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Vilca SJ, Margetts AV, Höglund L, Fleites I, Bystrom LL, Pollock TA, Bourgain-Guglielmetti F, Wahlestedt C, Tuesta LM. Microglia contribute to methamphetamine reinforcement and reflect persistent transcriptional and morphological adaptations to the drug. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:339-351. [PMID: 38838836 PMCID: PMC11269013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease that is characterized by repeated drug use despite negative consequences and for which there are currently no FDA-approved cessation therapeutics. Repeated methamphetamine (METH) use induces long-term gene expression changes in brain regions associated with reward processing and drug-seeking behavior, and recent evidence suggests that methamphetamine-induced neuroinflammation may also shape behavioral and molecular responses to the drug. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are principal drivers of neuroinflammatory responses and contribute to the pathophysiology of substance use disorders. Here, we investigated transcriptional and morphological changes in dorsal striatal microglia in response to methamphetamine-taking and during methamphetamine abstinence, as well as their functional contribution to drug-taking behavior. We show that methamphetamine self-administration induces transcriptional changes associated with protein folding, mRNA processing, immune signaling, and neurotransmission in dorsal striatal microglia. Importantly, many of these transcriptional changes persist through abstinence, a finding supported by morphological analyses. Functionally, we report that microglial ablation increases methamphetamine-taking, possibly involving neuroimmune and neurotransmitter regulation. In contrast, microglial depletion during abstinence does not alter methamphetamine-seeking. Taken together, these results suggest that methamphetamine induces both short and long-term changes in dorsal striatal microglia that contribute to altered drug-taking behavior and may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of MUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara J Vilca
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Alexander V Margetts
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Leon Höglund
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Isabella Fleites
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Lauren L Bystrom
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Tate A Pollock
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Florence Bourgain-Guglielmetti
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | - Luis M Tuesta
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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2
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Rymbai E, Sugumar D, Chakkittukandiyil A, Kothandan R, Selvaraj D. Molecular insights into the potential effects of selective estrogen receptor β agonists in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4014. [PMID: 38616346 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Pathologically, AD and PD are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins. Hence, they are also called as proteinopathy diseases. Gender is considered as one of the risk factors in both diseases. Estrogens are widely accepted to be neuroprotective in several neurodegenerative disorders. Estrogens can be produced in the central nervous system, where they are called as neurosteroids. Estrogens mediate their neuroprotective action mainly through their actions on estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). However, ERα is mainly involved in the growth and development of the primary and secondary sexual organs in females. Hence, the activation of ERα is associated with undesired side effects such as gynecomastia and increase in the risk of breast cancer, thromboembolism, and feminization. Therefore, selective activation of ERβ is often considered to be safer. In this review, we explore the role of ERβ in regulating the expression and functions of AD- and PD-associated genes. Additionally, we discuss the association of these genes with the amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) and α-synuclein mediated toxicity. Ultimately, we established a correlation between the importance of ERβ activation and the process underlying ERβ's neuroprotective mechanisms in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emdormi Rymbai
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepa Sugumar
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amritha Chakkittukandiyil
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ram Kothandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Divakar Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ding J, Wu J, Hou X, Yang L, Gao Y, Zheng J, Jia N, He Z, Zhang H, Wang C, Qi X, Huang J, Pei X, Wang J. α-synuclein-lack expression rescues methamphetamine-induced mossy fiber degeneration in dorsal hippocampal CA3. Neurotoxicology 2024; 101:36-45. [PMID: 38311184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) - induced cognitive impairments may be related to synaptic degeneration at mossy fiber terminals, critical for spatial memory formation in hippocampal circuits. We have previously found METH-induced neurodegeneration in the striatum by increasing the α-synuclein (α-SYN) level. However, whether and how the METH-induced mossy fiber degeneration is also blamed for the abnormal accumulation of α-SYN remains to be elucidated. Chronic METH exposure decreased mossy fiber density but upregulatedα-SYN and phosphorylated TAU (TAU-pSer396) in hippocampal CA3, associated with glial cell overactivation, axonal neuropathies, and memory impairment. Notably, the knockout of the α-SYN gene significantly alleviated the METH-induced mossy fiber degeneration and memory impairment. Meanwhile, the TAU-pSer396 accumulation and glial activation were ameliorated by α-SYN knockout. Our findings suggest an essential role of α-SYN in mediating METH-induced mossy fiber degeneration, providing promising therapeutic and prophylactic targets for METH-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Ding
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaotao Hou
- Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Disease Diagnostic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Taian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Yingdong Gao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Taian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Taian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Nannan Jia
- Neonatal Screening Center, Taian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Zheng He
- Neonatal Screening Center, Taian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Taian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Chengfei Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaolan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xianglin Pei
- School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang China.
| | - Jiawen Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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4
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Vilca SJ, Margetts AV, Fleites I, Wahlestedt C, Tuesta LM. Microglia contribute to methamphetamine reinforcement and reflect persistent transcriptional and morphological adaptations to the drug. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.19.563168. [PMID: 37961443 PMCID: PMC10634674 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.19.563168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease that is characterized by repeated drug use despite negative consequences and for which there are currently no FDA-approved cessation therapeutics. Repeated methamphetamine (METH) use induces long-term gene expression changes in brain regions associated with reward processing and drug-seeking behavior, and recent evidence suggests that methamphetamine-induced neuroinflammation may also shape behavioral and molecular responses to the drug. Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are principal drivers of neuroinflammatory responses and contribute to the pathophysiology of substance use disorders. Here, we investigated transcriptional and morphological changes in dorsal striatal microglia in response to methamphetamine-taking and during methamphetamine abstinence, as well as their functional contribution to drug-taking behavior. We show that methamphetamine self-administration induces transcriptional changes associated with protein folding, mRNA processing, immune signaling, and neurotransmission in dorsal striatal microglia. Importantly, many of these transcriptional changes persist through abstinence, a finding supported by morphological analyses. Functionally, we report that microglial ablation increases methamphetamine-taking, possibly involving neuroimmune and neurotransmitter regulation, and that post-methamphetamine microglial repopulation attenuates drug-seeking following a 21-day period of abstinence. In contrast, microglial depletion during abstinence did not alter methamphetamine-seeking. Taken together, these results suggest that methamphetamine induces both short and long-term changes in dorsal striatal microglia that contribute to altered drug-taking behavior and may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of MUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara J. Vilca
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Alexander V. Margetts
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Isabella Fleites
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Luis M. Tuesta
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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5
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Furgiuele A, Pereira FC, Martini S, Marino F, Cosentino M. Dopaminergic regulation of inflammation and immunity in Parkinson's disease: friend or foe? Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1469. [PMID: 37781343 PMCID: PMC10540835 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting 7-10 million people worldwide. Currently, there is no treatment available to prevent or delay PD progression, partially due to the limited understanding of the pathological events which lead to the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in the brain, which is known to be the cause of PD symptoms. The current available treatments aim at compensating dopamine (DA) deficiency in the brain using its precursor levodopa, dopaminergic agonists and some indirect dopaminergic agents. The immune system is emerging as a critical player in PD. Therefore, immune-based approaches have recently been proposed to be used as potential antiparkinsonian agents. It has been well-known that dopaminergic pathways play a significant role in regulating immune responses in the brain. Although dopaminergic agents are the primary antiparkinsonian treatments, their immune regulatory effect has yet to be fully understood. The present review summarises the current available evidence of the immune regulatory effects of DA and its mimics and discusses dopaminergic agents as antiparkinsonian drugs. Based on the current understanding of their involvement in the regulation of neuroinflammation in PD, we propose that targeting immune pathways involved in PD pathology could offer a better treatment outcome for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Furgiuele
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB)University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC)CoimbraPortugal
| | - Stefano Martini
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
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6
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Kodidela S, Shaik FB, Mittameedi CM, Mugudeeswaran S. Influence of green tea on alcohol aggravated neurodegeneration of cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17385. [PMID: 37449181 PMCID: PMC10336454 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of chronic alcohol consumption on various regions of diabetic brain and preventive role of GTE. Clinical, experimental and histopathological observations indicate chronic, excessive alcohol consumption aggravates the free radical-mediated oxidative and nitrosative stress in several tissues including brain. Treatment with Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) significantly reduced the levels of oxidative/nitrosative stress paradigms, increased glutathione (GSH) levels and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Histopathology evaluation revealed the possible influence of EGCG in reversing alcohol exacerbated diabetes-induced damage in cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of brain. Furthermore, these studies have provided evidence to show how EGCG can exactly occupy the position in functional sites of nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase) and induce a conformational change, inhibition of enzymatic activity and prevention of neurodegeneration/necrotic changes of tissue, in comparison with the rosiglitazone and glibenclamide. To summarise, this research has offered useful information on the action of EGCG that would provide potential protection against ethanol exacerbated diabetic brain damageand additional evidence for the use of EGCG as a lead compound for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnalatha Kodidela
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Fareeda Begum Shaik
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sivanandam Mugudeeswaran
- Department of Physics, Centre for Research and Development (CFRD), KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Arasur, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
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7
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Miyazaki I, Asanuma M. Multifunctional Metallothioneins as a Target for Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040894. [PMID: 37107269 PMCID: PMC10135286 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor symptoms based on a loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and by non-motor symptoms which precede motor symptoms. Neurodegeneration accompanied by an accumulation of α-synuclein is thought to propagate from the enteric nervous system to the central nervous system. The pathogenesis in sporadic PD remains unknown. However, many reports indicate various etiological factors, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, α-synuclein toxicity and mitochondrial impairment, drive neurodegeneration. Exposure to heavy metals contributes to these etiopathogenesis and increases the risk of developing PD. Metallothioneins (MTs) are cysteine-rich metal-binding proteins; MTs chelate metals and inhibit metal-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, MTs possess antioxidative properties by scavenging free radicals and exert anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of microglial activation. Furthermore, MTs recently received attention as a potential target for attenuating metal-induced α-synuclein aggregation. In this article, we summarize MTs expression in the central and enteric nervous system, and review protective functions of MTs against etiopathogenesis in PD. We also discuss neuroprotective strategies for the prevention of central dopaminergic and enteric neurodegeneration by targeting MTs. This review highlights multifunctional MTs as a target for the development of disease-modifying drugs for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Miyazaki
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masato Asanuma
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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8
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Esmaeilpour T, Lotfealian A, Anvari M, Namavar M, Karbalaei N, Shahedi A, Bokkon I, Salari V, Oblak D. Effect of methamphetamine on ultraweak photon emission and level of reactive oxygen species in male rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2023; 801:137136. [PMID: 36804571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
All living cells, including neurons, generate ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) during biological activity, and in particular, in the brain, it has been shown that UPE is correlated with neuronal activity and associated metabolic processes. Various intracellular factors, as well as external factors, can reduce or increase the intensity of UPE. In this study, we have used Methamphetamine (METH) as one potentially effective external factor, which is a substance that has the property of stimulating the central nervous system. METH can impair mitochondrial function by causing toxicity via various pathways, including an increase in the number of mitochondria, hyperthermia, the increased metabolic activity of the brain, and the production of glutamate and excess calcium. In addition to mitochondrial dysfunction, METH alters cellular homeostasis, leading to cell damage and the production of excess ROS. The aim of this study is to measure and compare the UPE intensity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of the prefrontal, motor, and visual cortex before and after METH administration. Twenty male rats were randomly assigned to two groups, the control, and METH groups. In the control group, 2 h after injection of normal saline and without any intervention, and in the experimental group 2 h after IP injection of 20 mg/kg METH, sections were prepared from three areas: prefrontal, motor, and V1-V2 cortex, which were used to evaluate the emission of UPE using a photomultiplier tube (PMT) device and to evaluate the amount of ROS. The results showed that the amount of ROS and UPE in the experimental group in all three areas significantly increased compared to the control group. So, METH increases UPE and ROS in the prefrontal, motor, and visual regions, and there is a direct relationship between UPE intensity and ROS production. Therefore, UPE may be used as a dynamic reading tool to monitor oxidative metabolism in physiological processes related to ROS and METH research. Also, the results of this experiment may create a new avenue to test the hypothesis that the excess in UPE generation may lead to the phenomenon of phosphene and visual hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Esmaeilpour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azam Lotfealian
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Morteza Anvari
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Namavar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Narges Karbalaei
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahedi
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Istvan Bokkon
- Psychosomatic Outpatient Clinics, Budapest, Hungary; Vision Research Institute, Neuroscience and Consciousness Research Department, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Vahid Salari
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Daniel Oblak
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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9
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Ottonelli I, Sharma A, Ruozi B, Tosi G, Duskey JT, Vandelli MA, Lafuente JV, Nozari A, Muresanu DF, Buzoianu AD, Tian ZR, Zhang Z, Li C, Feng L, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nanowired Delivery of Curcumin Attenuates Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity and Elevates Levels of Dopamine and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 32:385-416. [PMID: 37480467 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32997-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin is a well-known antioxidant used as traditional medicine in China and India since ages to treat variety of inflammatory ailments as a food supplement. Curcumin has antitumor properties with neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease. Curcumin elevates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine (DA) levels in the brain indicating its role in substance abuse. Methamphetamine (METH) is one of the most abused substances in the world that induces profound neurotoxicity by inducing breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), vasogenic edema and cellular injuries. However, influence of curcumin on METH-induced neurotoxicity is still not well investigated. In this investigation, METH neurotoxicity and neuroprotective effects of curcumin nanodelivery were examined in a rat model. METH (20 mg/kg, i.p.) neurotoxicity is evident 4 h after its administration exhibiting breakdown of BBB to Evans blue albumin in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamus and hypothalamus associated with vasogenic brain edema as seen measured using water content in all these regions. Nissl attaining exhibited profound neuronal injuries in the regions of BBB damage. Normal curcumin (50 mg/kg, i.v.) 30 min after METH administration was able to reduce BBB breakdown and brain edema partially in some of the above brain regions. However, TiO2 nanowired delivery of curcumin (25 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly attenuated brain edema, neuronal injuries and the BBB leakage in all the brain areas. BDNF level showed a significant higher level in METH-treated rats as compared to saline-treated METH group. Significantly enhanced DA levels in METH-treated rats were also observed with nanowired delivery of curcumin. Normal curcumin was able to slightly elevate DA and BDNF levels in the selected brain regions. Taken together, our observations are the first to show that nanodelivery of curcumin induces superior neuroprotection in METH neurotoxicity probable by enhancing BDNF and DA levels in the brain, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ottonelli
- Te.far.t.I, Dept of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Med., Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbara Ruozi
- Te.far.t.I, Dept of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Te.far.t.I, Dept of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jason Thomas Duskey
- Te.far.t.I, Dept of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Vandelli
- Te.far.t.I, Dept of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesia and Critical Care, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dafin Fior Muresanu
- "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnosis, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Med., Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Med., Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Rangan P, Lobo F, Parrella E, Rochette N, Morselli M, Stephen TL, Cremonini AL, Tagliafico L, Persia A, Caffa I, Monacelli F, Odetti P, Bonfiglio T, Nencioni A, Pigliautile M, Boccardi V, Mecocci P, Pike CJ, Cohen P, LaDu MJ, Pellegrini M, Xia K, Tran K, Ann B, Chowdhury D, Longo VD. Fasting-mimicking diet cycles reduce neuroinflammation to attenuate cognitive decline in Alzheimer's models. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111417. [PMID: 36170815 PMCID: PMC9648488 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) cycles in reducing many aging and disease risk factors indicate it could affect Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we show that FMD cycles reduce cognitive decline and AD pathology in E4FAD and 3xTg AD mouse models, with effects superior to those caused by protein restriction cycles. In 3xTg mice, long-term FMD cycles reduce hippocampal Aβ load and hyperphosphorylated tau, enhance genesis of neural stem cells, decrease microglia number, and reduce expression of neuroinflammatory genes, including superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase (Nox2). 3xTg mice lacking Nox2 or mice treated with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin also display improved cognition and reduced microglia activation compared with controls. Clinical data indicate that FMD cycles are feasible and generally safe in a small group of AD patients. These results indicate that FMD cycles delay cognitive decline in AD models in part by reducing neuroinflammation and/or superoxide production in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rangan
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Fleur Lobo
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Edoardo Parrella
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, Brescia, BS 25123, Italy
| | - Nicolas Rochette
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 612 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marco Morselli
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Terri-Leigh Stephen
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Anna Laura Cremonini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Tagliafico
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy
| | - Angelica Persia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy
| | - Irene Caffa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrizio Odetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bonfiglio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genova, GE 16132, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Pigliautile
- Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Virginia Boccardi
- Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Mecocci
- Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Christian J Pike
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Pinchas Cohen
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3551 Trousdale Pkwy., Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Dr. E., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kyle Xia
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Katelynn Tran
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Brandon Ann
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Dolly Chowdhury
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Valter D Longo
- Longevity Institute, School of Gerontology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; IFOM FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milano, MI 20139, Italy.
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11
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Methamphetamine induced neurotoxic diseases, molecular mechanism, and current treatment strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113591. [PMID: 36007276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a extremely addictive psychostimulant drug with a significant abuse potential. Long-term MA exposure can induce neurotoxic effects through oxidative stress, mitochondrial functional impairment, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the activation of astrocytes and microglial cells, axonal transport barriers, autophagy, and apoptosis. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying MA-induced neurotoxicity remain unclear. MA abuse increases the chances of developing neurotoxic conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurotoxic diseases. MA increases the risk of PD by increasing the expression of alpha-synuclein (ASYN). Furthermore, MA abuse is linked to high chances of developing AD and subsequent neurodegeneration due to biological variations in the brain region or genetic and epigenetic variations. To date, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy for MA-induced neurotoxicity, although many studies are being conducted to develop effective therapeutic strategies. Most current studies are now focused on developing therapies to diminish the neurotoxic effects of MA, based on the underlying mechanism of neurotoxicity. This review article highlights current research on several therapeutic techniques targeting multiple pathways to reduce the neurotoxic effects of MA in the brain, as well as the putative mechanism of MA-induced neurotoxicity.
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12
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Allaeian Jahromi Z, Meshkibaf MH, Naghdi M, Vahdati A, Makoolati Z. Methamphetamine Downregulates the Sperm-Specific Calcium Channels Involved in Sperm Motility in Rats. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5190-5196. [PMID: 35187334 PMCID: PMC8851642 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Calcium channels play essential roles in sperm motility. A family of sperm-specific cation channels including CatSper1-4 has been identified as voltage-dependent ion channels that act as sperm motility regulators. Methamphetamine is known to cause apoptosis in seminiferous tubules and affect sperm quality. This research was conducted to investigate the effects of methamphetamine on expression of the CatSper family and Mvh genes. Thirty-six adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups of nine rats each: the control and experimental groups 1, 2, and 3. The control group received no solvents or drugs, but experimental groups 1, 2, and 3 were daily given 0.2 mL of a solution by gavage that contained 0.5, 1, and 2 mg of methamphetamine, respectively, for 45 days. The rats were then anesthetized, and one testis removed from each rat was used in a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's posthoc test were used to analyze the data at the P < 0.05 significance level. Treatment with methamphetamine resulted in decreased testis and epididymis weights compared to the control rats. The results showed that the mRNA fold expression level of the CatSper family and Mvh genes decreased significantly in experimental groups compared to that in the control (P < 0.05). Methamphetamine decreased the expression levels of the CatSper and Mvh genes, and thus, it seemed that it can increase the probability of infertility through sperm motility reduction by lowering the expression levels of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Allaeian Jahromi
- Department
of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars 11341-73631, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Meshkibaf
- Department
of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 74616-86688, Iran
| | - Majid Naghdi
- Department
of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 74616-86688, Iran
| | - Akbar Vahdati
- Department
of Biology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Shiraz 71937-1135, Iran
| | - Zohreh Makoolati
- Department
of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 74616-86688, Iran
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13
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Shi S, Chen T, Zhao M. The Crosstalk Between Neurons and Glia in Methamphetamine-Induced Neuroinflammation. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:872-884. [PMID: 34982394 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), an illicit psycho-stimulant, is widely known as an addictive drug that may cause neurotoxic effects. Previous researches on METH abuse have mainly focused on neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and glutamate. However, there is growing evidence that neuroinflammation also plays an important role in the etiology and pathophysiology of brain dysfunction induced by METH abuse. This has cast a spotlight on the research of microglia and astrocyte, which are critical mediators of neuroimmune pathology in recent years. In the central nervous system (CNS) immunity, abnormalities of the microglia and astrocytes have been observed in METH abusers from both postmortem and preclinical studies. The bidirectional communication between neurons and glia is essential for the homeostasis and biological function of the CNS while activation of glia induces the release of cytokines and chemokines during pathological conditions, which will affect the neuron-glia interactions and lead to adverse behavioral consequences. However, the underlying mechanisms of interaction between neurons and glia in METH-induced neuroinflammation remain elusive. Notably, discovering and further understanding glial activity and functions, as well as the crosstalk between neurons and glia may help to explain the pathogenesis of METH abuse and behavioral changes in abusers. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of the crosstalk between neurons and glia in METH-induced neuroinflammation. We also review the existing microglia-astrocyte interaction under METH exposure. We hope the present review will lead the way for more studies on the development of new therapeutic strategies for METH abuse in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Shi
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Tianzhen Chen
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Costa G, Gołembiowska K. Neurotoxicity of MDMA: Main effects and mechanisms. Exp Neurol 2021; 347:113894. [PMID: 34655576 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'ecstasy'), in addition to having abuse potential, may elicit acute and persistent abnormalities of varying severity at the central level. Importantly, neurotoxic effects of MDMA have been demonstrated in experimental animals. Accordingly, central toxicity induced by MDMA may pose a serious harm for health, since MDMA is among the substances that are used for recreational purposes by young and adult people. This review provides a concise overview of recent findings from preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated the central effects of MDMA, and the mechanisms involved in the neurotoxicity induced by this amphetamine-related drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Krystyna Gołembiowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, 12 Smętna, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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15
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Kobeissy FH, Shakkour Z, Hayek SE, Mohamed W, Gold MS, Wang KKW. Elevation of Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Rat Serum after Acute Methamphetamine Treatment and Traumatic Brain Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 72:158-168. [PMID: 34542809 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of methamphetamine (METH) is a growing worldwide epidemic that bears grave societal implications. METH is known to exert its neurotoxic effects on the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems of the brain. In addition to this classical studied mechanism of damage, findings from our laboratory and others have shown that acute METH treatment and mechanical injury, i.e. traumatic brain injury (TBI), share common cell injury mechanism(s). Since neuro-inflammation is a signature event in TBI, we hypothesize that certain cytokine levels might also be altered in rat brain exposed to an acute METH insult. In this study, using a cytokine antibody array chip, we evaluated the serum levels of 19 cytokines in rats 24 h after exposure to a 40 mg/kg acute regimen of METH. Data were compared to rats subjected to experimental TBI using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury model and saline controls. Sandwich ELISA method was used to further validate some of the findings obtained from the antibody cytokine array. We confirmed that three major inflammatory-linked cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) were elevated in the METH and TBI groups compared to the saline group. Such finding suggests the involvement of an inflammatory process in these brain insults, indicating that METH use is, in fact, a stressor to the immune system where systemic involvement of an altered cytokine profile may play a major role in mediating chemical brain injury after METH use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas H Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics, and Biomarkers Research, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zaynab Shakkour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samer El Hayek
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Al Minufya, Egypt.,Basic medical science department, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mark S Gold
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, and National Council, Washington University in St. Louis, Institute for Public Health, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics, and Biomarkers Research, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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16
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Apóstol Del Rosal GD, Limón ID, Martínez I, Patricio-Martínez A. The Chronic Oral Administration of Clobenzorex or Amphetamine Decreases Motor Behavior and Induces Glial Activation in the Striatum Without Dopaminergic Degeneration. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1405-1417. [PMID: 34279823 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Described as amphetamine-like due to their structural and stimulant similarities, clobenzorex is one of the five most-commonly used drugs in Mexico for the treatment of obesity. Various studies have shown that amphetamines induce dopaminergic neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation in the striatum, symptoms which are associated with motor damage. For this reason, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic clobenzorex administration on motor behaviors, TH immunoreactivity, gliosis, and the neurodegenerative process in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The present research was conducted on three experimental groups of male Wistar rats: the vehicle group, the amphetamine group (2 mg/kg), and the clobenzorex group (30 mg/kg). All groups were subject to oral administration every 24 h for 31 days. Motor activity and motor coordination were evaluated in the open field test and the beam walking test, respectively. The animals were euthanized after the last day of treatment to enable the extraction of their brains for the evaluation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels, the immunoreactivity of the glial cells, and the neurodegeneration of both the striatum and SNpc via amino-cupric-silver stain. The results obtained show that amphetamine and clobenzorex administration decrease motor activity and motor coordination in the beam walking test and cause increased gliosis in the striatum, while no significant changes were observed in terms of immunoreactivity to TH and neurodegeneration in both the striatum and SNpc. These results suggest that the chronic administration of clobenzorex may decrease motor function in a manner similar to amphetamine, via the neuroadaptive and non-neurotoxic changes caused to the striatum under this administration scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grego David Apóstol Del Rosal
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Isabel Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Aleidy Patricio-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Blvd. Valsequillo y Av. San Claudio Edificio BIO-1 C.U. Col. Jardines de San Manuel A.P, 72570, Puebla, Mexico.
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17
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Wu M, Su H, Zhao M. The Role of α-Synuclein in Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1007-1021. [PMID: 33555547 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), a highly addictive psychostimulant, is the second most widely used illicit drug. METH produces damage dopamine neurons and apoptosis via multiple inter-regulating mechanisms, including dopamine overload, hyperthermia, oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein degradation system dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Increasing evidence suggests that chronic METH abuse is associated with neurodegenerative changes in the human brain and an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). METH use and PD may share some common steps in causing neurotoxicity. Accumulation of α-synuclein, a presynaptic protein, is the pathological hallmark of PD. Intriguingly, α-synuclein upregulation and aggregation are also found in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in chronic METH users. This suggests α-synuclein may play a role in METH-induced neurotoxicity. The mechanism of α-synuclein cytotoxicity in PD has attracted considerable attention; however, how α-synuclein affects METH-induced neurotoxicity has not been reviewed. In this review, we summarize the relationship between METH use and PD, interdependent mechanisms that are involved in METH-induced neurotoxicity and the significance of α-synuclein upregulation in response to METH use. The identification of α-synuclein overexpression and aggregation as a contributor to METH-induced neurotoxicity may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of the deleterious effect of this drug and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Wu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Shanghai, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation as a Pivot in Drug Abuse. A Focus on the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agents and Biomolecules. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090830. [PMID: 32899889 PMCID: PMC7555323 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse is a major global health and economic problem. However, there are no pharmacological treatments to effectively reduce the compulsive use of most drugs of abuse. Despite exerting different mechanisms of action, all drugs of abuse promote the activation of the brain reward system, with lasting neurobiological consequences that potentiate subsequent consumption. Recent evidence shows that the brain displays marked oxidative stress and neuroinflammation following chronic drug consumption. Brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation disrupt glutamate homeostasis by impairing synaptic and extra-synaptic glutamate transport, reducing GLT-1, and system Xc− activities respectively, which increases glutamatergic neurotransmission. This effect consolidates the relapse-promoting effect of drug-related cues, thus sustaining drug craving and subsequent drug consumption. Recently, promising results as experimental treatments to reduce drug consumption and relapse have been shown by (i) antioxidant and anti-inflammatory synthetic molecules whose effects reach the brain; (ii) natural biomolecules secreted by mesenchymal stem cells that excel in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, delivered via non-invasive intranasal administration to animal models of drug abuse and (iii) potent anti-inflammatory microRNAs and anti-miRNAs which target the microglia and reduce neuroinflammation and drug craving. In this review, we address the neurobiological consequences of brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that follow the chronic consumption of most drugs of abuse, and the current and potential therapeutic effects of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents and biomolecules to reduce these drug-induced alterations and to prevent relapse.
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19
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Yoshioka Y, Sugino Y, Shibagaki F, Yamamuro A, Ishimaru Y, Maeda S. Dopamine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 through the formation of dopamine quinone in microglia. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 866:172826. [PMID: 31790652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Many reports have indicated that dopamine has immunomodulatory effects on peripheral immune cells. The purpose of this study was to reveal the immunomodulatory effect of dopamine on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in microglial cells, which are the immune cells of the central nervous system. In murine microglial cell line BV-2 cells, pretreatment with dopamine for 24 h attenuated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor-necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. Neither (5R)-8-chloro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-7-ol; hydrochloride (SCH-23390) nor sulpiride, which are dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptor antagonists, respectively, affected the attenuation of LPS-induced expression of cytokines by dopamine. In addition, pretreatment with neither (-)-(6aR,12bR)-4,6,6a,7,8,12b-Hexahydro-7-methylindolo[4,3-a]phenanthridin (CY208-243) nor bromocriptine, dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptor agonists, respectively, was effective in doing so. However, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which inhibits dopamine oxidation to dopamine quinone, did inhibit this attenuated expression. Dopamine increased the level of quinoproteins, and this increase was inhibited by NAC. Western blot and immunocytochemical analyses revealed that dopamine inhibited LPS-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65. Dopamine also attenuated the expression of cytokines and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 induced by LPS in mouse microglial cells in primary culture. These results suggest that dopamine attenuated LPS-induced expression of cytokines by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 through the formation of dopamine quinone in microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Yuta Sugino
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Fumiya Shibagaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Akiko Yamamuro
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ishimaru
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Sadaaki Maeda
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
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Kays JS, Yamamoto BK. Evaluation of Microglia/Macrophage Cells from Rat Striatum and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals Differential Expression of Inflammatory-Related mRNA after Methamphetamine. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9120340. [PMID: 31775383 PMCID: PMC6955783 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA sequencing (RNAseq) can be a powerful tool in the identification of transcriptional changes after drug treatment. RNAseq was utilized to determine expression changes in Fluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) CD11b/c+ cells from the striatum (STR) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of male Sprague-Dawley rats after a methamphetamine (METH) binge dosing regimen. Resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages were collected 2 h or 3 days after drug administration. Gene expression changes indicated there was an increase toward an overall pro-inflammatory state, or M1 polarization, along with what appears to be a subset of cells that differentiated toward the anti-inflammatory M2 polarization. In general, there were significantly more mRNA expression changes in the STR than the PFC and more at 2 h post-binge METH than at 3 days post-binge METH. Additionally, Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis along with details of RNA expression changes revealed cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX2)-driven prostaglandin (PG) E2 synthesis, glutamine uptake, and the Nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (NRF2) canonical pathway in microglia were associated with the binge administration regimen of METH.
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21
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Blaker AL, Rodriguez EA, Yamamoto BK. Neurotoxicity to dopamine neurons after the serial exposure to alcohol and methamphetamine: Protection by COX-2 antagonism. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:317-328. [PMID: 31228610 PMCID: PMC6754766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant co-morbidity exists between alcohol and methamphetamine (Meth) in humans but the consequences and mechanisms underlying their co-morbid effects remain to be identified. A consequence associated with the abuse of either alcohol or Meth involves inflammation but little is known about the role of inflammation in a possible neurotoxicity arising from their co-exposure. Sprague Dawley rats were allowed 28 days of intermittent, voluntary access to 10% ethanol (EtOH) followed by a neurotoxic binge administration of Meth. EtOH drinking followed by Meth increased microglial cell counts and produced morphological changes in microglia of the substantia nigra pars compacta 2 h after Meth administration that were distinct from those produced by either EtOH or Meth alone. These effects preceded the activation of cleaved caspase-3 in dopamine cell bodies, as well as decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra and dopamine transporter (DAT) immunoreactivity in the striatum measured at 7 days after Meth. Intervention with a selective COX-2 inhibitor during EtOH drinking prevented the changes in microglia, and attenuated the increase in cleaved caspase-3, and decreases in TH and DAT after Meth administration. Furthermore, motor dysfunction measured by a rotarod test was evident but only in rats that were exposed to both EtOH and Meth. The motor dysfunction was ameliorated by prior inhibition of COX-2 during EtOH drinking. The exaggerated neurochemical and behavioral deficits indicate that the comorbidity of EtOH and Meth induces a degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway and support the role of inflammation produced by EtOH drinking that primes and mediates the neurotoxic consequences associated with the common co-morbidity of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bryan K. Yamamoto
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS A418, Indianapolis, IN 46202,
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22
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Saad MH, Rumschlag M, Guerra MH, Savonen CL, Jaster AM, Olson PD, Alazizi A, Luca F, Pique-Regi R, Schmidt CJ, Bannon MJ. Differentially expressed gene networks, biomarkers, long noncoding RNAs, and shared responses with cocaine identified in the midbrains of human opioid abusers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1534. [PMID: 30733491 PMCID: PMC6367337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid abuse is now the most common cause of accidental death in the US. Although opioids and most other drugs of abuse acutely increase signaling mediated by midbrain dopamine (DA)-synthesizing neurons, little is known about long-lasting changes in DA cells that may contribute to continued opioid abuse, craving, and relapse. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular bases of opioid abuse could lead to advancements in therapeutics. This study comprises, to our knowledge, the first unbiased examination of genome-wide changes in midbrain gene expression associated with human opioid abuse. Our analyses identified differentially expressed genes and distinct gene networks associated with opioid abuse, specific genes with predictive capability for subject assignment to the opioid abuse cohort, and genes most similarly affected in chronic opioid and cocaine abusers. We also identified differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs capable of regulating known drug-responsive protein-coding genes. Opioid-regulated genes identified in this study warrant further investigation as potential biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for human substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal H Saad
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Matthew Rumschlag
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Michael H Guerra
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Candace L Savonen
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Alaina M Jaster
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Philip D Olson
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Adnan Alazizi
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Francesca Luca
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Roger Pique-Regi
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Carl J Schmidt
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Detroit, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael J Bannon
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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23
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Sonego AB, Prado DS, Vale GT, Sepulveda-Diaz JE, Cunha TM, Tirapelli CR, Del Bel EA, Raisman-Vozari R, Guimarães FS. Cannabidiol prevents haloperidol-induced vacuos chewing movements and inflammatory changes in mice via PPARγ receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 74:241-251. [PMID: 30217539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic use of drugs that reduce the dopaminergic neurotransmission can cause a hyperkinetic movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia (TD). The pathophysiology of this disorder is not entirely understood but could involve oxidative and neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychotomimetic compound present in Cannabis sativa plant, could be a possible therapeutic alternative for TD. This phytocannabinoid shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antipsychotic properties and decreases the acute motor effects of classical antipsychotics. The present study investigated if CBD would attenuate orofacial dyskinesia, oxidative stress and inflammatory changes induced by chronic administration of haloperidol in mice. Furthermore, we verified in vivo and in vitro (in primary microglial culture) whether these effects would be mediated by PPARγ receptors. The results showed that the male Swiss mice treated daily for 21 days with haloperidol develop orofacial dyskinesia. Daily CBD administration before each haloperidol injection prevented this effect. Mice treated with haloperidol showed an increase in microglial activation and inflammatory mediators in the striatum. These changes were also reduced by CBD. On the other hand, the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased in the striatum of animals that received CBD and haloperidol. Regarding oxidative stress, haloperidol induced lipid peroxidation and reduced catalase activity. This latter effect was attenuated by CBD. The combination of CBD and haloperidol also increased PGC-1α mRNA expression, a co-activator of PPARγ receptors. Pretreatment with the PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, blocked the behavioural effect of CBD in our TD model. CBD also prevented LPS-stimulated microglial activation, an effect that was also antagonized by GW9662. In conclusion, our results suggest that CBD could prevent haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia by activating PPARγ receptors and attenuating neuroinflammatory changes in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza B Sonego
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Sorbonne Universités UPMC UMR S 1127, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France.
| | - Douglas S Prado
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel T Vale
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia E Sepulveda-Diaz
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC UMR S 1127, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine A Del Bel
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Faculty of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC UMR S 1127, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Current understanding of methamphetamine-associated dopaminergic neurodegeneration and psychotoxic behaviors. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:403-428. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Chronic Methamphetamine Effects on Brain Structure and Function in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155457. [PMID: 27275601 PMCID: PMC4898739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) addiction is a growing epidemic worldwide. Chronic MA use has been shown to lead to neurotoxicity in rodents and humans. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in MA users have shown enlarged striatal volumes and positron emission tomography (PET) studies have shown decreased brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in the striatum of detoxified MA users. The present study examines structural changes of the brain, observes microglial activation, and assesses changes in brain function, in response to chronic MA treatment. Rats were randomly split into three distinct treatment groups and treated daily for four months, via i.p. injection, with saline (controls), or low dose (LD) MA (4 mg/kg), or high dose (HD) MA (8 mg/kg). Sixteen weeks into the treatment period, rats were injected with a glucose analog, [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), and their brains were scanned with micro-PET to assess regional BGluM. At the end of MA treatment, magnetic resonance imaging at 21T was performed on perfused rats to determine regional brain volume and in vitro [3H]PK 11195 autoradiography was performed on fresh-frozen brain tissue to measure microglia activation. When compared with controls, chronic HD MA-treated rats had enlarged striatal volumes and increases in [3H]PK 11195 binding in striatum, the nucleus accumbens, frontal cortical areas, the rhinal cortices, and the cerebellar nuclei. FDG microPET imaging showed that LD MA-treated rats had higher BGluM in insular and somatosensory cortices, face sensory nucleus of the thalamus, and brainstem reticular formation, while HD MA-treated rats had higher BGluM in primary and higher order somatosensory and the retrosplenial cortices, compared with controls. HD and LD MA-treated rats had lower BGluM in the tail of the striatum, rhinal cortex, and subiculum and HD MA also had lower BGluM in hippocampus than controls. These results corroborate clinical findings and help further examine the mechanisms behind MA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Kuhn DM, Angoa-Pérez M, Thomas DM. Nucleus accumbens invulnerability to methamphetamine neurotoxicity. ILAR J 2016; 52:352-65. [PMID: 23382149 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.52.3.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is a neurotoxic drug of abuse that damages neurons and nerve endings throughout the central nervous system. Emerging studies of human Meth addicts using both postmortem analyses of brain tissue and noninvasive imaging studies of intact brains have confirmed that Meth causes persistent structural abnormalities. Animal and human studies have also defined a number of significant functional problems and comorbid psychiatric disorders associated with long-term Meth abuse. This review summarizes the salient features of Meth-induced neurotoxicity with a focus on the dopamine (DA) neuronal system. DA nerve endings in the caudate-putamen (CPu) are damaged by Meth in a highly delimited manner. Even within the CPu, damage is remarkably heterogeneous, with ventral and lateral aspects showing the greatest deficits. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is largely spared the damage that accompanies binge Meth intoxication, but relatively subtle changes in the disposition of DA in its nerve endings can lead to dramatic increases in Meth-induced toxicity in the CPu and overcome the normal resistance of the NAc to damage. In contrast to the CPu, where DA neuronal deficiencies are persistent, alterations in the NAc show a partial recovery. Animal models have been indispensable in studies of the causes and consequences of Meth neurotoxicity and in the development of new therapies. This research has shown that increases in cytoplasmic DA dramatically broaden the neurotoxic profile of Meth to include brain structures not normally targeted for damage. The resistance of the NAc to Meth-induced neurotoxicity and its ability to recover reveal a fundamentally different neuroplasticity by comparison to the CPu. Recruitment of the NAc as a target of Meth neurotoxicity by alterations in DA homeostasis is significant in light of the numerous important roles played by this brain structure.
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27
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Mediouni S, Marcondes MCG, Miller C, McLaughlin JP, Valente ST. The cross-talk of HIV-1 Tat and methamphetamine in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1164. [PMID: 26557111 PMCID: PMC4615951 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved the lives of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals. Nonetheless, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which range from undetectable neurocognitive impairments to severe dementia, still affect approximately 50% of the infected population, hampering their quality of life. The persistence of HAND is promoted by several factors, including longer life expectancies, the residual levels of virus in the central nervous system (CNS) and the continued presence of HIV-1 regulatory proteins such as the transactivator of transcription (Tat) in the brain. Tat is a secreted viral protein that crosses the blood–brain barrier into the CNS, where it has the ability to directly act on neurons and non-neuronal cells alike. These actions result in the release of soluble factors involved in inflammation, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, ultimately resulting in neuronal damage. The percentage of methamphetamine (MA) abusers is high among the HIV-1-positive population compared to the general population. On the other hand, MA abuse is correlated with increased viral replication, enhanced Tat-mediated neurotoxicity and neurocognitive impairments. Although several strategies have been investigated to reduce HAND and MA use, no clinically approved treatment is currently available. Here, we review the latest findings of the effects of Tat and MA in HAND and discuss a few promising potential therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediouni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Courtney Miller
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jay P McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, FL, USA
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28
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Roussotte FF, Gutman BA, Hibar DP, Madsen SK, Narr KL, Thompson PM. Carriers of a common variant in the dopamine transporter gene have greater dementia risk, cognitive decline, and faster ventricular expansion. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1153-62. [PMID: 25496873 PMCID: PMC4465053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic variants in DAT1, the gene encoding the dopamine transporter (DAT) protein, have been implicated in many brain disorders. In a recent case-control study of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a regulatory polymorphism in DAT1 showed a significant association with the clinical stages of dementia. METHODS We tested whether this variant was associated with increased AD risk, and with measures of cognitive decline and longitudinal ventricular expansion, in a large sample of elderly participants with genetic, neurocognitive, and neuroimaging data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. RESULTS The minor allele-previously linked with increased DAT expression in vitro-was more common in AD patients than in both individuals with mild cognitive impairment and healthy elderly controls. The same allele was also associated with poorer cognitive performance and faster ventricular expansion, independently of diagnosis. DISCUSSION These results may be due to reduced dopaminergic transmission in carriers of the DAT1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence F Roussotte
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Boris A Gutman
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah K Madsen
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine L Narr
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Department of Neurology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry, Engineering, Radiology, & Ophthalmology, Keck/USC School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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29
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de Bekker C, Ohm RA, Loreto RG, Sebastian A, Albert I, Merrow M, Brachmann A, Hughes DP. Gene expression during zombie ant biting behavior reflects the complexity underlying fungal parasitic behavioral manipulation. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:620. [PMID: 26285697 PMCID: PMC4545319 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive manipulation of animal behavior by parasites functions to increase parasite transmission through changes in host behavior. These changes can range from slight alterations in existing behaviors of the host to the establishment of wholly novel behaviors. The biting behavior observed in Carpenter ants infected by the specialized fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis s.l. is an example of the latter. Though parasitic manipulation of host behavior is generally assumed to be due to the parasite's gene expression, few studies have set out to test this. RESULTS We experimentally infected Carpenter ants to collect tissue from both parasite and host during the time period when manipulated biting behavior is experienced. Upon observation of synchronized biting, samples were collected and subjected to mixed RNA-Seq analysis. We also sequenced and annotated the O. unilateralis s.l. genome as a reference for the fungal sequencing reads. CONCLUSIONS Our mixed transcriptomics approach, together with a comparative genomics study, shows that the majority of the fungal genes that are up-regulated during manipulated biting behavior are unique to the O. unilateralis s.l. genome. This study furthermore reveals that the fungal parasite might be regulating immune- and neuronal stress responses in the host during manipulated biting, as well as impairing its chemosensory communication and causing apoptosis. Moreover, we found genes up-regulated during manipulation that putatively encode for proteins with reported effects on behavioral outputs, proteins involved in various neuropathologies and proteins involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charissa de Bekker
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestrasse 31, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Robin A Ohm
- Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584, CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel G Loreto
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, PA, USA
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, 70040-020, DF, Brazil
| | - Aswathy Sebastian
- Bioinformatics Consulting Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Istvan Albert
- Bioinformatics Consulting Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Martha Merrow
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Goethestrasse 31, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- Faculty of Biology, Section Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - David P Hughes
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, PA, USA.
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Characterization of binge-dosed methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Neurotoxicology 2015; 50:131-41. [PMID: 26283213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a potent, highly addictive psychostimulant abused by millions of people worldwide. MA induces neurotoxicity, damaging striatal dopaminergic terminals, and neuroinflammation, with striatal glial activation leading to pro-inflammatory cytokine and reactive oxygen species production. It is unclear whether MA-induced neuroinflammation contributes to MA-induced neurotoxicity. In the current study, we examined the linkage between the time course and dose response of MA-induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Adult male mice underwent a binge dosing regimen of four injections given every 2h with doses of 2, 4, 6, or 8 mg/kg MA per injection, and were sacrificed after 1, 3, 7, or 14 days. Binge MA treatment dose-dependently caused hyperthermia and induced hypoactivity after one day, though activity returned to control levels within one week. Striatal dopamine (DA) was diminished one day after treatment with at least 4 mg/kg MA, while DA turnover rates peaked after seven days. Although striatal tyrosine hydroxylase and DA transporter levels were also decreased one day after treatment with at least 4 mg/kg MA, they trended toward recovery by day 14. All doses of MA activated striatal glia within one day. While astrocyte activation persisted, microglial activation was attenuated over the two weeks of the study. These findings help clarify the relationship between MA-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, particularly regarding their temporal and dose-specific dynamics.
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31
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Cobb CA, Cole MP. Oxidative and nitrative stress in neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 84:4-21. [PMID: 26024962 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobes require oxygen for metabolism and normal free radical formation. As a result, maintaining the redox homeostasis is essential for brain cell survival due to their high metabolic energy requirement to sustain electrochemical gradients, neurotransmitter release, and membrane lipid stability. Further, brain antioxidant levels are limited compared to other organs and less able to compensate for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation which contribute oxidative/nitrative stress (OS/NS). Antioxidant treatments such as vitamin E, minocycline, and resveratrol mediate neuroprotection by prolonging the incidence of or reversing OS and NS conditions. Redox imbalance occurs when the antioxidant capacity is overwhelmed, consequently leading to activation of alternate pathways that remain quiescent under normal conditions. If OS/NS fails to lead to adaptation, tissue damage and injury ensue, resulting in cell death and/or disease. The progression of OS/NS-mediated neurodegeneration along with contributions from microglial activation, dopamine metabolism, and diabetes comprise a detailed interconnected pathway. This review proposes a significant role for OS/NS and more specifically, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and other lipid modifications, by triggering microglial activation to elicit a neuroinflammatory state potentiated by diabetes or abnormal dopamine metabolism. Subsequently, sustained stress in the neuroinflammatory state overwhelms cellular defenses and prompts neurotoxicity resulting in the onset or amplification of brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Cobb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Marsha P Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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32
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Lohr KM, Stout KA, Dunn AR, Wang M, Salahpour A, Guillot TS, Miller GW. Increased Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 (VMAT2; Slc18a2) Protects against Methamphetamine Toxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:790-9. [PMID: 25746685 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) is highly addictive and neurotoxic to dopamine terminals. METH toxicity has been suggested to be due to the release and accumulation of dopamine in the cytosol of these terminals. The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2; SLC18A2) is a critical mediator of dopamine handling. Mice overexpressing VMAT2 (VMAT2-HI) have an increased vesicular capacity to store dopamine, thus augmenting striatal dopamine levels and dopamine release in the striatum. Based on the altered compartmentalization of intracellular dopamine in the VMAT2-HI mice, we assessed whether enhanced vesicular function was capable of reducing METH-induced damage to the striatal dopamine system. While wildtype mice show significant losses in striatal levels of the dopamine transporter (65% loss) and tyrosine hydroxylase (46% loss) following a 4 × 10 mg/kg METH dosing regimen, VMAT2-HI mice were protected from this damage. VMAT2-HI mice were also spared from the inflammatory response that follows METH treatment, showing an increase in astroglial markers that was approximately one-third of that of wildtype animals (117% vs 36% increase in GFAP, wildtype vs VMAT2-HI). Further analysis also showed that elevated VMAT2 level does not alter the ability of METH to increase core body temperature, a mechanism integral to the toxicity of the drug. Finally, the VMAT2-HI mice showed no difference from wildtype littermates on both METH-induced conditioned place preference and in METH-induced locomotor activity (1 mg/kg METH). These results demonstrate that elevated VMAT2 protects against METH toxicity without enhancing the rewarding effects of the drug. Since the VMAT2-HI mice are protected from METH despite higher basal dopamine levels, this study suggests that METH toxicity depends more on the proper compartmentalization of synaptic dopamine than on the absolute amount of dopamine in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ali Salahpour
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Loftis JM, Janowsky A. Neuroimmune basis of methamphetamine toxicity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 118:165-97. [PMID: 25175865 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801284-0.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although it is not known which antigen-specific immune responses (or if antigen-specific immune responses) are relevant or required for methamphetamine's neurotoxic effects, it is apparent that methamphetamine exposure is associated with significant effects on adaptive and innate immunity. Alterations in lymphocyte activity and number, changes in cytokine signaling, impairments in phagocytic functions, and glial activation and gliosis have all been reported. These drug-induced changes in immune response, particularly within the CNS, are now thought to play a critical role in the addiction process for methamphetamine dependence as well as for other substance use disorders. In Section 2, methamphetamine's effects on glial cell (e.g., microglia and astrocytes) activity and inflammatory signaling cascades are summarized, including how alterations in immune cell function can induce the neurotoxic and addictive effects of methamphetamine. Section 2 also describes neurotransmitter involvement in the modulation of methamphetamine's inflammatory effects. Section 3 discusses the very recent use of pharmacological and genetic animal models which have helped elucidate the behavioral effects of methamphetamine's neurotoxic effects and the role of the immune system. Section 4 is focused on the effects of methamphetamine on blood-brain barrier integrity and associated immune consequences. Clinical considerations such as the combined effects of methamphetamine and HIV and/or HCV on brain structure and function are included in Section 4. Finally, in Section 5, immune-based treatment strategies are reviewed, with a focus on vaccine development, neuroimmune therapies, and other anti-inflammatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Loftis
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA; Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Kovalevich J, Yen W, Ozdemir A, Langford D. Cocaine induces nuclear export and degradation of neuronal retinoid X receptor-γ via a TNF-α/JNK- mediated mechanism. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:55-73. [PMID: 25586717 PMCID: PMC4336643 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse represents an immense societal health and economic burden for which no effective treatment currently exists. Among the numerous intracellular signaling cascades impacted by exposure to cocaine, increased and aberrant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CNS has been observed. Additionally, we have previously reported a decrease in retinoid-X-receptor-gamma (RXR-γ) in brains of mice chronically exposed to cocaine. Through obligate heterodimerization with a number of nuclear receptors, RXRs serve as master regulatory transcription factors, which can potentiate or suppress expression of a wide spectrum of genes. Little is known about the regulation of RXR levels, but previous studies indicate cellular stressors such as cytokines negatively regulate levels of RXRs in vitro. To evaluate the mechanism underlying the cocaine-induced decreases in RXR-γ levels observed in vivo, we exposed neurons to cocaine in vitro and examined pathways which may contribute to disruption in RXR signaling, including activation of stress pathways by cytokine induction. In these studies, we provide the first evidence that cocaine exposure disrupts neuronal RXR-γ signaling in vitro by promoting its nuclear export and degradation. Furthermore, we demonstrate this effect may be mediated, at least in part, by cocaine-induced production of TNF-α and its downstream effector c-Jun-NH-terminal kinase (JNK). Findings from this study are therefore applicable to both cocaine abuse and to pathological conditions characterized by neuroinflammatory factors, such as neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kovalevich
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Medical Education Research Building, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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Egleton RD, Abbruscato T. Drug abuse and the neurovascular unit. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 71:451-80. [PMID: 25307226 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse continues to create a major international epidemic affecting society. A great majority of past drug abuse research has focused mostly on the mechanisms of addiction and the specific effects of substance use disorders on brain circuits and pathways that modulate reward, motivation, craving, and decision making. Few studies have focused on the neurobiology of acute and chronic substance abuse as it relates to the neurovascular unit (brain endothelial cell, neuron, astrocyte, microglia, and pericyte). Increasing research indicates that all cellular components of the neurovascular unit play a pivotal role in both the process of addiction and how drug abuse affects the brain response to diseases. This review will focus on the specific effects of opioids, amphetamines, alcohol, and nicotine on the neurovascular unit and its role in addiction and adaption to brain diseases. Elucidation of the role of the neurovascular unit on the neurobiology associated with drug addiction will help to facilitate the development of better therapeutic approaches for drug-dependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Egleton
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA.
| | - Thomas Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA.
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Adenosine A2a receptors activate Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) in rat hippocampus after exposure to different doses of MDMA. Mol Cell Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-014-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Robson MJ, Turner RC, Naser ZJ, McCurdy CR, O'Callaghan JP, Huber JD, Matsumoto RR. SN79, a sigma receptor antagonist, attenuates methamphetamine-induced astrogliosis through a blockade of OSMR/gp130 signaling and STAT3 phosphorylation. Exp Neurol 2014; 254:180-9. [PMID: 24508558 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) exposure results in dopaminergic neurotoxicity in striatal regions of the brain, an effect that has been linked to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. Various aspects of neuroinflammation, including astrogliosis, are believed to be contributory factors in METH neurotoxicity. METH interacts with sigma receptors at physiologically relevant concentrations and treatment with sigma receptor antagonists has been shown to mitigate METH-induced neurotoxicity in rodent models. Whether these compounds alter the responses of glial cells within the central nervous system to METH however has yet to be determined. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to determine whether the sigma receptor antagonist, SN79, mitigates METH-induced striatal reactive astrogliosis. Male, Swiss Webster mice treated with a neurotoxic regimen of METH exhibited time-dependent increases in striatal gfap mRNA and concomitant increases in GFAP protein, indicative of astrogliosis. This is the first report that similar to other neurotoxicants that induce astrogliosis through the activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling by stimulating gp-130-linked cytokine signaling resulting from neuroinflammation, METH treatment also increases astrocytic oncostatin m receptor (OSMR) expression and the phosphorylation of STAT3 (Tyr-705) in vivo. Pretreatment with SN79 blocked METH-induced increases in OSMR, STAT3 phosphorylation and astrocyte activation within the striatum. Additionally, METH treatment resulted in striatal cellular degeneration as measured by Fluoro-Jade B, an effect that was mitigated by SN79. The current study provides evidence that sigma receptor antagonists attenuate METH-induced astrocyte activation through a pathway believed to be shared by various neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Robson
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 1161 21st Ave S., Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan C Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Zachary J Naser
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677-1848, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jason D Huber
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rae R Matsumoto
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Dr., West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Bisaglia M, Filograna R, Beltramini M, Bubacco L. Are dopamine derivatives implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease? Ageing Res Rev 2014; 13:107-14. [PMID: 24389159 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common motor system disorder affecting 1-2% of people over the age of sixty-five. Although PD is generally a sporadic neurological disorder, the discovery of monogenic, hereditable forms of the disease, representing 5-10% of all cases, has been very important in helping to partially delineate the molecular pathways that lead to this pathology. These mechanisms include impairment of the intracellular protein-degradation pathways, protein aggregation, mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Some of these features are also supported by post-mortem analyses. One of the main pathological hallmarks of PD is the preferential degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, which supports a direct role of dopamine itself in promoting the disorder. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the existing literature that links the aforementioned pathways to the oxidative chemistry of dopamine, ultimately leading to the formation of free radicals and reactive quinone species. We emphasize, in particular, how the reaction of dopamine-derived quinones with several cellular targets could foster the processes involved in the pathogenesis of PD and contribute to the progression of the disorder.
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Lonskaya I, Desforges NM, Hebron ML, Moussa CEH. Ubiquitination increases parkin activity to promote autophagic α-synuclein clearance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83914. [PMID: 24386307 PMCID: PMC3873413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a movement disorder associated with genetic and age related causes. Although autosomal recessive early onset PD linked to parkin mutations does not exhibit α-Synuclein accumulation, while autosomal dominant and sporadic PD manifest with α-Synuclein inclusions, loss of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons is a common denominator in PD. Here we show that decreased parkin ubiquitination and loss of parkin stability impair interaction with Beclin-1 and alter α-Synuclein degradation, leading to death of dopaminergic neurons. Tyrosine kinase inhibition increases parkin ubiquitination and interaction with Beclin-1, promoting autophagic α-Synuclein clearance and nigral neuron survival. However, loss of parkin via deletion increases α-Synuclein in the blood compared to the brain, suggesting that functional parkin prevents α-Synuclein release into the blood. These studies demonstrate that parkin ubiquitination affects its protein stability and E3 ligase activity, possibly leading to α-Synuclein sequestration and subsequent clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lonskaya
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Nicole M. Desforges
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Michaeline L. Hebron
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Charbel E-H. Moussa
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Herndon JM, Cholanians AB, Lau SS, Monks TJ. Glial cell response to 3,4-(+/-)-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its metabolites. Toxicol Sci 2013; 138:130-8. [PMID: 24299738 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4-(±)-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-(±)-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), a primary metabolite of MDMA, are phenylethylamine derivatives that cause serotonergic neurotoxicity. Although several phenylethylamine derivatives activate microglia, little is known about the effects of MDMA on glial cells, and evidence of MDMA-induced microglial activation remains ambiguous. We initially determined microglial occupancy status of the parietal cortex in rats at various time points following a single neurotoxic dose of MDMA (20mg/kg, SC). A biphasic microglial response to MDMA was observed, with peak microglial occupancy occurring 12- and 72-h post-MDMA administration. Because direct injection of MDMA into the brain does not produce neurotoxicity, the glial response to MDMA metabolites was subsequently examined in vivo and in vitro. Rats were treated with MDA (20mg/kg, SC) followed by ex vivo biopsy culture to determine the activation of quiescent microglia. A reactive microglial response was observed 72 h after MDA administration that subsided by 7 days. In contrast, intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of MDA failed to produce a microglial response. However, thioether metabolites of MDA derived from α-methyldopamine (α-MeDA) elicited a robust microglial response following icv injection. We subsequently determined the direct effects of various MDMA metabolites on primary cultures of E18 hippocampal mixed glial and neuronal cells. 5-(Glutathion-S-yl)-α-MeDA, 2,5-bis-(glutathion-S-yl)-α-MeDA, and 5-(N-acetylcystein-S-yl)-α-MeDA all stimulated the proliferation of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes at a dose of 10 µM. The findings indicate that glial cells are activated in response to MDMA/MDA and support a role for thioether metabolites of α-MeDA in the neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Herndon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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41
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Figuera-Losada M, Rojas C, Slusher BS. Inhibition of microglia activation as a phenotypic assay in early drug discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:17-31. [PMID: 23945875 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113499406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Complex biological processes such as inflammation, cell death, migration, proliferation, and the release of biologically active molecules can be used as outcomes in phenotypic assays during early stages of drug discovery. Although target-based approaches have been widely used over the past decades, a disproportionate number of first-in-class drugs have been identified using phenotypic screening. This review details phenotypic assays based on inhibition of microglial activation and their utility in primary and secondary screening, target validation, and pathway elucidation. The role of microglia, both in normal as well as in pathological conditions such as chronic neurodegenerative diseases, is reviewed. Methodologies to assess microglia activation in vitro are discussed in detail, and classes of therapeutic drugs known to decrease the proinflammatory and cytotoxic responses of activated microglia are appraised, including inhibitors of glutaminase, cystine/glutamate antiporter, nuclear factor κB, and mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Figuera-Losada
- 1Brain Science Institute NeuroTranslational Drug Discovery Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Halpin LE, Collins SA, Yamamoto BK. Neurotoxicity of methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Life Sci 2013; 97:37-44. [PMID: 23892199 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamines are a class of psychostimulant drugs that are widely abused for their stimulant, euphoric, empathogenic and hallucinogenic properties. Many of these effects result from acute increases in dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission. Subsequent to these acute effects, methamphetamine and 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) produce persistent damage to dopamine and serotonin nerve terminals. This review summarizes the numerous interdependent mechanisms including excitotoxicity, mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress that have been demonstrated to contribute to this damage. Emerging non-neuronal mechanisms by which the drugs may contribute to monoaminergic terminal damage, as well as the neuropsychiatric consequences of this terminal damage are also presented. Methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) have similar chemical structures and pharmacologic properties compared to other abused substances including cathinone (khat), as well as a relatively new class of novel synthetic amphetamines known as 'bath salts' that have gained popularity among drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Halpin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Stuart A Collins
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Bryan K Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Hebron ML, Lonskaya I, Moussa CEH. Nilotinib reverses loss of dopamine neurons and improves motor behavior via autophagic degradation of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease models. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3315-28. [PMID: 23666528 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder characterized by death of dopaminergic substantia nigra (SN) neurons and brain accumulation of α-synuclein. The tyrosine kinase Abl is activated in neurodegeneration. Here, we show that lentiviral expression of α-synuclein in the mouse SN leads to Abl activation (phosphorylation) and lentiviral Abl expression increases α-synuclein levels, in agreement with Abl activation in PD brains. Administration of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib decreases Abl activity and ameliorates autophagic clearance of α-synuclein in transgenic and lentiviral gene transfer models. Subcellular fractionation shows accumulation of α-synuclein and hyper-phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) in autophagic vacuoles in α-synuclein expressing brains, but nilotinib enhances protein deposition into the lysosomes. Nilotinib is used for adult leukemia treatment and it enters the brain within US Food and Drug Administration approved doses, leading to autophagic degradation of α-synuclein, protection of SN neurons and amelioration of motor performance. These data suggest that nilotinib may be a therapeutic strategy to degrade α-synuclein in PD and other α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaeline L Hebron
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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SN79, a sigma receptor ligand, blocks methamphetamine-induced microglial activation and cytokine upregulation. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:134-42. [PMID: 23631864 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is associated with several negative side effects including neurotoxicity in specific brain regions such as the striatum. The precise molecular mechanisms by which METH usage results in neurotoxicity remain to be fully elucidated, with recent evidence implicating the importance of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in damaged brain regions. METH interacts with sigma receptors which are found in glial cells in addition to neurons. Moreover, sigma receptor antagonists have been shown to block METH-induced neurotoxicity in rodents although the cellular mechanisms underlying their neuroprotection remain unknown. The purpose of the current study was to determine if the prototypic sigma receptor antagonist, SN79, mitigates METH-induced microglial activation and associated increases in cytokine expression in a rodent model of METH-induced neurotoxicity. METH increased striatal mRNA and protein levels of cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), indicative of microglial activation. METH also increased ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) protein expression, further confirming the activation of microglia. Along with microglial activation, METH increased striatal mRNA expression levels of IL-6 family pro-inflammatory cytokines, leukemia inhibitory factor (lif), oncostatin m (osm), and interleukin-6 (il-6). Pretreatment with SN79 reduced METH-induced increases in CD68 and IBA-1 expression, demonstrating its ability to prevent microglial activation. SN79 also attenuated METH-induced mRNA increases in IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokine family members. The ability of a sigma receptor antagonist to block METH-induced microglial activation and cytokine production provides a novel mechanism through which the neurotoxic effects of METH may be mitigated.
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45
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Kermanian F, Soleimani M, Ebrahimzadeh A, Haghir H, Mehdizadeh M. Effects of adenosine A2a receptor agonist and antagonist on hippocampal nuclear factor-kB expression preceded by MDMA toxicity. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:45-52. [PMID: 23212481 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
There is an abundance of evidence showing that repeated use of 3,4-methlylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) is associated with brain dysfunction, memory disturbance, locomotor hyperactivity, and hyperthermia. MDMA is toxic to both the serotonergic neurons and dopaminergic system. Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside with a neuromodulatory function in the central nervous system. Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) plays a pivotal role in the initiation and perpetuation of an immune response by triggering the expression of major inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. Here, we investigated the effects of the A2a adenosine receptor (A2a-R) agonist (CGS) and antagonist (SCH) on NF-kB expression after MDMA administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected to MDMA (10 mg/kg) followed by intraperitoneal injection of either CGS or SCH (0.03 mg/kg each) to animals. The hippocampi were then removed for western blot and RT- PCR analyses. MDMA significantly elevated NF-kB expression. Our results show that administration of CGS following MDMA significantly elevated the NF-kB expression both at mRNA and protein levels. By contrast, administration of the A2a-R antagonist SCH resulted in a decrease in the NF-kB levels. Taken together, these results indicate that, co-administration of A2a agonist (CGS) can protect against MDMA neurotoxic effects by increasing NF-kB expression levels; suggesting a potential application for protection against the neurotoxic effects observed in MDMA users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kermanian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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46
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National Institute on Drug Abuse symposium report: drugs of abuse, dopamine, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders/HIV-associated dementia. J Neurovirol 2013; 19:119-22. [PMID: 23456951 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute on Drug Abuse organized a symposium on drugs of abuse, dopamine, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND)/HIV-associated dementia (HAD) in Rockville, Maryland, October 4, 2011. The purpose of this symposium was to evaluate the potential role of dopamine in the potentiation of HAND/HAD by drugs of abuse. A summary of the symposium has been presented in this report.
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47
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Taetzsch T, Block ML. Pesticides, microglial NOX2, and Parkinson's disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:137-49. [PMID: 23349115 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that pesticide exposure is associated with an increased risk for developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Several pesticides known to damage dopaminergic (DA) neurons, such as paraquat, rotenone, lindane, and dieldrin also demonstrate the ability to activate microglia, the resident innate immune cell in the brain. While each of these environmental toxicants may impact microglia through unique mechanisms, they all appear to converge on a common final pathway of microglial activation: NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) activation. This review will detail the role of microglia in selective DA neurotoxicity, highlight what is currently known about the mechanism of microglial NOX2 activation in these key pesticides, and describe the importance for DA neuron survival and PD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Taetzsch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Deng X, Jayanthi S, McCoy MT, Ladenheim B, Rothman RK, Cadet JL. Methamphetamine Injections Cause Widespread Increases in Caspase-8 Expression in the Mouse Brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4303/jdar/235648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Lonskaya I, Hebron ML, Algarzae NK, Desforges N, Moussa CEH. Decreased parkin solubility is associated with impairment of autophagy in the nigrostriatum of sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2012; 232:90-105. [PMID: 23262240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a motor disorder that involves death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Parkin is an autosomal recessive gene that is mutated in early onset PD. We investigated the role of parkin and autophagic clearance in postmortem nigrostriatal tissues from 22 non-familial sporadic PD patients and 15 control samples. Parkin was insoluble with altered cytosolic expression in the nigrostriatum of sporadic PD. Parkin insolubility was associated with lack of degradation of ubiquitinated proteins and accumulation of α-Synuclein and parkin in autophagosomes, suggesting autophagic defects in PD. To test parkin's role in mediating autophagic clearance, we used lentiviral gene transfer to express human wild type or mutant parkin (T240R) with α-Synuclein in the rat striatum. Lentiviral expression of α-Synuclein led to accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, while co-expression of parkin with α-Synuclein facilitated autophagic clearance. Subcellular fractionation showed accumulation of α-Synuclein and tau hyper-phosphorylation (p-Tau) in autophagosomes in gene transfer models, similar to the effects observed in PD brains, but parkin expression led to protein deposition into lysosomes. However, parkin loss of function mutation did not affect autophagic clearance. Taken together, these data suggest that functional parkin regulates autophagosome clearance, while decreased parkin solubility may alter normal autophagy in sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lonskaya
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - M L Hebron
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - N K Algarzae
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - N Desforges
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - C E-H Moussa
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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50
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Kelly KA, Miller DB, Bowyer JF, O’Callaghan JP. Chronic exposure to corticosterone enhances the neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic responses to methamphetamine. J Neurochem 2012; 122:995-1009. [PMID: 22776046 PMCID: PMC4706460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in brain ("neuroinflammation") accompanies neurological disease and neurotoxicity. Previously, we documented a striatal neuroinflammatory response to acute administration of a neurotoxic dose of methamphetamine (METH), i.e. one associated with evidence of dopaminergic terminal damage and activation of microglia and astroglia. When we used minocycline to suppress METH-induced neuroinflammation, indices of dopaminergic neurotoxicity were not affected, but suppression of neuroinflammation was incomplete. Here, we administered the classic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid, corticosterone (CORT), in an attempt to completely suppress METH-related neuroinflammation. METH alone caused large increases in striatal proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine mRNA and subsequent astrocytic hypertrophy, microglial activation, and dopaminergic nerve terminal damage. Pre-treatment of mice with acute CORT failed to prevent neuroinflammatory responses to METH. Surprisingly, when mice were pre-treated with chronic CORT in the drinking water, an enhanced striatal neuroinflammatory response to METH was observed, an effect that was accompanied by enhanced METH-induced astrogliosis and dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Chronic CORT pre-treatment also sensitized frontal cortex and hippocampus to mount a neuroinflammatory response to METH. Because the levels of chronic CORT used are associated with high physiological stress, our data suggest that chronic CORT therapy or sustained physiological stress may sensitize the neuroinflammatory and neurotoxicity responses to METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Kelly
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Diane B. Miller
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John F. Bowyer
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - James P. O’Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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