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Gundersen M, Jensen P, Nilsen C, Yazdani M, Utheim Ø, Sandås EM, Rootwelt H, Gundersen KG, Elgstøen KBP. Method Development for Omics Analyses using Schirmer Strips. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:708-716. [PMID: 38567868 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2024.2335271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this article was to investigate whether Schirmer strips gathered during clinical dry eye examinations can be prepared for omics analyses in a standardized way, to adjust for variations in tear volume and enable two separate omics analyses from the same sample. In addition, the intention was to investigate whether fluorescein dye instillation in the eyes gave bias effects on metabolomic analysis. METHODS Twelve samples from six individuals, with normal or reduced tear production, were collected. Half of the samples were harvested after instillation of fluorescein in the eye. Each strip was divided in half along the length and prepared with a new method for extracting tear content from the Schirmer strip. The new method was established to compensate for different dilutions of metabolites in varying Schirmer strip wetting levels when using identical extraction volume for all samples. Metabolomic data were compared in samples with and without fluorescein dye and Schirmer strips ranging from 1 to 35 mm wetting levels using a global LC-MS method. RESULTS All samples were successfully analyzed with an average of ∼350 relevant features detected per sample after using both positive and negative electrospray ionization mode, despite low tear volumes in some samples and that only one half of the Schirmer strips were used. Principal component analysis plots and heatmaps revealed no bias effects of fluorescein dye presence or different Schirmer strip values when using the proposed method. CONCLUSION A high number of relevant metabolomic features can be extracted from longitudinally cut halves of Schirmer strips, which may enable analyses with more than one omics modality from the same sample. With the pre-analytical method described, Schirmer strips can be used for metabolomic analyses even in cases of very low or high tear volume with or without fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Gundersen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Jensen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Nilsen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mazyar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øygunn Utheim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Eye Health (Øyehelseklinikken), Oslo, Norway
| | - Elise Mørk Sandås
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helge Rootwelt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Su J, Xu Y, Lei M, Meng Y, Zhang S, Liu H, Zhu C, Chen J, Zhang T, Liu J, Lin Y, Yan Z, Li W, Wang J, Chen X, He M. A fatty acid elongase complex regulates cell membrane integrity and septin-dependent host infection by the rice blast fungus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13494. [PMID: 39003585 PMCID: PMC11246601 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) regulate biophysical properties of cell membranes to determine growth and development of eukaryotes, such as the pathogenesis of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. The fatty acid elongase Elo1 regulates pathogenesis of M. oryzae by modulating VLCFA biosynthesis. However, it remains unknown whether and how Elo1 associates with other factors to regulate VLCFA biosynthesis in fungal pathogens. Here, we identified Ifa38, Phs1 and Tsc13 as interacting proteins of Elo1 by proximity labelling in M. oryzae. Elo1 associated with Ifa38, Phs1 and Tsc13 on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to control VLCFA biosynthesis. Targeted gene deletion mutants Δifa38, Δphs1 and Δtsc13 were all similarly impaired as Δelo1 in vegetative growth, conidial morphology, stress responses in ER, cell wall and membrane. These deletion mutants also displayed severe damage in cell membrane integrity and failed to organize the septin ring that is essential for penetration peg formation and pathogenicity. Our study demonstrates that M. oryzae employs a fatty acid elongase complex to regulate VLCFAs for maintaining or remodelling cell membrane structure, which is important for septin-mediated host penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Youpin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingliang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingying Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Caicun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunxiang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaorui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Fucito M, Spedicato M, Felletti S, Yu AC, Busin M, Pasti L, Franchina FA, Cavazzini A, De Luca C, Catani M. A Look into Ocular Diseases: The Pivotal Role of Omics Sciences in Ophthalmology Research. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:247-259. [PMID: 38910860 PMCID: PMC11191728 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Precision medicine is a new medical approach which considers both population characteristics and individual variability to provide customized healthcare. The transition from traditional reactive medicine to personalized medicine is based on a biomarker-driven process and a deep knowledge of biological mechanisms according to which the development of diseases occurs. In this context, the advancements in high-throughput omics technologies represent a unique opportunity to discover novel biomarkers and to provide an unbiased picture of the biological system. One of the medical fields in which omics science has started to be recently applied is that of ophthalmology. Ocular diseases are very common, and some of them could be highly disabling, thus leading to vision loss and blindness. The pathogenic mechanism of most ocular diseases may be dependent on various genetic and environmental factors, whose effect has not been yet completely understood. In this context, large-scale omics approaches are fundamental to have a comprehensive evaluation of the whole system and represent an essential tool for the development of novel therapies. This Review summarizes the recent advancements in omics science applied to ophthalmology in the last ten years, in particular by focusing on proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics applications from an analytical perspective. The role of high-efficiency separation techniques coupled to (high-resolution) mass spectrometry ((HR)MS) is also discussed, as well as the impact of sampling, sample preparation and data analysis as integrating parts of the analytical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine Fucito
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Spedicato
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department
of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Angeli Christy Yu
- Department
of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Busin
- Department
of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department
of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Flavio A. Franchina
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Council
for Agricultural Research and Economics, via della Navicella 2/4, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Choi M, Toscano C, Edman MC, de Paiva CS, Hamm-Alvarez SF. The Aging Lacrimal Gland of Female C57BL/6J Mice Exhibits Multinucleate Macrophage Infiltration Associated With Lipid Dysregulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:1. [PMID: 38829671 PMCID: PMC11156205 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Loss of function of the lacrimal gland (LG), which produces the aqueous tear film, is implicated in age-related dry eye. To better understand this deterioration, we evaluated changes in lipid metabolism and inflammation in LGs from an aging model. Methods LG sections from female C57BL/6J mice of different ages (young, 2-3 months; intermediate, 10-14 months; old, ≥24 months) were stained with Oil Red-O or Toluidine blue to detect lipids. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis and western blotting of LG lysates determined differences in the expression of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism. A photobleaching protocol to quench age-related autofluorescence was used in LG sections to evaluate changes in immunofluorescence associated with NPC1, NPC2, CTSL, and macrophages (F4/80, CD11b) with age using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Results Old LGs showed increased lipids prominent in basal aggregates in acinar cells and in extra-acinar sites. LG gene expression of Npc1, Npc2, Lipa, and Mcoln2, encoding proteins involved in lipid metabolism, was increased with age. NPC1 was also significantly increased in old LGs by western blotting. In photobleached LG sections, confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging of NPC1, NPC2, and CTSL immunofluorescence showed age-associated enrichment in macrophages labeled to detect F4/80. Although mononuclear macrophages were detectable in LG at all ages, this novel multinucleate macrophage population containing NPC1, NPC2, and CTSL and enriched in F4/80 and some CD11b was increased with age at extra-acinar sites. Conclusions Lipid-metabolizing proteins enriched in F4/80-positive multinucleated macrophages are increased in old LGs adjacent to sites of lipid deposition in acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchang Choi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Cindy Toscano
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Maria C. Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Cintia S. de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Sarah F. Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Adamczyk-Zostawa J, Wylęgała A, Lis M, Zostawa J, Fiolka R, Wylęgała E, Adamczyk-Sowa M, Czuba Z. The level of cytokines in tears as a novel indicator of demyelinating diseases. Neurol Res 2024; 46:487-494. [PMID: 38602307 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2024.2337502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A novel research objective is to identify new molecules in more readily accessible biological fluids that could be used in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other demyelinating disorders. AIM To compare the level of selected cytokines in tears between patients with MS or other demyelinating disorder and healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS 84 patients with diagnosed MS during remission or with other demyelinating disease of the CNS and 70 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Tears were collected without any stimulation and stored till the day of assessment. The concentration of selected cytokines was measured by the Bio-Plex Pro Human cytokine screening panel 27 cytokines assay according to the manufacturer's instructions. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistica 13. RESULTS IL-1b level was significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group [3,6 vs 8.71, p < 0.001]. The same pattern was observed for IL-6 [3,1 vs 5.26, p = 0.027] and IL-10 [1,7 vs 10.92, p < 0.001] (Table 1). In the study group, IL-1RA (p = 0.015), IL-5 (p = 0.04), IL-9 (p = 0.014), and IL-15 (p = 0.037) showed significant correlations with age. In the total sample, IL-1Ra (p = 0.016) and IFN-g (p = 0.041) were significantly correlated with age, while in the control group, IL-8 (p = 0.09), MIP-1a (p = 0.009), and RANTES (p = 0.031) showed significant correlations. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that MS and other demyelination diseases lead to decrease in the overall level of cytokines in tears. Further research is needed to determine the role of tear fluid in the assessment of demyelinating disorders like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jowita Adamczyk-Zostawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Wylęgała
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Martyna Lis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jacek Zostawa
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Fiolka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Edward Wylęgała
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zenon Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Sharma S, Belenje A, Takkar B, Narula R, Rathi VM, Tyagi M, Rani PK, Narayanan R, Kaur I. Tear Protein Markers for Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema - Towards an Early Diagnosis and Better Prognosis. Semin Ophthalmol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38643349 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2024.2342266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic eye disease is a highly prevalent and sight-threatening disorder. It is a disease of neuro-vascular unit of the retina, if left untreated can cause blindness. Therapeutic approaches followed for its treatment can only restrict the progression of the disease with highly variable results. There is no known biomarker for an early diagonsis of this disease, therefore by the time it is detected it goes beyond repair. This creates a massive demand for development of such biomarkers that help detect disease in its earlier stages. METHODS PUBMED (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) was searched for articles relevant to the topic published till November 2023. The search was made using keywords such as Diabetic Retinopathy, inflammation, tear, biomarker, proteomics etc. The studies providing relevant information to prove the importance of biomarker discovery were chosen. After compiling the data, the manuscript writing was planned under relevant headings and sub-headings. RESULTS The review provides a comprehensive overview of all the tear protein biomarker studies in the field of DR and DME. Briefly, their potential in other diseases is also elucidated. While there are many studies pertaining to DR biomarkers, the identified markers lack validations which has restricted their usage in clinics. In case of DME, there was no such study towards biomarker discovery for its diagnosis and prognosis. CONCLUSIONS The review highlights major studies and their lacunae in the field of biomarkers discovery for DR and DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmeela Sharma
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Akash Belenje
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institue, Hyderabad, India
| | - Brijesh Takkar
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institue, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ritesh Narula
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institue, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Mudit Tyagi
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institue, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Raja Narayanan
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institue, Hyderabad, India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Ponzini E. Tear biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 120:69-115. [PMID: 38762243 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
An extensive exploration of lacrimal fluid molecular biomarkers in understanding and diagnosing a spectrum of ocular and systemic diseases is presented. The chapter provides an overview of lacrimal fluid composition, elucidating the roles of proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids within the tear film. Pooled versus single-tear analysis is discussed to underline the benefits and challenges associated with both approaches, offering insights into optimal strategies for tear sample analysis. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis of tear collection methods is presented, with a focus on Schirmer's test strips and microcapillary tubes methods. Alternative tear collection techniques are also explored, shedding light on their applicability and advantages. Variability factors, including age, sex, and diurnal fluctuations, are examined in the context of their impact on tear biomarker analysis. The main body of the chapter is dedicated to discussing specific biomarkers associated with ocular discomfort and a wide array of ocular diseases. From dry eye disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy to keratoconus, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, the intricate relationship between molecular biomarkers and these conditions is thoroughly dissected. Expanding beyond ocular pathologies, the chapter explores the applicability of tear biomarkers in diagnosing systemic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. This broader perspective underscores the potential of lacrimal fluid analysis in offering non-invasive diagnostic tools for conditions with far-reaching implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ponzini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy; COMiB Research Center, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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Mondal H, Kim HJ, Mohanto N, Jee JP. A Review on Dry Eye Disease Treatment: Recent Progress, Diagnostics, and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030990. [PMID: 36986851 PMCID: PMC10051136 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease is a multifactorial disorder of the eye and tear film with potential damage to the ocular surface. Various treatment approaches for this disorder aim to alleviate disease symptoms and restore the normal ophthalmic environment. The most widely used dosage form is eye drops of different drugs with 5% bioavailability. The use of contact lenses to deliver drugs increases bioavailability by up to 50%. Cyclosporin A is a hydrophobic drug loaded onto contact lenses to treat dry eye disease with significant improvement. The tear is a source of vital biomarkers for various systemic and ocular disorders. Several biomarkers related to dry eye disease have been identified. Contact lens sensing technology has become sufficiently advanced to detect specific biomarkers and predict disease conditions accurately. This review focuses on dry eye disease treatment with cyclosporin A-loaded contact lenses, contact lens biosensors for ocular biomarkers of dry eye disease, and the possibility of integrating sensors in therapeutic contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangsu Mondal
- Drug Delivery Research Lab, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Nijaya Mohanto
- Drug Delivery Research Lab, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Pil Jee
- Drug Delivery Research Lab, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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Viitaja T, Raitanen JE, Moilanen J, Paananen RO, Ekholm FS. Biophysical profiling of synthetic ultra-long tear film lipids. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 223:113145. [PMID: 36701899 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The tear film lipid layer (TFLL) is a unique biological membrane of importance to the maintenance of ocular surface health. The underlying factors at play, e.g. the ability to retard evaporation and offer protection from the environment, are all closely connected to the properties of individual lipid components and their interplay. The TFLL contains unique ultra-long polar lipid species such as O-acyl-ω-hydroxy fatty acids, type I-St diesters and type II diesters, which are considered important for its proper function. Herein, we have synthesized model compounds from these categories and studied their biophysical and surface rheological properties at the aqueous interface. Altogether, we provide insights on the distinct biophysical profiles of these lipid classes and discuss how their interplay may affect the structure and function of the TFLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Viitaja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan-Erik Raitanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Moilanen
- Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku O Paananen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Filip S Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Keramatnejad M, DeWolf C. A biophysical study of tear film lipid layer model membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184102. [PMID: 36535341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The tear film lipid layer (TFLL), the final layer of the human tear film is responsible for surface tension reduction while blinking, water evaporation retardation and maintaining the stability of the tear film. The study of the composition-structure-function relationship of TFLL is paramount, as a compromised structure of TFLL leads to the emergence of dry eye disease (DED) which is one the most prevalent ophthalmic surface diseases of the modern world, associated with chronic pain and reduced visual capability. In this model membrane study, a systematic approach is used to study the biophysical properties of TFLL model membranes as a function of composition. Three mixed-lipid model membranes are studied along with their individual components comprising cholesteryl oleate (CO), glyceryl trioleate (GT), L-α-phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) and a free fatty acid mixture. The models become progressively more complex from binary to quaternary mixtures, allowing the role of each individual lipid to be derived. Langmuir balance, Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM) and Profile Analysis Tensiometer (PAT) are used to study the surface activity and compression-expansion cycles, morphology, and rheological behaviour of the model membranes, respectively. Evidence of multilayering is observed with inclusion of CO and a reversible collapse is associated with the GT phase transition. An initially more coherent film is observed due to the addition of polar PC. Notably, these individual behaviours are retained in the mixed films and suggest a possible role for each physiological component of TFLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Keramatnejad
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Centre for Nanoscience Research, Concordia University,7141 Sherbrooke Street west, H4B1R6 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Christine DeWolf
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Centre for Nanoscience Research, Concordia University,7141 Sherbrooke Street west, H4B1R6 Montreal, Canada.
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Magny R, Regazzetti A, Kessal K, Christin O, Baudouin C, Roulland E, Brignole-Baudouin F, Laprévote O, Auzeil N. Identification of new Omega-3 very long chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids in meibomian gland secretions. Biochimie 2022; 203:3-10. [PMID: 35476941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Three new very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC PUFA) belonging to the omega-3 family have been identified in meibum samples collected by Schirmer strips. These VLC PUFA, namely FA (32:3), FA (34:3) and FA (36:3), were detected in O-acyl-ω-hydroxy fatty acids using a molecular network approach, and as free fatty acids. Identification was supported by retention time prediction model, exact mass determination and isotopic patterns. Double bond location was determined using cross metathesis reaction associated to tandem mass spectrometry. In meibum, synthesis of these VLC PUFA is likely to be mediated by elongation of very long chain fatty acids 4 enzyme. The biological role of these newly VLC PUFA and their occurrence in other tissues and biological fluids remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Magny
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU ForeSight, 75012, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France.
| | | | - Karima Kessal
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU ForeSight, 75012, Paris, France; CIC 1423, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, IHU ForeSight, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Orane Christin
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU ForeSight, 75012, Paris, France; CIC 1423, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, IHU ForeSight, 75012, Paris, France; Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, Université Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines, Paris Saclay, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | | | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université UM80, INSERM UMR 968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, IHU ForeSight, 75012, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'ophtalmobiologie, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, IHU ForeSight, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Service de Biochimie, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Auzeil
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, CiTCoM, F-75006, Paris, France.
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12
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Chu SS, Nguyen HA, Zhang J, Tabassum S, Cao H. Towards Multiplexed and Multimodal Biosensor Platforms in Real-Time Monitoring of Metabolic Disorders. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5200. [PMID: 35890880 PMCID: PMC9323394 DOI: 10.3390/s22145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of conditions that increases the probability of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, and is very common worldwide. While the exact cause of MS has yet to be understood, there is evidence indicating the relationship between MS and the dysregulation of the immune system. The resultant biomarkers that are expressed in the process are gaining relevance in the early detection of related MS. However, sensing only a single analyte has its limitations because one analyte can be involved with various conditions. Thus, for MS, which generally results from the co-existence of multiple complications, a multi-analyte sensing platform is necessary for precise diagnosis. In this review, we summarize various types of biomarkers related to MS and the non-invasively accessible biofluids that are available for sensing. Then two types of widely used sensing platform, the electrochemical and optical, are discussed in terms of multimodal biosensing, figure-of-merit (FOM), sensitivity, and specificity for early diagnosis of MS. This provides a thorough insight into the current status of the available platforms and how the electrochemical and optical modalities can complement each other for a more reliable sensing platform for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Sik Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hung Anh Nguyen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Jimmy Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shawana Tabassum
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - Hung Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.C.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
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13
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Viitaja T, Raitanen JE, Hynynen A, Moilanen J, Svedström K, Paananen RO, Ekholm FS. On the importance of chain branching in tear film lipid layer wax and cholesteryl esters. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 214:112429. [PMID: 35278859 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The tear film lipid layer (TFLL) is important to the maintenance of ocular surface health. Surprisingly, information on the individual roles of the myriad of unique lipids found therein is limited. The most abundant lipid species are the wax esters (WE) and cholesteryl esters (CE), and, especially their branched analogs. The isolation of these lipid species from the TFLL has proved to be tedious, and as a result, insights on their biophysical profiles and role in the TFLL is currently lacking. Herein, we circumvent these issues by a total synthesis of the most abundant iso-methyl branched WEs and CEs found in the TFLL. Through a detailed characterization of the biophysical properties, by the use of Langmuir monolayer and wide-angle X-ray scattering techniques, we demonstrate that chain branching alters the behavior of these lipid species on multiple levels. Taken together, our results fill an important knowledge gap concerning the structure and function of the TFLL on the whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Viitaja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Jan-Erik Raitanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Antti Hynynen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jukka Moilanen
- Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Kirsi Svedström
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Riku O Paananen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland.
| | - Filip S Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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14
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Biochemistry of human tear film: A review. Exp Eye Res 2022; 220:109101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Brunmair J, Bileck A, Schmidl D, Hagn G, Meier-Menches SM, Hommer N, Schlatter A, Gerner C, Garhöfer G. Metabolic phenotyping of tear fluid as a prognostic tool for personalised medicine exemplified by T2DM patients. EPMA J 2022; 13:107-123. [PMID: 35265228 PMCID: PMC8897537 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-022-00272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background/aims Concerning healthcare approaches, a paradigm change from reactive medicine to predictive approaches, targeted prevention, and personalisation of medical services is highly desirable. This raises demand for biomarker signatures that support the prediction and diagnosis of diseases, as well as monitoring strategies regarding therapeutic efficacy and supporting individualised treatments. New methodological developments should preferably rely on non-invasively sampled biofluids like sweat and tears in order to provide optimal compliance, reduce costs, and ensure availability of the biomaterial. Here, we have thus investigated the metabolic composition of human tears in comparison to finger sweat in order to find biofluid-specific marker molecules derived from distinct secretory glands. The comprehensive investigation of numerous biofluids may lead to the identification of novel biomarker signatures. Moreover, tear fluid analysis may not only provide insight into eye pathologies but may also be relevant for the prediction and monitoring of disease progression and/ or treatment of systemic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Sweat and tear fluid were sampled from 20 healthy volunteers using filter paper and commercially available Schirmer strips, respectively. Finger sweat analysis has already been successfully established in our laboratory. In this study, we set up and evaluated methods for tear fluid extraction and analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry hyphenated with liquid chromatography, using optimised gradients each for metabolites and eicosanoids. Sweat and tears were systematically compared using statistical analysis. As second approach, we performed a clinical pilot study with 8 diabetic patients and compared them to 19 healthy subjects. Results Tear fluid was found to be a rich source for metabolic phenotyping. Remarkably, several molecules previously identified by us in sweat were found significantly enriched in tear fluid, including creatine or taurine. Furthermore, other metabolites such as kahweol and various eicosanoids were exclusively detectable in tears, demonstrating the orthogonal power for biofluid analysis in order to gain information on individual health states. The clinical pilot study revealed that many endogenous metabolites that have previously been linked to type 2 diabetes such as carnitine, tyrosine, uric acid, and valine were indeed found significantly up-regulated in tears of diabetic patients. Nicotinic acid and taurine were elevated in the diabetic cohort as well and may represent new biomarkers for diabetes specifically identified in tear fluid. Additionally, systemic medications, like metformin, bisoprolol, and gabapentin, were readily detectable in tears of patients. Conclusions The high number of identified marker molecules found in tear fluid apparently supports disease development prediction, developing preventive approaches as well as tailoring individual patients’ treatments and monitoring treatment efficacy. Tear fluid analysis may also support pharmacokinetic studies and patient compliance control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-022-00272-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brunmair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Hagn
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Samuel M. Meier-Menches
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Hommer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schlatter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- VIROS - Vienna Institute for Research in Ocular Surgery - Karl Landsteiner Institute, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Joint Metabolome Facility, University and Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Khanna RK, Catanese S, Emond P, Corcia P, Blasco H, Pisella PJ. Metabolomics and lipidomics approaches in human tears: A systematic review. Surv Ophthalmol 2022; 67:1229-1243. [PMID: 35093405 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human tear film is at the interface between the ocular surface and the external environment. Although investigation has been hindered by its small volume, improvements in preanalytical and analytical methods have allowed the omics approach to represent an innovative biomarker search strategy. There is still a significant lack of standardization, representing a barrier for performing between-studies comparisons and transferring experimental findings into clinical use and trials. We summarize the preanalytical and analytical procedures, describe the biomarkers that can be found using the metabo-lipidomics approach, and provide our expert opinion for omics investigations in human tears. For this systematic review of 38 studies, we searched PubMed by combining Boolean operators with the following keywords: tear, metabolomic, lipidomic, -omics. The human tear metabo-lipidome has been well-characterized in normal individuals using high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Lipid and metabolite profiles were influenced by ocular (e.g. dry eye disorders; Meibomian gland dysfunction; contact lens wear; glaucoma; keratoconus; pterygium) and systemic conditions (e.g. multiple sclerosis). Investigating the tear metabo-lipidome could improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of both ocular and systemic diseases, but also provide diagnostic as well as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul K Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bretonneau University Hospital of Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours, Centre-Val de Loire, France
| | - Sophie Catanese
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bretonneau University Hospital of Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours, Centre-Val de Loire, France
| | - Patrick Emond
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours, Centre-Val de Loire, France; CHRU Tours, Nuclear medicine in vitro department, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Corcia
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours, Centre-Val de Loire, France; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, CHRU Tours, France
| | - Hélène Blasco
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Tours, Centre-Val de Loire, France; CHRU Tours, Biochemistry and molecular biology department, Tours, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Pisella
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bretonneau University Hospital of Tours, France.
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17
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Chen X, Zhang C, Tian L, Wu L, Jie Y, Wang N, Liu R, Wang L. In situ metabolic profile and spatial distribution of ocular tissues: New insights into dry eye disease. Ocul Surf 2022; 24:51-63. [PMID: 34990847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic multifactorial disorder affecting millions of people, yet the pathogenesis mechanisms still remain unclear. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a novel in situ visualization approach combined high-throughput mass spectrometry and molecular imaging. We aimed to explore the in situ ocular metabolic changes via MALDI-MSI to accelerate the recognition of DED pathogenesis. METHODS Experimental dry eye was established in Wistar rats by subcutaneous injection of scopolamine. The induction of DED was assessed by tear film breakup time, sodium fluorescein, histopathological staining and cell apoptosis. MALDI-MSI was applied to explore in situ ocular metabolomic in DED rats, and histopathological staining from same sections were used for side-by-side comparison with MALDI to annotate different tissue structures in the eye. RESULTS Considering the complexity of ocular tissue, we visualized the metabolites in specific ocular regions (central cornea, peripheral cornea, fornix conjunctiva, eyelid conjunctiva and aqueous humor), and identified metabolites related to DED, with information of relative abundance and spatial signatures. In addition, integrative pathway analysis illustrated that, several metabolic pathways such as glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid phenylalanine, and metabolism of glycine, serine and threonine were significantly altered in certain regions in the dry eye tissue. Moreover, we discussed how the metabolic pathways with spatiotemporal signatures might be involved in the DED process. CONCLUSIONS Our data exploit the advantages of in situ analysis of MALDI-MSI to accurately analyze the region-specific metabolic behaviors in DED, and provide new clues to uncover DED pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoniao Chen
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Senior Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Chuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Jie
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Senior Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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18
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Human meibum and tear film derived cholesteryl and wax esters in meibomian gland dysfunction and tear film structure. Ocul Surf 2022; 23:12-23. [PMID: 34774809 PMCID: PMC9875797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the presence and roles of cholesteryl esters (CEs) and wax esters (WEs) from human tear film and meibum in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). METHODS Out of 195 enrolled subjects, 164 and 179 subjects provided tear and meibum samples, respectively. Subjects were classified into normal, asymptomatic MGD, MGD, and mixed (MGD & aqueous deficient). The precorneal tear film (PCTF) thinning rate (evaporation) was measured using optical coherence tomography. Lipids extracted from tear and meibum samples were infused into a SCIEX 5600 TripleTOF mass spectrometer. CE and WE intensities quantified with Analyst 1.7 TF and LipidView 1.3 were compared across disease groups in MetaboAnalyst 5.0 and correlated with PCTF thinning rates. RESULTS The numbers of unique CEs and WEs identified in the samples were 125 and 86, respectively. Unsupervised Principal Component (PC) analysis and supervised Partial Least Square Discriminant analysis exhibited little separation among groups for both CEs and WEs in tears and meibum. Spearman's correlation analyses showed no association between either the first or second PC scores with PCTF thinning rates. CONCLUSION The abundances of human PCTF and meibum-derived CEs and WEs were independent of MGD disease status and PCTF thinning (evaporation). CEs and WEs alterations do not contribute to alterations in tear film dynamics in MGD, such as has been demonstrated by the (O-acyl) ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs).
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19
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Gao Y, Qi Y, Huang Y, Li X, Zhou L, Zhao S. Lipidomics Analysis of the Tears in the Patients Receiving LASIK, FS-LASIK, or SBK Surgery. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:731462. [PMID: 34778293 PMCID: PMC8579130 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.731462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Tear film lipid layer (TFLL) plays a vital role in maintaining the tear film stability and, thus, the lipid composition of the tears could greatly affect the physiological function and biophysical integrity of the tear film. The objective of this study is to assess the tear lipid composition of the patients receiving laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), femtosecond LASIK (FS-LASIK), or sub-Bowman's keratomileusis (SBK) surgery preoperatively and postoperatively. Methods: Tear samples were collected from the left eye of the patient who receiving LASIK (n = 10), FS-LASIK (n = 10), or SBK (n = 10) surgery in week 0, week 1, week 4, and week 52. A rapid direct injection shotgun lipidomics workflow, MS/MSALL (<2 min/sample), was applied to examine the tear lipidome. Results: In week 52, the SBK group demonstrated a similar lipidome profile compared to week 0, while the FS-LASIK and LASIK groups shifted away from week 0. Two lipids, ganglioside (GD3) 27:4 and triacylglycerol (TAG) 59:3, were found to be associated with the lipidome changes preoperatively and postoperatively. No statistical significance was found in the overall lipid classes from the FS-LASIK group. The LASIK group showed significant alteration in the phospholipid and sphingolipid over time, while the SBK group demonstrated a significant difference in the (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy fatty acid (OAHFA) and phospholipid. Conclusion: LASIK showed the greatest impact on the tear lipidome changes over time, while SBK demonstrated minimal impact among the three types of refractive surgeries after 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Ocular Proteomics Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuanyuan Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Ocular Proteomics Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academia Clinical Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaozhen Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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20
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Viitaja T, Moilanen J, Svedström KJ, Ekholm FS, Paananen RO. Tear Film Lipid Layer Structure: Self-Assembly of O-Acyl-ω-hydroxy Fatty Acids and Wax Esters into Evaporation-Resistant Monolayers. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7676-7683. [PMID: 34468151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In healthy eyes, the tear film lipid layer (TFLL) is considered to act as an evaporation resistant barrier, which prevents eyes from drying. Seeking to understand the mechanisms behind the evaporation resistance of the TFLL, we studied mixtures of lipid layer wax esters and O-acyl-ω-hydroxy fatty acids. Analyzing their self-assembly and biophysical properties led to new discoveries concerning the structure and function of the TFLL. We discovered how these lipids self-assemble at the air-water interface and form an efficient antievaporative barrier, demonstrating for the first time how the interaction of different tear film lipid species can improve the evaporation resistance compared with individual lipid classes on their own. These results provide a potential mechanism for the evaporation resistance of the lipid layer. In addition, the results serve as a base for the future development of improved dry eye treatments and other applications where the evaporation of water represents a significant challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Viitaja
- Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Moilanen
- Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Filip S Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku O Paananen
- Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Fineide F, Chen X, Bjellaas T, Vitelli V, Utheim TP, Jensen JL, Galtung HK. Characterization of Lipids in Saliva, Tears and Minor Salivary Glands of Sjögren's Syndrome Patients Using an HPLC/MS-Based Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168997. [PMID: 34445702 PMCID: PMC8396590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic work-up of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) includes quantifying saliva and tear production, evaluation of autoantibodies in serum and histopathological analysis of minor salivary glands. Thus, the potential for further utilizing these fluids and tissues in the quest to find better diagnostic and therapeutic tools should be fully explored. Ten samples of saliva and tears from female patients diagnosed with pSS and ten samples of saliva and tears from healthy females were included for lipidomic analysis of tears and whole saliva using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition, lipidomic analysis was performed on minor salivary gland biopsies from three pSS and three non-SS females. We found significant differences in the lipidomic profiles of saliva and tears in pSS patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, there were differences in individual lipid species in stimulated saliva that were comparable to those of glandular biopsies, representing an intriguing avenue for further research. We believe a comprehensive elucidation of the changes in lipid composition in saliva, tears and minor salivary glands in pSS patients may be the key to detecting pSS-related dry mouth and dry eyes at an early stage. The identified differences may illuminate the path towards future innovative diagnostic methodologies and treatment modalities for alleviating pSS-related sicca symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Fineide
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 1171 Oslo, Norway; (F.F.); (T.P.U.)
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Ole Vigs Gate 32 E, 0366 Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (X.C.); (J.L.J.)
| | | | - Valeria Vitelli
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 1171 Oslo, Norway; (F.F.); (T.P.U.)
- The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Ole Vigs Gate 32 E, 0366 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 1171 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Janicke Liaaen Jensen
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (X.C.); (J.L.J.)
| | - Hilde Kanli Galtung
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
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22
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Tear metabolomics highlights new potential biomarkers for differentiating between Sjögren's syndrome and other causes of dry eye. Ocul Surf 2021; 22:110-116. [PMID: 34332148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The lacrimal exocrinopathy of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is one of the main causes of severe dry eye syndrome and a burden for patients. Early recognition and treatment could prevent irreversible damage to lacrimal glands. The aim of this study was to find biomarkers in tears, using metabolomics and data mining approaches, in patients with newly-diagnosed pSS compared to other causes of dry eye syndrome. METHODS A prospective cohort of 40 pSS and 40 non-pSS Sicca patients with dryness was explored through a standardized targeted metabolomic approach using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A metabolomic signature predictive of the pSS status was sought out using linear (logistic regression with elastic-net regularization) and non-linear (random forests) machine learning architectures, after splitting the studied population into training, validation and test sets. RESULTS Among the 104 metabolites accurately measured in tears, we identified a discriminant signature composed of nine metabolites (two amino acids: serine, aspartate; one biogenic amine: dopamine; six lipids: Lysophosphatidylcholine C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, sphingomyelin C16:0 and C22:3, and the phoshatidylcholine diacyl PCaa C42:4), with robust performances (ROC-AUC = 0.83) for predicting the pSS status. Adjustment for age, sex and anti-SSA antibodies did not disrupt the link between the metabolomic signature and the pSS status. The non-lipidic components also remained specific for pSS regardless of the dryness severity. CONCLUSION Our results reveal a metabolomic signature for tears that distinguishes pSS from other dry eye syndromes and further highlight nine key metabolites of potential interest for early diagnosis and therapeutics of pSS.
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23
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Khanal S, Ngo W, Nichols KK, Wilson L, Barnes S, Nichols JJ. Human meibum and tear film derived (O-acyl)-omega-hydroxy fatty acids in meibomian gland dysfunction. Ocul Surf 2021; 21:118-128. [PMID: 34052415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The molecular basis of the tear film and lipid layer alterations in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is unknown. This study aimed to identify and compare (O-acyl)-omega-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs) derived from human meibum and tears in MGD. METHODS Of 195 eligible subjects (18-84 years, 62.6% female), 183 and 174 provided samples for tears and meibum, respectively. Subjects were classified into four groups: Normal, Asymptomatic MGD, MGD, and Mixed. Samples from the right eye of each subject were infused into the SCIEX 5600 TripleTOF mass spectrometer in negative ion mode. Lipid intensities identified with Analyst1.7 TF and SCIEX LipidView1.3 were normalized by an internal standard and total ion current, then statistically compared in MetaboAnalyst 4.0. RESULTS In meibum and tears, 76 and 78 unique OAHFAs were identified, respectively. The five most frequent and abundant OAHFAs were 18:2/16:2, 18:1/32:1, 18:1/30:1, 18:2/32:1, and 18:1/34:1. Two OAHFAs, 18:2/20:2 and 18:2/20:1, were identified only in tears. Initial univariate analysis revealed three differently regulated OAHFAs in meibum and eight in tears. Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis showed 18:1/32:1, 18:2/16:2, 18:1/34:1 and 18:0/32:1 in tears, and 18:2/16:2, 18:1/32:1 and 18:2/32:2 in meibum, had variable importance in projection scores >1.5 and contributed the most to the separation of groups. In both meibum and tears, all OAHFAS except 18:2/16:2 were reduced in MGD compared to the normal group. CONCLUSION MGD is accompanied by differential expression of specific OAHFAs in meibum and tears. These results suggest OAHFAs play a role in the altered biochemical profile of the tear film lipid layer in humans with MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safal Khanal
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William Ngo
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly K Nichols
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Landon Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Targeted Metabolomics and Proteomics Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jason J Nichols
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Purpose The structure of tears has been theoretically considered three tiers with lipids at the air interface, aqueous and proteins in the subphase, and anchored mucins on the corneal epithelial surface. While many lipid and protein species have been identified in tears by mass spectrometry, the localization of the major components within the tear film structure remains speculative. The most controversial components are phospholipids. Although surface active, phospholipids have been presumed to be bound entirely to protein in the aqueous portion of tears or reside at the aqueous-lipid interface. Herein, the possibility that phospholipids are adsorbed at the air-surface interface of tears is interrogated. Methods Polarization-modulated Fourier transform infrared reflective absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) was used to study the presence of phosphate signals at the tear surface. In order to constrain the depth of signal detection to the surface, an extreme grazing angle of incident radiation was employed. Nulling ellipsometry was used to confirm the presence of monolayers and surface thicknesses when surface active reagents were added to solutions. Results Surface selection of PM-IRRAS was demonstrated by suppression of water and phosphate signals in buffers with monolayers of oleic acid. Phosphate signals were shown to reflect relative concentrations. Absorption peaks attributable to phospholipids were detected by PM-IRRAS on the human tear film surface and were augmented by the addition of phospholipid. Conclusions The data provide strong evidence that phospholipids are present at the surface of tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Glasgow
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, UCLA School of Medicine, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
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25
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Ziemanski JF, Wilson L, Barnes S, Nichols KK. Triacylglycerol lipidome from human meibomian gland epithelial cells: Description, response to culture conditions, and perspective on function. Exp Eye Res 2021; 207:108573. [PMID: 33848521 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary work has shown that select triacylglycerols (TAGs) are upregulated in a preclinical model of MGD, suggesting that TAGs may be an important outcome variable in research involving human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs). The purpose of this study was to explore the HMGEC TAG lipidome in culture conditions known to influence differentiation. HMGECs were differentiated in DMEM/F12 with 10 ng/ml EGF, FBS (2% or 10%), and rosiglitazone (0, 20, or 50 μM) for two or five days. Following culture, lipids were extracted, processed, and directly infused into a Triple TOF 5600 mass spectrometer (SCIEX, Framingham, MA) with electrospray ionization. MS and MS/MSALL spectra were acquired in the positive ion mode and performed with the SWATH technology. Only the TAGs that were present in all 48 samples were included in the analysis. Multiple regression techniques were utilized to assess the effects of each factor (FBS, rosiglitazone, and culture duration) on each expressed TAG. The HMGEC TAG lipidome consisted of 115 TAGs with 42-62 carbons and zero to 10 double bonds. Fatty acyl chains had 14 to 26 carbons and zero to five double bonds. C18:1 (oleic acid, 25/115, 21.7%) and C16:0 (palmitic acid, 16/115, 13.9%) were the most common fatty acids. FBS, rosiglitazone, and culture duration were significant predictors for 93 TAGs (80.9%) with R2 values ranging from 0.20 to 0.77 (p < 0.05). FBS and rosiglitazone achieved significance (p < 0.05) for 80 (69.6%) and 67 TAGs (58.3%), respectively. Rosiglitazone demonstrated a selective upregulation of TAGs containing 16 or 18 carbons. Culture duration reached significance (p < 0.05) for only 36 TAGs (31.3%). When comparing the 10 most abundant C18:1-containing TAGs in meibum, FBS was a negative predictor for five TAGs (mean standardized coefficient [SC] = -0.58, p < 0.001), rosiglitazone was a positive predictor for six TAGs (mean SC = 0.41, p ≤ 0.03), and culture duration weakly influenced one TAG (SC = 0.27, p = 0.008). FBS and rosiglitazone, unlike culture duration, are powerful modulators of the TAG profile. Rosiglitazone induces changes that could be consistent with fatty acid synthesis, suggesting that quantifying the TAG lipidome could be an indirect measure of lipogenesis. Though both have been described as differentiating agents, FBS and rosiglitazone induce opposing effects on meibum-relevant TAGs. Culturing with rosiglitazone is associated with a TAG profile that is more consistent with the expected outcome of lipogenesis and with the profile observed in normal human meibum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian F Ziemanski
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Landon Wilson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen Barnes
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kelly K Nichols
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, Department of Optometry and Vision Science, Birmingham, AL, USA
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26
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Masoudi S, Mitchell TW, Willcox MD. Profiling of non-polar lipids in tears of contact lens wearers during the day. Exp Eye Res 2021; 207:108567. [PMID: 33848523 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study explored whether the non-polar lipids in the human tear fluid lipidome show diurnal variation with and without contact lens wear. It also addressed the relationship between changes in ocular comfort during the day with the level of non-polar lipids. METHODS Tear samples were collected in the morning and evening with and without contact lenses using fine glass capillary tubes and were analysed by chip-based nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric techniques. Tear levels of cholesteryl esters (CE), wax esters (WE) and triacylglycerides (TAG) were quantified. RESULTS TAG 48:0, 52:0 and WE 26:0/16:0, and 27:0/17:0 increased from morning to evening. TAG 52:2, WE 21:0/16:0, 21:0/18:1 and 28:0/18:1 decreased during the day when no lenses were worn. CE 21:0 was the only non-polar lipid that increased from morning to evening in contact lens wear. WE 21:0/16:0 and 27:0/17:0 were lower in the morning in contact lens wear compared to no lens wear (p ≤ 0.05). The level of non-polar lipids did not correlate with ocular comfort at the end of the day. CONCLUSION Even though the level of some of non-polar lipid species changed from morning to evening the total level of major tear non-polar lipids remained unchanged during the day with and without contact lens wear. The effect of change in the quantity and structure of lipid species on tear stability and ocular comfort warrants more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Masoudi
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawara Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Mark D Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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27
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Viitaja T, Raitanen JE, Moilanen J, Paananen RO, Ekholm FS. The Properties and Role of O-Acyl-ω-hydroxy Fatty Acids and Type I-St and Type II Diesters in the Tear Film Lipid Layer Revealed by a Combined Chemistry and Biophysics Approach. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4965-4976. [PMID: 33729799 PMCID: PMC8041317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The tear film lipid
layer (TFLL) that covers the ocular surface
contains several unique lipid classes, including O-acyl-ω-hydroxy fatty acids, type I-St diesters, and type II
diesters. While the TFLL represents a unique biological barrier that
plays a central role in stabilizing the entire tear film, little is
known about the properties and roles of individual lipid species.
This is because their isolation from tear samples in sufficient quantities
is a tedious task. To provide access to these species in their pure
form, and to shed light on their properties, we here report a general
strategy for the synthesis and structural characterization of these
lipid classes. In addition, we study the organization and behavior
of the lipids at the air–tear interface. Through these studies,
new insights on the relationship between structural features, such
as number of double bonds and the chain length, and film properties,
such as spreading and evaporation resistance, were uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Viitaja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan-Erik Raitanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Moilanen
- Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku O Paananen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Filip S Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Krajčíková K, Skirková M, Moravská M, Birková A, Tomečková V. Native fluorescence of tear fluid as a tool for diagnostics of glaucoma. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10842-10846. [PMID: 35423590 PMCID: PMC8695866 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00473e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide. There is an enormous need for the detection of its early stages and also speeding up and simplifying regular examinations. Among the new diagnostic approaches, the use of tear fluid has been intensively investigated in recent years. For this purpose, we analyzed the tear fluid of patients with glaucoma and related diseases. To sensitively capture the subtle ocular abnormalities related to glaucoma and manifested in tear fluid, we used synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. In this observational case-control study, we detected significant differences in the intensity of tear fluid fluorescence located at λ ex/Δλ = 280/70 nm between the groups of primary open-angle glaucoma (p < 0.01), suspected glaucoma (p < 0.0001), and ocular hypertension (p < 0.05), when compared to the healthy control group. The signal was not significantly higher in women than in men (p = 0.05), and no correlation was found with age (r = -0.05, p > 0.05), nor treatment (p > 0.05). Taken together, tear fluid fluorescence could serve as a discriminative parameter between patients with glaucoma, related diseases, and healthy control subjects and might contribute to the improvement of diagnostics of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Krajčíková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Trieda SNP 1 Košice 040 11 Slovakia
| | - Miriama Skirková
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Louis Pasteur, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Trieda SNP 1 Košice 040 11 Slovakia
| | - Monika Moravská
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Louis Pasteur, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Trieda SNP 1 Košice 040 11 Slovakia
| | - Anna Birková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Trieda SNP 1 Košice 040 11 Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Tomečková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Trieda SNP 1 Košice 040 11 Slovakia
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29
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Li P, Wang Z, Lam SM, Shui G. Rebaudioside A Enhances Resistance to Oxidative Stress and Extends Lifespan and Healthspan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:262. [PMID: 33567712 PMCID: PMC7915623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners are widely used in food and medicines to reduce energy content without compromising flavor. Herein, we report that Rebaudioside A (Reb A), a natural, non-nutritive sweetener, can extend both the lifespan and healthspan of C. elegans. The beneficial effects of Reb A were principally mediated via reducing the level of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to oxidative stress and attenuating neutral lipid accumulation with aging. Transcriptomics analysis presented maximum differential expression of genes along the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway, which was further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR); while lipidomics uncovered concomitant reductions in the levels of phosphatidic acids (PAs), phosphatidylinositols (PIs) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) in worms treated with Reb A. Our results suggest that Reb A attenuates aging by acting as effective cellular antioxidants and also in lowering the ectopic accumulation of neutral lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.L.); (Z.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.L.); (Z.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.L.); (Z.W.)
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (P.L.); (Z.W.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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30
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Wen H, You H, Li Y, Ma K, Jiao M, Wu S, You S, Huang J, Su J, Gu Y, Wang Z, Zheng P, Shui G, Wang Y, Jin M, Du J. Higher Serum Lysophosphatidic Acids Predict Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling in Pediatric Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:710720. [PMID: 34485199 PMCID: PMC8415784 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.710720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prognosis of pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy (PDCM) is highly variable, ranging from death to cardiac function recovery. Left ventricular reverse remodeling (LVRR) represents a favorable prognosis in PDCM. Disturbance of lipid metabolism is associated with the change of cardiac function, but no studies have examined lipidomics data and LVRR. Methods: Discovery analyses were based on 540 targeted lipids in an observational, prospective China-AOCC (An Integrative-Omics Study of Cardiomyopathy Patients for Diagnosis and Prognosis in China) study. The OPLS-DA and random forest (RF) analysis were used to screen the candidate lipids. Associations of the candidate lipids were examined in Cox proportional hazards regression models. Furthermore, we developed a risk score comprising the significant lipids, with each attributed a score of 1 when the concentration was above the median. All significant findings were replicated in a validation set of the China-AOCC study. Results: There were 59 patients in the discovery set and 24 patients in the validation set. LVRR was observed in 27 patients (32.5%). After adjusting for age, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) z-score, lysophosphatidic acids (LysoPA) 16:0, LysoPA 18:2, LysoPA 18:1, and LysoPA 18:0 were significantly associated with LVRR in the discovery set, and hazard ratios (HRs) were 2.793 (95% CI, 1.545-5.048), 2.812 (95% CI, 1.542-5.128), 2.831 (95% CI, 1.555-5.154), and 2.782 (95% CI, 1.548-5.002), respectively. We developed a LysoPA score comprising the four LysoPA. When the LysoPA score reached 4, LVRR was more likely to be observed in both sets. The AUC increased with the addition of the LysoPA score to the LVEDD z-score (from 0.693 to 0.875 in the discovery set, from 0.708 to 0.854 in the validation set) for prediction of LVRR. Conclusions: Serum LysoPA can predict LVRR in PDCM patients. When the LysoPA score was combined with the LVEDD z-score, it may help in ascertaining the prognosis and monitoring effects of anti-heart failure pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichu Wen
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhao You
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Fuwai Hospital and National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Jiao
- Department of Pediatric Heart Centre, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Pediatric Heart Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Fuwai Hospital and National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Institute, Fuwai Hospital and National Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junwu Su
- Department of Pediatric Heart Centre, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Pediatric Heart Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatric Heart Centre, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Pediatric Heart Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatric Heart Centre, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Pediatric Heart Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Jin
- Department of Pediatric Heart Centre, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Pediatric Heart Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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31
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Discovery of broad-spectrum fungicides that block septin-dependent infection processes of pathogenic fungi. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1565-1575. [PMID: 32958858 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogenic fungi depend on the development of specialized infection structures called appressoria to invade their hosts and cause disease. Impairing the function of fungal infection structures therefore provides a potential means by which diseases could be prevented. In spite of this extraordinary potential, however, relatively few anti-penetrant drugs have been developed to control fungal diseases, of either plants or animals. In the present study, we report the identification of compounds that act specifically to prevent fungal infection. We found that the organization of septin GTPases, which are essential for appressorium-mediated infection in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, requires very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which act as mediators of septin organization at membrane interfaces. VLCFAs promote septin recruitment to curved plasma membranes and depletion of VLCFAs prevents septin assembly and host penetration by M. oryzae. We observed that VLCFA biosynthesis inhibitors not only prevent rice blast disease, but also show effective, broad-spectrum fungicidal activity against a wide range of fungal pathogens of maize, wheat and locusts, without affecting their respective hosts. Our findings reveal a mechanism underlying septin-mediated infection structure formation in fungi and provide a class of fungicides to control diverse diseases of plants and animals.
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32
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Butovich IA, Suzuki T, Wojtowicz J, Bhat N, Yuksel S. Comprehensive profiling of Asian and Caucasian meibomian gland secretions reveals similar lipidomic signatures regardless of ethnicity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14510. [PMID: 32883999 PMCID: PMC7471331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Meibum-a lipid secretion that is produced by Meibomian glands (MG) in a process termed meibogenesis-plays a critical role in ocular surface physiology. Abnormalities in the chemical composition of meibum were linked to widespread ocular pathologies-dry eye syndrome (DES) and MG dysfunction (MGD). Importantly, in epidemiologic studies the Asian population was shown to be prone to these pathologies more than the Caucasian one, which was tied to differences in their meibomian lipids. However, biochemical data to support these observations and conclusions are limited. To determine if non-DES/non-MGD Asian meibum was significantly different from that of Caucasians, individual samples of meibum collected from ethnic Asian population living in Japan were compared with those of Caucasians living in the USA. These experiments revealed that composition of major lipid classes, such as wax esters (WE), cholesteryl esters (CE), triacylglycerols, (O)-acylated ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFA), cholesteryl sulfate, cholesteryl esters of OAHFA, and diacylated α,ω-dihydroxy fatty alcohols remained invariable in both races, barring a minor (< 10%; p < 0.01) increase in the Asian CE/WE ratio. Considering the natural variability range for most meibomian lipids (app. ± 15% of the Mean), these differences in meibogenesis were deemed to be minimal and unlikely to have a measurable physiological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Butovich
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9057, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Tomo Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto City Hospital Organization, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jadwiga Wojtowicz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9057, USA
- Centro Oftalmologico de Valencia, Valencia, Venezuela
| | - Nita Bhat
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9057, USA
| | - Seher Yuksel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9057, USA
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Lipidomic analysis of epithelial corneal cells following hyperosmolarity and benzalkonium chloride exposure: New insights in dry eye disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rashid MAKM, Teo CHY, Mamun S, Ong HS, Tong L. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Severe Dry Eye in Bangladesh-Based Factory Garment Workers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10090634. [PMID: 32859000 PMCID: PMC7555208 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10090634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the prevalence of dry eye and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and the associated factors of severe dry eye symptoms (SDES) among garments worker of Gazipur, Bangladesh. We prospectively collected cross-sectional data for 1050 garments workers of a factory (70% response). All participants had an evaluation of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), and a detailed ophthalmic examination including tear breakup time (TBUT), ocular surface fluorescein staining, and Schirmer’s I test. MGD grading was based on the viscosity/color and ease of manual expression of meibum. Mean age of participants was 35.5 ± 12.1 years; 53.8% were women. The prevalence of dry eye (OSDI > 12) was 64.2% (95% CI 61.2–67.1%). OSDI was not significantly different between sex or age-groups but associated with increasing MGD grade (p < 0.001), reduced TBUT (<5 s) [p < 0.001], and reduced Schirmer’s test (<5 mm) [p < 0.001]. Thirty-five percent had SDES (OSDI > 32). Using univariate logistic regressions, SDES was associated with older age (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.01, 95% Confidence Interval [1.005–1.03] per year increase) and male sex (OR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.36–2.27). When adjusted for age and sex, SDES were strongly associated with increase in MGD severity grading (OR 188, 95% CI: 91–390). However, in multivariate regression, TBUT, but not MGD severity, became the only significant determinant of SDES (OR 13.0, 95% CI: 6.3–27.0, for every 1 s decrease in TBUT). MGD is common in garments workers, contributing to dry eye symptoms in addition to other tear parameters. Reduced tear stability is associated with SDES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamunur AKM Rashid
- Al Noor Eye Hospital, 1/9 E, Satmasjid Road, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Calesta Hui Yi Teo
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Disovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (C.H.Y.T.); (H.S.O.)
| | - Sumaiya Mamun
- Institute of Nutrition & Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Hon Shing Ong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Disovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (C.H.Y.T.); (H.S.O.)
- Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Louis Tong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Disovery Tower Level 6, Singapore 169856, Singapore; (C.H.Y.T.); (H.S.O.)
- Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6227-7255; Fax: +65-6225-2568
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Meibomian gland dysfunction is the primary determinant of dry eye symptoms: Analysis of 2346 patients. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:604-612. [PMID: 32682082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine relative contributions of various ocular surface clinical signs and predisposing factors to the magnitude of dry eye symptoms. METHODS Clinical audit data were prospectively collected for newly referred dry eye patients. All 2346 patients had an initial visit evaluation of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), and a detailed ophthalmic examination including tear breakup time (TBUT), ocular surface fluorescein staining, Schirmer's I test. Among the participants, 1414 had number of liquid meibum expressing glands (NLMEG) evaluated on standard force expression. Other variables collected included history of glaucoma or glaucoma surgery, and history of allergies. RESULTS In patients aged 46.2 ± 14.8 years, 77.4% were women and 87.1% Chinese. The mean ± SD OSDI was 35.2 ± 21.7. On univariate analysis, higher OSDI was associated with glaucoma diagnosis (p = 0.003), glaucoma surgery (p = 0.002), greater temporal corneal staining (p = 0.002), reduced NLMEG (p < 0.001), and higher inferior forniceal papillary grade (p < 0.001). OSDI was not significantly associated with gender, TBUT, Schirmer's I test values, or the use of cyclosporine eyedrops. On multivariate regression, higher OSDI scores were associated with fewer NLMEG (p = 0.002) and increased lower eyelid forniceal papillary grading (p = 0.002). Corneal staining, glaucoma status and glaucoma surgery were not significantly associated with OSDI. Logistic regression showed that severe symptoms (OSDI>32) was associated with <2 NLMEG [OR(95%CI): 1.34(1.08-1.66)], and presence of inferior eyelid forniceal papillae [1.50(1.17-1.91)]. CONCLUSIONS Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and lower forniceal papillary reaction had significant contributions to the severity of symptoms, in contrast to traditional dry eye signs. MGD should be objectively assessed and treated to improve symptoms.
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Jiang Y, Yang C, Zheng Y, Liu Y, Chen Y. A Set of Global Metabolomic Biomarker Candidates to Predict the Risk of Dry Eye Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:344. [PMID: 32582687 PMCID: PMC7295093 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We used ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS) to analyze the metabolic profile of reflex tears obtained from patients with dry eye disorders. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study involving 113 subjects: 85 patients diagnosed with dry eye syndrome (dry eye group) and 28 healthy volunteers (control group). Reflex tears (20–30 μl) were collected from the tear meniscus of both eyes of each subject using a Schirmer I test strip. MS data were acquired with a standard workflow by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS. Metabolites were quantitatively analyzed and matched with entries in the Metlin, Massbank, and HMDB databases. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was conducted to detect important metabolites. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify the significant metabolic biomarker candidates for dry eye syndrome. Open database sources, including the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and MetaboAnalyst, were used to identify metabolic pathways. Results After the LASSO regression and multiple logistic regression analysis, 4 of 20 metabolic biomarker candidates were significantly correlated with Ocular Surface Disease Index score, 42 of 57 with fluorescein breakup time, and 26 of 57 with fluorescein staining. By focusing on the overlap of these three sets, 48 of 51 metabolites contributed to the incidence of dry eye and there were obvious changes in different age groups. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the main pathways were glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. Conclusion Dry eye syndrome induces changes in the metabolic profile of tears, and the trend differs with age. This evidence reveals the relationship between changes in metabolites, symptoms of dry eye syndrome, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanxi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiang Zheng
- Yangpu Daqiao Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yining Liu
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Mixed polar-nonpolar lipid films as minimalistic models of Tear Film Lipid Layer: A Langmuir trough and fluorescence microscopy study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183300. [PMID: 32243884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Tear Film Lipid Layer (TFLL) covering the surface of the aqueous film at human cornea forms a first barrier between the eye and environment. Its alterations are related to dry eye disease. TFLL is formed by a complex mixture of lipids, with an excess of nonpolar components and a minor fraction of polar molecules. Its thickness is up to 160 nm, hence a multilayer-like structure of TFLL is assumed. However, details of TFLL organization are mostly unavailable in vivo due to the dynamic nature of the human tear film. To overcome this issue, we employ a minimalistic in vitro lipid model of TFLL. We study its biophysical characteristics by using a combination of the Langmuir trough with fluorescence microscopy. The model consists of two-component polar-nonpolar lipid films with a varying component ratio spread on the aqueous subphase at physiologically relevant temperature. We demonstrate that the model lipid mixture undergoes substantial structural reorganization as a function of lateral pressure and polar to nonpolar lipid ratio. In particular, the film is one-molecule-thick and homogenous under low lateral pressure. Upon compression, it transforms into a multilayer structure with inhomogeneities in the form of polar-nonpolar lipid assemblies. Based on this model, we hypothesize that TFLL in vivo has a duplex polar-nonpolar structure and it contains numerous mixed lipid aggregates formed because of film restructuring. These findings, despite the simplified character of the model, seem relevant for TFLL physiology as well as for understanding pathological conditions related to the lipids of the tear film.
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Heidari M, Noorizadeh F, Wu K, Inomata T, Mashaghi A. Dry Eye Disease: Emerging Approaches to Disease Analysis and Therapy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091439. [PMID: 31514344 PMCID: PMC6780511 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is among the most common ocular disorders affecting tens of millions of individuals worldwide; however, the condition remains incompletely understood and treated. Valuable insights have emerged from multidisciplinary approaches, including immunometabolic analyses, microbiome analyses, and bioengineering. Furthermore, we have seen new developments in clinical assessment approaches and treatment strategies in the recent past. Here, we review the emerging frontiers in the pathobiology and clinical management of DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Heidari
- Basir Eye Health Research Center, Tehran 1418643561, Iran.
- Farabi Eye Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 133661635, Iran.
| | | | - Kevin Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Ophthalmic Consultation Service, New York, NY 10029, USA
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Takenori Inomata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
- Department of Strategic Operating Room Management and Improvement, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology Division, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China.
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Paananen RO, Javanainen M, Holopainen JM, Vattulainen I. Crystalline Wax Esters Regulate the Evaporation Resistance of Tear Film Lipid Layers Associated with Dry Eye Syndrome. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3893-3898. [PMID: 31260321 PMCID: PMC6643162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye syndrome (DES), one of the most common ophthalmological diseases, is typically caused by excessive evaporation of tear fluid from the ocular surface. Excessive evaporation is linked to impaired function of the tear film lipid layer (TFLL) that covers the aqueous tear film. The principles of the evaporation resistance of the TFLL have remained unknown, however. We combined atomistic simulations with Brewster angle microscopy and surface potential experiments to explore the organization and evaporation resistance of films composed of wax esters, one of the main components of the TFLL. The results provide evidence that the evaporation resistance of the TFLL is based on crystalline-state layers of wax esters and that the evaporation rate is determined by defects in the TFLL and its coverage on the ocular surface. On the basis of the results, uncovering the nonequilibrium spreading and crystallization of TFLL films has potential to reveal new means of treating DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku O. Paananen
- Helsinki
Eye Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, University
of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- E-mail:
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech
Academy of Sciences, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha M. Holopainen
- Helsinki
Eye Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, University
of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, FI-33100 Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Centre for Biomembrane
Physics
- E-mail:
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Dias IHK, Ferreira R, Gruber F, Vitorino R, Rivas-Urbina A, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Vieira Silva J, Fardilha M, de Freitas V, Reis A. Sulfate-based lipids: Analysis of healthy human fluids and cell extracts. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 221:53-64. [PMID: 30910732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate-based lipids (SL) have been proposed as players in inflammation, immunity and infection. In spite of the many biochemical processes linked to SL, analysis on this class of lipids has only focused on specific SL sub-classes in individual fluids or cells leaving a range of additional SL in other biological samples unaccounted for. This study describes the mass spectrometry screening of SL in lipid extracts of human fluids (saliva, plasma, urine, seminal fluid) and primary human cells (RBC, neutrophils, fibroblasts and skin epidermal) using targeted precursor ion scanning (PIS) approach. The PIS 97 mass spectra reveal a wide diversity of SL including steroid sulfates, sulfoglycolipids and other unidentified SL, as well as metabolites such as taurines, sulfated polyphenols and hypurate conjugates. Semi-quantification of SL revealed that plasma exhibited the highest content of SL whereas seminal fluid and epithelial cells contained the highest sulphur to phosphorous (S/P) ratio. The complexity of biofluids and cells sulfateome presented in this study highlight the importance of expanding the panel of synthetic sulfate-based lipid standards. Also, the heterogenous distribution of SL provides evidence for the interplay of sulfotransferases/sulfatases, opening new avenues for biomarker discovery in oral health, cardiovascular, fertility and dermatology research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Departamento de Quimica, Research Unit of Química Orgânica, Produtos Naturais e Agro-alimentares (QOPNA), Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Florian Gruber
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute IIB Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Ma Claret, 167, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Sanchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute IIB Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Ma Claret, 167, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Vieira Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Reproductive Genetics & Embryo-fetal Development Group, Institute for Innovation and Health Research (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Victor de Freitas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Reis
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Integrated Lipidomics and Metabolomics Analysis of Tears in Multiple Sclerosis: An Insight into Diagnostic Potential of Lacrimal Fluid. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061265. [PMID: 30871169 PMCID: PMC6471885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics based on mass spectrometry represents an innovative approach to characterize multifactorial diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MuS). To date, the most important biomarker source for MuS diagnosis is the cerebrospinal fluid. However, an important goal for research is to identify new molecules in more easily accessible biological fluids. A very interesting biofluid in MuS is represented by tears, considered as an intermediate fluid between the cerebrospinal fluid and serum. In this work, we developed a merged strategy for the analysis of lipids containing choline by Liquid Chromatography coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), as well as for the targeted analysis of free carnitine, acylcarnitines and aminoacids by direct infusion mass spectrometry. Samples for both metabolomics and lipidomics approaches were obtained in a single extraction procedure from tears of patients affected by MuS and healthy controls. Tear lipidomics showed 30 phospholipids significantly modulated and, notably, many sphingomyelins resulted lower in MuS. Moreover, the metabolomics approach carried out both on tears and serum highlighted the diagnostic potential of specific aminoacids and acylcarnitines. In conclusion, the metabolic profiling of tears appears to reflect the pathological conditions of the central nervous system, suggesting that the molecular repository of tears can be considered as a source of potential biomarkers for MuS.
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Untargeted lipidomic analysis of human tears: A new approach for quantification of O-acyl-omega hydroxy fatty acids. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:347-355. [PMID: 30818035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to optimize methodology to analyze the human tear film lipids by using untargeted, direct infusion electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to establish the analytical approach for a large-scale clinical translational study of tear film lipids in ocular surface disease, particularly associated with the O-acyl-omega hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs). METHODS Meibum and tear samples were collected from both eyes of five normal subjects without ocular disease using two different microcapillary collection tubes, glass and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). An untargeted lipidomics approach was used to analyze the lipids in human tear and meibum samples using direct infusion ESI-MS in positive and negative ion modes. Direct and indirect quantification methods were evaluated. RESULTS The amount of OAHFAs measured in tears using these techniques was approximately 0.7-0.8% of the total lipids. More phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, were detected in the tear samples associated with glass microcapillaries compared to PTFE. CONCLUSIONS Reliable assessment of lipids in small volumes of tear film is possible using high resolution, untargeted ESI-MS in positive and negative ion modes. Using this technique, the concentration of OAHFAs can be quantified, as can the presence of other polar lipids.
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Dammeier S, Martus P, Klose F, Seid M, Bosch D, D'Alvise J, Ziemssen F, Dimopoulos S, Ueffing M. Combined Targeted Analysis of Metabolites and Proteins in Tear Fluid With Regard to Clinical Applications. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:22. [PMID: 30564511 PMCID: PMC6284467 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.6.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish a robust workflow for combined mass spectrometry–based analysis of metabolites and proteins in tear fluid with regard to clinical applicability. Methods Tear fluid was taken from 12 healthy volunteers at different time points using specially designed Schirmer strips. Following the liquid extraction of metabolites from standardized punches, the remaining material was processed for bottom-up proteomics. Targeted metabolite profiling was performed adapting a metabolomics kit, which targets 188 metabolites from four different analyte classes. Proteomics was performed of the identical samples targeting 15 tear proteins relevant to ocular health. Results Sixty metabolites could be consistently determined in all tear samples (98 metabolites were detectable in average) covering acylcarnitines, amino acids, biogenic amines, and glycerophospholipids. Following normalization, the majority of metabolites exhibited intraindividual variances of less than 20%, both regarding different times of sampling, and the individual eye. The targeted analysis of tear proteins revealed a mean intraindividual variation of 23% for the three most abundant proteins. Even extreme differences in tear secretion rates resulted in interindividual variability below 30% for 65 metabolites and two proteins. Conclusions The newly established workflow can be used for combined targeted detection of metabolites and proteins in one punch of a Schirmer strip in a clinical setting. Translational Relevance Our data about intra- and interindividual as well as intereye variation provide a valuable basis for the design of clinical studies, and for the applicability of multiplexed “omics” to well accessible tear fluid with regard to future routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Dammeier
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Klose
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Seid
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dario Bosch
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janina D'Alvise
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Focke Ziemssen
- Centre of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Spyridon Dimopoulos
- Centre of Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Asiedu K, Dzasimatu SK, Kyei S. Clinical subtypes of dry eye in youthful clinical sample in Ghana. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2018; 42:206-211. [PMID: 30337142 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate in a cohort of patients with dry eye disease (DED) the distribution of patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic dry eye involving aqueous deficient or the evaporative subtype of DED. METHODS This was a clinic-based cross-sectional study of consecutive patients visiting the University of Cape Coast eye clinic for a comprehensive eye examination. Eligible participants completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), ocular surface staining and tear break up time. Subjects with dry eye (symptomatic or asymptomatic) underwent clinical examination comprising lid margin assessments, meibomian gland expressibility and quality assessments, and Schirmer 1 test. RESULTS A total of 172 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the eligible participants was 22.7 (±3.7) years, with a range of 17-35 years. There were 83 males and 89 females in the sample. There was an association between the form of the dry eye whether symptomatic or asymptomatic and sex, (X2 = 6.51 df = 1 p = 0.011). The frequency of symptomatic aqueous-deficient dry eye was 9(5.2%) whiles that of the symptomatic evaporative dry eye was 20(11.6%). The frequencies of the asymptomatic aqueous-deficient dry eye and asymptomatic evaporative dry eye were 9(5.2%) and 12(7.0%) respectively. The frequency of symptomatic mixed dry eye was 30(17.4%) and the asymptomatic mixed dry eye was 8(4.7%). The distribution of unclassifiable dry eye among the symptomatic dry eye group was 41(23.8%) and 43(25%) among the asymptomatic dry eye group. CONCLUSION The number of patients exhibiting signs of the evaporative dry eye resulting from meibomian gland dysfunction far outnumbers those of aqueous deficient dry eye but there remains a high unclassifiable group with an unknown etiology. Further, studies are needed to explore the other etiology or etiologies of dry eye apart from meibomian gland dysfunction and reduced aqueous production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi Asiedu
- Eye Clinic, Twumasiwaa Medical Center ARS Junction East Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Selassie K Dzasimatu
- Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kyei
- Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Mcmonnies CW. Tear instability importance, mechanisms, validity and reliability of assessment. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2018; 11:203-210. [PMID: 29337016 PMCID: PMC6147744 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the factors which contribute to tear stability and the validity and reliability of methods used for assessing tear break up time which is a core part of an examination of tear stability in dry eye patients. METHODS A review of publications which are relevant to tear stability and its assessment. RESULTS Tear break up time may be more invasive than intended if difficulty avoiding blinking during assessment results in reflex tearing. Notwithstanding control of instilled volume and concentration of fluorescein, on-eye dilution is highly variable according to resident tear volume. Blinking to evenly distribute fluorescein may improve tear and lipid layer thickness so habitual tear function is not assessed. Emphasis on a role for Meibomian gland dysfunction as a cause of tear instability may be appropriate in many cases but ignores the roles for other sources of tear lipid and other non-lipid contributions to tear instability such as aqueous or mucus deficiency, desiccated epitheliopathy or anomalous blinking. Objective less-invasive methods eliminate problems of inter-observer variability and can reliably 'maintain vigilance' over wide areas of the tear layer. However less-invasive results to date include mean tear break up findings which are both shorter and longer than expected for normal controls. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescein tear break up time assessments cannot be standardised and less-invasive methods are not yet standardised. Objective less-invasive and subjective fluorescein break up time tests do not appear to be measuring the same tear phenomena although both should be performed before other invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Mcmonnies
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia.
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Vicario-de-la-Torre M, Caballo-González M, Vico E, Morales-Fernández L, Arriola-Villalobos P, De Las Heras B, Benítez-Del-Castillo JM, Guzmán M, Millar T, Herrero-Vanrell R, Molina-Martínez IT. Novel Nano-Liposome Formulation for Dry Eyes with Components Similar to the Preocular Tear Film. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E425. [PMID: 30966460 PMCID: PMC6415276 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye is commonly treated with artificial tears; however, developing artificial tears similar to natural tears is difficult due to the complex nature of tears. We characterized and evaluated a novel artificial tear formulation with components similar to the lipid and aqueous constituents of natural tears. Nano-liposomes, composed in part of phosphatidylcholine, were dispersed in an aqueous solution of bioadhesive sodium hyaluronate. Liposome size, zeta potential, and physicochemical properties of the fresh and stored (4 °C) liposomal formulation were analyzed. In vitro tolerance was tested using human corneal and conjunctival cell lines by exposures of 15 min to 4 h. The tolerance of the liposomal formulation was evaluated in animals (rabbits). The average liposome size was 186.3 ± 7.0 nm, and the zeta potential was negative. The osmolarity of the formulation was 198.6 ± 1.7 mOsm, with a surface tension of 36.5 ± 0.4 mN/m and viscosity of 3.05 ± 0.02 mPa·s. Viability values in the human corneal and conjunctival cell lines were always >80%, even after liposomal formulation storage for 8 weeks. Discomfort and clinical signs after instillation in rabbit eyes were absent. The new formulation, based on phosphatidylcholine-liposomes dispersed in sodium hyaluronate has suitable components and characteristics, including high in vitro cell viability and good in vivo tolerance, to serve as a tear substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vicario-de-la-Torre
- Pharmaceutical Innovation in Ophthalmology Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Caballo-González
- Pharmaceutical Innovation in Ophthalmology Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva Vico
- Ocular Surface and Inflammation, Ophthalmology Department, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Morales-Fernández
- Ocular Surface and Inflammation, Ophthalmology Department, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC) and the Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro Arriola-Villalobos
- Ocular Surface and Inflammation, Ophthalmology Department, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC) and the Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz De Las Heras
- Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC) and the Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Benítez-Del-Castillo
- Ocular Surface and Inflammation, Ophthalmology Department, San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC) and the Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33.6, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Thomas Millar
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Rydalmere Sydney, New South Wales 2116, Australia.
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- Pharmaceutical Innovation in Ophthalmology Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC) and the Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene T Molina-Martínez
- Pharmaceutical Innovation in Ophthalmology Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC) and the Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Glasgow BJ, Abduragimov AR. Interaction of ceramides and tear lipocalin. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:399-408. [PMID: 29331331 PMCID: PMC5835416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of lipids in tears is critical to their function. Lipids in human tears may retard evaporation by forming a surface barrier at the air interface. Lipids complexed with the major lipid binding protein in tears, tear lipocalin, reside in the bulk (aqueous) and may have functions unrelated to the surface. Many new lipids species have been revealed through recent mass spectrometric studies. Their association with lipid binding proteins has not been studied. Squalene, (O-acyl) omega-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFA) and ceramides are examples. Even well-known lipids such as wax and cholesteryl esters are only presumed to be unbound because extracts of protein fractions of tears were devoid of these lipids. Our purpose was to determine by direct binding assays if the aforementioned lipids can bind tear lipocalin. Lipids were screened for ability to displace DAUDA from tear lipocalin in a fluorescence displacement assay. Di- and tri-glycerides, squalene, OAHFA, wax and cholesterol esters did not displace DAUDA from tear lipocalin. However, ceramides displaced DAUDA. Apparent dissociation constants for ceramide-tear lipocalin complexes using fluorescent analogs were measured consistently in the submicromolar range with 3 methods, linear spectral summation, high speed centrifugal precipitation and standard fluorescence assays. At the relatively small concentrations in tears, all ceramides were complexed to tear lipocalin. The lack of binding of di- and tri-glycerides, squalene, OAHFA, as well as wax and cholesterol esters to tear lipocalin is consonant with residence of these lipids near the air interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Glasgow
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza Rm. BH 623, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Adil R Abduragimov
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza Rm. BH 623, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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Abstract
Glycosylation is a major form of enzymatic modification of organic molecules responsible for multiple biological processes in an organism. The biosynthesis of glycans is controlled by a series of glycosyltransferases, glycosidases and glycan-modifying enzymes that collectively assemble and process monosaccharide moieties into a diverse array of structures. Many studies have provided insight into various pathways of glycosylation at the ocular surface, such as those related to the biosynthesis of mucin-type O-glycans and N-glycans on proteins, but many others still remain largely unknown. This review provides an overview of the different classes of glycans described at the ocular surface focusing on their biosynthetic pathways and biological relevance. A precise understanding of these pathways under physiological and pathological conditions could help identify biomarkers and novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Nervonoylceramide (C24:1Cer), a lipid biomarker for ocular irritants released from the 3D reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium, MCTT HCE™. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 47:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Recent advances in the applications of metabolomics in eye research. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1037:28-40. [PMID: 30292303 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, the identification and quantitation of metabolites in a system, have been applied to identify new biomarkers or elucidate disease mechanism. In this review, we discussed the application of metabolomics in several ocular diseases and recent developments in metabolomics regarding tear fluids analysis, data acquisition and processing.
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