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Bendtsen KM, Harder MWH, Glendorf T, Kjeldsen TB, Kristensen NR, Refsgaard HHF. Predicting human half-life for insulin analogs: An inter-drug approach. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 201:114375. [PMID: 38897553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
An inter-drug approach, applying pharmacokinetic information for insulin analogs in different animal species, rat, dog and pig, performed better compared to allometric scaling for human translation of intra-venous half-life and only required data from a single animal species for reliable predictions. Average fold error (AFE) between 1.2-1.7 were determined for all species and for multispecies allometric scaling AFE was 1.9. A slightly larger prediction error for human half-life was determined from in vitro human insulin receptor affinity data (AFE on 2.3-2.6). The requirements for the inter-drug approach were shown to be a span of at least 2 orders of magnitude in half-life for the included drugs and a shared clearance mechanism. The insulin analogs in this study were the five fatty acid protracted analogs: Insulin degludec, insulin icodec, insulin 320, insulin 338 and insulin 362, as well as the non-acylated analog insulin aspart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M Bendtsen
- Digital Sciences & Innovation, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Magnus W H Harder
- Global Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Tine Glendorf
- Global Research Technologies, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Thomas B Kjeldsen
- Global Research Technologies, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Hanne H F Refsgaard
- Global Drug Discovery, Research & Early Development, Novo Nordisk, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark.
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2
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Ramzan M, Hussain A, Khan T, Siddique MUM, Warsi MH. Tolterodine Tartrate Loaded Cationic Elastic Liposomes for Transdermal Delivery: In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Evaluations. Pharm Res 2024:10.1007/s11095-024-03741-y. [PMID: 39048880 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tolterodine tartrate (TOTA) is a first-line therapy to treat overactive urinary bladder (OAB). Oral delivery causes high hepatic clearance, xerostomia, headache, constipation, and blurred vision. We addressed Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) and Design Expert oriented optimized cationic elastic liposomes for transdermal application. METHODS The experimental solubility was conducted in HSPiP predicted excipients to tailor formulations using surfactants, stearylamine, ethanol, and phosphatidylcholine (PC). These were evaluated for formulation characteristics. The optimized OTEL1 and OTEL1-G (gel) were compared against the drug solution (DS) and liposomes. In vitro and ex vivo studies were accomplished to investigate the insights into the mechanistic understanding of TOTA release and permeation ability. Finally, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) supported ex vivo results. RESULTS HSP values of TOTA were closely related to tween-80, stearylamine, and human's skin. The size (153 nm), %EE (87.6%), and PDI (0.25) values of OTEL1 were in good agreement to the predicted values (161 nm, 80.4%, and 0.31) with high desirability (0.963). Spherical and smooth OTEL1 (including OTEL1-G and liposomes) vesicles followed non-Fickian drug release as compared to DS (Fickian) as evidence with n > 0.5 (Korsmeyer and Peppas coefficient). OTEL1 (containing lipid and surfactant as 90 mg and 13.8 mg, respectively) exhibited 2.6 and 1.8-folds higher permeation flux than DS and liposomes, respectively. Biocompatible cationic OTEL1 was safe and non-hemolytic. CONCLUSIONS OTEL1 was promised as a lead vesicular approach and an alternative to conventional oral therapy to treat OAB in children and advanced age patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohhammad Ramzan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tasneem Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohd Usman Mohd Siddique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy Dhule (MH), 424001, Dhule, India
| | - Musarrat Husain Warsi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Thakur A, Yue G, Ahire D, Mettu VS, Maghribi AA, Ford K, Peixoto L, Leeder JS, Prasad B. Sex and the Kidney Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters: Are Preclinical Drug Disposition Data Translatable to Humans? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 116:235-246. [PMID: 38711199 PMCID: PMC11218045 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Cross-species differences in drug transport and metabolism are linked to poor translation of preclinical pharmacokinetic and toxicology data to humans, often resulting in the failure of new chemical entities (NCEs) during clinical drug development. Specifically, inaccurate prediction of renal clearance and renal accumulation of NCEs due to differential abundance of enzymes and transporters in kidneys can lead to differences in pharmacokinetics and toxicity between experimental animals and humans. We carried out liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based protein quantification of 78 membrane drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in the kidney membrane fractions of humans, rats, and mice for characterization of cross-species and sex-dependent differences. In general, majority of DMET proteins were higher in rodents than in humans. Significant cross-species differences were observed in 30 out of 33 membrane DMET proteins quantified in all three species. Although no significant sex-dependent differences were observed in humans, the abundance of 28 and 46 membrane proteins showed significant sex dependence in rats and mice, respectively. These cross-species and sex-dependent quantitative abundance data are valuable for gaining a mechanistic understanding of drug renal disposition and accumulation. Further, these data can also be integrated into systems pharmacology tools, such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, to enhance the interpretation of preclinical pharmacokinetic and toxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarzoo Thakur
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | - Guihua Yue
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | - Deepak Ahire
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | - Vijaya S. Mettu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | - Abrar Al Maghribi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | - Kaitlyn Ford
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | - Lucia Peixoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | | | - Bhagwat Prasad
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
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Wang M, Kuldharan S, Shenoy A, Reddy S, Rex K, Osgood T, Wahlstrom J, Dahal UP. Xenografted Tumors Share Comparable Fraction Unbound and Can Be Surrogated by Mouse Lung Tissue. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:644-653. [PMID: 38670798 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Free (unbound) drug concentration at the site of action is the key determinant of biologic activity since only unbound drugs can exert pharmacological and toxicological effects. Unbound drug concentration in tumors for solid cancers is needed to understand/explain/predict pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy relations. Fraction unbound (fu ) in tumors is usually determined across several xenografted tumors derived from various cell lines in the drug discovery stage, which is time consuming and a resource burden. In this study, we determined the fu values for a set of diverse compounds (comprising acid, base, neutral, zwitterion, and covalent drugs) across five different xenografted tumors and five commercially available mouse tissues to explore the correlation of fu between tumors and the possibility of surrogate tissue(s) for tumor fu (fu,tumor) determination. The crosstumor comparison showed that fu,tumor values across tumors are largely comparable, and systematic tissue versus tumor comparison demonstrated that only lung tissue had comparable fu to all five tumors (fu values within twofold change for >80% compounds in both comparisons). These results indicated that mouse lung tissue can be used as a surrogate matrix for a fu,tumor assay. This study will increase efficiency in fu,tumor assessment and reduce animal use (adapting the replace, reduce, and refine principle) in drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The free drug concept is a well accepted principle in drug discovery research. Currently, tumor fraction unbound (fu,tumor) is determined in several tumors derived from different cell lines to estimate free drug concentrations of a compound. The results from this study indicated that fu,tumor across xenografted tumors is comparable, and fu,tumor can be estimated using a surrogate tissue, mouse lung. The results will increase efficiency in fu,tumor assessment and reduce animal use in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (M.W., U.P.D.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Syngene Amgen Research & Development Center, Bangalore, India (S.K., A.S., S.R.); and Amgen Research (K.R., T.O.) and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (J.W.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Sandip Kuldharan
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (M.W., U.P.D.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Syngene Amgen Research & Development Center, Bangalore, India (S.K., A.S., S.R.); and Amgen Research (K.R., T.O.) and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (J.W.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Aravind Shenoy
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (M.W., U.P.D.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Syngene Amgen Research & Development Center, Bangalore, India (S.K., A.S., S.R.); and Amgen Research (K.R., T.O.) and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (J.W.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Satyanarayana Reddy
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (M.W., U.P.D.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Syngene Amgen Research & Development Center, Bangalore, India (S.K., A.S., S.R.); and Amgen Research (K.R., T.O.) and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (J.W.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Karen Rex
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (M.W., U.P.D.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Syngene Amgen Research & Development Center, Bangalore, India (S.K., A.S., S.R.); and Amgen Research (K.R., T.O.) and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (J.W.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Tao Osgood
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (M.W., U.P.D.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Syngene Amgen Research & Development Center, Bangalore, India (S.K., A.S., S.R.); and Amgen Research (K.R., T.O.) and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (J.W.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Jan Wahlstrom
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (M.W., U.P.D.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Syngene Amgen Research & Development Center, Bangalore, India (S.K., A.S., S.R.); and Amgen Research (K.R., T.O.) and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (J.W.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Upendra P Dahal
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (M.W., U.P.D.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Syngene Amgen Research & Development Center, Bangalore, India (S.K., A.S., S.R.); and Amgen Research (K.R., T.O.) and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (J.W.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
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Bassani D, Parrott NJ, Manevski N, Zhang JD. Another string to your bow: machine learning prediction of the pharmacokinetic properties of small molecules. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:683-698. [PMID: 38727016 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2348157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) properties is crucial for drug discovery and development. Machine-learning (ML) models, which use statistical pattern recognition to learn correlations between input features (such as chemical structures) and target variables (such as PK parameters), are being increasingly used for this purpose. To embed ML models for PK prediction into workflows and to guide future development, a solid understanding of their applicability, advantages, limitations, and synergies with other approaches is necessary. AREAS COVERED This narrative review discusses the design and application of ML models to predict PK parameters of small molecules, especially in light of established approaches including in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. The authors illustrate scenarios in which the three approaches are used and emphasize how they enhance and complement each other. In particular, they highlight achievements, the state of the art and potentials of applying machine learning for PK prediction through a comphrehensive literature review. EXPERT OPINION ML models, when carefully crafted, regularly updated, and appropriately used, empower users to prioritize molecules with favorable PK properties. Informed practitioners can leverage these models to improve the efficiency of drug discovery and development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bassani
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neil John Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nenad Manevski
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jitao David Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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Grempler R, Ahlberg J, Germovsek E, Gupta P, Li H, Pilvankar M, Sharma A, Stopfer P, Hansel S. Human Dose and Pharmacokinetic Predictions for Biologics at Boehringer Ingelheim: A Retrospective Analysis. Adv Ther 2024; 41:364-378. [PMID: 37971653 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate predictions of pharmacokinetics and efficacious doses for biologics in humans are critical for selecting appropriate first-in-human starting doses and dose ranges and for estimating clinical material needs and cost of goods. This also impacts clinical feasibility, particularly for subcutaneously administered biologics. METHODS We performed a comprehensive comparison between predicted and observed clearances and doses in humans for a set of 22 biologic drugs developed at Boehringer Ingelheim (BI) over the last 2 decades. The analysis included biologics across three therapeutic areas comprising a wide variety of modalities: mono- and bispecific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and nanobodies and a Fab fragment. RESULTS Our analysis showed that observed clearances in humans were within twofold of predicted clearances for 17 out of 20 biologics (85%). Six biologics had uncharacteristically high observed human clearances (range 32-280 mL/h) for their respective molecular classes, impacting their clinical developability. For three molecules, molecular characteristics contributed to the high clearance. Clinically selected doses were within twofold of predicted for 58% of projects. With 42% and 25% of projects selecting clinical doses higher than two- or threefold the predicted value, respectively, the importance of better understanding not only the pharmacokinetic (PK) but also the predictivity of pharmacodynamic models is highlighted. CONCLUSIONS We provide a clinical pharmacology perspective on the commonly accepted twofold range of human clearance predictions as well as the implications of higher than predicted targeted efficacious plasma concentration on clinical development. Finally, an analysis of key success factors for biologics at BI was conducted, which may be relevant for the entire pharmaceutical industry. This is one of the largest retrospective analyses for biologics and provides further evidence that successful predictions of human PK and efficacious dose will be further facilitated by gathering key translational data early in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Grempler
- Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Inc, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA.
| | - Jennifer Ahlberg
- Department of Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Inc, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eva Germovsek
- Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Department of Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Inc, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Inc, Connecticut, USA
| | - Minu Pilvankar
- Department of Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Inc, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Inc, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Peter Stopfer
- Department of Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Steven Hansel
- Department of Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Inc, Connecticut, USA
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Saraswat A, Vartak R, Patki M, Patel K. Cannabidiol Inhibits In Vitro Human Liver Microsomal Metabolism of Remdesivir. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:1008-1018. [PMID: 34918945 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The year 2020 began with the world being flounced with a wave of novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) disease, named COVID-19. Based on promising pre-clinical and clinical data, remdesivir (RDV) was the first drug to receive FDA approval and so far, it is the most common therapy for treatment of SARS-CoV-2/MERS-CoV. However, following intravenous administration, RDV metabolizes majorly by human liver carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and marginally by the CYP3A4 enzyme in merely less than an hour. Its resultant active metabolite is a hydrophilic nucleoside with very limited accumulation within lung tissues. Therefore, there is a need to investigate strategies to overcome such premature metabolism issues and improve the antiviral efficacy of RDV at the target site. Objective: Considering the major CES1-mediated metabolism of RDV on systemic administration, we intend to explore the remarkable CES1 plus CYP3A4 inhibitory activity of cannabidiol (CBD) against in vitro microsomal metabolism of RDV to indicate its therapeutic potential as an adjuvant to RDV in the treatment and management of COVID-19. Methods: We investigated the in vitro human liver microsomal metabolism of RDV in the presence of two potential CES1 inhibitors-CBD and nelfinavir, and two standard CYP3A4 inhibitors-ritonavir (RITO) and cyclosporin A. The microsomal metabolism assay was further validated by using a well-characterized CYP3A4-selective substrate, midazolam (MDZ), in the presence of CBD and RITO. Results: Our findings depicted that RDV was rapidly and completely metabolized by human liver microsomes within 60 min. Coincubation with CBD substantially reduced microsomal metabolism of RDV and prolonged its in vitro half-life from 8.93 to 31.07 min. CBD showed significantly higher inhibition of RDV compared with known CES1 and CYP3A4 inhibitors. Inhibition of MDZ metabolism by CBD and RITO further validated the assay. Conclusions: The current study strongly suggests that CBD significantly inhibits human liver microsomal metabolism of RDV and extends its in vitro half-life. Thus, concomitant administration of CBD with RDV intravenous injection could be a promising strategy to prevent premature metabolism in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Saraswat
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Richa Vartak
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Manali Patki
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, USA
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Bal G, Kanakaraj L, Mohanta BC. Prediction of pharmacokinetics of an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor in rat and monkey: application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic model as an alternative tool to minimise animal studies. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:621-633. [PMID: 38111268 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2292725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) and toxicokinetic profile of a drug from its preclinical evaluation helps the researcher determine whether the drug should be tested in humans based on its safety and toxicity.Preclinical studies require time and resources and are prone to error. Moreover, according to the United States Food and Drug Administration Modernisation Act 2, animal testing is no longer mandatory for new drug development, and an animal-free alternative, such as cell-based assay and computer models, can be used.Different physiologically based PK models were developed for an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor in rats and monkeys after intravenous and oral administration using its physicochemical properties and in vitro characterisation data.The developed model was validated against the in vivo data available in the literature, and the validation results were found within the acceptable limit. A parameter sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the properties of the compound influencing the PK profile.This work demonstrates the application of the physiologically based PK model to predict the PKs of a drug, which will eventually assist in reducing the number of animal studies and save time and cost of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobardhan Bal
- Chettinad School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmi Kanakaraj
- Chettinad School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bibhash Chandra Mohanta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
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Li C, Wu M, Zhang H, Zhu X, Fu L, Wang S, Lu M, Zhong D, Ding Y. Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of forsythin in healthy subjects: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled single-dose and multiple-dose escalation and food effect study. Ann Med 2023; 55:2274512. [PMID: 37980573 PMCID: PMC10836277 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2274512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forsythin, an active compound from Forsythiae Fructus, has the potential to treat the common cold and influenza through its antipyretic-analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. The safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of forsythin were evaluated in healthy Chinese subjects. METHODS This phase 1a study included three parts: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled single-ascending-dose (SAD) (50, 100, 200, 400, 600 or 800 mg), food effect investigation (100 mg) and multiple-ascending-dose (MAD) (50, 100 or 200 mg TID for 5 days). RESULTS Forsythin is safe and tolerable in healthy Chinese subjects. The rates of adverse events (AEs) in the forsythin cohort were similar to those in the placebo cohort. Forsythin is well-absorbed after single or multiple doses and is extensively metabolized. The primary metabolites were aglycone M1, M1 sulphate (M2) and M1 glucuronide (M7). Exposure to forsythin (100 mg) was higher after food intake by approximately 1.4-fold, whereas M2 and M7 did not change. The steady state was reached around three days in the MAD study. Forsythin, M2 and M7 accumulation on day 5 was 1, 3 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The safety and PK profiles of forsythin support further evaluation of its efficacy in individuals with the common cold or influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyun Li
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Wu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Fu
- Dalian Fusheng Institute of Natural Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Dalian Fusheng Institute of Natural Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Mingming Lu
- Dalian Fusheng Institute of Natural Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhua Ding
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Kong NR, Jones LH. Clinical Translation of Targeted Protein Degraders. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:558-568. [PMID: 37399310 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has emerged as a potentially transformational therapeutic modality with considerable promise. Molecular glue degraders remodel the surface of E3 ligases inducing interactions with neosubstrates resulting in their polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Molecular glues are clinically precedented and have demonstrated the ability to degrade proteins-of-interest (POIs) previously deemed undruggable due to the absence of a traditional small molecule binding pocket. Heterobifunctional proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) possess ligands for an E3 complex and the POIs, which are chemically linked together, and similarly hijack the ubiquitin machinery to deplete the target. There has been a recent surge in the number of degraders entering clinical trials, particularly directed toward cancer. Nearly all utilize CRL4CRBN as the E3 ligase, and a relatively limited diversity of POIs are currently targeted. In this review, we provide an overview of the degraders in clinical trials and provide a perspective on the lessons learned from their development and emerging human data that will be broadly useful to those working in the TPD field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki R Kong
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lyn H Jones
- Center for Protein Degradation, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Leit S, Greenwood J, Carriero S, Mondal S, Abel R, Ashwell M, Blanchette H, Boyles NA, Cartwright M, Collis A, Feng S, Ghanakota P, Harriman GC, Hosagrahara V, Kaila N, Kapeller R, Rafi SB, Romero DL, Tarantino PM, Timaniya J, Toms AV, Wester RT, Westlin W, Srivastava B, Miao W, Tummino P, McElwee JJ, Edmondson SD, Masse CE. Discovery of a Potent and Selective Tyrosine Kinase 2 Inhibitor: TAK-279. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10473-10496. [PMID: 37427891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
TYK2 is a key mediator of IL12, IL23, and type I interferon signaling, and these cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Supported by compelling data from human genome-wide association studies and clinical results, TYK2 inhibition through small molecules is an attractive therapeutic strategy to treat these diseases. Herein, we report the discovery of a series of highly selective pseudokinase (Janus homology 2, JH2) domain inhibitors of TYK2 enzymatic activity. A computationally enabled design strategy, including the use of FEP+, was instrumental in identifying a pyrazolo-pyrimidine core. We highlight the utility of computational physics-based predictions used to optimize this series of molecules to identify the development candidate 30, a potent, exquisitely selective cellular TYK2 inhibitor that is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Leit
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jeremy Greenwood
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Samantha Carriero
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Sayan Mondal
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Robert Abel
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Mark Ashwell
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Heather Blanchette
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Nicholas A Boyles
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Mark Cartwright
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Alan Collis
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Shulu Feng
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Phani Ghanakota
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Geraldine C Harriman
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Vinayak Hosagrahara
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Neelu Kaila
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rosanna Kapeller
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Salma B Rafi
- Schrödinger, Inc., 1540 Broadway, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Donna L Romero
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Paul M Tarantino
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jignesh Timaniya
- Piramal Pharma Solutions, Plot No. 18, Pharmez, Ahmedabad 382215, Gujarat, India
| | - Angela V Toms
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ronald T Wester
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - William Westlin
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Bhaskar Srivastava
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Wenyan Miao
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Peter Tummino
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Joshua J McElwee
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Scott D Edmondson
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Craig E Masse
- Nimbus Therapeutics, 22 Boston Wharf Road, Floor 9, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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12
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Abdallah MS. More efficient estimators of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in paired ranked set sampling. Stat Methods Med Res 2023; 32:1217-1233. [PMID: 37032644 DOI: 10.1177/09622802231167434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Receiver operating characteristic is a beneficial technique for evaluating the performance of a binary classification. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic is an effective index of the accuracy of the classification process. While nonparametric point estimation has been well-studied under the ranked set sampling, it has received little attention under ranked set sampling variations. In order to set out to fill this gap, this article deals with the problem of estimating the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic based on paired ranked set sampling. New estimators of the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic based on paired ranked set sampling are proposed. Using the information supported by the concomitant variable, the additional area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic estimators based on ranked set sampling as well as paired ranked set sampling are also introduced. It is shown either theoretically or numerically that the proposed estimators are consistent under the perfectness situation. It emerges that the concomitant-based estimators are shown to be superior to their competitors provided that the perfect assumption is not sharply violated. In contrast, kernel-based estimators are significantly superior relative to their rivals regardless of the quality of ranking. Finally, the application of the proposed procedures is also demonstrated by using empirical datasets in the context of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Abdallah
- Department of Quantitative Techniques, Faculty of Commerce, Aswan University, Egypt
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13
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Pasqua AE, Sharp SY, Chessum NEA, Hayes A, Pellegrino L, Tucker MJ, Miah A, Wilding B, Evans LE, Rye CS, Mok NY, Liu M, Henley AT, Gowan S, De Billy E, te Poele R, Powers M, Eccles SA, Clarke PA, Raynaud FI, Workman P, Jones K, Cheeseman MD. HSF1 Pathway Inhibitor Clinical Candidate (CCT361814/NXP800) Developed from a Phenotypic Screen as a Potential Treatment for Refractory Ovarian Cancer and Other Malignancies. J Med Chem 2023; 66:5907-5936. [PMID: 37017629 PMCID: PMC10150365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
CCT251236 1, a potent chemical probe, was previously developed from a cell-based phenotypic high-throughput screen (HTS) to discover inhibitors of transcription mediated by HSF1, a transcription factor that supports malignancy. Owing to its activity against models of refractory human ovarian cancer, 1 was progressed into lead optimization. The reduction of P-glycoprotein efflux became a focus of early compound optimization; central ring halogen substitution was demonstrated by matched molecular pair analysis to be an effective strategy to mitigate this liability. Further multiparameter optimization led to the design of the clinical candidate, CCT361814/NXP800 22, a potent and orally bioavailable fluorobisamide, which caused tumor regression in a human ovarian adenocarcinoma xenograft model with on-pathway biomarker modulation and a clean in vitro safety profile. Following its favorable dose prediction to human, 22 has now progressed to phase 1 clinical trial as a potential future treatment for refractory ovarian cancer and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Elisa Pasqua
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Swee Y. Sharp
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola E. A. Chessum
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hayes
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Loredana Pellegrino
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Tucker
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Asadh Miah
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Wilding
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay E. Evans
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Carl S. Rye
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - N. Yi Mok
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Manjuan Liu
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Alan T. Henley
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Gowan
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel De Billy
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Robert te Poele
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Marissa Powers
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne A. Eccles
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Clarke
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Florence I. Raynaud
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Workman
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Jones
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Cheeseman
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery
and Division of Cancer Therapeutics at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
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14
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Perspective on high-throughput bioanalysis to support in vitro assays in early drug discovery. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:177-191. [PMID: 36917553 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As the desire for a shortened design/make/test/learn cycle increases in early drug discovery, the pressure to rapidly deliver drug metabolism pharmacokinetic data continues to rise. From a bioanalytical standpoint, in vitro assays are challenging because they are amenable to automation and thus capable of generating a high number of samples for analysis. To keep up with analysis demands, automated method development workflows, rapid sample analysis approaches and efficient data analysis software must be utilized. This work provides an outline of how we implemented those three aspects to provide bioanalytical support for in vitro drug metabolism pharmacokinetic assays, which include developing hundreds of mass spectrometry methods and analyzing thousands of samples per week, while delivering a median bioanalytical turnaround time of 1-2 business days.
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15
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Sharma S, Singh DK, Mettu VS, Yue G, Ahire D, Basit A, Heyward S, Prasad B. Quantitative Characterization of Clinically Relevant Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Rat Liver and Intestinal Segments for Applications in PBPK Modeling. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1737-1749. [PMID: 36791335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Rats are extensively used as a preclinical model for assessing drug pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution; however, successful translation of the rat data requires information on the differences in drug metabolism and transport mechanisms between rats and humans. To partly fill this knowledge gap, we quantified clinically relevant drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in the liver and different intestinal segments of Sprague-Dawley rats. The levels of DMET proteins in rats were quantified using the global proteomics-based total protein approach (TPA) and targeted proteomics. The abundance of the major DMET proteins was largely comparable using quantitative global and targeted proteomics. However, global proteomics-based TPA was able to detect and quantify a comprehensive list of 66 DMET proteins in the liver and 37 DMET proteins in the intestinal segments of SD rats without the need for peptide standards. Cytochrome P450 (Cyp) and UDP-glycosyltransferase (Ugt) enzymes were mainly detected in the liver with the abundance ranging from 8 to 6502 and 74 to 2558 pmol/g tissue. P-gp abundance was higher in the intestine (124.1 pmol/g) as compared to that in the liver (26.6 pmol/g) using the targeted analysis. Breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) was most abundant in the intestinal segments, whereas organic anion transporting polypeptides (Oatp) 1a1, 1a4, 1b2, and 2a1 and multidrug resistance proteins (Mrp) 2 and 6 were predominantly detected in the liver. To demonstrate the utility of these data, we modeled digoxin PK by integrating protein abundance of P-gp and Cyp3a2 into a physiologically based PK (PBPK) model constructed using PK-Sim software. The model was able to reliably predict the systemic as well as tissue concentrations of digoxin in rats. These findings suggest that proteomics-informed PBPK models in preclinical species can allow mechanistic PK predictions in animal models including tissue drug concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Sharma
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Dilip K Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Vijay S Mettu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Guihua Yue
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Deepak Ahire
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Abdul Basit
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | | | - Bhagwat Prasad
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
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16
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Approaches for estimating the clinical starting dose of new dosage forms: An example of a long-acting injectable formulation of finasteride. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122510. [PMID: 36549406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, a long-acting injectable (LAI) formulation of finasteride was prepared as a new dosage form of PROPECIA®, and in vivo pharmacokinetics (PKs)-pharmacodynamics (PDs) was evaluated in beagle dogs. The resulting PK-PD profiles of the formulation showed pharmacological effects and achievability for monthly delivery. In this study, a first-in-human (FIH) dose of the LAI formulation loaded with finasteride was predicted. The three approaches were used for estimating a FIH dose of the LAI formulation: (1) No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL)-based approach; (2) Pharmacokinetically-guided approach; (3) Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model-based approach. The advantage, assumptions, limitations, and estimated FIH dose from each approach was discussed and compared since there is no consensus on the best approach. For the prediction of clinical exposures and estimation of FIH doses, the clinical PK-PD parameters were allometrically scaled from the nonclinical data, extracted from reported clinical studies, or fixed from published literature. The starting dose range of the LAI formulation (as finasteride) was estimated to be 16.80-81.06 mg from the three approaches, and the PK/PD model-based approach suggests the most optimal starting dose (16.80 mg) of the LAI formulation. The approaches for estimating starting doses presented in the study could be used as a basis for an Investigational New Drug (IND) application of new dosage forms.
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17
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Pantoja K, Lanke S, Munafo A, Victor A, Habermehl C, Schueler A, Venkatakrishnan K, Girard P, Goteti K. Designing phase I oncology dose escalation using dose-exposure-toxicity models as a complementary approach to model-based dose-toxicity models. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2022; 11:1371-1381. [PMID: 35852048 PMCID: PMC9574748 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the objectives of oncology phase I dose-escalation studies has been to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Although MTD is no longer set as the dose for further development in contemporary oncology drug development, MTD determination is still important for informing the therapeutic index. Bayesian adaptive model-based designs are becoming mainstream in oncology first-in-human trials. Herein, we illustrate via simulations the use of systemic exposure in Bayesian adaptive dose-toxicity models to estimate MTD. We extend traditional dose-toxicity models to incorporate pharmacokinetic exposure, which provides information on exposure-toxicity relationships. We pursue dose escalation until the maximum tolerated exposure (corresponding to the MTD) is reached. By leveraging pharmacokinetics, dose escalation considers exposure and interindividual variability on a continuous rather than discrete domain, offering additional information for dose-escalation decisions. To demonstrate this, we generated 1000 simulations (starting dose of 1/25th the reference dose and six dose levels) for several different scenarios. Both rule-based and model-based designs were compared using metrics of potential safety, accuracy, and reliability. The mean results over simulations and different toxicity scenarios showed that model-based designs were better than rule-based methods and that exposure-toxicity model-based methods have the potential to valuably complement dose-toxicity model-based methods. Exposure-toxicity model-based methods had decreased underdose risk accompanied by a relatively smaller increase in overdose risk, resulting in improved net reliability. MTD estimation accuracy was compromised when exposure variability was large, emphasizing the importance of appropriate control of pharmacokinetic variability in phase I dose-escalation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn Pantoja
- Department of StatisticsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexasUSA,EMD Serono Research InstituteBillericaMassachusettsUSA
| | - Shankar Lanke
- EMD Serono Research InstituteBillericaMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alain Munafo
- Merck Institute for PharmacometricsLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Pascal Girard
- Merck Institute for PharmacometricsLausanneSwitzerland
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18
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Damoiseaux D, Li W, Martínez-Chávez A, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH, Huitema ADR, Dorlo TPC. Predictiveness of the Human-CYP3A4-Transgenic Mouse Model (Cyp3aXAV) for Human Drug Exposure of CYP3A4-Metabolized Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070860. [PMID: 35890158 PMCID: PMC9322370 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extrapolation of drug exposure between species remains a challenging step in drug development, contributing to the low success rate of drug approval. As a consequence, extrapolation of toxicology from animal models to humans to evaluate safe, first-in-human (FIH) doses requires high safety margins. We hypothesized that a human-CYP3A4-expressing transgenic (Cyp3aXAV) mouse is a more predictive model for human drug exposure of CYP3A4-metabolized small-molecule drugs. Population pharmacokinetic models based on wild-type (WT) and Cyp3aXAV mouse pharmacokinetic data of oral lorlatinib, brigatinib, ribociclib and fisogatinib were allometrically scaled and compared to human exposure. Extrapolation of the Cyp3aXAV mouse model closely predicted the observed human exposure for lorlatinib and brigatinib with a 1.1-fold and 1.0-fold difference, respectively, compared to a 2.1-fold and 1.9-fold deviation for WT-based extrapolations of lorlatinib and brigatinib, respectively. For ribociclib, the extrapolated WT mouse model gave better predictions with a 1.0-fold deviation compared to a 0.3-fold deviation for the extrapolated Cyp3aXAV mouse model. Due to the lack of a human population pharmacokinetic model for fisogatinib, only median maximum concentration ratios were calculated, resulting in ratios of 1.0 and 0.6 for WT and Cyp3aXAV mice extrapolations, respectively. The more accurate predictions of human exposure in preclinical research based on the Cyp3aXAV mouse model can ultimately result in FIH doses associated with improved safety and efficacy and in higher success rates in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Damoiseaux
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.D.); (J.H.B.); (A.D.R.H.)
| | - Wenlong Li
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (W.L.); (A.M.-C.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Alejandra Martínez-Chávez
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (W.L.); (A.M.-C.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Jos H. Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.D.); (J.H.B.); (A.D.R.H.)
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred H. Schinkel
- Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (W.L.); (A.M.-C.); (A.H.S.)
| | - Alwin D. R. Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.D.); (J.H.B.); (A.D.R.H.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas P. C. Dorlo
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (D.D.); (J.H.B.); (A.D.R.H.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Sialylation-dependent pharmacokinetics and differential complement pathway inhibition are hallmarks of CR1 activity in vivo. Biochem J 2022; 479:1007-1030. [PMID: 35470373 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human Complement Receptor 1 (HuCR1) is a potent membrane-bound regulator of complement both in vitro and in vivo, acting via interaction with its ligands C3b and C4b. Soluble versions of HuCR1 have been described such as TP10, the recombinant full-length extracellular domain, and more recently CSL040, a truncated version lacking the C-terminal long homologous repeat domain D (LHR-D). However, the role of N-linked glycosylation in determining its pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties is only partly understood. We demonstrated a relationship between the asialo-N-glycan levels of CSL040 and its PK/PD properties in rats and non-human primates (NHPs), using recombinant CSL040 preparations with varying asialo-N-glycan levels. The clearance mechanism likely involves the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR), as clearance of CSL040 with a high proportion of asialo-N-glycans was attenuated in vivo by co-administration of rats with asialofetuin, which saturates the ASGR. Biodistribution studies also showed CSL040 localisation to the liver following systemic administration. Our studies uncovered differential PD effects by CSL040 on complement pathways, with extended inhibition in both rats and NHPs of the alternative pathway compared to the classical and lectin pathways that were not correlated with its PK profile. Further studies showed that this effect was dose dependent and observed with both CSL040 and the full-length extracellular domain of HuCR1. Taken together, our data suggests that sialylation optimization is an important consideration for developing HuCR1-based therapeutic candidates such as CSL040 with improved PK properties and shows that CSL040 has superior PK/PD responses compared to full-length soluble HuCR1.
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20
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Le A, Wearing HJ, Li D. Streamlining physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic model design for intravenous delivery of nanoparticle drugs. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2022; 11:409-424. [PMID: 35045205 PMCID: PMC9007599 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling for nanoparticles elucidates the nanoparticle drug’s disposition in the body and serves a vital role in drug development and clinical studies. This paper offers a systematic and tutorial‐like approach to developing a model structure and writing distribution ordinary differential equations based on asking binary questions involving the physicochemical nature of the drug in question. Further, by synthesizing existing knowledge, we summarize pertinent aspects in PBPK modeling and create a guide for building model structure and distribution equations, optimizing nanoparticle and non‐nanoparticle specific parameters, and performing sensitivity analysis and model validation. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate a streamlined model development process for students and practitioners in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh‐Dung Le
- Nanoscience & Microsystems Engineering University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Helen J. Wearing
- Department of Biology Department of Mathematics & Statistics University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Dingsheng Li
- School of Community Health Sciences University of Nevada Reno Nevada USA
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21
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Bai H, Cheng Y, Che J. Pharmacokinetics and Disposition of Heparin-Binding Growth Factor Midkine Antisense Oligonucleotide Nanoliposomes in Experimental Animal Species and Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:769538. [PMID: 34803711 PMCID: PMC8595129 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.769538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsulating the antisense oligonucleotide drug MK-ASODN with nanoliposomes greatly improved its potency and targeting to the heparin-binding growth factor midkine. The disposition and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of MK-ASODN nanoliposomes were studied in monkeys and rats, and the human PK parameters were predicted based on preclinical data using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Following intravenous injection, the drug plasma concentration rapidly declined in a multiexponential manner, and the drug was rapidly transferred to tissues from the circulation. The terminal t1/2 in plasma was clearly longer than that of the unmodified antisense nucleic acid drug. According to the AUC,MK-ASODN nanoliposomes were mainly distributed in the kidney, spleen, and liver. . MK-ASODN nanoliposomes were highly plasma protein bound, limiting their urinary excretion. Very little MK-ASODN nanoliposomes were detected in urine or feces. The plasma disposition of MK-ASODN nanoliposomes appeared nonlinear over the studied dose range of 11.5–46 mg kg−1. The monkey PBPK model of MK-ASODN nanoliposomes was well established and successfully extrapolated to predict MK-ASODN nanoliposome PK in humans. These disposition and PK data support further development in phase I clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Bai
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanguo Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjing Che
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institution of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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22
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Characterization of Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Properties and Prediction of Human PK Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for a Novel Anti-Arrhythmic Agent Sulcardine Sulfate. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1847-1862. [PMID: 34773182 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sulcardine sulfate (Sul) is a novel antiarrhythmic agent with promising pharmacological properties, which is currently being evaluated in several clinical trials as an oral formulation. To meet the medication needs of patients with acute conditions, the injection formulation of Sul has been developed. The objective of this study was to systemically investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of Sul after intravenous infusion. METHODS This research included the plasma protein binding and metabolic stability studies in vitro, plasma pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, excretion studies in animals, and the prediction of the clinical PK of Sul injection using a physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) model. RESULTS The metabolic stability was similarly in dogs and humans but lower in rats. The plasma protein binding rates showed a concentration-dependent manner and species differences. The pharmacokinetic behavior after intravenous administration was linear in rats within the dose range of 30-90 mg/kg, but nonlinear in dogs within 30-60 mg/kg. Sul could be rapidly and widely distributed in multiple tissues after intravenous administration. About 12% of the parent compound were excreted via the urine and only a small fraction via bile and feces,and eight metabolites were found and identified in the rat excretion. The PBPK models were developed and simulated the observed PK date well in both rats and dogs. The PBPK model refined with human data predicted the PK characteristics of the first intravenous infusion of Sul in human. CONCLUSIONS Our study systematically explored the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Sul and successfully developed the PBPK model to predict of its clinical PK.
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23
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Yu Y, Lin J, Muto C, Li Y, Mori Y, Mittapalli RK, Tse S, Liu J, Ge BK, Liu J. Assessment of the Utility of Physiologically-based Pharmacokinetic Model for prediction of Pharmacokinetics in Chinese and Japanese Populations. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3718-3727. [PMID: 34790045 PMCID: PMC8579302 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.65040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective for the present analyses was to evaluate the utility of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling for prediction of the pharmacokinetics (PK) in Chinese and Japanese populations with a panel of Pfizer internal compounds. Twelve compounds from Pfizer internal development pipeline with available Westerner PK data and available PK data in at least one of the subpopulations of Japanese and Chinese populations were identified and included in the current analysis. These selected compounds represent various elimination pathways across different therapeutic areas. The Simcyp® PBPK simulator was used to develop and verify the PBPK models of individual compounds. The developed models for these compounds were verified by using the clinical PK data in Westerners. The verified PBPK models were further used to predict the PK of these compounds in Chinese and Japanese populations and the predicted PK parameters were compared with the observed PK parameters. Ten of the 12 compounds had PK data in Chinese, and all the 12 compounds had PK data in Japanese. In general, the PBPK models performed well in predicting PK in Chinese and Japanese, with 8 of 10 drugs in Chinese and 7 of 12 drugs in Japanese has AAFE values less than 1.25-fold. PBPK-guided predictions of the relative PK difference were successful for 75% and 50%, respectively, between Chinese and Western and between Japanese and Western of the tested drugs using 0.8-1.25 as criteria. In conclusion, well verified PBPK models developed using data from Westerners can be used to predict the PK in Chinese and Japanese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Liu
- Pfizer Investment Co., LTD, China
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24
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Miethke M, Pieroni M, Weber T, Brönstrup M, Hammann P, Halby L, Arimondo PB, Glaser P, Aigle B, Bode HB, Moreira R, Li Y, Luzhetskyy A, Medema MH, Pernodet JL, Stadler M, Tormo JR, Genilloud O, Truman AW, Weissman KJ, Takano E, Sabatini S, Stegmann E, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Wohlleben W, Seemann M, Empting M, Hirsch AKH, Loretz B, Lehr CM, Titz A, Herrmann J, Jaeger T, Alt S, Hesterkamp T, Winterhalter M, Schiefer A, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Graz H, Graz M, Lindvall M, Ramurthy S, Karlén A, van Dongen M, Petkovic H, Keller A, Peyrane F, Donadio S, Fraisse L, Piddock LJV, Gilbert IH, Moser HE, Müller R. Towards the sustainable discovery and development of new antibiotics. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:726-749. [PMID: 37118182 PMCID: PMC8374425 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An ever-increasing demand for novel antimicrobials to treat life-threatening infections caused by the global spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens stands in stark contrast to the current level of investment in their development, particularly in the fields of natural-product-derived and synthetic small molecules. New agents displaying innovative chemistry and modes of action are desperately needed worldwide to tackle the public health menace posed by antimicrobial resistance. Here, our consortium presents a strategic blueprint to substantially improve our ability to discover and develop new antibiotics. We propose both short-term and long-term solutions to overcome the most urgent limitations in the various sectors of research and funding, aiming to bridge the gap between academic, industrial and political stakeholders, and to unite interdisciplinary expertise in order to efficiently fuel the translational pipeline for the benefit of future generations. ![]()
Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing threat to public health and encouraging the development of new antimicrobials is one of the most important ways to address the problem. This Roadmap article aims to bring together industrial, academic and political partners, and proposes both short-term and long-term solutions to this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Miethke
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marco Pieroni
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Tilmann Weber
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Chemical Biology (CBIO), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Hammann
- Infectious Diseases & Natural Product Research at EVOTEC, and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ludovic Halby
- Epigenetic Chemical Biology, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, UMR n°3523, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- Epigenetic Chemical Biology, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, UMR n°3523, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Glaser
- Ecology and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Microbiology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3525, Paris, France
| | | | - Helge B Bode
- Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rui Moreira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yanyan Li
- Unit MCAM, CNRS, National Museum of Natural History (MNHN), Paris, France
| | - Andriy Luzhetskyy
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Luc Pernodet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) & Microbiology Department, University of Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc Stadler
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.,Microbial Drugs (MWIS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Andrew W Truman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kira J Weissman
- Molecular and Structural Enzymology Group, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, Nancy, France
| | - Eriko Takano
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Sabatini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Evi Stegmann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wohlleben
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Microbiology/Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Myriam Seemann
- Institute for Chemistry UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg/CNRS, ITI InnoVec, Strasbourg, France
| | - Martin Empting
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexander Titz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Timo Jaeger
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silke Alt
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Andrea Schiefer
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heather Graz
- Biophys Ltd., Usk, Monmouthshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Graz
- School of Law, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anders Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Hrvoje Petkovic
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreas Keller
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, University Hospital, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Laurent Fraisse
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura J V Piddock
- The Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ian H Gilbert
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Heinz E Moser
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Emeryville, CA USA
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
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Qian L, Ren S, Xu Z, Zheng Y, Wu L, Yang Y, Wang Y, Li J, Yan S, Fang Z. Qian Yang Yu Yin Granule Improves Renal Injury of Hypertension by Regulating Metabolic Reprogramming Mediated by HIF-1α/PKM2 Positive Feedback Loop. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:667433. [PMID: 34168560 PMCID: PMC8218631 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.667433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection against hypoxia injury is an important therapeutic strategy for treating hypertensive nephropathy. In this study, the effects of Qian Yang Yu Yin granule (QYYY) on spontaneously hypertensive rats fed with high salt diet and HEK293T cells exposed to hypoxia were investigated. After eight weeks' treatment of QYYY, blood pressure, serum creatinine, serum cystatin C, blood urea nitrogen, urinary β2-microglobulin, urinary N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, and urinary microalbumin were assessed. The changes of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), glucose transport 1 (GLUT1), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), ATP, lactate, pyruvate, and pathology were also assessed in vivo. HEK293T cells pre-treated with QYYY and/or HIF-1α over expressing cells were cultured in a three gas hypoxic incubator chamber (5% CO2, 1% O2, 94% N2) for 12 h and then the expressions of HIF-1α, PKM2, GLUT1, LDH-A, CTGF, TGF-β1, ATP, lactate, and pyruvate were detected. Our results showed that QYYY promoted the indicators of renal inflammation and fibrosis mediated by HIF-1α/PKM2 positive feedback loop in vivo and vitro. Our findings indicated that QYYY treated hypertensive nephropathy by regulating metabolic reprogramming mediated by HIF-1α/PKM2 positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Qian
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Ren
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongchi Xu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yawei Zheng
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Wu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shihai Yan
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuyuan Fang
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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26
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A hybrid modeling approach for assessing mechanistic models of small molecule partitioning in vivo using a machine learning-integrated modeling platform. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11143. [PMID: 34045592 PMCID: PMC8160209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of the first-in-human dosing regimens is a critical step in drug development and requires accurate quantitation of drug distribution. Traditional in vivo studies used to characterize clinical candidate’s volume of distribution are error-prone, time- and cost-intensive and lack reproducibility in clinical settings. The paper demonstrates how a computational platform integrating machine learning optimization with mechanistic modeling can be used to simulate compound plasma concentration profile and predict tissue-plasma partition coefficients with high accuracy by varying the lipophilicity descriptor logP. The approach applied to chemically diverse small molecules resulted in comparable geometric mean fold-errors of 1.50 and 1.63 in pharmacokinetic outputs for direct tissue:plasma partition and hybrid logP optimization, with the latter enabling prediction of tissue permeation that can be used to guide toxicity and efficacy dosing in human subjects. The optimization simulations required to achieve these results were parallelized on the AWS cloud and generated outputs in under 5 h. Accuracy, speed, and scalability of the framework indicate that it can be used to assess the relevance of other mechanistic relationships implicated in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic phenomena with a lower risk of overfitting datasets and generate large database of physiologically-relevant drug disposition for further integration with machine learning models.
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27
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Inatani S, Mizuno‐Yasuhira A, Kamiya M, Nishino I, Sabia HD, Endo H. Prediction of a clinically effective dose of THY1773, a novel V 1B receptor antagonist, based on preclinical data. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:204-217. [PMID: 33734452 PMCID: PMC8252455 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
THY1773 is a novel arginine vasopressin 1B (V1B ) receptor antagonist that is under development as an oral drug for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we report our strategy to predict a clinically effective dose of THY1773 for MDD in the preclinical stage, and discuss the important insights gained by retrospective analysis of prediction accuracy. To predict human pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, several extrapolation methods from animal or in vitro data to humans were investigated. The fu correction intercept method and two-species-based allometry were used to extrapolate clearance from rats and dogs to humans. The physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK)/receptor occupancy (RO) model was developed by linking free plasma concentration with pituitary V1B RO by the Emax model. As a result, the predicted clinically effective dose of THY1773 associated with 50% V1B RO was low enough (10 mg/day, or at maximum 110 mg/day) to warrant entering phase 1 clinical trials. In the phase 1 single ascending dose study, TS-121 capsule (active ingredient: THY1773) showed favorable PKs for THY1773 as expected, and in the separately conducted phase 1 RO study using positron emission tomography, the observed pituitary V1B RO was comparable to our prediction. Retrospective analysis of the prediction accuracy suggested that the prediction methods considering plasma protein binding, and avoiding having to apply unknown scaling factors obtained in animals to humans, would lead to better prediction. Selecting mechanism-based methods with reasonable assumptions would be critical for the successful prediction of a clinically effective dose in the preclinical stage of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Inatani
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Akiko Mizuno‐Yasuhira
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Makoto Kamiya
- Development HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
- Drug DevelopmentTaisho Pharmaceutical R&D Inc.NJUSA
| | - Izumi Nishino
- Development HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.TokyoJapan
| | | | - Hiromi Endo
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
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28
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Liang X, Lai Y. Overcoming the shortcomings of the extended-clearance concept: a framework for developing a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to select drug candidates involving transporter-mediated clearance. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:869-886. [PMID: 33793347 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1912012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction:Human pharmacokinetic (PK) prediction can be a significant challenge to drug candidates undergoing transporter-mediated clearance, when only animal data and in vitro human parameters are available in the drug discovery stage.Areas covered:The extended clearance concept (ECC) that incorporates the processes of hepatic uptake, passive diffusion, metabolism and biliary secretion has been adapted to determine the rate-determining process of hepatic clearance and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). However, since the ECC is derived from the well-stirred model and does not consider the liver as a drug distribution organ to reflect the time-dependent variation of drug concentrations between the liver and plasma, it can be misused for compound selection in drug discovery.Expert opinion:The PBPK model consists of a set of differential equations of drug mass balance, and can overcome the shortcomings of the ECC in predicting human PK. The predictability, relevance and reliability of the model and the scaling factors for IVIVE must be validated using either the measured liver concentrations or DDI data with known transporter inhibitors, or both, in monkeys. A human PBPK model that incorporates in vitro human data and SFs obtained from the validated monkey PBPK model can be used for compound selection in the drug discovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
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29
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Baldrick P, Reichl A. Nonclinical & clinical interface - extrapolation of nonclinical data to support Phase I clinical studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 121:104869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Zhang H, Wu M, Hu Y, Li C, Zheng W, Liu J, Li X, Zhu X, Ding Y. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of MT-1207, a novel multitarget blocker of α1 receptor, 5-HT2A receptor, and calcium channel, in healthy subjects. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:271-278. [PMID: 33560891 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1887137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MT-1207 is a novel multitarget blocker of α1 receptor, 5-HT2A receptor, and calcium channel that is currently under development for the treatment of hypertension. In this study, we evaluated the tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of MT-1207 in healthy Chinese subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the effects of a single-ascending dose (SAD) of MT-1207 (5-40 mg) and MT-1207 (40 mg) administered in combination with food in 56 healthy subjects. RESULTS No serious adverse events or discontinuations due to adverse events (related to MT-1207) occurred in either study. MT-1207 was rapidly absorbed (median Tmax: 0.5-1.25 h). The mean t1/2 of MT-1207 was approximately 4-7 hours. Systemic exposure (Cmax and AUC) to MT-1207 increased in proportion to dose. Food had little effect on the pharmacokinetics of MT-1207, such as t1/2 and AUC. For 4h-24 h after administration, the blood pressure reduction in the MT-1207 group was higher than that in the placebo group, showing the antihypertensive effect. Blood pressure reduction after MT-1207 administration showed some dose-dependent trend in the 5-20 mg groups. CONCLUSIONS MT-1207 was well tolerated in all subjects. PD measurements demonstrated the antihypertensive effects of MT-1207.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Min Wu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cuiyun Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Wenbo Zheng
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jingrui Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yanhua Ding
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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Hu Y, Zhang H, Wu M, Liu J, Li X, Zhu X, Li C, Chen H, Liu C, Niu J, Ding Y. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TQ-A3334, an oral toll-like receptor 7 agonist in healthy individuals. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:263-269. [PMID: 33405993 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1873275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS TQ-A3334, a selective, oral toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 agonist, is being developed to treat chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of TQ-A3334 in healthy participants. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The effects of a single-ascending dose of TQ-A3334 (0.2-1.8 mg) combined with food (1.2 mg) were evaluated in 48 healthy participants. RESULTS No serious adverse events or discontinuations occurred in the study. The most common adverse reactions were lymphocyte count decreased and headache, which were generally consistent with IFN-α exposure and the mechanism of action of a TLR7 agonist. TQ-A3334 was rapidly absorbed, with a time to maximum plasma concentration of 0.42-0.5 h. Systemic exposure (Cmax and AUC) to TQ-A3334 increased with a slight saturation proportion to dose. Food reduced the exposure of TQ-A3334. The concentrations of MCP-1, ISG-15, MX-1, and OAS-1 were observed to be slightly dose-dependent, ranging from 1.0 to 1.8 mg TQ-A3334. CONCLUSIONS Oral doses of 0.2-1.8 mg appeared to be safe and tolerated. PD activity was seen at doses ranging from 1.0 to 1.8 mg, indicating its possible future use to treat CHB. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial website (http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/index.html # CTR20182248).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Min Wu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jingrui Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cuiyun Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Chengjiao Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yanhua Ding
- Phase I Clinical Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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Egnell AC, Johansson S, Chen C, Berges A. Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation in Drug Development. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Parrish KE, Swanson J, Cheng L, Luk E, Stetsko P, Smalley J, Shu YZ, Huang J, Pabalan JG, Sun Y, Zvyaga T, Cvijic ME, Burke J, Borzilleri R, Murtaza A, Augustine K, Yang Z. Pharmacodynamics-based approach for efficacious human dose projection of BMS-986260, a small molecule transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 inhibitor. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 42:137-149. [PMID: 33354831 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has a wide array of biological effects. For decades, tumor biology implicated TGF-β as an attractive therapeutic target due to its immunosuppressive effects. Toward this end, multiple pharmaceutical companies developed a number of drug modalities that specifically target the TGF-β pathway. BMS-986260 is a small molecule, selective TGF-βR1 kinase inhibitor that was under preclinical development for oncology. In vivo studies across mouse, rat, dog, and monkey and cryopreserved hepatocytes predicted human pharmacokinetics (PK) and distribution of BMS-986260. Efficacy studies of BMS-986260 were undertaken in the MC38 murine colon cancer model, and target engagement, as measured by phosphorylation of SMAD2/3, was assessed in whole blood to predict the clinical efficacious dose. The human clearance is predicted to be low, 4.25 ml/min/kg. BMS-986260 provided a durable and robust antitumor response at 3.75 mg/kg daily and 1.88 mg/kg twice-daily dosing regimens. Phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 was 3.5-fold less potent in human monocytes than other preclinical species. Taken together, the projected clinical efficacious dose was 600 mg QD or 210 mg BID for 3 days followed by a 4-day drug holiday. Mechanism-based cardiovascular findings in the rat ultimately led to the termination of BMS-986260. This study describes the preclinical PK characterization and pharmacodynamics-based efficacious dose projection of a novel small molecule TGF-βR1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Parrish
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jesse Swanson
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lihong Cheng
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Emily Luk
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul Stetsko
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Smalley
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jonathan G Pabalan
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yongnian Sun
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tatyana Zvyaga
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Burke
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert Borzilleri
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anwar Murtaza
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Karen Augustine
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zheng Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Early Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Sou T, Hansen J, Liepinsh E, Backlund M, Ercan O, Grinberga S, Cao S, Giachou P, Petersson A, Tomczak M, Urbas M, Zabicka D, Vingsbo Lundberg C, Hughes D, Hobbie SN, Friberg LE. Model-Informed Drug Development for Antimicrobials: Translational PK and PK/PD Modeling to Predict an Efficacious Human Dose for Apramycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:1063-1073. [PMID: 33150591 PMCID: PMC8048880 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apramycin represents a subclass of aminoglycoside antibiotics that has been shown to evade almost all mechanisms of clinically relevant aminoglycoside resistance. Model-informed drug development may facilitate its transition from preclinical to clinical phase. This study explored the potential of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling to maximize the use of in vitro time-kill and in vivo preclinical data for prediction of a human efficacious dose (HED) for apramycin. PK model parameters of apramycin from four different species (mouse, rat, guinea pig, and dog) were allometrically scaled to humans. A semimechanistic PK/PD model was developed from the rich in vitro data on four Escherichia coli strains and subsequently the sparse in vivo efficacy data on the same strains were integrated. An efficacious human dose was predicted from the PK/PD model and compared with the classical PK/PD index methodology and the aminoglycoside dose similarity. One-compartment models described the PK data and human values for clearance and volume of distribution were predicted to 7.07 L/hour and 26.8 L, respectively. The required fAUC/MIC (area under the unbound drug concentration-time curve over MIC ratio) targets for stasis and 1-log kill in the thigh model were 34.5 and 76.2, respectively. The developed PK/PD model predicted the efficacy data well with strain-specific differences in susceptibility, maximum bacterial load, and resistance development. All three dose prediction approaches supported an apramycin daily dose of 30 mg/kg for a typical adult patient. The results indicate that the mechanistic PK/PD modeling approach can be suitable for HED prediction and serves to efficiently integrate all available efficacy data with potential to improve predictive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Sou
- Pharmacometrics, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Hansen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Maria Backlund
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Onur Ercan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sha Cao
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paraskevi Giachou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Petersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Tomczak
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Urbas
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Zabicka
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Diarmaid Hughes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven N Hobbie
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lena E Friberg
- Pharmacometrics, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sou T, Bergström CAS. Contemporary Formulation Development for Inhaled Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:66-86. [PMID: 32916138 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery has gained increased interests over the past few decades. For respiratory conditions, targeted drug delivery directly to the site of action can achieve a high local concentration for efficacy with reduced systemic exposure and adverse effects. For systemic conditions, the unique physiology of the lung evolutionarily designed for rapid gaseous exchange presents an entry route for systemic drug delivery. Although the development of inhaled formulations has come a long way over the last few decades, many aspects of it remain to be elucidated. In particular, a reliable and well-understood method for in vitro-in vivo correlations remains to be established. With the rapid and ongoing advancement of technology, there is much potential to better utilise computational methods including different types of modelling and simulation approaches to support inhaled formulation development. This review intends to provide an introduction on some fundamental concepts in pulmonary drug delivery and inhaled formulation development followed by discussions on some challenges and opportunities in the translation of inhaled pharmaceuticals from preclinical studies to clinical development. The review concludes with some recent advancements in modelling and simulation approaches that could play an increasingly important role in modern formulation development of inhaled pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Sou
- Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Pharmacometrics, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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36
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Gao GF, Thurn M, Wendt B, Parnham MJ, Wacker MG. A sensitive in vitro performance assay reveals the in vivo drug release mechanisms of long-acting medroxyprogesterone acetate microparticles. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119540. [PMID: 32590096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Today, a growing number of subcutaneously administered depot formulations enable continuous delivery of poorly soluble compounds over a longer time period. The modified liberation is considered to be a rate-limiting step in drug absorption and thus impacts therapeutic efficacy and product safety. In the present approach, a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic model of the commercial microparticle formulation depo-subQ provera 104™ (Sauter mean diameter of 5.08 ± 1.63 µm) was established. The model was verified using human pharmacokinetic data from three different clinical trials. Further, the effects of drug release, injection site and patient population on the pharmacokinetic profile were investigated. For this purpose, the drug release was assessed using the novel dispersion releaser technology, whereby a biorelevant medium reflecting major characteristics of the subcutaneous tissue (including ion background, buffer capacity and protein concentration) was used. The established model provided an effective prediction of the key pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Tmax and AUCall. Only in presence of 55% of fetal bovine serum (using a novel simulated subcutaneous interstitial fluid), the release assay was capable to discriminate between microparticles before and after storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Fiona Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Manuela Thurn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Bernd Wendt
- Certara Germany GmbH, Charlottenstr. 16, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- National University of Singapore, Department of Pharmacy, Science Drive 4, 117559 Singapore, Singapore.
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Sun D. Remdesivir for Treatment of COVID-19: Combination of Pulmonary and IV Administration May Offer Aditional Benefit. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:77. [PMID: 32458279 PMCID: PMC7250281 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Remdesivir is one of the most promising drugs to treat COVID-19 based on the following facts: remdesivir has a broad-spectrum antiviral mechanism of action; it demonstrated in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 and in vivo efficacy in animal models against the similar coronavirus MERS-CoV; its safety profile has been tested in Ebola patients and in compassionate use in COVID-19 patients. Currently, remdesivir is being investigated in ten randomized controlled trials against COVID-19. The dose regimen of remdesivir is an IV loading dose of 200 mg on day 1 followed by daily IV maintenance doses of 100 mg for 5-9 days. Based on our data analysis, however, remdesivir with IV administration alone is unlikely to achieve excellent clinical efficacy. This analysis is based on the following observations: plasma exposures of remdesivir and its active metabolite are unlikely to be correlated with its clinical efficacy; remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Even if remdesivir demonstrates benefits in the current randomized controlled trials, its efficacy may be limited. We suggest that a combination of an IV and pulmonary delivery dose regimen should be studied immediately to realize a potentially more effective antiviral therapy against COVID-19. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
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Rong R, Wang X, Dan Y, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Yu Z. Determination of protein binding for novel 2‐(2‐hydroxypropanamido)‐5‐trifluoromethyl benzoic acid enantiomers to rats, dogs, and humans plasma by UPLC‐MS/MS. Chirality 2020; 32:524-534. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Rong
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Yuhan Dan
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Ruizhen Zhang
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang Liaoning Province China
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Joseph JF, Gronbach L, García-Miller J, Cruz LM, Wuest B, Keilholz U, Zoschke C, Parr MK. Automated Real-Time Tumor Pharmacokinetic Profiling in 3D Models: A Novel Approach for Personalized Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E413. [PMID: 32366029 PMCID: PMC7284432 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment often lacks individual dose adaptation, contributing to insufficient efficacy and severe side effects. Thus, personalized approaches are highly desired. Although various analytical techniques are established to determine drug levels in preclinical models, they are limited in the automated real-time acquisition of pharmacokinetic profiles. Therefore, an online UHPLC-MS/MS system for quantitation of drug concentrations within 3D tumor oral mucosa models was generated. The integration of sampling ports into the 3D tumor models and their culture inside the autosampler allowed for real-time pharmacokinetic profiling without additional sample preparation. Docetaxel quantitation was validated according to EMA guidelines. The tumor models recapitulated the morphology of head-and-neck cancer and the dose-dependent tumor reduction following docetaxel treatment. The administration of four different docetaxel concentrations resulted in comparable courses of concentration versus time curves for 96 h. In conclusion, this proof-of-concept study demonstrated the feasibility of real-time monitoring of drug levels in 3D tumor models without any sample preparation. The inclusion of patient-derived tumor cells into our models may further optimize the pharmacotherapy of cancer patients by efficiently delivering personalized data of the target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F. Joseph
- Core Facility BioSupraMol, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Leonie Gronbach
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (L.G.); (J.G.-M.); (L.M.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jill García-Miller
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (L.G.); (J.G.-M.); (L.M.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Leticia M. Cruz
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (L.G.); (J.G.-M.); (L.M.C.); (C.Z.)
| | | | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (L.G.); (J.G.-M.); (L.M.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Maria K. Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry), 14195 Berlin, Germany
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A Phase I Study on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of DJT1116PG, a Novel Selective Inhibitor of Sodium-glucose Cotransporter Type 2, in Healthy Individuals at Steady State. Clin Ther 2020; 42:892-905.e3. [PMID: 32265061 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE DJT1116PG, which selectively inhibits renal glucose reabsorption by inhibiting sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2, was developed as an insulin-independent treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. This Phase I trial evaluated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of DJT1116PG at steady state in healthy Chinese individuals. METHODS This was a multiple ascending dose study of DJT1116PG (20, 50, and 100 mg once daily for 7 days) that included 36 healthy individuals. FINDINGS There were no serious adverse events or deaths in these studies, and no adverse event led to study discontinuation. Oral DJT1116PG was rapidly absorbed with a Tmax of 0.75-1.5 h and a t½ of 12-16.2 h. Systemic exposure (Cmax and AUC) of DJT1116PG and its inactive metabolites (T1444, T1454, and T1830) increased in a dose-dependent manner. Urinary glucose excretion (UGE) plateaued at 50 mg of DJT1116PG in a previous single ascending dose study and on day 1 of this study. UGE plateaued at 20 mg of DJT1116PG on day 7 of this study. Serum glucose parameters were similar in individuals who received DJT1116PG or placebo. IMPLICATIONS DJT1116PG was well tolerated in healthy Chinese individuals. At steady state, UGE plateaued at 20 mg of DJT1116PG in these individuals. These findings will inform the selection of doses for further early-stage clinical trials of DJT1116PG. Chinese Drug Trial Identifier: CTR20160986.
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Zhang JD, Sach-Peltason L, Kramer C, Wang K, Ebeling M. Multiscale modelling of drug mechanism and safety. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:519-534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhang H, Zhu X, Li X, Chen H, Wu M, Li C, Liu J, Liu C, Zhang Y, Ding Y. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rongliflozin, a novel selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2, in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:191-202. [PMID: 31588657 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of rongliflozin in a cohort of healthy Chinese people and people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the effects of a single ascending dose (SAD) of rongliflozin (10-200 mg) in combination with food (20 mg) in 50 healthy people, and a multiple ascending dose (MAD) of rongliflozin (10-50 mg once daily for 12 days) in 36 people with T2DM. RESULTS No serious adverse events (AEs) or discontinuations as a result of AEs (related to rongliflozin) occurred in either study. In healthy participants and those with T2DM, rongliflozin was rapidly absorbed, with a time to maximum plasma concentration of 0.63 to 1.75 hours. Systemic exposure (maximum observed serum concentration and area under the curve) to rongliflozin and its inactive major metabolites (T1444, T1454 and T1830) increased in proportion to dose. In the SAD and MAD studies, there was a dose-related increase in urinary glucose excretion (UGE) ranging from 10 to 50 mg rongliflozin. This increase in UGE was associated with dose-related decreases in serum glucose values in people with T2DM in the MAD group. In the SAD group, UGE plateaued at 50 to 200 mg. CONCLUSIONS Rongliflozin was well tolerated in all participants. The PK and PD measurements obtained for rongliflozin demonstrate a dose-response relationship when the drug is administered at doses ranging from 10 to 50 mg in healthy people and in people with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Research Centre, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhu
- Phase I Clinical Research Centre, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Centre, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Phase I Clinical Research Centre, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Min Wu
- Phase I Clinical Research Centre, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cuiyun Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Centre, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jingrui Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Centre, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Chengjiao Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Centre, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development, HEC R&D Centre, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Ding
- Phase I Clinical Research Centre, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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Patel D, Yang W, Lipert M, Wu T. Application and Impact of Human Dose Projection from Discovery to Early Drug Development. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:44. [PMID: 31897807 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1598-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The application and impact of human dose projection (HDP) has been well recognized in the late drug development phase, with increasing appreciation earlier during discovery and early development. This commentary describes the perspective of pharmaceutical scientists on the evolving application and impact of HDP at various phases from discovery to early development, including lead generation, lead optimization, lead up to candidate nomination, and early drug development. The underlying fundamental concepts and key input parameters for HDP are briefly discussed. A broad overview of phase-specific tools and approaches commonly utilized for human dose projection in the pharmaceutical industry is provided. A discussion of phase-appropriate implementation strategies, associated limitations/assumptions and continuous refinement for HDP from discovery to early development is presented. The authors describe the phase-specific applications of human dose projection to facilitate key assessments and relative impact on decision points.
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Lucas AJ, Sproston JL, Barton P, Riley RJ. Estimating human ADME properties, pharmacokinetic parameters and likely clinical dose in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1313-1327. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1660642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Lucas
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, UK
| | | | - Patrick Barton
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Evotec, Abingdon, UK
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Wang Z, Guo J, Sun J, Liang P, Wei Y, Deng X, Gao W. Thermoresponsive and Protease-Cleavable Interferon-Polypeptide Conjugates with Spatiotemporally Programmed Two-Step Release Kinetics for Tumor Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900586. [PMID: 31453069 PMCID: PMC6702759 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugates show improved pharmacokinetics but reduced bioactivity and tumor penetration as compared to native proteins, resulting in limited antitumor efficacy. To address this dilemma, genetic engineering of a body temperature-responsive and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-cleavable conjugate of interferon alpha (IFNα) and elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) is reported with spatiotemporally programmed two-step release kinetics for tumor therapy. Notably, the conjugate could phase separate to form a depot postsubcutaneous injection, leading to 1-month zero-order release kinetics. Furthermore, it could selectively be cleaved by MMPs that are overexpressed in tumors to release IFNα from ELP and thus to recover the bioactivity of IFNα. Consequently, it exhibits dramatically enhanced tumor accumulation, tumor penetration, and antitumor efficacy as compared to free IFNα in two mouse models of melanoma and ovarian tumor. These findings may provide an intelligent technology of thermoresponsive and protease-cleavable protein-polymer conjugates with spatiotemporally programmed two-step release kinetics for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Guo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Sun
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of NeurosurgeryBeijing Tsinghua Changgung HospitalSchool of Clinical MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing102218P. R. China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Geriatric DentistryBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijing100081P.R. China
| | - Xuliang Deng
- Department of Geriatric DentistryBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijing100081P. R. China
- Biomedical Engineering DepartmentPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Weiping Gao
- Department of Geriatric DentistryBeijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijing100081P. R. China
- Biomedical Engineering DepartmentPeking UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
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Choi S, Han S, Jeon S, Yim DS. Quantitative Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of CKD519, a Potent Inhibitor of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP). Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11070336. [PMID: 31311144 PMCID: PMC6680430 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CKD519, a selective inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein(CETP), is undergoing development as an oral agent for the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed hyperlipidemia. The aim of this study was to predict the appropriate efficacious dose of CKD519 for humans in terms of the inhibition of CETP activity by developing a CKD519 pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model based on data from preclinical studies. CKD519 was intravenously and orally administered to hamsters, rats, and monkeys for PK assessment. Animal PK models of all dose levels in each species were developed using mixed effect modeling analysis for exploration, and an interspecies model where allometric scaling was applied was developed based on the integrated animal PK data to predict the human PK profile. PD parameters and profile were predicted using in vitro potency and same-in-class drug information. The two-compartment first-order elimination model with Weibull-type absorption and bioavailability following the sigmoid Emax model was selected as the final PK model. The PK/PD model was developed by linking the interspecies PK model with the Emax model of the same-in-class drug. The predicted PK/PD profile and parameters were used to simulate the human PK/PD profiles for different dose levels, and based on the simulation result, the appropriate efficacious dose was estimated as 25 mg in a 60 kg human. However, there were some discrepancies between the predicted and observed human PK/PD profiles compared to the phase I clinical data. The huge difference between the observed and predicted bioavailability suggests that there is a hurdle in predicting the absorption parameter only from animal PK data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suein Choi
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Han
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Q-fitter, Inc., Seoul 06199, Korea
| | | | - Dong-Seok Yim
- PIPET (Pharmacometrics Institute for Practical Education and Training), College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
- Q-fitter, Inc., Seoul 06199, Korea.
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47
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Li C, Zhang C, Deng R, Leipold D, Li D, Latifi B, Gao Y, Zhang C, Li Z, Miles D, Chen SC, Samineni D, Wang B, Agarwal P, Lu D, Prabhu S, Girish S, Kamath AV. Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics of Antibody-Drug Conjugates From Nonclinical Data. Clin Transl Sci 2019; 12:534-544. [PMID: 31115997 PMCID: PMC6742937 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of human pharmacokinetics (PK) based on preclinical information for antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) provide important insight into first‐in‐human (FIH) study design. This retrospective analysis was conducted to identify an appropriate scaling method to predict human PK for ADCs from animal PK data in the linear range. Different methods for projecting human clearance (CL) from animal PK data for 11 ADCs exhibiting linear PK over the tested dose ranges were examined: multiple species allometric scaling (CL vs. body weight), allometric scaling with correction factors, allometric scaling based on rule of exponent, and scaling from only cynomolgus monkey PK data. Two analytes of interest for ADCs, namely total antibody and conjugate (measured as conjugated drug or conjugated antibody), were assessed. Percentage prediction errors (PEs) and residual sum of squares (RSS) were compared across methods. Human CL was best estimated using cynomolgus monkey PK data alone and an allometric scaling exponent of 1.0 for CL. This was consistently observed for both conjugate and total antibody analytes. Other scaling methods either underestimated or overestimated human CL, or produced larger average absolute PEs and RSS. Human concentration‐time profiles were also reasonably predicted from the cynomolgus monkey data using species‐invariant time method with a fixed exponent of 1.0 for CL and 1.0 for volume of distribution. In conclusion, results from this retrospective analysis of 11 ADCs indicate that allometric scaling of CL with an exponent of 1.0 using cynomolgus monkey PK data alone can successfully project human PK profiles of an ADC within linear range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunze Li
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cindy Zhang
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rong Deng
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Dongwei Li
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Yuying Gao
- Certara USA, Inc., Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Crystal Zhang
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zao Li
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dale Miles
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Bei Wang
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Priya Agarwal
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dan Lu
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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48
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Basit A, Radi Z, Vaidya VS, Karasu M, Prasad B. Kidney Cortical Transporter Expression across Species Using Quantitative Proteomics. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:802-808. [PMID: 31123036 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.086579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited understanding of species differences in kidney transporters is a critical knowledge gap for prediction of drug-induced acute kidney injury, drug interaction, and pharmacokinetics in humans. Here, we report protein abundance data of 19 transporters in the kidney cortex across five species (human, monkey, dog, rat, and mouse). In general, the abundance of all of the 19 membrane transporters was higher in preclinical species compared with human except for multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), organic cation transporter (OCT) 3, and OCTN1. In nonhuman primate, the total abundance of 12 transporters for which absolute data were available was 2.1-fold higher (P = 0.025) relative to human but the percentage of distribution of these transporters was identical in both species. Multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 4, OCTN2, organic anion transporter (OAT) 2, sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase, MRP3, SGLT2, OAT1, MRP1, MDR1, and OCT2 were expressed differently with cross-species variabilities of 8.2-, 7.4-, 6.1-, 5.9-, 5.4-, 5.2-, 4.1-, 3.3-, and 2.8-fold, respectively. Sex differences were only significant in rodents and dog. High protein-protein correlation was observed in OAT1 versus MRP2/MRP4 as well as OCT2 versus MATE1 in human and monkey. The cross-species and sex-dependent protein abundance data are important for animal to human scaling of drug clearance as well as for mechanistic understanding of kidney physiology and derisking of kidney toxicity for new therapeutic candidates in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.B., M.K., B.P.); and Pfizer Worldwide Research Development, Drug Safety Research Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Z.R., V.S.V.)
| | - Zaher Radi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.B., M.K., B.P.); and Pfizer Worldwide Research Development, Drug Safety Research Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Z.R., V.S.V.)
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.B., M.K., B.P.); and Pfizer Worldwide Research Development, Drug Safety Research Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Z.R., V.S.V.)
| | - Matthew Karasu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.B., M.K., B.P.); and Pfizer Worldwide Research Development, Drug Safety Research Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Z.R., V.S.V.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.B., M.K., B.P.); and Pfizer Worldwide Research Development, Drug Safety Research Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Z.R., V.S.V.)
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49
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Srinivas N, Joseph SB, Robertson K, Kincer LP, Menezes P, Adamson L, Schauer AP, Blake KH, White N, Sykes C, Luciw P, Eron JJ, Forrest A, Price RW, Spudich S, Swanstrom R, Kashuba AD. Predicting Efavirenz Concentrations in the Brain Tissue of HIV-Infected Individuals and Exploring their Relationship to Neurocognitive Impairment. Clin Transl Sci 2019; 12:302-311. [PMID: 30675981 PMCID: PMC6510381 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sparse data exist on the penetration of antiretrovirals into brain tissue. In this work, we present a framework to use efavirenz (EFV) pharmacokinetic (PK) data in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue of eight rhesus macaques to predict brain tissue concentrations in HIV-infected individuals. We then perform exposure-response analysis with the model-predicted EFV area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and neurocognitive scores collected from a group of 24 HIV-infected participants. Adult rhesus macaques were dosed daily with 200 mg EFV (as part of a four-drug regimen) for 10 days. Plasma was collected at 8 time points over 10 days and at necropsy, whereas CSF and brain tissue were collected at necropsy. In the clinical study, data were obtained from one paired plasma and CSF sample of participants prescribed EFV, and neuropsychological test evaluations were administered across 15 domains. PK modeling was performed using ADAPT version 5.0 Biomedical Simulation Resource, Los Angeles, CA) with the iterative two-stage estimation method. An eight-compartment model best described EFV distribution across the plasma, CSF, and brain tissue of rhesus macaques and humans. Model-predicted median brain tissue concentrations in humans were 31 and 8,000 ng/mL, respectively. Model-predicted brain tissue AUC was highly correlated with plasma AUC (γ = 0.99, P < 0.001) but not CSF AUC (γ = 0.34, P = 0.1) and did not show any relationship with neurocognitive scores (γ < 0.05, P > 0.05). This analysis provides an approach to estimate PK the brain tissue in order to perform PK/pharmacodynamic analyses at the target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Srinivas
- Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- Present address:
Incyte CorporationWilmingtonDelawareUSA
| | - Sarah Beth Joseph
- School of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kevin Robertson
- School of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Laura P. Kincer
- School of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Prema Menezes
- School of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Lourdes Adamson
- School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amanda P. Schauer
- Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kimberly H. Blake
- Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nicole White
- Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Craig Sykes
- Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Paul Luciw
- School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- School of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Richard W. Price
- Department of NeurologySchool of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Serena Spudich
- Department of NeurologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- School of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Angela D.M. Kashuba
- Eshelman School of PharmacyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
- School of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
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50
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Naritomi Y, Sanoh S, Ohta S. Utility of Chimeric Mice with Humanized Liver for Predicting Human Pharmacokinetics in Drug Discovery: Comparison with in Vitro– in Vivo Extrapolation and Allometric Scaling. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:327-336. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Naritomi
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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