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Huang R, Pang Q, Zheng L, Lin J, Li H, Wan L, Wang T. Cholesterol metabolism: physiological versus pathological aspects in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1015-1030. [PMID: 38989934 PMCID: PMC11438341 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important component of plasma membranes and participates in many basic life functions, such as the maintenance of cell membrane stability, the synthesis of steroid hormones, and myelination. Cholesterol plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of the central nervous system. The brain contains 20% of the whole body's cholesterol, 80% of which is located within myelin. A huge number of processes (e.g., the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway and liver X receptor pathway) participate in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain via mechanisms that include cholesterol biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and efflux. Certain brain injuries or diseases involving crosstalk among the processes above can affect normal cholesterol metabolism to induce detrimental consequences. Therefore, we hypothesized that cholesterol-related molecules and pathways can serve as therapeutic targets for central nervous system diseases. Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most severe hemorrhagic stroke subtype, with high mortality and morbidity. Historical cholesterol levels are associated with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Moreover, secondary pathological changes after intracerebral hemorrhage are associated with cholesterol metabolism dysregulation, such as neuroinflammation, demyelination, and multiple types of programmed cell death. Intracellular cholesterol accumulation in the brain has been found after intracerebral hemorrhage. In this paper, we review normal cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system, the mechanisms known to participate in the disturbance of cholesterol metabolism after intracerebral hemorrhage, and the links between cholesterol metabolism and cell death. We also review several possible and constructive therapeutic targets identified based on cholesterol metabolism to provide cholesterol-based perspectives and a reference for those interested in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Huang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiuyu Pang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lexin Zheng
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaxi Lin
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hanxi Li
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingbo Wan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Guo F, Zheng H, Cao H, Wang Y, Zhi Y, Liu H, Li B, Wu J, Zhang K, Gao Y. Bergenin inhibits hepatic fat deposition by activating the AMPK signaling pathway, thereby attenuating alcoholic liver disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:113169. [PMID: 39298826 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a prevalent liver condition that arises from prolonged and excessive alcohol intake. Bergenin (BER) is an effective phytotherapeutic agent that exhibits pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. To establish an in vivo model of ALD, C57BL/6 mice were continuously fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and administered alcohol gavage for 8 weeks, while concurrently administering BER and evaluated for therapeutic effects. After modeling, the therapeutic effects of BER were evaluated by observing histopathological changes and the detection of relevant biochemical indicators in mice. In addition, RNA sequencing of liver tissues was performed to analyze differentially expressed genes and to investigate the associated signaling pathways in order to elucidate the protective mechanisms of BER. These differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in lipid metabolism pathways and the cytochrome P450 metabolism of exogenous substances. Subsequently, HepG2 was co-treated with sodium oleate (NaOA) and ethanol to establish an in vitro model, and the specific mechanism by which BER ameliorates ALD was further analyzed in depth. AMPK inhibitor, Compound C (CC), was demonstrated to significantly inhibit the regulation of lipid metabolism by BER in vitro. Finally, the differentially expressed genes selected were validated through qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Collectively, our findings revealed that BER effectively alleviated liver injury caused by alcohol and HFD in mice, significantly suppressing lipid deposition in ALD, enhancing alcohol metabolism, and mitigating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Guangxi Higher Education Institutions, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Huaping Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University , Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Houkang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Guangxi Higher Education Institutions, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongwang Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University , Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, Guangxi, China
| | - Yueping Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Guangxi Higher Education Institutions, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Guangxi Higher Education Institutions, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Guangxi Higher Education Institutions, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianzhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Guangxi Higher Education Institutions, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Kefeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Guangxi Higher Education Institutions, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China.
| | - Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Guangxi Higher Education Institutions, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, Guangxi, China.
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Ren J, Zuo J, Yin B, Huang D, Wen R, Pei H, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Zhen S, Ma Y. Flaxseed Oil Alleviates PFOS-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39392608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a widespread, persistent environmental pollutant that exerts apparent liver toxicity. Flaxseed oil (FO), a dietary oil rich in α-linolenic acid, has been demonstrated to possess a diverse array of health benefits. However, whether FO protects against PFOS-induced liver injury and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. C57/BL6 mice were orally treated with different concentrations of FO alone or in combination with 10 mg/kg of PFOS for 28 consecutive days. Blood and liver tissues were collected for proteomic, histopathological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and molecular examinations. Results demonstrated that FO supplementation reduced PFOS-induced liver injury, as evidenced by a decrease in histopathological changes, serum transaminase (ALT and AST) levels, levels of oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) levels. Proteomic analyses showed that differentially expressed proteins were enriched in cholesterol metabolic pathways when comparing the PFOS group to the FO supplementation groups. The expression of cholesterol metabolism-related proteins was also subsequently measured, revealing that FO supplementation decreased the protein expressions of SREBP2, HMGCR, and LDLR while increasing the expression of CYP7A1. This study demonstrates that FO can alleviate PFOS-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating hepatic cholesterol metabolism, indicating that FO may serve as an effective dietary intervention for preventing liver injury caused by PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jinshi Zuo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Bowen Yin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Undergraduate of College of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Rui Wen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Huanting Pei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jiarui Liu
- Undergraduate of College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Siqi Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Shuman Zhen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
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Li T, Zhu F, Dai L, Hogstrand C, Li B, Yue X, Wang J, Yu L, Li D. Effects of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) on glycolipid metabolism in male adult zebrafish revealed by targeted lipidomic analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174248. [PMID: 38936724 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the effects of 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) on glycolipid metabolism in vivo. Adult male zebrafish were exposed to various concentrations (0, 1, 10, 100 and 250 μg/L) of EHDPP for 28 days, and changes in lipid and glucose levels were measured. Results indicated significant liver damages in the 100 and 250 μg/L EHDPP groups, which both exhibited significant decreases in hepatic somatic index (HSI), elevated activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum and liver, as well as hepatocyte vacuolation and nuclear pyknosis. Exposure to 100 and 250 μg/L EHDPP led to significant reductions in serum and liver cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and lipid droplet deposition, indicating a significant inhibition of EHDPP on hepatic lipid accumulation. Lipidomic analyses manifested that 250 μg/L EHDPP reduced the levels of 103 lipid metabolites which belong to glycerides (TGs, diglycerides, and monoglycerides), fatty acyles (fatty acids), sterol lipids (cholesterol, bile acids), sphingolipids, and glycerophospholipids, and downregulated genes involved in de novo synthesis of fatty acids (fas, acc, srebp1, and dagt2), while upregulated genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation (pparα and cpt1). KEGG analyses revealed that EHDPP significantly disrupted glycerolipid metabolism, steroid biosynthesis and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways. Collectively, the results showed that EHDPP induced lipid reduction in zebrafish liver, possibly through inhibiting lipid synthesis and disrupting glycerolipid metabolism. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the ecological hazards and health effects of EHDPP on glycolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fengyue Zhu
- National Agricultural Science Observing and Experimental Station of Chongqing, China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Lili Dai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Boqun Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xikai Yue
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic, Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic, Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
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Skubic C, Trček H, Nassib P, Kreft T, Walakira A, Pohar K, Petek S, Režen T, Ihan A, Rozman D. Knockouts of CYP51A1, DHCR24, or SC5D from cholesterol synthesis reveal pathways modulated by sterol intermediates. iScience 2024; 27:110651. [PMID: 39262789 PMCID: PMC11387598 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Sterols from cholesterol synthesis are crucial for cholesterol production, but also have individual roles difficult to assess in vivo due to essentiality of cholesterol. We developed HepG2 cell models with knockouts (KOs) for three enzymes of cholesterol synthesis, each accumulating specific sterols. Surprisingly, KOs of CYP51, DHCR24, and SC5D shared only 9% of differentially expressed genes. The most striking was the phenotype of CYP51 KO with highly elevated lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, significant increase in G2+M phase and enhanced cancer and cell cycle pathways. Comparisons with mouse liver Cyp51 KO data suggest 24,25-dihydrolanosterol activates similar cell proliferation pathways, possibly via elevated LEF1 and WNT/NFKB signaling. In contrast, SC5D and DHCR24 KO cells with elevated lathosterol or desmosterol proliferated slowly, with downregulated E2F, mitosis, and enriched HNF1A. These findings demonstrate that increase of lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, but not other sterols, promotes cell proliferation in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cene Skubic
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hana Trček
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Nassib
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tinkara Kreft
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrew Walakira
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katka Pohar
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Petek
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadeja Režen
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alojz Ihan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ding Y, Chen QB, Xu H, Adi D, Ding YW, Luo WJ, Zhu WZ, Xu JC, Zhao X, Shi XJ, Luo J, Yin H, Lu XY. siRNA nanoparticle targeting Usp20 lowers lipid levels and ameliorates metabolic syndrome in mice. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100626. [PMID: 39173829 PMCID: PMC11418111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is closely correlated with elevated low density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In feeding state, glucose and insulin activate mammalian target of rapamycin 1 that phosphorylates the deubiquitylase ubiquitin-specific peptidase 20 (USP20). USP20 then stabilizes HMG-CoA reductase, thereby increasing lipid biosynthesis. In this study, we applied clinically approved lipid nanoparticles to encapsulate the siRNA targeting Usp20. We demonstrated that silencing of hepatic Usp20 by siRNA decreased body weight, improved insulin sensitivity, and increased energy expenditure through elevating UCP1. In Ldlr-/- mice, silencing Usp20 by siRNA decreased lipid levels and prevented atherosclerosis. This study suggests that the RNAi-based therapy targeting hepatic Usp20 has a translational potential to treat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu-Bing Chen
- Department of Urology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dilare Adi
- Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yi-Wen Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Jun Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Zhuo Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Chen Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong-Jie Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Urology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Venegas M, Durán A, Campusano S, Barahona S, Sepúlveda D, Baeza M, Cifuentes V, Alcaíno J. Identification of Potential New Genes Related to the SREBP Pathway in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. Biomolecules 2024; 14:778. [PMID: 39062491 PMCID: PMC11274570 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway is an integral cellular mechanism that regulates lipid homeostasis, in which transcriptional activator SREBPs regulate the expression of various genes. In the carotenogenic yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, Sre1 (the yeast SREBP homolog) regulates lipid biosynthesis and carotenogenesis, among other processes. Despite the characterization of several components of the SREBP pathway across various eukaryotes, the specific elements of this pathway in X. dendrorhous remain largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the potential regulatory mechanisms of the SREBP pathway in X. dendrorhous using the strain CBS.cyp61- as a model, which is known to have Sre1 in its active state under standard culture conditions, resulting in a carotenoid-overproducing phenotype. This strain was subjected to random mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), followed by a screening methodology that focused on identifying mutants with altered Sre1 activation phenotypes. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of 20 selected mutants detected 5439 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), narrowing them down to 1327 SNPs of interest after a series of filters. Classification based on SNP impact identified 116 candidate genes, including 49 genes with high impact and 68 genes with deleterious moderate-impact mutations. BLAST, InterProScan, and gene ontology enrichment analyses highlighted 25 genes as potential participants in regulating Sre1 in X. dendrorhous. The key findings of this study include the identification of genes potentially encoding proteins involved in protein import/export to the nucleus, sterol biosynthesis, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, protein regulatory activities such as deacetylases, a subset of kinases and proteases, as well as transcription factors that could be influential in SREBP regulation. These findings are expected to significantly contribute to the current understanding of the intricate regulation of the transcription factor Sre1 in X. dendrorhous, providing valuable groundwork for future research and potential biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Venegas
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (M.V.)
| | - Alejandro Durán
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (M.V.)
| | - Sebastián Campusano
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (M.V.)
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (M.V.)
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (M.V.)
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (M.V.)
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8
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Benatzy Y, Palmer MA, Lütjohann D, Ohno RI, Kampschulte N, Schebb NH, Fuhrmann DC, Snodgrass RG, Brüne B. ALOX15B controls macrophage cholesterol homeostasis via lipid peroxidation, ERK1/2 and SREBP2. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103149. [PMID: 38581859 PMCID: PMC11002893 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage cholesterol homeostasis is crucial for health and disease and has been linked to the lipid-peroxidizing enzyme arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase type B (ALOX15B), albeit molecular mechanisms remain obscure. We performed global transcriptome and immunofluorescence analysis in ALOX15B-silenced primary human macrophages and observed a reduction of nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 2, the master transcription factor of cellular cholesterol biosynthesis. Consequently, SREBP2-target gene expression was reduced as were the sterol biosynthetic intermediates desmosterol and lathosterol as well as 25- and 27-hydroxycholesterol. Mechanistically, suppression of ALOX15B reduced lipid peroxidation in primary human macrophages and thereby attenuated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK1/2, which lowered SREBP2 abundance and activity. Low nuclear SREBP2 rendered both, ALOX15B-silenced and ERK1/2-inhibited macrophages refractory to SREBP2 activation upon blocking the NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1. These studies suggest a regulatory mechanism controlling macrophage cholesterol homeostasis based on ALOX15B-mediated lipid peroxidation and concomitant ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Benatzy
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Megan A Palmer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rei-Ichi Ohno
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nadja Kampschulte
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Dominik C Fuhrmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Ryan G Snodgrass
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany.
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9
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Shun C, Wen-ping J, Shi-li L, Jian-bo Z, Mei-li C, Xiao-ying H, Miao P, Fei L. Effect of dissolved oxygen and ammonia nitrogen on Culter alburnus: Physiology, biochemistry, and molecular analyses. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27921. [PMID: 38571621 PMCID: PMC10987906 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Culter alburnus (topmouth culter)is an economically valuable freshwater fish. However, its insufficient tolerance to dissolved oxygen (DO) and ammonia nitrogen (AN) hinders its industrialisation. 360 experimental fish (4.87 ± 1.10 g) were placed in breathing chambers (oxygen level was 0.70-6.50 mg/L) or water tanks (control AN, 0 mg/L; low AN, 8 mg/L; high AN, 16 mg/L). This study analysed the effects of DO and AN on C. alburnus at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. (1) Physiology level: the floating point, coma critical point, and coma point at 20 °C group were significantly higher than those at 30 °C. The oxygen consumption rate of C. alburnus at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C was (256.65 ± 25.87), (470.47 ± 83.84), and (520.87 ± 55.40) mg/kg.h. The LC50 of AN after 96 h was 24.13 mg/L, and the safe concentration was 2.41 mg/L. The survival rate in the high AN group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups. (2) Biochemistry level: The change curves of antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver tissue under hypoxic stress reached a maximum at 12 h and then decreased. In addition, the increase and decrease in enzyme activity (except malondialdehyde) in the high AN group was lower than that in the low AN group. (3) Molecular level: the angiotensin-converting enzyme and carboxypeptidase genes were the major differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in hypoxic stress, and the DEGs were mainly enriched in the ABC transporter signal transduction pathway. In addition, the serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase genes were among the major DEGs under high AN stress. The DEGs were mainly enriched in steroid biosynthesis or glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism transporter signal transduction pathways. In summary, it is necessary to focus on the DO and AN during C. alburnus breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shun
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Animal Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Jiang Wen-ping
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Animal Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Liu Shi-li
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Animal Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Zheng Jian-bo
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Animal Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Chi Mei-li
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Animal Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Hang Xiao-ying
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Animal Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Peng Miao
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Animal Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou Zhejiang, 313001, China
| | - Li Fei
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture/Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Animal Genetic and Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou Zhejiang, 313001, China
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10
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Lin M, Zheng B, Zhang J. A study on cholesterol-cholesteryl ester metabolic homeostasis and drug intervention in hyperlipidemic hamsters using UHPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 240:115933. [PMID: 38154368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a global metabolic disorder characterized by dysregulation of lipid metabolism. This dysregulation is closely associated with the altered homeostasis of cholesterol-cholesteryl ester (CE) metabolism in systemic circulation, and some organs. Additionally, the relationship between oxidized cholesteryl ester (oxCE) and the disease has also gained attention. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive research on the alterations in cholesterol-CE metabolism in the context of hyperlipidemia, as well as the characteristics of lipid-lowering agents in regulating this metabolic state. Therefore, 40 oxCEs were identified in the hamster liver sample, and novel ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) methods were established for simultaneous analysis of cholesterol, 57 CEs, and 40 oxCEs in the serum, liver, adipose tissue, and intestine of hyperlipidemic hamsters. This study investigated the metabolic alterations between cholesterol-CE/oxCE in hyperlipidemic hamsters and those treated with lipid-lowering agents, including the Niemann-Pick-C1 like-1 protein (NPC1L1) inhibitor ezetimibe and the acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor avasimibe. The study findings demonstrate metabolic disorders in cholesterol-CE/oxCE homeostasis in hyperlipidemic hamsters. Lipid-lowering agent therapy can improve the metabolic dysregulation caused by hyperlipidemia, with distinct characteristics: ezetimibe is more effective in reducing cholesterol, while avasimibe is more effective in reducing CEs/oxCEs. Eight potential biomarkers indicating the dysregulation of cholesterol-CE metabolism caused by hyperlipidemia and its improvement by lipid-lowering agents have been identified in the serum. This study offers new insights into the hyperlipidemia pathophysiology and the mechanisms of lipid-lowering agents from a novel perspective on cholesterol-CE/oxCE metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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11
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Holm A, Graus MS, Wylie-Sears J, Borgelt L, Heng Tan JW, Nasim S, Chung L, Jain A, Sun M, Sun L, Brouillard P, Lekwuttikarn R, Kozakewich H, Qi JY, Teng JC, Mulliken JB, Vikkula M, Francois M, Bischoff J. An endothelial SOX18-mevalonate pathway axis enables repurposing of statins for infantile hemangioma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577829. [PMID: 39026886 PMCID: PMC11257613 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common tumor in children and a paradigm for pathological vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and regression. Propranolol is the mainstay of treatment for IH. It inhibits hemangioma vessel formation via a β-adrenergic receptor independent off-target effect of its R(+) enantiomer on the endothelial specific transcription factor sex-determining region Y (SRY) box transcription factor 18 (SOX18). Transcriptomic profiling of patient-derived hemangioma stem cells uncovered the mevalonate pathway (MVP) as a target of R(+) propranolol. Loss of SOX18 function confirmed R(+) propranolol mode of action on the MVP. Functional validation in preclinical IH models revealed that statins - targeting the MVP - are potent inhibitors of hemangioma vessel formation. We propose a novel SOX18-MVP-axis as a central regulator of IH pathogenesis and suggest statin repurposing to treat IH. Our findings reveal novel pleiotropic effects of beta-blockers and statins acting on the SOX18-MVP axis to disable an endothelial specific program in IH, which may impact other scenarios involving pathological vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Graphical abstract
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12
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Ding C, Chen Y, Miao G, Qi Z. Research Advances on the Role of Lipids in the Life Cycle of Human Coronaviruses. Microorganisms 2023; 12:63. [PMID: 38257890 PMCID: PMC10820681 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are emerging pathogens with a significant potential to cause life-threatening harm to human health. Since the beginning of the 21st century, three highly pathogenic and transmissible human CoVs have emerged, triggering epidemics and posing major threats to global public health. CoVs are enveloped viruses encased in a lipid bilayer. As fundamental components of cells, lipids can play an integral role in many physiological processes, which have been reported to play important roles in the life cycle of CoVs, including viral entry, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release. Therefore, research on the role of lipids in the CoV life cycle can provide a basis for a better understanding of the infection mechanism of CoVs and provide lipid targets for the development of new antiviral strategies. In this review, research advances on the role of lipids in different stages of viral infection and the possible targets of lipids that interfere with the viral life cycle are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (C.D.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yibo Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (C.D.); (Y.C.)
| | - Gen Miao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (C.D.); (Y.C.)
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13
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Zhao N, Deng G, Yuan PX, Zhang YF, Jiang LY, Zhao X, Song BL. TMEM241 is a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transporter required for M6P modification of NPC2 and cholesterol transport. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100465. [PMID: 37890669 PMCID: PMC10689955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate intracellular cholesterol traffic plays crucial roles. Niemann Pick type C (NPC) proteins NPC1 and NPC2, are two lysosomal cholesterol transporters that mediate the cholesterol exit from lysosomes. However, other proteins involved in this process remain poorly defined. Here, we find that the previously unannotated protein TMEM241 is required for cholesterol egressing from lysosomes through amphotericin B-based genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 KO screening. Ablation of TMEM241 caused impaired sorting of NPC2, a protein utilizes the mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) modification for lysosomal targeting, resulting in cholesterol accumulation in the lysosomes. TMEM241 is a member of solute transporters 35 nucleotide sugar transporters family and localizes on the cis-Golgi network. Our data indicate that TMEM241 transports UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) into Golgi lumen and UDP-GlcNAc is used for the M6P modification of proteins including NPC2. Furthermore, Tmem241-deficient mice display cholesterol accumulation in pulmonary cells and behave pulmonary injury and hypokinesia. Taken together, we demonstrate that TMEM241 is a Golgi-localized UDP-GlcNAc transporter and loss of TMEM241 causes cholesterol accumulation in lysosomes because of the impaired M6P-dependent lysosomal targeting of NPC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Deng
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei-Xin Yuan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Fen Zhang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu-Yi Jiang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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14
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Sun Q, Liu D, Cui W, Cheng H, Huang L, Zhang R, Gu J, Liu S, Zhuang X, Lu Y, Chu B, Li J. Cholesterol mediated ferroptosis suppression reveals essential roles of Coenzyme Q and squalene. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1108. [PMID: 37914914 PMCID: PMC10620397 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have shown that fatty acid metabolism is profoundly involved in ferroptosis. However, the role of cholesterol in this process remains incompletely understood. In this work, we show that modulating cholesterol levels changes vulnerability of cells to ferroptosis. Cholesterol alters metabolic flux of the mevalonate pathway by promoting Squalene Epoxidase (SQLE) degradation, a rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis, thereby increasing both CoQ10 and squalene levels. Importantly, whereas inactivation of Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1), the branch point of cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, exhibits minimal effect on ferroptosis, simultaneous inhibition of both CoQ10 and squalene biosynthesis completely abrogates the effect of cholesterol. Mouse models of ischemia-reperfusion and doxorubicin induced hepatoxicity confirm the protective role of cholesterol in ferroptosis. Our study elucidates a potential role of ferroptosis in diseases related to dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism and suggests a possible therapeutic target that involves ferroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Diming Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Weiwei Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Huimin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lixia Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ruihao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Junlian Gu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 107, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiao Zhuang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Bo Chu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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15
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Xiao M, Xu J, Wang W, Zhang B, Liu J, Li J, Xu H, Zhao Y, Yu X, Shi S. Functional significance of cholesterol metabolism in cancer: from threat to treatment. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1982-1995. [PMID: 37653037 PMCID: PMC10545798 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01079-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential structural component of membranes that contributes to membrane integrity and fluidity. Cholesterol homeostasis plays a critical role in the maintenance of cellular activities. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that cholesterol is a major determinant by modulating cell signaling events governing the hallmarks of cancer. Numerous studies have shown the functional significance of cholesterol metabolism in tumorigenesis, cancer progression and metastasis through its regulatory effects on the immune response, ferroptosis, autophagy, cell stemness, and the DNA damage response. Here, we summarize recent literature describing cholesterol metabolism in cancer cells, including the cholesterol metabolism pathways and the mutual regulatory mechanisms involved in cancer progression and cholesterol metabolism. We also discuss various drugs targeting cholesterol metabolism to suggest new strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Xiao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jialin Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Center Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Center Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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16
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Yuan R, Zhang W, You Y, Cui G, Gao Z, Wang X, Chen J. Vitamin D3 suppresses the cholesterol homeostasis pathway in patient-derived glioma cell lines. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1789-1806. [PMID: 37489660 PMCID: PMC10476568 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most common malignant brain tumors. Vitamin D, primarily its hormonally active form calcitriol, has been reported to have anti-cancer activity. In the present study, we used patient-derived glioma cell lines to examine the effect of vitamin D3 and calcitriol on glioblastoma. Surprisingly, vitamin D3 showed a more significant inhibitory effect than calcitriol on cell viability and proliferation. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates most of the cellular effects of vitamin D, and thus we examined the expression level and function of VDR via gene silencing and gene knockout experiments. We observed that VDR does not affect the sensitivity of patient-derived glioma cell lines to vitamin D3, and the gene encoding VDR is not essential for growth of patient-derived glioma cell lines. RNA sequencing data analysis and sterolomics analysis revealed that vitamin D3 inhibits cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis by inhibiting the expression level of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, which leads to the accumulation of 7-dehydrocholesterol and other sterol intermediates. In conclusion, our results suggest that vitamin D3, rather than calcitriol, inhibits growth of patient-derived glioma cell lines via inhibition of the cholesterol homeostasis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yuan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- Research Unit of Medical NeurobiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yong‐Ping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityChina
| | - Gang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Zhengliang Gao
- Fundamental Research Center, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of MedicineShanghai UniversityNantongChina
| | - Xiuxing Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical SciencesNanjing Medical UniversityChina
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
- Research Unit of Medical NeurobiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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17
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Qian L, Scott NA, Capell-Hattam IM, Draper EA, Fenton NM, Luu W, Sharpe LJ, Brown AJ. Cholesterol synthesis enzyme SC4MOL is fine-tuned by sterols and targeted for degradation by the E3 ligase MARCHF6. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100362. [PMID: 36958722 PMCID: PMC10176258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol biosynthesis is a highly regulated pathway, with over 20 enzymes controlled at the transcriptional and post-translational level. Whilst some enzymes remain stable, increased sterol levels can trigger degradation of several synthesis enzymes via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Of note, we previously identified four cholesterol synthesis enzymes as substrates for one E3 ubiquitin ligase, membrane-associated RING-CH-type finger 6 (MARCHF6). Whether MARCHF6 targets the cholesterol synthesis pathway at other points is unknown. In addition, the post-translational regulation of many cholesterol synthesis enzymes, including the C4-demethylation complex (sterol-C4-methyl oxidase-like, SC4MOL; NAD(P) dependent steroid dehydrogenase-like, NSDHL; hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase, HSD17B7) is largely uncharacterized. Using cultured mammalian cell-lines (human-derived and Chinese Hamster Ovary cells), we show SC4MOL, the first acting enzyme of C4-demethylation, is a MARCHF6 substrate, and is rapidly turned over and sensitive to sterols. Sterol depletion stabilizes SC4MOL protein levels, whilst sterol excess downregulates both transcript and protein levels. Furthermore, we found SC4MOL depletion by siRNA results in a significant decrease in total cell cholesterol. Thus, our work indicates SC4MOL is the most regulated enzyme in the C4-demethylation complex. Our results further implicate MARCHF6 as a crucial post-translational regulator of cholesterol synthesis, with this E3 ubiquitin ligase controlling levels of at least five enzymes of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Qian
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Nicola A Scott
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Isabelle M Capell-Hattam
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Eliza A Draper
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Nicole M Fenton
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Winnie Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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18
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Bauer R, Brüne B, Schmid T. Cholesterol metabolism in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1121819. [PMID: 36744258 PMCID: PMC9895399 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1121819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of biologically active lipid mediators, such as prostanoids, leukotrienes, and specialized pro-resolving mediators, in the regulation of inflammation is well established. While the relevance of cholesterol in the context of atherosclerosis is also widely accepted, the role of cholesterol and its biosynthetic precursors on inflammatory processes is less comprehensively described. In the present mini-review, we summarize the current understanding of the inflammation-regulatory properties of cholesterol and relevant biosynthetic intermediates taking into account the implications of different subcellular distributions. Finally, we discuss the inflammation-regulatory effect of cholesterol homeostasis in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Bauer
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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19
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Sun SJ, Ai YJ, Duan KL, Zhang JY, Zhang C, Sun YP, Xiong Y, Guan KL, Yuan HX. TET2 deficiency sensitizes tumor cells to statins by reducing HMGCS1 expression. Oncogene 2022; 41:5385-5396. [PMID: 36348011 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
TET2 (ten-eleven-translocation) protein is a Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes DNA demethylation to regulate gene expression. While TET2 gene is frequently mutated in hematological cancer, its enzymatic activity is also compromised in various solid tumors. Whether TET2 deficiency creates vulnerability for cancer cells has not been studied. Here we reported that TET2 deficiency is associated with the change of lipid metabolism processes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient. We demonstrate that statins, the inhibitors of β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and commonly used cholesterol-lowering medicines, significantly sensitize TET2 deficient tumor cells to apoptosis. TET2 directly regulates the expression of HMG-CoA synthase (HMGCS1) by catalyzing demethylation on its promoter region, and conversely TET2 deficiency leads to significant down-regulation of HMGCS1 expression and the mevalonate pathway. Consistently, overexpression of HMGCS1 in TET2-deficient cells rescues statin-induced apoptosis. We further reveal that decrease of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), an intermediate metabolite in the mevalonate pathway, is responsible for statin-induced apoptosis. GGPP shortage abolishes normal membrane localization and function of multiple small GTPases, leading to cell dysfunction. Collectively, our study reveals a vulnerability in TET2 deficient tumor and a potential therapeutic strategy using an already approved safe medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jia Sun
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Jie Ai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Long Duan
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Ye Zhang
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ping Sun
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Xiong
- Cullgen Inc. 12730 High Bluff Drive, San Diego, CA92130, CA, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Hai-Xin Yuan
- The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Lab of the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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20
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Capell-Hattam IM, Fenton NM, Coates HW, Sharpe LJ, Brown AJ. The Non Catalytic Protein ERG28 has a Functional Role in Cholesterol Synthesis and is Coregulated Transcriptionally. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100295. [PMID: 36216146 PMCID: PMC9730225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis has been well characterized. However, there remain several potential interacting proteins that may play ancillary roles in the regulation of cholesterol production. Here, we identified ERG28 (chromosome 14 open reading frame 1 [C14orf1]), a homologue of the yeast protein Erg28p, as a player in mammalian cholesterol synthesis. ERG28 is conserved from yeast to humans but has been largely overlooked in mammals. Using quantitative RT-PCR, luciferase assays, and publicly available chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data, we found that transcription of this gene is driven by the transcription factor SREBP-2, akin to most cholesterol synthesis enzymes, as well as identifying sterol-responsive elements and cofactor binding sites in its proximal promoter. Based on a split luciferase system, ERG28 interacted with itself and two enzymes of cholesterol synthesis (NSDHL and SC4MOL). Huh7 ERG28-KO cell lines were generated, revealing reduced total cholesterol levels in sterol-depleted environments. In addition, radiolabeled metabolic flux assays showed a 60-75% reduction in the rate of cholesterol synthesis in the KO versus wild-type cells, which could be rescued by expression of ectopic ERG28. Unexpectedly, KO of ERG28 also impaired the activation of SREBP-2 under sterol-replete conditions, by a yet-to-be defined mechanism. These results indicate that ERG28 is clearly involved in cholesterol synthesis, although the precise role this noncatalytic protein plays in this complex metabolic pathway remains to be fully elucidated. A deeper understanding of ERG28, and other ancillary proteins of cholesterol synthesis, may help inform therapeutic strategies for diseases associated with aberrant cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole M Fenton
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hudson W Coates
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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21
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Jiang SY, Yang X, Yang Z, Li JW, Xu MQ, Qu YX, Tang JJ, Li YF, Wang L, Shao YW, Meng XY, Hu H, Song BL, Rao Y, Qi W. Discovery of an insulin-induced gene binding compound that ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by inhibiting sterol regulatory element-binding protein-mediated lipogenesis. Hepatology 2022; 76:1466-1481. [PMID: 35102596 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NASH is associated with high levels of cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) in the liver; however, there is still no approved pharmacological therapy. Synthesis of cholesterol and TG is controlled by sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), which is found to be abnormally activated in NASH patients. We aim to discover small molecules for treating NASH by inhibiting the SREBP pathway. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we identify a potent SREBP inhibitor, 25-hydroxylanosterol (25-HL). 25-HL binds to insulin-induced gene (INSIG) proteins, stimulates the interaction between INSIG and SCAP, and retains them in the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby suppressing SREBP activation and inhibiting lipogenesis. In NASH mouse models, 25-HL lowers levels of cholesterol and TG in serum and the liver, enhances energy expenditure to prevent obesity, and improves insulin sensitivity. 25-HL dramatically ameliorates hepatic steatosis, inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis through down-regulating the expression of lipogenic genes. Furthermore, 25-HL exhibits both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of alleviating NASH and atherosclerosis in amylin liver NASH model diet-treated Ldlr-/- mice, and reduces the formation of cholesterol crystals and associated crown-like structures of Kupffer cells. Notably, 25-HL lowers lipid contents in serum and the liver to a greater extent than lovastatin or obeticholic acid. 25-HL shows a good safety and pharmacokinetics profile. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the proof of concept that inhibiting SREBP activation by targeting INSIG to lower lipids could be a promising strategy for treating NASH. It suggests the translational potential of 25-HL in human NASH and demonstrates the critical role of SREBP-controlled lipogenesis in the progression of NASH by pharmacological inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-You Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinglin Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zimo Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jue-Wan Li
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Qiang Xu
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xiu Qu
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jie Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liguo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Wen Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,The Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,The Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Huili Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,The Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shandong University Cheeloo Medical College, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Rao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Wang K, Liang C, Cao W, Luo G, Zhong S, Zeng Z, Dai L, Song JL. Dietary sinapic acid attenuated high-fat diet-induced lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in male Syrian hamsters. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14203. [PMID: 35470867 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of sinapic acid on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in male Syrian hamsters. Sinapic acid treatment significantly reduced body weight, epididymal fat, and perirenal fat mass in HFD hamsters. Sinapic acid also improved dyslipidemia levels (reducing the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increasing the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and increased T-AOC levels to mitigate oxidative stress injury. Moreover, sinapic acid intervention increased the activations of PPAR-γ, CPT-1, and CYP7A1 and decreased the activations of FAS, ACC1, SREBP1, SREBP2, and HMGCR in the livers of HFD hamsters. In addition, sinapic acid intervention also significantly inhibited the intestinal mRNA levels of Srebp2 and Npc1l1 in HFD hamsters. In conclusion, sinapic acid can significantly attenuate abnormal lipid metabolism in the development of HFD-induced obesity and reduce the level of oxidative stress to exert its anti-obesity effect. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Obesity is the main cause of some chronic metabolic syndromes, such as dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and hyperuricemia. Searching for new, safe, and effective natural products in weight loss and fat reduction has become one of the hot research topics. As a natural source of simple phenolic acids, sinapic acid is present in fruits, vegetables, and grains and has been indicated to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihyperuricemic, lipid homeostasis regulation, and anticancer activities. However, the lipid metabolism- and oxidative stress-regulating activities of sinapic acid are not clear. Here, the current study investigated the lipid metabolism and oxidative stress regulating activities of sinapic acid in male Syrian hamsters fed a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keying Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Chanhua Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Wenjing Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Gao Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Shumei Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Pediatrics and Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya College of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Dai
- Center of Mental Health Education and Counseling, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jia-Le Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Entire Lifecycle Health and Care, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposureomics and Entire Lifecycle Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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23
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High-Risk Polymorphisms Associated with the Molecular Function of Human HMGCR Gene Infer the Inhibition of Cholesterol Biosynthesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4558867. [PMID: 35707384 PMCID: PMC9192228 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4558867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase or HMGCR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase) is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. HMGCR plays an important role in the possible occurrence of hypercholesterolemia leading to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. This enzyme is a major target for cholesterol-lowering drugs such as "statin" which blocks the synthesis of mevalonate, a precursor for cholesterol biosynthesis. This study is aimed at characterizing deleterious mutations and classifying functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HMGCR gene through analysis of functional and structural evaluation, domain association, solvent accessibility, and energy minimization studies. The functional and characterization tools such as SIFT, PolyPhen, SNPs and GO, Panther, I-Mutant, and Pfam along with programming were employed to explore all the available SNPs in the HMGCR gene in the database. Among 6815 SNP entries from different databases, approximately 388 SNPs were found to be missense. Analysis showed that seven missense SNPs are more likely to have deleterious effects. A tertiary model of the mutant protein was constructed to determine the functional and structural effects of the HMGCR mutation. In addition, the location of the mutations suggests that they may have deleterious effects because most of the mutations are residing in the functional domain of the protein. The findings from the analysis predicted that rs147043821 and rs193026499 missense SNPs could cause significant structural and functional instability in the mutated proteins of the HMGCR gene. The findings of the current study will likely be useful in future efforts to uncover the mechanism and cause of hypercholesterolemia. In addition, the identified SNPs of HMGCR gene could set up a strong foundation for further therapeutic discovery.
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24
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Targeting of Mevalonate-Isoprenoid Pathway in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells by Bisphosphonate Drugs. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051146. [PMID: 35625883 PMCID: PMC9138592 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming represents a hallmark of tumorigenesis to sustain survival in harsh conditions, rapid growth and metastasis in order to resist to cancer therapies. These metabolic alterations involve glucose metabolism, known as the Warburg effect, increased glutaminolysis and enhanced amino acid and lipid metabolism, especially the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway known as the mevalonate pathway and these are upregulated in several cancer types, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In particular, it was demonstrated that the mevalonate pathway has a pivotal role in cellular transformation. Therefore, targeting this biochemical process with drugs such as statins represents a promising therapeutic strategy to be combined with other anticancer treatments. In the last decade, several studies have revealed that amino-bisphosphonates (BP), primarily used for bone fragility disorders, also exhibit potential anti-cancer activity in leukemic cells, as well as in patients with symptomatic multiple myeloma. Indeed, these compounds inhibit the farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, reducing isoprenoid formation of farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. This, in turn, inhibits the prenylation of small Guanosine Triphosphate-binding proteins, such as Ras, Rho, Rac, Rab, which are essential for regulating cell survival membrane ruffling and trafficking, interfering with cancer key signaling events involved in clonal expansion and maturation block of progenitor cells in myeloid hematological malignancies. Thus, in this review, we discuss the recent advancements about bisphosphonates’ effects, especially zoledronate, analyzing the biochemical mechanisms and anti-tumor effects on AML model systems. Future studies will be oriented to investigate the clinical relevance and significance of BP treatment in AML, representing an attractive therapeutic strategy that could be integrated into chemotherapy.
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25
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Dai J, Wang H, Liao Y, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Liu W, Qiu X, Ding C. Coronavirus Infection and Cholesterol Metabolism. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791267. [PMID: 35529872 PMCID: PMC9069556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cholesterol metabolism remodeling is significantly associated with the spread of human pathogenic coronaviruses, suggesting virus-host relationships could be affected by cholesterol-modifying drugs. Cholesterol has an important role in coronavirus entry, membrane fusion, and pathological syncytia formation, therefore cholesterol metabolic mechanisms may be promising drug targets for coronavirus infections. Moreover, cholesterol and its metabolizing enzymes or corresponding natural products exert antiviral effects which are closely associated with individual viral steps during coronavirus replication. Furthermore, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections are associated with clinically significant low cholesterol levels, suggesting cholesterol could function as a potential marker for monitoring viral infection status. Therefore, weaponizing cholesterol dysregulation against viral infection could be an effective antiviral strategy. In this review, we comprehensively review the literature to clarify how coronaviruses exploit host cholesterol metabolism to accommodate viral replication requirements and interfere with host immune responses. We also focus on targeting cholesterol homeostasis to interfere with critical steps during coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Experimental Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Chan Ding,
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xusheng Qiu, ; Chan Ding,
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26
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Shi Q, Chen J, Zou X, Tang X. Intracellular Cholesterol Synthesis and Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:819281. [PMID: 35386193 PMCID: PMC8978673 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.819281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is related to multiple diseases in humans, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative and hepatic diseases. The cholesterol levels in cells are balanced dynamically by uptake, biosynthesis, transport, distribution, esterification, and export. In this review, we focus on de novo cholesterol synthesis, cholesterol synthesis regulation, and intracellular cholesterol trafficking. In addition, the progression of lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) at multiple contact sites between organelles is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Shi
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaochun Tang,
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27
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Veshkini A, M Hammon H, Vogel L, Delosière M, Viala D, Dèjean S, Tröscher A, Ceciliani F, Sauerwein H, Bonnet M. Liver proteome profiling in dairy cows during the transition from gestation to lactation: Effects of supplementation with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids as explored by PLS-DA. J Proteomics 2022; 252:104436. [PMID: 34839038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the synergistic effects of essential fatty acids (EFA) and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on the liver proteome profile of dairy cows during the transition to lactation. 16 Holstein cows were infused from 9 wk. antepartum to 9 wk. postpartum into the abomasum with either coconut oil (CTRL) or a mixture of EFA (linseed + safflower oil) and CLA (EFA + CLA). Label-free quantitative proteomics was performed in liver tissue biopsied at days -21, +1, +28, and + 63 relative to calving. Differentially abundant proteins (DAP) between treatment groups were identified at the intersection between a multivariate and a univariate analysis. In total, 1680 proteins were identified at each time point, of which between groups DAP were assigned to the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, steroid hormone biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and glutathione metabolism. Cytochrome P450, as a central hub, enriched with specific CYP enzymes comprising: CYP51A1 (d - 21), CYP1A1 & CYP4F2 (d + 28), and CYP4V2 (d + 63). Collectively, supplementation of EFA + CLA in transition cows impacted hepatic lipid metabolism and enriched several common biological pathways at all time points that were mainly related to ω-oxidation of fatty acids through the Cytochrome p450 pathway. SIGNIFICANCE: In three aspects this manuscript is notable. First, this is among the first longitudinal proteomics studies in nutrition of dairy cows. The selected time points are critical periods around parturition with profound endocrine and metabolic adaptations. Second, our findings provided novel information on key drivers of biologically relevant pathways suggested according to previously reported performance, zootechnical, and metabolism data (already published elsewhere). Third, our results revealed the role of cytochrome P450 that is hardly investigated, and of ω-oxidation pathways in the metabolism of fatty acids with the involvement of specific enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Veshkini
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Harald M Hammon
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Laura Vogel
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Mylène Delosière
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Didier Viala
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Sèbastien Dèjean
- Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, UMR5219, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- INRAE, Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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28
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Cholesterol metabolism: from lipidomics to immunology. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100165. [PMID: 34953867 PMCID: PMC8953665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, the oxidized forms of cholesterol or of its precursors, are formed in the first steps of cholesterol metabolism. Oxysterols have interested chemists, biologists, and physicians for many decades, but their exact biological relevance in vivo, other than as intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis, has long been debated. However, in the first quarter of this century, a role for side-chain oxysterols and their C-7 oxidized metabolites has been convincingly established in the immune system. 25-Hydroxycholesterol has been shown to be synthesized by macrophages in response to the activation of Toll-like receptors and to offer protection against microbial pathogens, whereas 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol has been shown to act as a chemoattractant to lymphocytes expressing the G protein-coupled receptor Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 and to be important in coordinating the action of B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. There is a growing body of evidence that not only these two oxysterols but also many of their isomers are of importance to the proper function of the immune system. Here, we review recent findings related to the roles of oxysterols in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom.
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29
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Zhao M, Mei T, Shang B, Zou B, Lian Q, Xu W, Wu K, Lai Y, Liu C, Wei L, Zhu J, Zhang K, Liu Y, Zhao L. Defect of LSS Disrupts Lens Development in Cataractogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:788422. [PMID: 34926465 PMCID: PMC8675080 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.788422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital cataract is one of the leading causes of blindness in children worldwide. About one-third of congenital cataracts are caused by genetic defects. LSS, which encodes lanosterol synthase, is a causal gene for congenital cataracts. LSS is critical in preventing abnormal protein aggregation of various cataract-causing mutant crystallins; however, its roles in lens development remain largely unknown. In our study, we generated a mouse model harboring Lss G589S mutation, which is homologous to cataract-causing G588S mutation in human LSS. LssG589S/G589S mice exhibited neonatal lethality at postal day 0 (P0), whereas these mice showed severe opacity in eye lens. Also, we found that cataract was formed at E17.5 after we examined the opacity of embryonic lens from E13.5 to E18.5. Moreover, disrupted lens differentiation occurred at E14.5 prior to formation of the opacity of eye lens, shown as delayed differentiation of lens secondary fiber and disordered lens fiber organization. In addition, RNA-seq analysis indicated that cholesterol synthesis signaling pathways were significantly downregulated. Overall, our findings provide clear evidence that a mouse model harboring a homozygous Lss G589S mutation can recapitulate human congenital cataract. Our study points out that LSS functions as a critical determinant of lens development, which will contribute to better understanding LSS defects in cataractogenesis and developing therapies for cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingfang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bizhi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China.,Dongguan Guangming Ophthalmic Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Wenchang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chujun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Center for Biomedicine and Innovations, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology and University Hospital, Macau, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Research Unit of Ocular Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Iessi E, Vona R, Cittadini C, Matarrese P. Targeting the Interplay between Cancer Metabolic Reprogramming and Cell Death Pathways as a Viable Therapeutic Path. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121942. [PMID: 34944758 PMCID: PMC8698563 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells, metabolic adaptations are often observed in terms of nutrient absorption, biosynthesis of macromolecules, and production of energy necessary to meet the needs of the tumor cell such as uncontrolled proliferation, dissemination, and acquisition of resistance to death processes induced by both unfavorable environmental conditions and therapeutic drugs. Many oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have a significant effect on cellular metabolism, as there is a close relationship between the pathways activated by these genes and the various metabolic options. The metabolic adaptations observed in cancer cells not only promote their proliferation and invasion, but also their survival by inducing intrinsic and acquired resistance to various anticancer agents and to various forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. In this review we analyze the main metabolic differences between cancer and non-cancer cells and how these can affect the various cell death pathways, effectively determining the susceptibility of cancer cells to therapy-induced death. Targeting the metabolic peculiarities of cancer could represent in the near future an innovative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of those tumors whose metabolic characteristics are known.
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31
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Bao X, Yuan X, Li X, Liu X. Flaxseed-derived peptide, IPPF, inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells and hepatic cholesterol synthesis in HepG2 cells. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e14031. [PMID: 34893975 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed peptides reduced serum cholesterol levels in Sprague-Dawley rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet. However, the mechanism of this action remains unclear. Flaxseed-hydrolyzed proteins were separated through ultrafiltration. The fifth fraction (FP5 , ≤ 1 kDa) had the highest cholesterol micelle solubility inhibition rate (CMSR) of 72.39% among the other fractions. Eleven peptides were identified from FP5 . Ile-Pro-Pro-Phe (IPPF), which had the highest CMSR of 93.47%, was selected for further analyses. IPPF substantially reduced the cholesterol transported content in Caco-2 cells and the total cholesterol content in HepG2 cells. Moreover, IPPF modulated the protein levels of NCP1L1 and ABCG5/8 (cholesterol transporters) in Caco-2 cells and reduced the mRNA levels of Srebp-2 and Hmgcr (cholesterol synthesis enzymes) in HepG2 cells. IPPF inhibits cholesterol intestinal absorption by modulating the cholesterol transporters expression and reduces hepatic cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting the SREBP2-regulated mevalonate pathway. IPPF is a new food-derived cholesterol-lowering nutritional supplement. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: We isolated active peptides with cholesterol-lowering properties from flaxseed protein, a by-product of industrial oil production, which greatly improved the economic and medicinal value of flaxseed protein. According to our research, IPPF can be used as a new food-derived type of cholesterol intestinal absorption inhibitor to reduce dietary cholesterol absorption and cholesterol synthesis inhibitor (same pharmacological mechanism as statins). IPPF provide a nutritional therapy component for hypercholesterolemia and prevent atherosclerosis. Our research provides theoretical basis for development and utilization of new nutritional supplements and plant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Bao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Yuan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xuexin Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P. R. China
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32
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Sterols, Oxysterols, and Accessible Cholesterol: Signalling for Homeostasis, in Immunity and During Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723224. [PMID: 34690800 PMCID: PMC8531217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we discuss the concept of accessible plasma membrane cholesterol and its involvement as a signalling molecule. Changes in plasma membrane accessible cholesterol, although only being minor in the context of total cholesterol plasma membrane cholesterol and total cell cholesterol, are a key regulator of overall cellular cholesterol homeostasis by the SREBP pathway. Accessible cholesterol also provides the second messenger between patched 1 and smoothened in the hedgehog signalling pathway important during development, and its depletion may provide a mechanism of resistance to microbial pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. We revise the hypothesis that oxysterols are a signalling form of cholesterol, in this instance as a rapidly acting and paracrine version of accessible cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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33
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Politiek FA, Waterham HR. Compromised Protein Prenylation as Pathogenic Mechanism in Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724991. [PMID: 34539662 PMCID: PMC8446354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is an autoinflammatory metabolic disorder characterized by life-long recurring episodes of fever and inflammation, often without clear cause. MKD is caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in the MVK gene, resulting in a decreased activity of the encoded enzyme mevalonate kinase (MK). MK is an essential enzyme in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, which generates both non-sterol and sterol isoprenoids. The inflammatory symptoms of patients with MKD point to a major role for isoprenoids in the regulation of the innate immune system. In particular a temporary shortage of the non-sterol isoprenoid geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is increasingly linked with inflammation in MKD. The shortage of GGPP compromises protein prenylation, which is thought to be one of the main causes leading to the inflammatory episodes in MKD. In this review, we discuss current views and the state of knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms in MKD, with particular focus on the role of compromised protein prenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frouwkje A Politiek
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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34
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Qiu ZP, Hu A, Song BL. The 3-beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta(8), Delta(7)-isomerase EBP inhibits cholesterylation of Smoothened. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159041. [PMID: 34450268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a central role in vertebrate embryonic development and carcinogenesis. The G-protein coupled receptor-like protein Smoothened (SMO) is one of the major members in Hh pathway. Covalent modification of cholesterol on the 95th asparagine (D95) of human SMO, which is regulated by Hh and PTCH1, is critical for SMO activation. However, it is not known whether SMO cholesterylation is regulated by other proteins. In this study, we identified Emopamil binding protein (EBP, also known as 3-beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta(8),Delta(7)-isomerase) as a SMO-interacting protein. Overexpression of EBP suppressed SMO cholesterylation and Hh pathway activity, whereas genetic disruption of EBP enhanced SMO cholesterylation and the downstream signaling. EBP-mediated inhibition of SMO cholesterylation was independent of its isomerase activity, but dependent on the C-terminus of EBP that was required for SMO binding. The X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctate 2 (CDPX2)-associated EBP mutants inhibited SMO cholesterylation too. Together, this study shows that EBP modulates SMO cholesterylation through direct binding and suggests a possible mechanism of CDPX2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ao Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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35
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Lam SM, Zhang C, Wang Z, Ni Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Huang X, Mo L, Li J, Lee B, Mei M, Huang L, Shi M, Xu Z, Meng FP, Cao WJ, Zhou MJ, Shi L, Chua GH, Li B, Cao J, Wang J, Bao S, Wang Y, Song JW, Zhang F, Wang FS, Shui G. A multi-omics investigation of the composition and function of extracellular vesicles along the temporal trajectory of COVID-19. Nat Metab 2021; 3:909-922. [PMID: 34158670 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes represent a subtype of extracellular vesicle that is released through retrograde transport and fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane1. Although no perfect methodologies currently exist for the high-throughput, unbiased isolation of pure plasma exosomes2,3, investigation of exosome-enriched plasma fractions of extracellular vesicles can confer a glimpse into the endocytic pathway on a systems level. Here we conduct high-coverage lipidomics with an emphasis on sterols and oxysterols, and proteomic analyses of exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles (EVs hereafter) from patients at different temporal stages of COVID-19, including the presymptomatic, hyperinflammatory, resolution and convalescent phases. Our study highlights dysregulated raft lipid metabolism that underlies changes in EV lipid membrane anisotropy that alter the exosomal localization of presenilin-1 (PS-1) in the hyperinflammatory phase. We also show in vitro that EVs from different temporal phases trigger distinct metabolic and transcriptional responses in recipient cells, including in alveolar epithelial cells, which denote the primary site of infection, and liver hepatocytes, which represent a distal secondary site. In comparison to the hyperinflammatory phase, EVs from the resolution phase induce opposing effects on eukaryotic translation and Notch signalling. Our results provide insights into cellular lipid metabolism and inter-tissue crosstalk at different stages of COVID-19 and are a resource to increase our understanding of metabolic dysregulation in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Yang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Center, Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lesong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mei Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fan-Ping Meng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jing Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Ming-Ju Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Gek Huey Chua
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, China
| | - Bowen Li
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, China
| | - Jiabao Cao
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Fujie Zhang
- The Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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36
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Wang D, Yin Z, Ma L, Han L, Chen Y, Pan W, Gong K, Gao Y, Yang X, Chen Y, Han J, Duan Y. Polysaccharide MCP extracted from Morchella esculenta reduces atherosclerosis in LDLR-deficient mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:4842-4854. [PMID: 33950051 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03475d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical application of fungal polysaccharides has been extensively studied based on their multiple biological activities. However, the effect of Morchella esculenta polysaccharides on the development of atherosclerosis remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the anti-atherosclerotic effect of a novel polysaccharide (MCP) extracted from Morchella esculenta. The average molecular weight of MCP is 1.69 × 105 Da, and it is composed of glucose, mannose and galactose in the molar ratio of 1 : 1.9 : 0.51. LDLR-deficient (LDLR-/-) mice were fed high-fat diet (HFD) and administered intragastrically (i.g.) with saline or MCP dissolved in saline for 15 weeks. We found that MCP inhibited en face and sinus lesions. Moreover, serum levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride were decreased by MCP. The HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation was also attenuated by MCP. The underlying molecular mechanisms of anti-atherogenic and lipogenic effects of MCP might be attributed to reduced cholesterol synthesis by activating AMPKα signaling pathway and inhibiting SREBP2 expression. In addition, MCP-decreased serum triglyceride level is related to inhibiting LXRα expression. Taken together, these results indicate that MCP markedly alleviates atherosclerosis and M. esculenta can be used as a functional food additive to benefit patients with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Discovery of an orally active VHL-recruiting PROTAC that achieves robust HMGCR degradation and potent hypolipidemic activity in vivo. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1300-1314. [PMID: 34094835 PMCID: PMC8148065 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) protein is usually upregulated after statin (HMGCR inhibitor) treatment, which inevitably diminishes its therapeutic efficacy, provoking the need for higher doses associated with adverse effects. The proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology has recently emerged as a powerful approach for inducing protein degradation. Nonetheless, due to their bifunctional nature, developing orally bioavailable PROTACs remains a great challenge. Herein, we identified a powerful HMGCR-targeted PROTAC (21c) comprising a VHL ligand conjugated to lovastatin acid that potently degrades HMGCR in Insig-silenced HepG2 cells (DC50 = 120 nmol/L) and forms a stable ternary complex, as predicated by a holistic modeling protocol. Most importantly, oral administration of the corresponding lactone 21b reveled favorable plasma exposures referring to both the parent 21b and the conversed acid 21c. Further in vivo studies of 21b demonstrated robust HMGCR degradation and potent cholesterol reduction in mice with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia, highlighting a promising strategy for treating hyperlipidemia and associated diseases.
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Key Words
- CRBN, cereblon
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Cholesterol reduction
- DC50, half degradation concentration
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- H&E, hematoxylin/eosin
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HMGCR
- HMGCR, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- MFD, medium fat diet
- ORO, oil-red O
- Oral bioavailability
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PROTAC, proteolysis-targeting chimera
- PROTACs
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- VHL, von Hippel-Lindau
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38
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Sharpe LJ, Coates HW, Brown AJ. Post-translational control of the long and winding road to cholesterol. J Biol Chem 2021; 295:17549-17559. [PMID: 33453997 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of cholesterol requires more than 20 enzymes, many of which are intricately regulated. Post-translational control of these enzymes provides a rapid means for modifying flux through the pathway. So far, several enzymes have been shown to be rapidly degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in response to cholesterol and other sterol intermediates. Additionally, several enzymes have their activity altered through phosphorylation mechanisms. Most work has focused on the two rate-limiting enzymes: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and squalene monooxygenase. Here, we review current literature in the area to define some common themes in the regulation of the entire cholesterol synthesis pathway. We highlight the rich variety of inputs controlling each enzyme, discuss the interplay that exists between regulatory mechanisms, and summarize findings that reveal an intricately coordinated network of regulation along the cholesterol synthesis pathway. We provide a roadmap for future research into the post-translational control of cholesterol synthesis, and no doubt the road ahead will reveal further twists and turns for this fascinating pathway crucial for human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hudson W Coates
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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39
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Funes AK, Simón L, Colombo R, Avena MV, Monclús M, Crescitelli J, Cabrillana ME, Conte MI, Cayado N, Boarelli P, Fornés MW, Saez Lancellotti TE. Impact of high fat diet on the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 cholesterol pathway in the testicle. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:6206393. [PMID: 33787903 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Male fertility has been shown to be dependent on cholesterol homeostasis. This lipid is essential for testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis, but its levels must be maintained in an optimal range for proper testicular function. In particular, sperm cells' development is very sensitive to high cholesterol levels, noticeably during acrosomal formation. The aim of this work was to study whether the molecular pathway that regulates intracellular cholesterol, the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway, is affected in the testicles of animals under a fat diet. To investigate this, we took advantage of the non-obese hypercholesterolemia (HC) model in New Zealand rabbits that displays poor sperm and seminal quality. The testicular expression of SREBP isoform 2 (SREBP2) and its target molecules 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) were studied under acute (6 months) and chronic (more than 12 months) fat intake by RT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence. Our findings showed that fat consumption promoted down-regulation of the SREBP2 pathway in the testicle at 6 months, but upregulation after a chronic period. This was consistent with load of testicular cholesterol, assessed by filipin staining. In conclusion, the intracellular pathway that regulates cholesterol levels in the testicle is sensitive to dietary fats, and behaves differently depending on the duration of consumption: it has a short-term protective effect, but became deregulated in the long term, ultimately leading to a detrimental situation. These results will contribute to the understanding of the basic mechanisms of the effect of fat consumption in humans with idiopathic infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi K Funes
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM) †. Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Metabolismo & Nutrición (bMeNu)†, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Layla Simón
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM) †. Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Regina Colombo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM) †. Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Metabolismo & Nutrición (bMeNu)†, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Virginia Avena
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM) †. Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Metabolismo & Nutrición (bMeNu)†, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Monclús
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM) †. Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad del Aconcagua. Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Julieta Crescitelli
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Metabolismo & Nutrición (bMeNu)†, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad del Aconcagua. Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María E Cabrillana
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM) †. Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Inés Conte
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM) †. Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Niubys Cayado
- Instituto de Investigaciones. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad del Aconcagua. Mendoza, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Oncología, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Paola Boarelli
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas (LEM), Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Miguel W Fornés
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM) †. Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Tania E Saez Lancellotti
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Andrológicas de Mendoza (LIAM) †. Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Metabolismo & Nutrición (bMeNu)†, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Científico y Tecnológico (CCT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad del Aconcagua. Mendoza, Argentina
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Vona R, Iessi E, Matarrese P. Role of Cholesterol and Lipid Rafts in Cancer Signaling: A Promising Therapeutic Opportunity? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622908. [PMID: 33816471 PMCID: PMC8017202 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a lipid molecule that plays an essential role in a number of biological processes, both physiological and pathological. It is an essential structural constituent of cell membranes, and it is fundamental for biosynthesis, integrity, and functions of biological membranes, including membrane trafficking and signaling. Moreover, cholesterol is the major lipid component of lipid rafts, a sort of lipid-based structures that regulate the assembly and functioning of numerous cell signaling pathways, including those related to cancer, such as tumor cell growth, adhesion, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Considering the importance of cholesterol metabolism, its homeostasis is strictly regulated at every stage: import, synthesis, export, metabolism, and storage. The alterations of this homeostatic balance are known to be associated with cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis, but mounting evidence also connects these behaviors to increased cancer risks. Although there is conflicting evidence on the role of cholesterol in cancer development, most of the studies consistently suggest that a dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis could lead to cancer development. This review aims to discuss the current understanding of cholesterol homeostasis in normal and cancerous cells, summarizing key findings from recent preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated the role of major players in cholesterol regulation and the organization of lipid rafts, which could represent promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Vona
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità [Italian National Institute of Health], Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Iessi
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità [Italian National Institute of Health], Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità [Italian National Institute of Health], Rome, Italy
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The Degron Architecture of Squalene Monooxygenase and How Specific Lipids Calibrate Levels of This Key Cholesterol Synthesis Enzyme. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 32979157 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Cholesterol synthesis is a fundamental process that contributes to cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Cells execute transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms to control the abundance of enzymes of the cholesterol synthesis pathway, consequently affecting cholesterol production. One such highly tuned enzyme is squalene monooxygenase (SM), which catalyzes a rate-limiting step in the pathway. A well-characterized mechanism is the cholesterol-mediated degradation of SM. Notably, lipids (cholesterol, plasmalogens, squalene, and unsaturated fatty acids) can act as cellular signals that either promote or reduce SM degradation. The N-terminal region of SM consists of the shortest known cholesterol-responsive degron, characterized by atypical membrane anchoring structures, namely a re-entrant loop and an amphipathic helix. SM also undergoes non-canonical ubiquitination on serine, a relatively uncommon attachment site for ubiquitination. The structure of the catalytic domain of SM has been solved, providing insights into the catalytic mechanisms and modes of inhibition by well-known SM inhibitors, some of which have been effective in lowering cholesterol levels in animal models. Certain human cancers have been linked to dysregulation of SM levels and activity, further emphasizing the relevance of SM in health and disease.
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Cholesterol metabolism pathways - are the intermediates more important than the products? FEBS J 2021; 288:3727-3745. [PMID: 33506652 PMCID: PMC8653896 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Every cell in vertebrates possesses the machinery to synthesise cholesterol and to metabolise it. The major route of cholesterol metabolism is conversion to bile acids. Bile acids themselves are interesting molecules being ligands to nuclear and G protein‐coupled receptors, but perhaps the intermediates in the bile acid biosynthesis pathways are even more interesting and equally important. Here, we discuss the biological activity of the different intermediates generated in the various bile acid biosynthesis pathways. We put forward the hypothesis that the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis has primary evolved to generate signalling molecules and its utilisation by hepatocytes provides an added bonus of producing bile acids to aid absorption of lipids in the intestine.
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Fan Y, Yan LT, Yao Z, Xiong GY. Biochanin A Regulates Cholesterol Metabolism Further Delays the Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3161-3172. [PMID: 34276221 PMCID: PMC8277457 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s315471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To discover the possible target of biochanin A (BCA) in the lipid metabolism pathway and further explore its mechanism to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS We adopted a high-fat and high-glucose diet for 12 weeks to build the NAFLD rat model, which was then treated with different proportions of BCA for 4 weeks. General condition, body weight, Lee index, and liver index were then evaluated. Furthermore, blood lipid level and insulin resistance (IR) were detected. Moreover, hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O staining were used to observe the pathological changes in the liver. Finally, Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of CYP7A1, HMGCR, LDLR, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and SREBP-1c in the liver. RESULTS The vital signs of rats in each group were stable. The treatment with BCA effectively reduced Lee index and liver index (F = 104.781, P < 0.05); however, the weight was not effected in each group. Additionally, BCA effectively reduced the related lipid metabolism indexes of NAFLD, such as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), blood glucose, insulin, IR (F =12.463 (TC), 6.909 [TG], and 15.3 effected 75 [LDL], P < 0.05), and increased HDL (F = 11.580, P < 0.05). We observed that BCA could significantly improve steatosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in liver slices. Furthermore, BCA significantly increased the CYP7A1, LDLR, and PPAR-α protein expression in the liver and downregulated the HMGCR, SREBP-1c, and PPAR-γ protein expression. CONCLUSION BCA could delay the liver damage of NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet, regulate the blood lipid level, and improve the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long-Teng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, School of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, School of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zheng Yao; Guang-Yi Xiong Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, School of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1076, Yuhua Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86 189 0871 9365 Email ;
| | - Guang-Yi Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, School of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, People’s Republic of China
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High-coverage lipidomics for functional lipid and pathway analyses. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1147:199-210. [PMID: 33485579 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in front-end separation approaches and analytical technologies have accelerated the development of lipidomics, particularly in terms of increasing analytical coverage to encompass an expanding repertoire of lipids within a single analytical approach. Developments in lipid pathway analysis, however, have somewhat lingered behind, primarily due to (1) the lack of coherent alignment between lipid identifiers in common databases versus that generated from experiments, owing to the differing structural resolution of lipids at molecular level that is specific to the analytical approaches adopted by various laboratories; (2) the immense complexity of lipid metabolic relationships that may entail head group changes, fatty acyls modifications of various forms (e.g. elongation, desaturation, oxidation), as well as active remodeling that demands a multidimensional, panoramic view to take into account all possibilities in lipid pathway analyses. Herein, we discuss current efforts undertaken to address these challenges, as well as alternative form of "pathway analyses" that may be particularly useful for uncovering functional lipid interactions under different biological contexts. Consolidating lipid pathway analyses will be indispensable in facilitating the transition of lipidomics from its prior role of phenotype validation to a hypothesis-generating tool that uncovers novel molecular targets to drive downstream mechanistic pursuits under biomedical settings.
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Snodgrass RG, Benatzy Y, Schmid T, Namgaladze D, Mainka M, Schebb NH, Lütjohann D, Brüne B. Efferocytosis potentiates the expression of arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in alternatively activated human macrophages through LXR activation. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:1301-1316. [PMID: 33177619 PMCID: PMC8027700 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages acquire anti-inflammatory and proresolving functions to facilitate resolution of inflammation and promote tissue repair. While alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs), also referred to as M2 macrophages, polarized by type 2 (Th2) cytokines IL-4 or IL-13 contribute to the suppression of inflammatory responses and play a pivotal role in wound healing, contemporaneous exposure to apoptotic cells (ACs) potentiates the expression of anti-inflammatory and tissue repair genes. Given that liver X receptors (LXRs), which coordinate sterol metabolism and immune cell function, play an essential role in the clearance of ACs, we investigated whether LXR activation following engulfment of ACs selectively potentiates the expression of Th2 cytokine-dependent genes in primary human AAMs. We show that AC uptake simultaneously upregulates LXR-dependent, but suppresses SREBP-2-dependent gene expression in macrophages, which are both prevented by inhibiting Niemann–Pick C1 (NPC1)-mediated sterol transport from lysosomes. Concurrently, macrophages accumulate sterol biosynthetic intermediates desmosterol, lathosterol, lanosterol, and dihydrolanosterol but not cholesterol-derived oxysterols. Using global transcriptome analysis, we identify anti-inflammatory and proresolving genes including interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) whose expression are selectively potentiated in macrophages upon concomitant exposure to ACs or LXR agonist T0901317 (T09) and Th2 cytokines. We show priming macrophages via LXR activation enhances the cellular capacity to synthesize inflammation-suppressing specialized proresolving mediator (SPM) precursors 15-HETE and 17-HDHA as well as resolvin D5. Silencing LXRα and LXRβ in macrophages attenuates the potentiation of ALOX15 expression by concomitant stimulation of ACs or T09 and IL-13. Collectively, we identify a previously unrecognized mechanism of regulation whereby LXR integrates AC uptake to selectively shape Th2-dependent gene expression in AAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Snodgrass
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Benatzy
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dmitry Namgaladze
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malwina Mainka
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Cokan KB, Urlep Ž, Lorbek G, Matz-Soja M, Skubic C, Perše M, Jeruc J, Juvan P, Režen T, Rozman D. Chronic Disruption of the Late Cholesterol Synthesis Leads to Female-Prevalent Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113302. [PMID: 33182326 PMCID: PMC7695248 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma is a disease with a variety of molecular triggers and is usually reported to prevail in males. However, after the menopause, the disease is also increasing in the female population. Herein, we discovered that chronic depletion of cholesterol synthesis due to the knock-out of the gene Cyp51 from this pathway leads to female prevalent hepatocarcinogenesis in aging mice. There is a high similarity between our mouse model and the situation in humans. Multiple deregulated pathways of hepatocarcinogenesis are shared. A female-dependent metabolic reprogramming leading to this type of liver cancer is exposed for the first time and reflects on deregulated cholesterol synthesis as the metabolic trigger. These data are of crucial importance. Despite the higher overall prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in males, we need tools and biomarkers to further stratify patients and offer better diagnosis and treatment options to both sexes. Abstract While the role of cholesterol in liver carcinogenesis remains controversial, hepatocellular carcinoma generally prevails in males. Herein, we uncover pathways of female-prevalent progression to hepatocellular carcinoma due to chronic repression of cholesterogenic lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) in hepatocytes. Tumors develop in knock-out mice after year one, with 2:1 prevalence in females. Metabolic and transcription factor networks were deduced from the liver transcriptome data, combined by sterol metabolite and blood parameter analyses, and interpreted with relevance to humans. Female knock-outs show increased plasma cholesterol and HDL, dampened lipid-related transcription factors FXR, LXRα:RXRα, and importantly, crosstalk between reduced LXRα and activated TGF-β signalling, indicating a higher susceptibility to HCC in aging females. PI3K/Akt signalling and ECM-receptor interaction are common pathways that are disturbed by sex-specific altered genes. Additionally, transcription factors (SOX9)2 and PPARα were recognized as important for female hepatocarcinogenesis, while overexpressed Cd36, a target of nuclear receptor RORC, is a new male-related regulator of ECM-receptor signalling in hepatocarcinogenesis. In conclusion, we uncover the sex-dependent metabolic reprogramming of cholesterol-related pathways that predispose for hepatocarcinogenesis in aging females. This is important in light of increased incidence of liver cancers in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Blagotinšek Cokan
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Žiga Urlep
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Gregor Lorbek
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Rudol-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Divison of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Cene Skubic
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Martina Perše
- Medical Experimental Centre, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jera Jeruc
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Peter Juvan
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-543-7591
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Skubic C, Vovk I, Rozman D, Križman M. Simplified LC-MS Method for Analysis of Sterols in Biological Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184116. [PMID: 32916848 PMCID: PMC7571030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a simple and robust liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric method (LC-MS) for the quantitative analysis of 10 sterols from the late part of cholesterol synthesis (zymosterol, dehydrolathosterol, 7-dehydrodesmosterol, desmosterol, zymostenol, lathosterol, FFMAS, TMAS, lanosterol, and dihydrolanosterol) from cultured human hepatocytes in a single chromatographic run using a pentafluorophenyl (PFP) stationary phase. The method also avails on a minimized sample preparation procedure in order to obtain a relatively high sample throughput. The method was validated on 10 sterol standards that were detected in a single chromatographic LC-MS run without derivatization. Our developed method can be used in research or clinical applications for disease-related detection of accumulated cholesterol intermediates. Disorders in the late part of cholesterol synthesis lead to severe malformation in human patients. The developed method enables a simple, sensitive, and fast quantification of sterols, without the need of extended knowledge of the LC-MS technique, and represents a new analytical tool in the rising field of cholesterolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cene Skubic
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Irena Vovk
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Center for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (C.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Mitja Križman
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +386-1-4760-266
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Gesto DS, Pereira CMS, Cerqueira NMFS, Sousa SF. An Atomic-Level Perspective of HMG-CoA-Reductase: The Target Enzyme to Treat Hypercholesterolemia. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173891. [PMID: 32859023 PMCID: PMC7503714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an updated atomic-level perspective regarding the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR), linking the more recent data on this enzyme with a structure/function interpretation. This enzyme catalyzes one of the most important steps in cholesterol biosynthesis and is regarded as one of the most important drug targets in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Taking this into consideration, we review in the present article several aspects of this enzyme, including its structure and biochemistry, its catalytic mechanism and different reported and proposed approaches for inhibiting this enzyme, including the commercially available statins or the possibility of using dimerization inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S. Gesto
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Carlos M. S. Pereira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.S.P.); (N.M.F.S.C.)
| | - Nuno M. F. S. Cerqueira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.S.P.); (N.M.F.S.C.)
| | - Sérgio F. Sousa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM, Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.S.P.); (N.M.F.S.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Xue L, Qi H, Zhang H, Ding L, Huang Q, Zhao D, Wu BJ, Li X. Targeting SREBP-2-Regulated Mevalonate Metabolism for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1510. [PMID: 32974183 PMCID: PMC7472741 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, targeting metabolic reprogramming has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for fighting cancer. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor, mainly regulates genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis. SREBP-2 binds to the sterol regulatory elements (SREs) in the promoters of its target genes and activates the transcription of mevalonate pathway genes, such as HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), mevalonate kinase and other key enzymes. In this review, we first summarized the structure of SREBP-2 and its activation and regulation by multiple signaling pathways. We then found that SREBP-2 and its regulated enzymes, including HMGCR, FPPS, SQS, and DHCR4 from the mevalonate pathway, participate in the progression of various cancers, including prostate, breast, lung, and hepatocellular cancer, as potential targets. Importantly, preclinical and clinical research demonstrated that fatostatin, statins, and N-BPs targeting SREBP-2, HMGCR, and FPPS, respectively, alone or in combination with other drugs, have been used for the treatment of different cancers. This review summarizes new insights into the critical role of the SREBP-2-regulated mevalonate pathway for cancer and its potential for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Xue
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Ding
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Boyang Jason Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Vadlakonda L, Indracanti M, Kalangi SK, Gayatri BM, Naidu NG, Reddy ABM. The Role of Pi, Glutamine and the Essential Amino Acids in Modulating the Metabolism in Diabetes and Cancer. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:1731-1775. [PMID: 33520860 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Re-examine the current metabolic models. Methods Review of literature and gene networks. Results Insulin activates Pi uptake, glutamine metabolism to stabilise lipid membranes. Tissue turnover maintains the metabolic health. Current model of intermediary metabolism (IM) suggests glucose is the source of energy, and anaplerotic entry of fatty acids and amino acids into mitochondria increases the oxidative capacity of the TCA cycle to produce the energy (ATP). The reduced cofactors, NADH and FADH2, have different roles in regulating the oxidation of nutrients, membrane potentials and biosynthesis. Trans-hydrogenation of NADH to NADPH activates the biosynthesis. FADH2 sustains the membrane potential during the cell transformations. Glycolytic enzymes assume the non-canonical moonlighting functions, enter the nucleus to remodel the genetic programmes to affect the tissue turnover for efficient use of nutrients. Glycosylation of the CD98 (4F2HC) stabilises the nutrient transporters and regulates the entry of cysteine, glutamine and BCAA into the cells. A reciprocal relationship between the leucine and glutamine entry into cells regulates the cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis and homeostasis in cells. Insulin promotes the Pi transport from the blood to tissues, activates the mitochondrial respiratory activity, and glutamine metabolism, which activates the synthesis of cholesterol and the de novo fatty acids for reorganising and stabilising the lipid membranes for nutrient transport and signal transduction in response to fluctuations in the microenvironmental cues. Fatty acids provide the lipid metabolites, activate the second messengers and protein kinases. Insulin resistance suppresses the lipid raft formation and the mitotic slippage activates the fibrosis and slow death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meera Indracanti
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Suresh K Kalangi
- Amity Stem Cell Institute, Amity University Haryana, Amity Education Valley Pachgaon, Manesar, Gurugram, HR 122413 India
| | - B Meher Gayatri
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 India
| | - Navya G Naidu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 India
| | - Aramati B M Reddy
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 India
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