diabetic patients within minimum guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Judge
- M.P Judge, S.G. Casavant, J.A.M. Dias, and J.M. McGrath are with the University of Connecticut, School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut, USA. J.M. McGrath and S.G. Casavant are with the Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.J.A.M. Dias is with the Nursing Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Sharon G Casavant
- M.P Judge, S.G. Casavant, J.A.M. Dias, and J.M. McGrath are with the University of Connecticut, School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut, USA. J.M. McGrath and S.G. Casavant are with the Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.J.A.M. Dias is with the Nursing Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza Ceará, Brazil
| | - Juliana A M Dias
- M.P Judge, S.G. Casavant, J.A.M. Dias, and J.M. McGrath are with the University of Connecticut, School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut, USA. J.M. McGrath and S.G. Casavant are with the Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.J.A.M. Dias is with the Nursing Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline M McGrath
- M.P Judge, S.G. Casavant, J.A.M. Dias, and J.M. McGrath are with the University of Connecticut, School of Nursing, Storrs, Connecticut, USA. J.M. McGrath and S.G. Casavant are with the Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.J.A.M. Dias is with the Nursing Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza Ceará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gabory A, Chavatte-Palmer P, Vambergue A, Tarrade A. [Impact of maternal obesity and diabetes on placental function]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:66-73. [PMID: 26850609 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163201011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Located at the feto-maternal interface, the placenta is involved in exchange, endocrine and immune functions, which impact fetal development. In contact with the maternal environment, this organ is sensitive to metabolic disorders as over-nutrition, obesity or diabetes. The alteration of blood parameters associated with these pathologies affects placental histology, vascularization and nutrient transfers and, according to the types of troubles, induces local inflammation or hypoxia. These placental changes lead to disturbance of development and fetal growth, which increase the risk of pathologies in offspring in adulthood. The placenta thus appears as a crucial player in the fetal programming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gabory
- Inra, UMR 1198 biologie du développement et reproduction, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- Inra, UMR 1198 biologie du développement et reproduction, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France - Fondation PremUp, 4, avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Anne Vambergue
- Hôpital Claude Huriez, CHRU Lille, université Lille2, EA 4489 environnement périnatal et croissance, Faculté de médecine, place de Verdun, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Tarrade
- Inra, UMR 1198 biologie du développement et reproduction, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France - Fondation PremUp, 4, avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75006 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Prieto-Sánchez MT, Ruiz-Palacios M, Blanco-Carnero JE, Pagan A, Hellmuth C, Uhl O, Peissner W, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, Parrilla JJ, Koletzko B, Larqué E. Placental MFSD2a transporter is related to decreased DHA in cord blood of women with treated gestational diabetes. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:513-521. [PMID: 26869380 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Maternal-fetal transfer of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is impaired by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. MFSD2a was recently recognized as a lyso-phospholipid (lyso-PL) transporter that facilitates DHA accretion in brain. The role of this transporter in placenta is uncertain. We evaluated effects of GDM and its treatment (diet or insulin) on phospholipid species, fatty acid profile in women, cord blood and placental fatty acid carriers. METHODS Prospective observational study of pregnant women recruited in the third trimester (25 controls, 23 GDM-diet, 20 GDM-insulin). Fetal ultrasound was performed at gestational week 38. At delivery, maternal and neonatal anthropometry was performed, and fatty acids in total lipids and phospholipid species were analyzed in placenta, maternal and venous cord blood. Western-blot analyses were performed for placental fatty acid carriers. RESULTS Fetal abdominal circumference z-score at 38 weeks tended to higher values in GDM (P = 0.071), pointing toward higher fetal fat accretion in these babies. DHA percentage in cord serum total lipids (P = 0.029) and lyso-PL (P = 0.169) were reduced in GDM. Placental MFSD2a was reduced in both GDM groups and was positively correlated to DHA values in cord serum total lipids (r = 0.388, P = 0.003). Among established placental lipid carriers, only FATP4 was correlated to DHA concentration in placental lyso-PL. In all compartments, DHA percentage was inversely correlated to fetal abdominal circumference. CONCLUSIONS In offspring of women with GDM treated either with diet or insulin, higher fetal fat accretion and lower placental MFSD2a contribute to reduce DHA availability. Lyso-PL appear to contribute to materno-fetal DHA transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María T Prieto-Sánchez
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical Hospital, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ruiz-Palacios
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - José E Blanco-Carnero
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical Hospital, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Pagan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Christian Hellmuth
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Olaf Uhl
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peissner
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Antonio J Ruiz-Alcaraz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan J Parrilla
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Service, Virgen de la Arrixaca Clinical Hospital, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Elvira Larqué
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Figueroa-García MDC, Espinosa-García MT, Martinez-Montes F, Palomar-Morales M, Mejía-Zepeda R. Even a Chronic Mild Hyperglycemia Affects Membrane Fluidity and Lipoperoxidation in Placental Mitochondria in Wistar Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143778. [PMID: 26630275 PMCID: PMC4667935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known the deleterious effects of diabetes on embryos, but the effects of diabetes on placenta and its mitochondria are still not well known. In this work we generated a mild hyperglycemia model in female wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in 48 hours-old rats. The sexual maturity onset of the female rats was delayed around 6–7 weeks and at 16 weeks-old they were mated, and sacrificed at day 19th of pregnancy. In placental total tissue and isolated mitochondria, the fatty acids composition was analyzed by gas chromatography, and lipoperoxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Membrane fluidity in mitochondria was measured with the excimer forming probe dipyrenylpropane and mitochondrial function was measured with a Clark-type electrode. The results show that even a chronic mild hyperglycemia increases lipoperoxidation and decreases mitochondrial function in placenta. Simultaneously, placental fatty acids metabolism in total tissue is modified but in a different way than in placental mitochondria. Whereas the chronic mild hyperglycemia induced a decrease in unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio (U/S) in placental total tissue, the ratio increased in placental mitochondria. The measurements of membrane fluidity showed that fluidity of placenta mitochondrial membranes increased with hyperglycemia, showing consistency with the fatty acids composition through the U/S index. The thermotropic characteristics of mitochondrial membranes were changed, showing lower transition temperature and activation energies. All of these data together demonstrate that even a chronic mild hyperglycemia during pregnancy of early reproductive Wistar rats, generates an increment of lipoperoxidation, an increase of placental mitochondrial membrane fluidity apparently derived from changes in fatty acids composition and consequently, mitochondrial malfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martín Palomar-Morales
- Unidad de Morfología y Función, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Mejía-Zepeda
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Barrett HL, Kubala MH, Scholz Romero K, Denny KJ, Woodruff TM, McIntyre HD, Callaway LK, Dekker Nitert M. Placental lipase expression in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia: a case-control study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:100. [PMID: 26336959 PMCID: PMC4558775 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia (PE) is associated with maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. In PE, the physiological hyperlipidaemia of pregnancy is exaggerated. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and endothelial lipase (EL) in pregnancies complicated by PE. METHODS Placentae were collected from 16 women with PE and 20 women with uncomplicated pregnancies matched for maternal prepregnancy BMI and gestational age of delivery. Gene and protein expression of the placental lipases were measured by Q-PCR and Western blot. DNA methylation of the promoter of LPL was assessed by bisulfite sequencing. Lipase localisation and activity were analysed. RESULTS Gene expression of all lipases was significantly reduced, as was HSL protein level in women with PE. All lipases were localised to trophoblasts and endothelial cells in PE and control placentae. There was no difference in methylation of the LPL promoter between PE and control placentae. Lipase activity was not altered in placentae from women with PE. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the decreased placental lipase gene but not protein expression or lipase activity, which is associated with late-onset PE is not a major contributor to the abnormal lipids seen in PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Barrett
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
- Obstetric Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia.
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
| | - Marta H Kubala
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
| | | | - Kerina J Denny
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - H David McIntyre
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland Brisbane, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Leonie K Callaway
- Obstetric Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia.
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
| | - Marloes Dekker Nitert
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gaudet L, Ferraro ZM, Wen SW, Walker M. Maternal obesity and occurrence of fetal macrosomia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:640291. [PMID: 25544943 PMCID: PMC4273542 DOI: 10.1155/2014/640291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine a precise estimate for the contribution of maternal obesity to macrosomia. DATA SOURCES The search strategy included database searches in 2011 of PubMed, Medline (In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Ovid Medline, 1950-2011), and EMBASE Classic + EMBASE. Appropriate search terms were used for each database. Reference lists of retrieved articles and review articles were cross-referenced. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION All studies that examined the relationship between maternal obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m(2)) (pregravid or at 1st prenatal visit) and fetal macrosomia (birth weight ≥4000 g, ≥4500 g, or ≥90th percentile) were considered for inclusion. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS Data regarding the outcomes of interest and study quality were independently extracted by two reviewers. Results from the meta-analysis showed that maternal obesity is associated with fetal overgrowth, defined as birth weight ≥ 4000 g (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.92, 2.45), birth weight ≥4500 g (OR 2.77,95% CI 2.22, 3.45), and birth weight ≥90% ile for gestational age (OR 2.42, 95% CI 2.16, 2.72). CONCLUSION Maternal obesity appears to play a significant role in the development of fetal overgrowth. There is a critical need for effective personal and public health initiatives designed to decrease prepregnancy weight and optimize gestational weight gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gaudet
- University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Newborn Care, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Zachary M. Ferraro
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Newborn Care, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L1
| | - Shi Wu Wen
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Mark Walker
- University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Newborn Care, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8L6
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Larqué E, Pagán A, Prieto MT, Blanco JE, Gil-Sánchez A, Zornoza-Moreno M, Ruiz-Palacios M, Gázquez A, Demmelmair H, Parrilla JJ, Koletzko B. Placental fatty acid transfer: a key factor in fetal growth. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 64:247-53. [PMID: 25300267 DOI: 10.1159/000365028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The functionality of the placenta may affect neonatal adiposity and fetal levels of key nutrients such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fetal macrosomia and its complications may occur even in adequately controlled gestational diabetic (GDM) mothers, suggesting that maternal glycemia is not the only determinant of fetal glycemic status and wellbeing. We studied in vivo the placental transfer of fatty acids (FA) labeled with stable isotopes administered to 11 control and 9 GDM pregnant women (6 treated with insulin). Subjects received orally ¹³C-palmitic, ¹³C-oleic, and ¹³C-linoleic acids and ¹³C-docosahexaenoic acid (¹³C-DHA) 12 h before an elective caesarean section. FA were quantified by gas chromatography and ¹³C enrichments by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The ¹³C-FA concentration was higher in total lipids of maternal plasma in GDM patients versus controls, except for ¹³C-DHA. Moreover, ¹³C-DHA showed a lower placenta/maternal plasma ratio in GDM patients versus controls and a significantly lower cord/maternal plasma ratio. Other FA ratios studied were not different between GDM and controls. A disturbed ¹³C-DHA placental uptake occurred in GDM patients treated with diet or insulin, while the latter also had lower ¹³C-DHA levels in the venous cord. The tracer study pointed towards an impaired placental DHA uptake as a critical step, while the transfer of other ¹³C-FA was less affected. Patients with GDM treated with insulin could also have a greater fetal fat storage, which may have contributed to the reduced ¹³C-DHA in the venous cord observed. The DHA transfer to the fetus was reduced in GDM pregnancies compared to controls. This might have an influence on fetal neurodevelopment and long-term consequences for the child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Larqué
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Muhlhausler BS, Gibson RA, Yelland LN, Makrides M. Heterogeneity in cord blood DHA concentration: towards an explanation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:135-40. [PMID: 25123061 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper aimed to identify the dietary and non-dietary determinants of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in umbilical cord blood at delivery. DHA was measured in cord blood plasma phospholipids of 1571 participants from the DOMInO (DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome) randomized controlled trial. Socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical data relating to the mother and current pregnancy were obtained from all women and their relationships with cord blood DHA assessed. DHA concentrations in the cord plasma phospholipids at delivery covered a 3-4 fold range in both control and DHA groups. The total number of DHA-rich intervention supplement capsules consumed over the course of pregnancy and gestational age at delivery individually explained 21% and 16% respectively of the variation in DHA abundance in the cord blood plasma phospholipids at delivery, but no other clinical or life-style factors explored in this study could account for >2% of the variation. Indeed, more than 65% of the variation remained unaccounted for even when all factors were included in the analysis. These data suggest that factors other than maternal DHA intake have an important role in determining cord blood DHA concentrations at delivery, and may at least partially explain the variation in the response of infants to maternal DHA supplementation reported in published trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Muhlhausler
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women׳s and Children׳s Health Research Institute, Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide SA 5006, Australia
| | - R A Gibson
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women׳s and Children׳s Health Research Institute, Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide SA 5006, Australia
| | - L N Yelland
- Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women׳s and Children׳s Health Research Institute, Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide SA 5006, Australia; School of Population Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M Makrides
- Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women׳s and Children׳s Health Research Institute, Women׳s and Children׳s Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide SA 5006, Australia; School of Pediatrics & Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brett KE, Ferraro ZM, Yockell-Lelievre J, Gruslin A, Adamo KB. Maternal-fetal nutrient transport in pregnancy pathologies: the role of the placenta. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16153-85. [PMID: 25222554 PMCID: PMC4200776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate in utero growth is essential for offspring development and is a critical contributor to long-term health. Fetal growth is largely dictated by the availability of nutrients in maternal circulation and the ability of these nutrients to be transported into fetal circulation via the placenta. Substrate flux across placental gradients is dependent on the accessibility and activity of nutrient-specific transporters. Changes in the expression and activity of these transporters is implicated in cases of restricted and excessive fetal growth, and may represent a control mechanism by which fetal growth rate attempts to match availability of nutrients in maternal circulation. This review provides an overview of placenta nutrient transport with an emphasis on macro-nutrient transporters. It highlights the changes in expression and activity of these transporters associated with common pregnancy pathologies, including intrauterine growth restriction, macrosomia, diabetes and obesity, as well as the potential impact of maternal diet. Molecular signaling pathways linking maternal nutrient availability and placenta nutrient transport are discussed. How sexual dimorphism affects fetal growth strategies and the placenta’s response to an altered intrauterine environment is considered. Further knowledge in this area may be the first step in the development of targeted interventions to help optimize fetal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Elizabeth Brett
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Zachary Michael Ferraro
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Julien Yockell-Lelievre
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Cancer Centre, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Andrée Gruslin
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Kristi Bree Adamo
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Placental lipases in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). PLoS One 2014; 9:e104826. [PMID: 25118138 PMCID: PMC4130608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are more likely to be born large for gestational age with a higher percentage body fat. Elevated maternal lipids may contribute to this. Placental lipases such as lipoprotein lipase (LPL), endothelial lipase (EL) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) are involved in transferring lipids from mother to fetus. Previous studies of expression of these lipases in placentae in women with diabetes in pregnancy have reported divergent results. Intracellular lipases such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and HSL are central to lipid droplet metabolism. The activities of these lipases are both influenced by Perilipin 1, and ATGL is also activated by a co-factor comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) and inhibited by G0/G1 switch gene 2 (GS02). None of these modifying factors or ATGL have been examined previously in placenta. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the expression of ATGL, HSL, LPL, EL, as well as Perilipin 1, GS02 and CGI-58 in term pregnancies complicated by GDM. mRNA and protein expression of the lipases were measured in placentae from 17 women with GDM and 17 normoglycaemic pregnancies, matched for maternal BMI and gestational age of delivery. ATGL mRNA expression was increased and HSL mRNA expression reduced in placentae from GDM although there was no differences in protein expression of any of the lipases. All lipases were localised to trophoblasts and endothelial cells. The expression of Perilipin 1 and CGI-58 mRNA was increased and GS02 not altered in GDM. These results suggest that there is no difference in expression in these four lipases between GDM and normoglycaemic placentae, and therefore altered lipid transfer via these lipases does not contribute to large for gestational age in infants of women with GDM.
Collapse
|
37
|
Pagán A, Prieto-Sánchez MT, Blanco-Carnero JE, Gil-Sánchez A, Parrilla JJ, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Larqué E. Materno-fetal transfer of docosahexaenoic acid is impaired by gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E826-33. [PMID: 23921142 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00291.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Better knowledge on the disturbed mechanisms implicated in materno-fetal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) transfer in pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may have potentially high implications for later on in effective LC-PUFA supplementation. We studied in vivo placental transfer of fatty acids (FA) using stable isotope tracers administrated to 11 control and 9 GDM pregnant women (6 treated with insulin). Subjects received orally [(13)C]palmitic, [(13)C]oleic and [(13)C]linoleic acids, and [(13)C]docosahexaenoic acid ((13)C-DHA) 12 h before elective caesarean section. Maternal blood samples were collected at -12, -3, -2, and -1 h, delivery, and +1 h. Placental tissue and venous cord blood were also collected. FA were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) and (13)C enrichments by GC-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. [(13)C]FA concentration was higher in total lipids of maternal plasma in GDM vs. controls, except for [(13)C]DHA. Moreover, [(13)C]DHA showed lower placenta/maternal plasma ratio in GDM vs. controls and significantly lower cord/maternal plasma ratio. For the other studied FA, ratios were not different between GDM and controls. Disturbed [(13)C]DHA placental uptake occurs in both GDM treated with diet or insulin, whereas the last ones also have lower [(13)C]DHA in venous cord. The tracer study pointed toward impaired placental DHA uptake as critical step, whereas the transfer of the rest of [(13)C]FA was less affected. GDM under insulin treatment could also have higher fetal fat storage, contributing to reduce [(13)C]DHA in venous cord. DHA transfer to the fetus was reduced in GDM pregnancies compared with controls, which might affect the programming of neurodevelopment in their neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pagán
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Visiedo F, Bugatto F, Sánchez V, Cózar-Castellano I, Bartha JL, Perdomo G. High glucose levels reduce fatty acid oxidation and increase triglyceride accumulation in human placenta. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E205-12. [PMID: 23673156 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00032.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Placentas of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) exhibit an altered lipid metabolism. The mechanism by which GDM is linked to alterations in placental lipid metabolism remains obscure. We hypothesized that high glucose levels reduce mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and increase triglyceride accumulation in human placenta. To test this hypothesis, we measured FAO, fatty acid esterification, de novo fatty acid synthesis, triglyceride levels, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase activities (CPT) in placental explants of women with GDM or no pregnancy complication. In women with GDM, FAO was reduced by ~30% without change in mitochondrial content, and triglyceride content was threefold higher than in the control group. Likewise, in placental explants of women with no complications, high glucose levels reduced FAO by ~20%, and esterification increased linearly with increasing fatty acid concentrations. However, de novo fatty acid synthesis remained unchanged between high and low glucose levels. In addition, high glucose levels increased triglyceride content approximately twofold compared with low glucose levels. Furthermore, etomoxir-mediated inhibition of FAO enhanced esterification capacity by ~40% and elevated triglyceride content 1.5-fold in placental explants of women, with no complications. Finally, high glucose levels reduced CPT I activity by ~70% and phosphorylation levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by ~25% in placental explants of women, with no complications. We reveal an unrecognized regulatory mechanism on placental fatty acid metabolism by which high glucose levels reduce mitochondrial FAO through inhibition of CPT I, shifting flux of fatty acids away from oxidation toward the esterification pathway, leading to accumulation of placental triglycerides.
Collapse
|
39
|
Mazzucco MB, Higa R, Capobianco E, Kurtz M, Jawerbaum A, White V. Saturated fat-rich diet increases fetal lipids and modulates LPL and leptin receptor expression in rat placentas. J Endocrinol 2013; 217:303-15. [PMID: 23482704 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic alterations in obese and overweight mothers impact the placenta and the fetus, leading to anomalies in fetal growth and lipid accretion. The primary aim of the study was to examine the effect of a saturated fat-rich diet (FD) on growth, lipid accretion, and lipases, leptin and leptin receptor (ObR) expression in the placenta and fetal liver. We also aimed to find a role for fetal leptin in the modulation of placental and fetal liver lipase and ObR expression. Six-week-old rats were fed with a standard rat chow (control) or a 25% FD for 7 weeks until mating and during pregnancy. Also, in a group of control rats, fetuses were injected with leptin on days 19, 20, and 21 of pregnancy. On day 21, we assessed lipidemia, insulinemia, and leptinemia in mothers and fetuses. In the placenta and fetal liver, lipid concentration was assessed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the gene expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), endothelial lipase, insulin receptor (Insr), leptin, and ObR by RT-PCR. The FD induced hypertriglyceridemia and hyperleptinemia (P<0.01) in mothers and fetuses, an increase in maternal (P<0.05) and fetal weight (P<0.01), overaccumulation of lipids in fetal liver (P<0.01), and enhanced leptin expression in the placenta and fetal liver (P<0.05). Placental expression of IR and LPL was increased (P<0.05), and ObR decreased (P<0.05) in the FD group. Fetal administration of leptin induced the placental and fetal liver downregulation of ObR (P<0.05) and upregulation of LPL expression (P<0.05). The FD led to increased fetal lipid levels, which may result from high maternal lipid availability and fetal leptin effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Mazzucco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies, CEFyBO-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 17th floor CABA 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cisse O, Fajardy I, Dickes-Coopman A, Moitrot E, Montel V, Deloof S, Rousseaux J, Vieau D, Laborie C. Mild gestational hyperglycemia in rat induces fetal overgrowth and modulates placental growth factors and nutrient transporters expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64251. [PMID: 23691181 PMCID: PMC3653871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild gestational hyperglycemia is often associated with fetal overgrowth that can predispose the offspring to metabolic diseases later in life. We hypothesized that unfavorable intrauterine environment may compromise the development of placenta and contribute to fetal overgrowth. Therefore, we developed a rat model and investigated the effects of maternal dysglycemia on fetal growth and placental gene expression. Female rats were treated with single injection of nicotinamide plus streptozotocin (N-STZ) 1-week before mating and were studied at gestational day 21. N-STZ pregnant females displayed impaired glucose tolerance that is associated with a lower insulin secretion. Moderate hyperglycemia induced fetal overgrowth in 40% of newborns, from pregnancies with 10 to 14 pups. The incidence of macrosomia was less than 5% in the N-STZ pregnancies when the litter size exceeds 15 newborns. We found that placental mass and the labyrinthine layer were increased in macrosomic placentas. The expression of genes involved in placental development and nutrient transfer was down regulated in the N-STZ placentas of macrosomic and normosomic pups from pregnancies with 10 to 14 ones. However, we observed that lipoprotein lipase 1 (LPL1) gene expression was significantly increased in the N-STZ placentas of macrosomic pups. In pregnancies with 15 pups or more, the expression of IGFs and glucose transporter genes was also modulated in the control placentas with no additional effect in the N-STZ ones. These data suggest that placental gene expression is modulated by gestational conditions that might disrupt the fetal growth. We described here a new model of maternal glucose intolerance that results in fetal overgrowth. We proposed that over-expression of LPL1 in the placenta may contribute to the increased fetal growth in the N-STZ pregnancies. N-STZ model offers the opportunity to determinate whether these neonatal outcomes may contribute to developmental programming of metabolic diseases in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ouma Cisse
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, EA 4489, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Fajardy
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, EA 4489, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Pôle de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie, Lille, France
| | - Anne Dickes-Coopman
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, EA 4489, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Moitrot
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, EA 4489, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Pôle de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Montel
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, EA 4489, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Deloof
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, EA 4489, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Jean Rousseaux
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, EA 4489, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Pôle de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie, Lille, France
| | - Didier Vieau
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, EA 4489, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Christine Laborie
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, EA 4489, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gaccioli F, Lager S, Powell TL, Jansson T. Placental transport in response to altered maternal nutrition. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2013; 4:101-15. [PMID: 25054676 PMCID: PMC4237017 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174412000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms linking maternal nutrition to fetal growth and programming of adult disease remain to be fully established. We review data on changes in placental transport in response to altered maternal nutrition, including compromized utero-placental blood flow. In human intrauterine growth restriction and in most animal models involving maternal undernutrition or restricted placental blood flow, the activity of placental transporters, in particular for amino acids, is decreased in late pregnancy. The effect of maternal overnutrition on placental transport remains largely unexplored. However, some, but not all, studies in women with diabetes giving birth to large babies indicate an upregulation of placental transporters for amino acids, glucose and fatty acids. These data support the concept that the placenta responds to maternal nutritional cues by altering placental function to match fetal growth to the ability of the maternal supply line to allocate resources to the fetus. On the other hand, some findings in humans and mice suggest that placental transporters are regulated in response to fetal demand signals. These observations are consistent with the idea that fetal signals regulate placental function to compensate for changes in nutrient availability. We propose that the placenta integrates maternal and fetal nutritional cues with information from intrinsic nutrient sensors. Together, these signals regulate placental growth and nutrient transport to balance fetal demand with the ability of the mother to support pregnancy. Thus, the placenta plays a critical role in modulating maternal-fetal resource allocation, thereby affecting fetal growth and the long-term health of the offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Gaccioli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - S Lager
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - T L Powell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - T Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Barrett HL, Gatford KL, Houda CM, De Blasio MJ, McIntyre HD, Callaway LK, Dekker Nitert M, Coat S, Owens JA, Hague WM, Rowan JA. Maternal and neonatal circulating markers of metabolic and cardiovascular risk in the metformin in gestational diabetes (MiG) trial: responses to maternal metformin versus insulin treatment. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:529-36. [PMID: 23048188 PMCID: PMC3579335 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to compare glucose, lipids, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with metformin or insulin and in cord plasma of their offspring and to examine how these markers relate to infant size at birth. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Women with gestational diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to metformin or insulin in the Metformin in Gestational Diabetes trial. Fasting maternal plasma glucose, lipids, and CRP were measured at randomization, 36 weeks' gestation, and 6-8 weeks postpartum as well as in cord plasma. Women with available cord blood samples (metformin n = 236, insulin n = 242) were included. RESULTS Maternal plasma triglycerides increased more from randomization to 36 weeks' gestation in women treated with metformin (21.93%) versus insulin (9.69%, P < 0.001). Maternal and cord plasma lipids, CRP, and neonatal anthropometry did not differ between treatments. In logistic regression analyses adjusted for confounders, the strongest associations with birth weight >90th centile were maternal triglycerides and measures of glucose control at 36 weeks. CONCLUSIONS There were few differences in circulating maternal and neonatal markers of metabolic status and no differences in measures of anthropometry between the offspring of women treated with metformin and the offspring of women treated with insulin. There may be subtle effects of metformin on maternal lipid function, but the findings suggest that treating gestational diabetes mellitus with metformin does not adversely affect lipids or CRP in cord plasma or neonatal anthropometric measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Barrett
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Regulation of nutrient transport across the placenta. J Pregnancy 2012; 2012:179827. [PMID: 23304511 PMCID: PMC3523549 DOI: 10.1155/2012/179827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal fetal growth, both growth restriction and overgrowth, is associated with perinatal complications and an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease later in life. Fetal growth is dependent on nutrient availability, which in turn is related to the capacity of the placenta to transport these nutrients. The activity of a range of nutrient transporters has been reported to be decreased in placentas of growth restricted fetuses, whereas at least some studies indicate that placental nutrient transport is upregulated in fetal overgrowth. These findings suggest that changes in placental nutrient transport may directly contribute to the development of abnormal fetal growth. Detailed information on the mechanisms by which placental nutrient transporters are regulated will therefore help us to better understand how important pregnancy complications develop and may provide a foundation for designing novel intervention strategies. In this paper we will focus on recent studies of regulatory mechanisms that modulate placental transport of amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose.
Collapse
|
44
|
Henry SL, Barzel B, Wood-Bradley RJ, Burke SL, Head GA, Armitage JA. Developmental origins of obesity-related hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:799-806. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
45
|
Connelly MA, D'Andrea MR, Qi J, Dzordzorme KC, Damiano BP. Endothelial lipase is localized to follicular epithelial cells in the thyroid gland and is moderately expressed in adipocytes. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:694-705. [PMID: 22740344 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412454110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL), a member of the triglyceride lipase gene family, has been shown to be a key player in HDL metabolism. Northern blots revealed that EL was highly expressed in endothelium, thyroid, lung, placenta, liver, and testis. In liver and adrenal gland, EL protein was localized with vascular endothelial cells but not parenchymal cells. EL was shown to be upregulated in tissues such as atherosclerotic plaque where it was located in macrophages, endothelial cells, and medial smooth muscle cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cellular localization of EL in thyroid and other tissues where EL is known to be expressed. Besides its presence in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, EL protein was detected in the epithelial cells that line the follicles within the thyroid gland. EL-specific immunostaining was also found near the cell surface as well as in the cytoplasm of adipocytes. Using immunoblots, EL expression was confirmed in cultured human omental and subcutaneous adipocytes. EL expression, however, was not found in preadipocytes. These findings suggest that EL plays a role in thyroid and adipocyte biology in addition to its well-known role in endothelial function and HDL metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margery A Connelly
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The amount and activity of placental enzymes, receptors, and transport proteins will determine the extent of lipid transfer to the fetus that strongly contributes to fetal fat accretion. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have shown an association between the percentage of maternal plasma docosahexaenoic acid during gestation and the development of cognitive functions in the neonate. The functionality of the placenta could affect neonatal adiposity and fetal levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the offspring. SUMMARY Both in-vitro and human in-vivo studies using labeled fatty acids (FAs) reported a preferential placental-fetal transfer of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, although the mechanisms are still uncertain. The placenta uptakes the maternal circulating nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and FAs released by maternal lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase. These NEFAs enter the cell through passive diffusion or by membrane carrier proteins. NEFAs bind to cytosolic fatty-acid-binding proteins to interact with subcellular organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lipid droplets and peroxisomes. Knowledge about FA metabolism and adaptations in response to obesity or diabetes in human placenta is more limited, and contradictory results are available in their influence on placental lipases and carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Gil-Sánchez
- Service of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Virgen de la Arrixaca Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Desoye G, Gauster M, Wadsack C. Placental transport in pregnancy pathologies. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1896S-1902S. [PMID: 21543540 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is positioned between the maternal and fetal circulation and hence plays a key role in transporting maternal nutrients to the developing fetus. Fetal growth changes in the 2 most frequent pregnancy pathologies, gestational diabetes mellitus and fetal growth restriction, are predominantly characterized by an exaggerated and restricted fat accretion, respectively. Glucose, by its regulating effect on fetal insulin concentrations, and lipids have been strongly implicated in fetal fat deposition. Transplacental glucose flux is highly efficient and limited only by nutrient availability (flow-limited)--ie, driven by the maternal-fetal glucose concentration gradient and blood flow, with little, if any, effect of placental morphology, glucose consumption, and transporter expression. This explains why, despite changes in these determinants in both pathologies, transplacental glucose flux is unaltered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gauster M, Hiden U, van Poppel M, Frank S, Wadsack C, Hauguel-de Mouzon S, Desoye G. Dysregulation of placental endothelial lipase in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 2011; 60:2457-64. [PMID: 21852675 PMCID: PMC3178285 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study addressed the hypothesis that placental endothelial lipase (EL) expression is affected by pregnancies complicated by obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS EL expression in placental tissues from pregnancies complicated by obesity, GDM, or obesity combined with GDM (obese-GDM) was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Moreover, primary placental cells were isolated and treated with insulin, glucose, leptin, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and EL expression was measured. Inhibitors of nuclear factor (NF)-κB or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling were used to detect potential pathways of EL regulation in primary placental endothelial cells (ECs). RESULTS In placentas from obese-GDM pregnancies, EL expression was upregulated by 1.9-fold (P < 0.05) compared with lean pregnancies, whereas obesity or GDM alone had no significant effect. Analyses of metabolic parameters in maternal venous and umbilical venous plasma revealed significantly increased insulin and leptin as well as slightly increased glucose and TNF-α values in the obese and obese-GDM groups. Cell culture experiments identified TNF-α and leptin, but not glucose or insulin, as regulators of EL expression in ECs. Induction of EL expression by these mediators occurred in a para/endocrine manner, since only leptin and TNF-α receptors, but not the cytokines themselves, were expressed in ECs. Inhibitor experiments suggested that TNF-α and leptin-mediated upregulation of EL may occur via two different routes. Whereas TNF-α induced EL upregulation in ECs by activation of the NF-κB pathway, leptin did not stimulate NF-κB or MAPK signaling pathways in these cells. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic inflammation with high leptin and locally increased TNF-α concentrations at the fetal-placental interface regulates placental EL expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gauster
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gil-Sánchez A, Demmelmair H, Parrilla JJ, Koletzko B, Larqué E. Mechanisms involved in the selective transfer of long chain polyunsaturated Fatty acids to the fetus. Front Genet 2011; 2:57. [PMID: 22303352 PMCID: PMC3268610 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentration of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) in the fetal brain increases dramatically from the third trimester until 18 months of life. Several studies have shown an association between the percentage of maternal plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during gestation and development of cognitive functions in the neonate. Since only very low levels of LCPUFA are synthesized in the fetus and placenta, their primary source for the fetus is the maternal circulation. Both in vitro and human in vivo studies using labeled fatty acids have shown preferential transfer of LCPUFA from the placenta to the fetus compared with other fatty acids, although the mechanisms involved are still uncertain. The placenta takes up circulating maternal non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and fatty acids released mainly by maternal lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase. These NEFA may enter the cell by passive diffusion or by means of membrane carrier proteins. Once in the cytosol, NEFA bind to cytosolic fatty acid-binding proteins for transfer to the fetal circulation or can be oxidized within the trophoblasts, and even re-esterified and stored in lipid droplets. Although trophoblast cells are not specialized for lipid storage, LCPUFA may up-regulate peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and hence the gene expression of fatty acid transport carriers, fatty acid acyl-CoA-synthetases and adipophilin or other enzymes involved in lipolysis, modifying the rate of placental transfer, and metabolism. The placental transfer of LCPUFA during pregnancy seems to be a key factor in the neurological development of the fetus. Increased knowledge of the factors that modify placental transfer of fatty acids would contribute to our understanding of this complex process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Gil-Sánchez
- Service of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Virgen de la Arrixaca Hospital Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wassef L, Quadro L. Uptake of dietary retinoids at the maternal-fetal barrier: in vivo evidence for the role of lipoprotein lipase and alternative pathways. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32198-207. [PMID: 21795711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) contribute to normal embryonic development. However, the mechanism(s) involved in the transfer of recently ingested vitamin A from mother to embryo is not fully understood. We investigated in vivo whether lipoprotein lipase (LPL) facilitates the placental uptake of dietary retinyl ester incorporated in chylomicrons and their remnants and its transfer to the embryo. We examined the effects of both genetic ablation (MCK-L0 mice) and pharmacological inhibition (P-407) of LPL by maintaining wild type and MCK-L0 mice on diets with different vitamin A content or administering them an oral gavage dose of [(3)H]retinol with or without P-407 treatment. We showed that LPL expressed in placenta facilitates uptake of retinoids by this organ and their transfer to the embryo, mainly through its catalytic activity. In addition, through its "bridging function," LPL can mediate the acquisition of nascent chylomicrons by the placenta, although less efficiently. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis showed that placental LPL acts in concert with LDL receptor and LRP1. Finally, by knocking out the retinol-binding protein (RBP) gene in the MCK-L0 background (MCK-L0-RBP(-/-) mice) we demonstrated that the placenta acquires dietary retinoids also via the maternal circulating RBP-retinol complex. RBP expressed in the placenta facilitate the transfer of postprandial retinoids across the placental layers toward the embryo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Wassef
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|