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Wdowiak K, Tajber L, Miklaszewski A, Cielecka-Piontek J. Sweeteners Show a Plasticizing Effect on PVP K30-A Solution for the Hot-Melt Extrusion of Fixed-Dose Amorphous Curcumin-Hesperetin Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:659. [PMID: 38794322 PMCID: PMC11124940 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The co-administration of curcumin and hesperetin might be beneficial in terms of neuroprotective activity; therefore, in this study, we attempted to develop a fixed-dose formulation comprising these two compounds in an amorphous state. The aim of obtaining an amorphous state was to overcome the limitations of the low solubility of the active compounds. First, we assessed the possibility of using popular sweeteners (erythritol, xylitol, and sorbitol) as plasticizers to reduce the glass transition temperature of PVP K30 to prepare the polymer-excipient blends, which allowed the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions via hot-melt extrusion at a temperature below the original glass transition of PVP K30. Erythritol proved to be the superior plasticizer. Then, we focused on the development of fixed-dose amorphous solid dispersions of curcumin and hesperetin. Powder X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis confirmed the amorphous character of dispersions, whereas infrared spectroscopy helped to assess the presence of intermolecular interactions. The amorphous state of the produced dispersions was maintained for 6 months, as shown in a stability study. Pharmaceutical parameters such as dissolution rate, solubility, and in vitro permeability through artificial membranes were evaluated. The best improvement in these features was noted for the dispersion, which contained 15% of the total content of the active compounds with erythritol used as the plasticizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Wdowiak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Lidia Tajber
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Andrzej Miklaszewski
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawla II 24, 61-138 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
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Fine-Shamir N, Dahan A. Ethanol-based solubility-enabling oral drug formulation development: Accounting for the solubility-permeability interplay. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123893. [PMID: 38346600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the current work was to investigate the key factors that govern the success/failure of an ethanol-based solubility-enabling oral drug formulation, including the effects of the ethanol on the solubility of the drug, the permeability across the intestinal membrane, the drug's dissolution in the aqueous milieu of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and the resulting solubility-permeability interplay. The concentration-dependent effects of ethanol-based vehicles on the solubility, the in-vitro Caco-2 permeability, the in-vivo rat permeability, and the biorelevant dissolution of the BCS class II antiepileptic drug carbamazepine were studied, and a predictive model describing the solubility-permeability relationship was developed. Significant concentration-dependent solubility increase of CBZ was obtained with increasing ethanol levels, that was accompanied by permeability decrease, both in Caco-2 and in rat perfusion studies, demonstrating a tradeoff between the increased solubility afforded by the ethanol and a concomitant permeability decrease. When ethanol absorption was accounted for, an excellent agreement was achieved between the predicted permeability and the experimental data. Biorelevant dissolution studies revealed that minimal ethanol levels of 30 % and 50 % were needed to fully dissolve 1 and 5 mg CBZ dose respectively, with no drug precipitation.In conclusion, key factors to be accounted for when developing ethanol-based formulation include the drug's solubility, permeability, the solubility-permeability interplay, and the drug dose intended to be delivered. Only the minimal amount of ethanol sufficient to solubilize the drug dose throughout the GIT should be used, and not more than that, to avoid unnecessarily permeability loss, and to maximize overall drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Fine-Shamir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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Toukabri I, Bahri S, Sfar S, Lassoued MA. Impact of crystal polymorphism of rifaximin on dissolution behavior. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27131. [PMID: 38449665 PMCID: PMC10915558 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rifaximin is an intestinal antiseptic which has five (pseudo) polymorphs α, β, γ, δ and ε. These last (pseudo)polymorphs have different physicochemical properties. The objective of the study is to assess the impact of rifaximin polymorphism on its dissolution rate which could affect its bioavailability. Material and methods The analytical validation of dissolution assay method by UV-Visible spectrophotometry was carried out according to ICH Q2. The physicochemical characterization (solubility test, FTIR, DSC, XRD) was carried out on four active pharmaceutical ingredient (MP1, MP2, MP3, MP4). MP1 and MP2 were used by the manufacturer of generic brand 1 (G1) and MP3 and MP4 were used by the manufacturer of generic brand 2 (G2). The comparative in-vitro dissolution study was carried out on the leader brand (P), G1 and G2. Results The four MPs were analyzed by XRD. The results of analysis showed that MP1 and MP4 were a mixture of α form and amorphous form. MP2 had an amorphous form and MP3 had a crystalline form β. The spectra of FTIR showed that the four MP had characteristics bands of rifaximin in the domain 4000-400 cm-1. The differences between the spectra of the four MPs were observed among the amorphous form (MP2), around the region 1800 to 1820 cm-1 which is attributed to the vibration of the CO group. An additional difference observed among the amorphous form (MP2) is around the region 1400 cm-1 which is attributed to the banding OH. The thermograms of MP1, MP2 and MP4 showed endothermic peaks which are probably attributed to the departure of water which indicate that MP1, MP2 and MP4 are pseudopolymoph (hydrate). For the four MPs, probably the melting points are interrupted by the phenomenon of phase transformations (Crystallization) which are reflected by exothermic peaks around 200°C-250 °C.Our results showed that the crystalline polymorphism of rifaximin influences its solubility. According to the results of the solubility test, the β crystal form of rifaximin (MP3) had the lowest solubility (3.47 μg/ml). MP2 had the highest solubility (8.35 μg/ml) and MP1 and MP4 had intermediate solubilities (5.47 μg/ml and 6.74 μg/ml). Comparative in vitro dissolution results showed that the dissolution profile of P was not similar to that of G1 and G2 (% dissolution (P)30min = 60%; % dissolution (G1) 30 min = 100% and % dissolution (G2) 30 min = 115%; f1(P versus G1) = 44; f1(P versus G2) = 61) in M1, while G1 and G2 had comparatively similar dissolution profiles (% dissolution (G1) 30 min = 100%; % dissolution (G1) 30 min = 110%; f1 (G1 versus G2) = 14) in M1. Conclusion This study highlighted the impact of rifaximin polymorphism on its physico-chemical properties (crystal structure, thermal behavior, solubility) and on its dissolution behavior which could affect the rifaximin bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Toukabri
- Laboratory of Chemical, Galenic and Pharmacological Development of Medicines (LR12ES09), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Senda Bahri
- Laboratory of Chemical, Galenic and Pharmacological Development of Medicines (LR12ES09), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Souad Sfar
- Laboratory of Chemical, Galenic and Pharmacological Development of Medicines (LR12ES09), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ali Lassoued
- Laboratory of Chemical, Galenic and Pharmacological Development of Medicines (LR12ES09), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Bapat P, Paul S, Tseng YC, Taylor LS. Interplay of Drug-Polymer Interactions and Release Performance for HPMCAS-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1466-1478. [PMID: 38346390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The interplay between drug and polymer chemistry and its impact on drug release from an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a relatively underexplored area. Herein, the release rates of several drugs of diverse chemistry from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS)-based ASDs were explored using surface area normalized dissolution. The tendency of the drug to form an insoluble complex with HPMCAS was determined through coprecipitation experiments. The role of pH and the extent of drug ionization were probed to evaluate the role of electrostatic interactions in complex formation. Relationships between the extent of complexation and the drug release rate from an ASD were observed, whereby the drugs could be divided into two groups. Drugs with a low extent of insoluble complex formation with HPMCAS tended to be neutral or anionic and showed reasonable release at pH 6.8 even at higher drug loadings. Cationic drugs formed insoluble complexes with HPMCAS and showed poor release when formulated as an ASD. Thus, and somewhat counterintuitively, a weakly basic drug showed a reduced release rate from an ASD at a bulk solution pH where it was ionized, relative to when unionized. The opposite trend was observed in the absence of polymer for the neat amorphous drug. In conclusion, electrostatic interactions between HPMCAS and lipophilic cationic drugs led to insoluble complex formation, which in turn resulted in ASDs with poor release performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya Bapat
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shubhajit Paul
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Yin-Chao Tseng
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Fine-Shamir N, Dahan A. Solubility-enabling formulations for oral delivery of lipophilic drugs: considering the solubility-permeability interplay for accelerated formulation development. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:13-29. [PMID: 38124383 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2298247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tackling low water solubility of drug candidates is a major challenge in today's pharmaceutics/biopharmaceutics, especially by means of modern solubility-enabling formulations. However, drug absorption from these formulations oftentimes remains unchanged or even decreases, despite substantial solubility enhancement. AREAS COVERED In this article, we overview the simultaneous effects of the formulation on the solubility and the apparent permeability of the drug, and analyze the contribution of this solubility-permeability interplay to the success/failure of the formulation to increase the overall absorption and bioavailability. Three different patterns of interplay were identified: (1) solubility-permeability tradeoff in which every solubility gain comes with a price of concomitant permeability loss; (2) an advantageous interplay pattern in which the permeability remains unchanged alongside the solubility gain; and (3) an optimal interplay pattern in which the formulation increases both the solubility and the permeability. Passive vs. active intestinal permeability considerations in the context of the solubility-permeability interplay are also thoroughly discussed. EXPERT OPINION The solubility-permeability interplay pattern of a given formulation has a critical effect on its overall success/failure, and hence, taking into account both parameters in solubility-enabling formulation development is prudent and highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Fine-Shamir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Bapat P, Paul S, Thakral NK, Tseng YC, Taylor LS. Does Media Choice Matter When Evaluating the Performance of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersions? Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5714-5727. [PMID: 37751517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) is a weakly acidic polymer that is widely used in the formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). While the pH-dependent solubility of HPMCAS is widely recognized, the role of other solution properties, including buffer capacity, is less well understood in the context of ASD dissolution. The goal of this study was to elucidate the rate-limiting steps for drug and HPMCAS release from ASDs formulated with two poorly water soluble model drugs, indomethacin and indomethacin methyl ester. The surface area normalized release rate of the drug and/or polymer in a variety of media was determined. The HPMCAS gel layer apparent pH was determined by incorporating pH sensitive dyes into the polymer matrix. Water uptake extent and rate into the ASDs were measured gravimetrically. For neat HPMCAS, the rate-limiting step for polymer dissolution was observed to be the polymer solubility at the polymer-solution interface. This, in turn, was impacted by the gel layer pH which was found to be substantially lower than the bulk solution pH, varying with medium buffer capacity. For the ASDs, the HPMCAS release rate was found to control the drug release rate. However, both drugs reduced the polymer release rate with indomethacin methyl ester having a larger impact. In low buffer capacity media, the presence of the drug had less impact on release rates when compared to observations in higher strength buffers, suggesting changes in the rate-limiting steps for HPMCAS dissolution. The observations made in this study can contribute to the fundamental understanding of acidic polymer dissolution in the presence and absence of a molecularly dispersed lipophilic drug and will help aid in the design of more in vivo relevant release testing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradnya Bapat
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shubhajit Paul
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Naveen K Thakral
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Yin-Chao Tseng
- Material and Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Ifrah S, Dahan A, Debotton N. Towards Effective Antiviral Oral Therapy: Development of a Novel Self-Double Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Improved Zanamivir Intestinal Permeability. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2518. [PMID: 37896277 PMCID: PMC10610354 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-double emulsifying drug delivery systems have the potential to enhance the intestinal permeability of drugs classified under the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class III. One such example is the antiviral agent zanamivir, exhibiting suboptimal oral absorption (with a bioavailability range of 1-5%). To address this challenge, we have developed an innovative oral formulation for zanamivir: a self-double nanoemulsifying Winsor delivery system (SDNE-WDS) consisting of the microemulsion, which subsequently yields final double nanoemulsion (W1/O/W2) upon interaction with water. Two distinct formulations were prepared: SDNE-WDS1, classified as a W/O microemulsion, and SDNE-WDS2, discovered to be a bicontinuous microemulsion. The inner microemulsions displayed a consistent radius of gyration, with an average size of 35.1 ± 2.1 nm. Following self-emulsification, the resultant zanamivir-loaded nanoemulsion droplets for zSDNE-WDS1 and zSDNE-WDS2 measured 542.1 ± 36.1 and 174.4 ± 3.4 nm, respectively. Both types of emulsions demonstrated the ability to enhance the transport of zanamivir across a parallel artificial membrane. Additionally, in situ rat intestinal perfusion studies involving drug-loaded SDNE-WDSs revealed a significantly increased permeability of zanamivir through the small intestinal wall. Notably, both SDNE-WDS formulations exhibited effective permeability (Peff) values that were 3.5-5.5-fold higher than those of the low/high permeability boundary marker metoprolol. This research emphasizes the success of SDNE-WDSs in overcoming intestinal permeability barriers and enabling the effective oral administration of zanamivir. These findings hold promise for advancing the development of efficacious oral administration of BCS class III drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapir Ifrah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | - Nir Debotton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Ramat-Gan 52526, Israel
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Andrews GP, Qian K, Jacobs E, Jones DS, Tian Y. High drug loading nanosized amorphous solid dispersion (NASD) with enhanced in vitro solubility and permeability: Benchmarking conventional ASD. Int J Pharm 2023; 632:122551. [PMID: 36581107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), it is possible to generate drug-rich nanoparticles during the dissolution of conventional amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). These self-generated nanoparticles may improve the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs by enhancing the drug's apparent solubility and effective membrane permeability. However, due to the high concentration threshold required for LLPS, conventional ASDs that can consistently generate drug-rich nanoparticles during dissolution are rare. More importantly, the quality of these meta-stable drug-rich nanoparticles is hard to control during dissolution, leading to inconsistency in formulation performances. This work has described a continuous twin-screw extrusion process capable of producing nanosized ASD (NASD) formulations that can offer better solubility and permeability enhancements over conventional ASD formulations. Two polymeric carriers, polyvinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate (PVPVA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), with a model hydrophobic drug celecoxib (BCS II), were formulated into both ASD and NASD formulations. Compared to the conventional ASD formulation, the prefabricated NASD (sizes ranging between 40 and 200 nm) embedded within a polyol matrix can be rapidly dispersed into a nanoparticle suspension in the presence of aqueous media. The resulting NASDs achieved drug loadings up to 80 % w/w and a maximum of 98 % encapsulation efficiency. Because of the TSE platform's high drug-loading capacity and high scalability, the developed method may be useful for continuously producing personalized nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Andrews
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Kaijie Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Jacobs
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - David S Jones
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Yiwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
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A Comparative Study between A Protein Based Amorphous Formulation and Other Dissolution Rate Enhancing Approaches: A Case Study with Rifaximin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010126. [PMID: 36678757 PMCID: PMC9865404 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) based on proteins as co-formers have previously shown promising potential to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. In particular, whey proteins have shown to be promising co-formers and amorphous stabilizers in ASD formulations, including at high drug loading. In this study, the feasibility of the whey protein β-lactoglobulin (BLG) as a co-former in ASDs was compared to the more traditional ASD co-formers based on synthetic polymers (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate and Eudragit® L) as well as to a nanocrystalline formulation. The poorly water-soluble drug rifaximin (RFX) was chosen as the model drug. All drug/co-former formulations were prepared as fully amorphous ASDs by spray drying at 50% (w/w) drug loading. The BLG-based ASD had the highest glass transition temperature and showed a faster dissolution rate and higher drug solubility in three release media with different pH values (1.2, 4.5, and 6.5) compared to the polymer-based ASDs and the nanocrystalline RFX. In conclusion, BLG is a promising co-former and amorphous stabilizer of RFX in ASD formulations, superior to the selected polymer-based ASD systems or the nanocrystalline formulation.
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Bruder E, Espéli O. Escherichia coli bacteria associated with Crohn's disease persist within phagolysosomes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 70:102206. [PMID: 36182819 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by an imbalance of intestinal microbiota and a colonization of subepithelial tissues by pathogen and pathobiont bacteria. Adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) strains recovered from CD lesions survive and multiply within macrophages. Persistence is one of the mechanisms deployed by AIEC to tolerate macrophages' attack. The challenging intracellular environment induces a heterogeneity in AIEC LF82 phenotype, including the presence of nongrowing bacteria. This could provide a reservoir for antibiotic-tolerant bacteria responsible for relapsing infections. In this article, we review the conditions leading to AIEC persistence, the relevance of this state for bacterial survival and disease's etiology, and its implication for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Bruder
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, University PSL, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Espéli
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, University PSL, Paris, France.
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11
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Debotton N, Grasiani S, Cohen Y, Dahan A. Enabling Oral Delivery of Antiviral Drugs: Double Emulsion Carriers to Improve the Intestinal Absorption of Zanamivir. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lalan M, Shah P, Kadam R, Patel H. Amalgam of ternary solid dispersion and P-gp efflux inhibition in development of colon-targeted tablets of rifaximin. JOURNAL OF REPORTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jrptps.jrptps_21_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Ramachandran G, Sudheesh MS. Role of Permeability on the Biopredictive Dissolution of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:243. [PMID: 34595565 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An ideal dissolution test for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) should reflect physicochemical, physiological, and hydrodynamic conditions which accurately represent in vivo dissolution. However, this is confounded by the evolution of different molecular and colloidal species during dissolution, generating a supersaturated state of the drug. The supersaturated state of a drug is thermodynamically unstable which drives the process of precipitation resulting in a loss of solubility advantage. Maintaining a supersaturated state of the drug with the help of precipitation inhibiting excipients is a key component in the design of ASDs. Therefore, a biopredictive dissolution test is critical for proper risk assessment during the development of an optimal ASD formulation. One of the overlooked components of biopredictive dissolution is the role of drug permeability. The kinetic changes in the phase behavior of a drug during dissolution of ASDs are influenced by drug permeability across a membrane. Conventionally, drug dissolution and permeation are analyzed separately although they occur simultaneously in vivo. The kinetic phase changes occurring during dissolution of ASDs can influence the thermodynamic activity and membrane flux of a drug. The present review evaluates the feasibility, predictability, and practicability of permeability/dissolution for the optimal development and risk assessment of ASD formulations.
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Borde S, Paul SK, Chauhan H. Ternary solid dispersions: classification and formulation considerations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1011-1028. [PMID: 33818224 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1908342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The number of active pharmaceutical compounds from the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) belonging to Class II and IV have significantly increased in recent years. These compounds have high therapeutic potential but are difficult to formulate as oral dosage forms due to their poor aqueous solubility. The solubility and bioavailability of these poorly water-soluble compounds can be increased by various formulation approaches, such as amorphous solid dispersions (ASD), salt formation, complexations, etc. Out of these techniques, the ASD approach, where compounds are converted into amorphous form and embedded in the hydrophilic matrix, have been successfully used in many marketed preparations. The recent advancement of this ASD approach is the design of ternary solid dispersions (TSD), where an additional component is added to further improve their performance in terms of solubility, stability, and processability. This review discusses the classification, mechanism of performance improvement, preparation techniques, and characterizations for TSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhavi Borde
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sagar Kumar Paul
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Harsh Chauhan
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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Qian K, Stella L, Jones DS, Andrews GP, Du H, Tian Y. Drug-Rich Phases Induced by Amorphous Solid Dispersion: Arbitrary or Intentional Goal in Oral Drug Delivery? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:889. [PMID: 34203969 PMCID: PMC8232734 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among many methods to mitigate the solubility limitations of drug compounds, amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is considered to be one of the most promising strategies to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The enhancement of ASD in the oral absorption of drugs has been mainly attributed to the high apparent drug solubility during the dissolution. In the last decade, with the implementations of new knowledge and advanced analytical techniques, a drug-rich transient metastable phase was frequently highlighted within the supersaturation stage of the ASD dissolution. The extended drug absorption and bioavailability enhancement may be attributed to the metastability of such drug-rich phases. In this paper, we have reviewed (i) the possible theory behind the formation and stabilization of such metastable drug-rich phases, with a focus on non-classical nucleation; (ii) the additional benefits of the ASD-induced drug-rich phases for bioavailability enhancements. It is envisaged that a greater understanding of the non-classical nucleation theory and its application on the ASD design might accelerate the drug product development process in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Qian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Atomistic Simulation Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, 7–9 College Park E, Belfast BT7 1PS, UK;
- David Keir Building, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - David S. Jones
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Gavin P. Andrews
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Huachuan Du
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, 11th floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yiwei Tian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
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16
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Singh R, Thorat V, Kaur H, Sodhi I, Samal SK, Jena KC, Sangamwar AT. Elucidating the Molecular Mechanism of Drug-Polymer Interplay in a Polymeric Supersaturated System of Rifaximin. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1604-1621. [PMID: 33576626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Supersaturated drug delivery system (SDDS) enables the solubility and sustained membrane transport of poorly water-soluble drugs. SDDS provides higher drug concentration in the dispersed phase and equilibrium in the continuous phase, which corresponds to amorphous solubility of the drug. Rifaximin (RFX) is a nonabsorbable BCS class IV drug approved for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and effective against Helicobacter pylori. RFX shows slow crystallization and precipitation in an acidic pH of 1.2-2, leading to obliteration of its activity in the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of the present study is to inhibit the precipitation of RFX, involving screening of polymers at different concentrations, using an in-house developed microarray plate method and solubility studies which set forth hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E15, Soluplus, and polyvinyl alcohol to be effective precipitation inhibitors (PIs). Drug-polymer precipitates (PPTS) are examined for surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy, solid-phase transformation by hot stage microscopy, the nature of PPTS by polarized light microscopy, and drug-polymer interactions by Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Besides, the unfathomed molecular mechanism of drug-polymer interplay is discerned at the air-water interface using sum-frequency generation spectroscopy to correlate the interfacial hydrogen bonding properties in bulk water. Surprisingly, all studies disseminate HPMC E15 and Soluplus as effective PIs of RFX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhima Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Vaibhav Thorat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Ikjot Sodhi
- Formulation Development, Fresenius Kabi Oncology Ltd., Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India
| | - Sanjaya K Samal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Kailash C Jena
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
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Fine-Shamir N, Beig A, Dahan A. Adequate formulation approach for oral chemotherapy: Etoposide solubility, permeability, and overall bioavailability from cosolvent- vs. vitamin E TPGS-based delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120295. [PMID: 33497706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Injectable-to-oral conversions for anticancer drugs represent an important trend. The goal of this research was to investigate the suitability of formulation approaches for anticancer oral drug delivery, aiming to reveal mechanistic insights that may guide oral chemotherapy development. TPGS vs. PEG-400 were studied as oral formulations for the anticancer drug etoposide, accounting for drug solubility, biorelevant dissolution, permeability, solubility-permeability interplay, and overall bioavailability. Increased etoposide solubility was demonstrated with both excipients. Biorelevant dissolution revealed that TPGS or PEG-400, but not aqueous suspension, allowed complete dissolution of the entire drug dose. Both TPGS and PEG-400 resulted in decreased in-vitro etoposide permeability across artificial membrane, i.e. solubility-permeability tradeoff. While PEG-400 resulted in the same solubility-permeability tradeoff also in-vivo, TPGS showed the opposite trend: the in-vivo permeability of etoposide was markedly increased in the presence of TPGS. This increased permeability was similar to the drug permeability under P-gp inhibition. Rat PK study demonstrated significantly higher etoposide bioavailability from TPGS vs. PEG-400 or suspension (AUC of 72, 41, and 26 µg·min/mL, respectively). All in all, TPGS-based delivery system allows overcoming the solubility-permeability tradeoff, increasing systemic etoposide exposure. Since poor solubility and strong efflux are common to many anticancer agents, this work can aid in the development of better oral delivery approach for chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Fine-Shamir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Avital Beig
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Ruiz-Picazo A, Lozoya-Agullo I, González-Álvarez I, Bermejo M, González-Álvarez M. Effect of excipients on oral absorption process according to the different gastrointestinal segments. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:1005-1024. [PMID: 32842776 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1813108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excipients are necessary to develop oral dosage forms of any Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API). Traditionally, excipients have been considered inactive and inert substances, but, over the years, numerous studies have contradicted this belief. This review focuses on the effect of excipients on the physiological variables affecting oral absorption along the different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The effect of excipients on the segmental absorption variables are illustrated with examples to help understand the complexity of predicting their in vivo effects. AREAS COVERED The effects of excipients on disintegration, solubility and dissolution, transit time, and absorption are analyzed in the context of the different gastrointestinal segments and the physiological factors affecting release and membrane permeation. The experimental techniques used to study excipient effects and their human predictive ability are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The observed effects of excipient in oral absorption process have been characterized in the past, mainly in vitro (i.e. in dissolution studies, in vitro cell culture methods or in situ animal studies). Unfortunately, a clear link with their effects in vivo, i.e. their impact on Cmax or AUC, which need a mechanistic approach is still missing. The information compiled in this review leads to the conclusion that the effect of excipients in API oral absorption and bioavailability is undeniable and shows the need of implementing standardized and reproducible preclinical tools coupled with mechanistic and predictive physiological-based models to improve the current empirical retrospective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ruiz-Picazo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Isabel Lozoya-Agullo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Isabel González-Álvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Marta González-Álvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
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Nainwal N, Singh R, Jawla S, Saharan VA. The Solubility-Permeability Interplay for Solubility-Enabling Oral Formulations. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1434-1446. [PMID: 31333138 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190717114521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) classifies the drugs based on their intrinsic solubility and intestinal permeability. The drugs with good solubility and intestinal permeability have good bioavailability. The drugs with poor solubility and poor permeability have solubility dependent and permeability dependent bioavailability, respectively. In the current pharmaceutical field, most of the drugs have poor solubility. To solve the problem of poor solubility, various solubility enhancement approaches have been successfully used. The effects of these solubility enhancing approaches on the intestinal permeability of the drugs are a matter of concern, and must not be overlooked. The current review article focuses on the effect of various solubility enhancing approaches viz. cyclodextrin, surfactant, cosolvent, hydrotropes, and amorphous solid dispersion, on the intestinal permeability of drugs. This article will help in the designing of the optimized formulations having balanced solubility enhancement without affecting the permeability of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Nainwal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, India
| | - Ranjit Singh
- School of Pharmacy, Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University Gangoh, Saharanpur, India
| | - Sunil Jawla
- School of Pharmacy, Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University Gangoh, Saharanpur, India
| | - Vikas Anand Saharan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun, India
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20
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Araya-Sibaja AM, Fandaruff C, Wilhelm K, Vega-Baudrit JR, Guillén-Girón T, Navarro-Hoyos M. Crystal Engineering to Design of Solids: From Single to Multicomponent Organic Materials. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x16666190430153231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primarily composed of organic molecules, pharmaceutical materials, including drugs and
excipients, frequently exhibit physicochemical properties that can affect the formulation, manufacturing
and packing processes as well as product performance and safety. In recent years, researchers
have intensively developed Crystal Engineering (CE) in an effort to reinvent bioactive molecules
with well-known, approved pharmacological effects. In general, CE aims to improve the physicochemical
properties without affecting their intrinsic characteristics or compromising their stability.
CE involves the molecular recognition of non-covalent interactions, in which organic materials are
responsible for the regular arrangement of molecules into crystal lattices. Modern CE, encompasses
all manipulations that result in the alteration of crystal packing as well as methods that disrupt crystal
lattices or reduce the size of crystals, or a combination of them. Nowadays, cocrystallisation has been
the most explored strategy to improve solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients (API). However, its combinatorial nature involving two or more small organic
molecules, and the use of diverse crystallisation processes increase the possible outcomes. As a result,
numerous organic materials can be obtained as well as several physicochemical and mechanical
properties can be improved. Therefore, this review will focus on novel organic solids obtained when
CE is applied including crystalline and amorphous, single and multicomponent as well as nanosized
ones, that have contributed to improving not only solubility, dissolution rate, bioavailability permeability
but also, chemical and physical stability and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krissia Wilhelm
- Escuela de Quimica, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | | | - Teodolito Guillén-Girón
- Escuela de Ciencia e Ingenieria de los Materiales, Tecnologico de Costa Rica, Cartago 159-7050, Costa Rica
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Schittny A, Huwyler J, Puchkov M. Mechanisms of increased bioavailability through amorphous solid dispersions: a review. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:110-127. [PMID: 31885288 PMCID: PMC6968646 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1704940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) can increase the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. However, their use in drug development is comparably rare due to a lack of basic understanding of mechanisms governing drug liberation and absorption in vivo. Furthermore, the lack of a unified nomenclature hampers the interpretation and classification of research data. In this review, we therefore summarize and conceptualize mechanisms covering the dissolution of ASDs, formation of supersaturated ASD solutions, factors responsible for solution stabilization, drug uptake from ASD solutions, and drug distribution within these complex systems as well as effects of excipients. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of these findings on the development of ASDs. This improved overall understanding of these mechanisms will facilitate a rational ASD formulation development and will serve as a basis for further mechanistic research on drug delivery by ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schittny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Puchkov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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22
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The solubility, permeability and the dose as key factors in formulation development for oral lipophilic drugs: Maximizing the bioavailability of carbamazepine with a cosolvent-based formulation. Int J Pharm 2020; 582:119307. [PMID: 32276090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate drug dose, solubility, permeability, and their interplay, as key factors in oral formulation development for lipophilic drugs. A PEG400-based formulation was studied for five doses of the lipophilic drug carbamazepine, accounting for biorelevant dissolution of the dose in the GIT, and in-vivo bioavailability in rats. With the three lower doses (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg), complete in-vitro dissolution was achieved and maintained throughout the experiment with this formulation, while significant precipitation was obtained with higher doses (100 and 200 mg/kg). Likewise, the studied formulation allowed complete bioavailability in-vivo with the three lower doses, while the same formulation allowed only 76% and 42% bioavailability for the 100 and 200 mg/kg doses, respectively. There was good correlation between the in-vitro and in-vivo results. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that the dose is a crucial factor in formulation development; while a given formulation may be optimal for a certain drug dose, it may no longer be optimal for higher doses of the same drug. Hence, the solubility, the permeability, and their interplay, have to be considered in light of the drug dose intended to be administered in order to achieve successful oral formulation development.
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Schittny A, Philipp-Bauer S, Detampel P, Huwyler J, Puchkov M. Mechanistic insights into effect of surfactants on oral bioavailability of amorphous solid dispersions. J Control Release 2020; 320:214-225. [PMID: 31978445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery of poorly soluble drugs in form amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) is an appealing method to increase in vivo bioavailability. For rational formulation design, a mechanistic understanding of the impact of surfactants on the performance of ASD-based formulations is therefore of importance. In this study, we used hot-melt extrusion to prepare ASDs composed of the model drug substance efavirenz with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) as the base polymer, and surfactants. Molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro dissolution studies were used to investigate formation and drug release from polymer vesicles, and their ability to maintain a supersaturation state as a function of surfactant composition. It was possible to identify main factors regulating particle formation and to modify dissolution profiles with different excipient compositions. Animal studies in the rat, in combination with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, demonstrated enhanced drug absorption from formed vesicles. The surfactant composition in the ASD had a direct influence on the morphology of these vesicles, as well as kinetics of drug release, and, therefore, the oral bioavailability. ASDs, prepared by hot-melt extrusion method, were optimized for dissolution and adsorption rates increase. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of dissolution behavior of ASDs with respect to the function of surfactants, aiming to facilitate a rational formulation development and an accelerated transition from in vitro systems to in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schittny
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Philipp-Bauer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - P Detampel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Puchkov
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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Choudhury H, Maheshwari R, Pandey M, Tekade M, Gorain B, Tekade RK. Advanced nanoscale carrier-based approaches to overcome biopharmaceutical issues associated with anticancer drug ‘Etoposide’. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Li Z, He X, Tian S, Feng G, Huang C, Xun M, Wu Z, Wang Y. Simultaneous Evaluation of Dissolution and Permeation of Oral Drug Solid Formulations for Predicting Absorption Rate-Limiting Factors and In Vitro-In Vivo Correlations: Case Study Using a Poorly Soluble Weakly Basic Drug. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:321. [PMID: 31650430 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined dissolution and permeation systems are designed to simultaneously assess the dissolution of a pharmaceutical dosage form and the permeation of dissolved drugs therefrom. However, there were still some limitations on predicting the possible absorption rate-limiting steps and improving the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) of a complete dosage form. In this study, the modified biorelevant media with some solubilizers and pH modifiers were integrated into the drug dissolution/absorption simulating system (DDASS). Indapamide, a poorly soluble compound (pKa = 8.8), was selected to validate the applicability of the modified biorelevant media. The elution and permeation dynamics of indapamide were investigated by using appropriate solubilizing agents in the DDASS. The absorption behaviors were analyzed after oral administration of indapamide in beagle dogs. The absorption rate-limiting steps and IVIVCs were predicted from the dissolution-permeation-absorption dynamic parameters. As a result, the absorption fraction of indapamide in the FaSSIFmod of DDASS was estimated to be approximately 100%, in accordance with its high permeability. The ratios of permeation rate to elution rate were 2.55 and 3.34 for the immediate- and sustained-release tablets of indapamide, respectively, suggesting a dissolution rate-limiting absorption for indapamine. In addition, point-to-point correlations were established between in vitro elution and in vivo absorption by the nonlinear and linear regression analysis ways (r > 0.85). The findings indicate that DDASS is a promising technique to develop improved IVIVCs of a complete dosage form, and the FaSSIFmod is suitable to predict the possible absorption rate-limiting steps of poorly soluble drugs in DDASS.
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Pyta K, Janas A, Skrzypczak N, Schilf W, Wicher B, Gdaniec M, Bartl F, Przybylski P. Specific Interactions between Rifamycin Antibiotics and Water Influencing Ability To Overcome Natural Cell Barriers and the Range of Antibacterial Potency. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1754-1763. [PMID: 31461259 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rifamycins are a group of macrocyclic antibiotics mainly used for the treatment of various bacterial infections including tuberculosis. Spectroscopic studies of rifamycins evidence the formation of temperature- and solvent-dependent equilibria between A-, B-, and C-type conformers in solutions. The B- and C-type conformers of rifamycin antibiotics are exclusively formed in the presence of water molecules. A- and B-type conformers exhibit a hydrophilic and "open" ansa-bridge nature whereas the C-type conformer is more lipophilic due to the presence of a "closed" ansa-bridge structure. The involvement of the lactam moiety of the ansa-bridge in intramolecular H-bonds within rifapentine and rifampicin implicates the formation of a more hydrophilic A-type conformer. In contrast to rifampicin and rifapentine, for rifabutin and rifaximin, the "free" lactam group enhances conformational flexibility of the ansa-bridge, thereby enabling interconversion between A- and C-type conformers. In turn, an equilibrium between A- and C-type conformers for rifamycins improves their adaptation to the changing nature of bacteria cell membranes, especially those of Gram-negative strains and/or to efflux pump systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Pyta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Janas
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Skrzypczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Schilf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Wicher
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Gdaniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Franz Bartl
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Biologie, Biophysikalische Chemie, Invalidenstr. 42, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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Fine-Shamir N, Dahan A. Methacrylate-Copolymer Eudragit EPO as a Solubility-Enabling Excipient for Anionic Drugs: Investigation of Drug Solubility, Intestinal Permeability, and Their Interplay. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2884-2891. [PMID: 31120762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the use of the dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-copolymer Eudragit EPO (EPO) in oral solubility-enabling formulations for anionic lipophilic drugs, aiming to guide optional formulation design and maximize oral bioavailability. We have studied the solubility, the permeability, and their interplay, using the low-solubility nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug mefenamic acid as a model drug. Then, we studied the biorelevant solubility enhancement of mefenamic acid from EPO-based formulations throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), using the pH-dilution dissolution method. EPO allowed a profound and linear solubility increase of mefenamic acid, from 10 μg/mL without EPO to 9.41 mg/mL in the presence of 7.5% EPO (∼940-fold; 37 °C); however, a concomitant decrease of the drug permeability was obtained, both in vitro and in vivo in rats, indicating a solubility-permeability trade-off. In the absence of an excipient, the unstirred water layer (UWL) adjacent to the GI membrane was found to hinder the permeability of the drug, accounting for this UWL effect and revealing that the true membrane permeability allowed good prediction of the solubility-permeability trade-off as a function of EPO level using a direct relationship between the increased solubility afforded by a given EPO level and the consequent decreased permeability. Biorelevant dissolution studies revealed that EPO levels of 0.05 and 0.1% were insufficient to dissolve mefenamic acid dose during the entire dissolution time course, whereas 0.5 and 1% EPO allowed complete solubility with no drug precipitation. In conclusion, EPO may serve as a potent solubility-enabling excipient for BCS class II/IV acidic drugs; however, it should be used carefully. It is prudent to use the minimal EPO amounts just sufficient to dissolve the drug dose throughout the GIT and not more than that. Excess amounts of EPO provide no solubility gain and cause further permeability loss, jeopardizing the overall success of the formulation. This work may help the formulator to hit the optimal solubility-permeability balance, maximizing the oral bioavailability afforded by the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Fine-Shamir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105 , Israel
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105 , Israel
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Impact of regional differences along the gastrointestinal tract of healthy adults on oral drug absorption: An UNGAP review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:153-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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pH-responsive chitosan based hydrogels affect the release of dapsone: Design, set-up, and physicochemical characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:1268-1279. [PMID: 31034906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dapsone (DAP) is a bactericidal agent used in the treatment of leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Despite its therapeutic potential, DAP has low solubility, which results in allow therapeutic index and a high microbial resistance. Recently, new approaches were used to increase the DAP solubility. In particular, the use of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN)-hydrogels based chitosan (CS) for the controlled release of DAP provides some advantages because they can modify their swelling properties and network structures as a response to environmental stimuli. The aim of this study was to synthesize and physicochemically characterize pH-responsive chitosan/polymer hydrogels to control the release of DAP. For this reason, different combination of polymers, such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and concentrations of the cross-linking agents (glutaraldehyde) were used and then blended to the CS. The resulting hydrogels were evaluated in terms of physicochemical and swelling properties, rheological analysis and in vitro release of DAP at different pHs (1.2-6.8). Hydrogels were further characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. pH-responsive DAP-loaded hydrogels may represent the set-up for developing potential oral formulations for the treatment of leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
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Solanki NG, Lam K, Tahsin M, Gumaste SG, Shah AV, Serajuddin AT. Effects of Surfactants on Itraconazole-HPMCAS Solid Dispersion Prepared by Hot-Melt Extrusion I: Miscibility and Drug Release. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1453-1465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Naftopidil-fumaric acid interaction in a solid dispersion system: Improving the dissolution rate and oral absorption of naftopidil in rats. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 95:264-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Markovic M, Ben‐Shabat S, Keinan S, Aponick A, Zimmermann EM, Dahan A. Lipidic prodrug approach for improved oral drug delivery and therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:579-607. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Shimon Ben‐Shabat
- Department of Clinical PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
| | | | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida
| | - Ellen M. Zimmermann
- Department of MedicineDivision of Gastroenterology, University of FloridaGainesville Florida
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
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33
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Miao L, Liang Y, Pan W, Gou J, Yin T, Zhang Y, He H, Tang X. Effect of supersaturation on the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel/polymer amorphous solid dispersion. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 9:344-356. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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34
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Guo M, Wang K, Qiao N, Yardley V, Li M. Investigating Permeation Behavior of Flufenamic Acid Cocrystals Using a Dissolution and Permeation System. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4257-4272. [PMID: 30080976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The dissolution and permeation of the cocrystals, flufenamic acid-nicotinamide (FFA-NIC) and flufenamic acid-theophylline (FFA-TP), have been investigated in the presence of two polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVP-VA), using a dissolution/permeation (D/P) system. It showed that the types and concentrations of the polymers and their interactions with the coformers had significant effects on the dissolution and permeation of the FFA cocrystals. The role of PVP as a stabilizing agent was not altered in spite of its interaction with the coformer of NIC or TP, which was supported by the proportional flux rate of FFA to the dissolution performance parameter (DPP). With an appropriate PVP concentration, the maximal flux rate of FFA could be obtained for a given FFA cocrystal. The situation was complicated in the presence of PVP-VA. The role of PVP-VA could change because of its association with the coformers, i.e., from a stabilizing agent to a solubilization agent. In addition, PVP-VA reduced the flux rate of FFA, in contrast to its DPP for FFA cocrystals. Finally, 1H NMR provided evidence regarding the molecular interactions between FFA, coformers, and polymers at the atomic level and gave insight into the mechanism underlying the supersaturated solution and subsequent permeation behavior of the cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshan Guo
- School of Pharmacy , De Montfort University , Leicester LE1 9BH , U.K
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy , De Montfort University , Leicester LE1 9BH , U.K
| | - Ning Qiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , North China University of Science and Technology , Tangshan 063210 , Hebei , China
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Department of Infection & Immunity, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , Keppel Street , London WC1E 7HT , U.K
| | - Mingzhong Li
- School of Pharmacy , De Montfort University , Leicester LE1 9BH , U.K
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35
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Wolk O, Markovic M, Porat D, Fine-Shamir N, Zur M, Beig A, Dahan A. Segmental-Dependent Intestinal Drug Permeability: Development and Model Validation of In Silico Predictions Guided by In Vivo Permeability Values. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:316-325. [PMID: 30055228 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to develop an in silico model that allows predicting segmental-dependent permeability throughout the small intestine (SI). In vivo permeability of 11 model drugs in 3 SI segments (jejunum, mid-SI, ileum) was studied in rats, creating a data set that reflects the conditions throughout the SI. Then, a predictive model was developed, combining physicochemical drug properties influencing the underlying mechanism of passive permeability: Log p, polar surface area, MW, H-bond count, and Log fu, with microenvironmental SI conditions. Excellent correlation was evident between the predicted and experimental data (R2 = 0.914), with similar predictability in each SI segment. Log p and Log fu were identified as the major determinants of permeability, with similar contribution. Total H-bond count was also a significant determinant, followed by polar surface area and MW. Leaving out any of the model parameters decreased its predictability. The model was validated against 5 external drugs, with excellent predictability. Notably, the model was able to predict the segmental-dependent permeability of all drugs showing this trend experimentally. Model predictability was better in the high-permeability versus low-permeability range. Overall, our approach of constructing a straightforward in silico model allowed reliable predictions of segmental-dependent intestinal permeability, providing new insights into relative effects of drug-related factors and gastrointestinal environment on permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Wolk
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Daniel Porat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Noa Fine-Shamir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Moran Zur
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Avital Beig
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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36
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Sodhi I, Sangamwar AT. Microarray Plate Method for Estimation of Precipitation Kinetics of Celecoxib under Biorelevant Conditions and Precipitate Characterization. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2423-2436. [PMID: 29746138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Study methodologies of supersaturated state are fast developing as pharmaceutical industry is adopting supersaturating drug delivery systems (SDDS) to overcome the solubility issue of drugs. The "parachute" of sobriquet "spring-and-parachute", which indicates delayed or slowed intraluminal precipitation of drug from SDDS, is of immense importance to formulation scientists since optimal attainment of "parachute" governs the success of SDDS in stabilizing supersaturated state that ensues in enhancement of bioavailability. The studies carried out so far for precipitation assessments have ignored the stochastic nature of nucleation and lack absolute mathematical approach. In the current study, the supersaturated state has been studied in a quantitative manner through microarray plate method with application of the classical nucleation theory (CNT) equation for determination of precipitation kinetics. This microarray plate method is an attempt to pursue the principle of miniaturization in supersaturation assays and involves comprehensive measurements that allows for accounting of the stochastic nature of nucleation. Overcoming the drawbacks of reproducibility and greater material requirement of existing methods, this study aims to quantify the rate of in vivo precipitation through understanding of precipitation profile of model drug, celecoxib, in biorelevant media. Quantification of nucleation rates was made through CNT using tailored criteria and visually represented through temporal precipitation distribution (TPD) plots. Supersaturation stability was also compared through metastable zone width (MSZW). Optical microscopy helped in visualizing the dynamics of precipitation, while solid state characterization assisted in understanding the nature of obtained precipitates. This study identified the short-lived supersaturation of celecoxib and its tendency to precipitate under fasted conditions, which can be correlated with in vivo behavior for formulation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikjot Sodhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector-67 , S.A.S. Nagar , 160062 , Punjab , India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Sector-67 , S.A.S. Nagar , 160062 , Punjab , India
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37
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Berben P, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Faller B, Flaten GE, Jacobsen AC, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. Drug permeability profiling using cell-free permeation tools: Overview and applications. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 119:219-233. [PMID: 29660464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free permeation systems are gaining interest in drug discovery and development as tools to obtain a reliable prediction of passive intestinal absorption without the disadvantages associated with cell- or tissue-based permeability profiling. Depending on the composition of the barrier, cell-free permeation systems are classified into two classes including (i) biomimetic barriers which are constructed from (phospho)lipids and (ii) non-biomimetic barriers containing dialysis membranes. This review provides an overview of the currently available cell-free permeation systems including Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA), Phospholipid Vesicle-based Permeation Assay (PVPA), Permeapad®, and artificial membrane based systems (e.g. the artificial membrane insert system (AMI-system)) in terms of their barrier composition as well as their predictive capacity in relation to well-characterized intestinal permeation systems. Given the potential loss of integrity of cell-based permeation barriers in the presence of food components or pharmaceutical excipients, the superior robustness of cell-free barriers makes them suitable for the combined dissolution/permeation evaluation of formulations. While cell-free permeation systems are mostly applied for exploring intestinal absorption, they can also be used to evaluate non-oral drug delivery by adjusting the composition of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Berben
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Bernard Faller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø the Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Ann-Christin Jacobsen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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38
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França MT, Nicolay Pereira R, Klüppel Riekes M, Munari Oliveira Pinto J, Stulzer HK. Investigation of novel supersaturating drug delivery systems of chlorthalidone: The use of polymer-surfactant complex as an effective carrier in solid dispersions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 111:142-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Concomitant solubility-permeability increase: Vitamin E TPGS vs. amorphous solid dispersion as oral delivery systems for etoposide. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 121:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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Davis M, Walker G. Recent strategies in spray drying for the enhanced bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. J Control Release 2017; 269:110-127. [PMID: 29117503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs are a significant and ongoing issue for the pharmaceutical industry. An overview of recent developments for the preparation of spray-dried delivery systems is presented. Examples include amorphous solid dispersions, spray dried dispersions, microparticles, nanoparticles, surfactant systems and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. Several aspects of formulation are considered, such as pre-screening, choosing excipient(s), the effect of polymer structure on performance, formulation optimisation, ternary dispersions, fixed-dose combinations, solvent selection and component miscibility. Process optimisation techniques including nozzle selection are discussed. Comparisons are drawn with other preparation techniques such as hot melt extrusion, freeze drying, milling, electro spinning and film casting. Novel analytical and dissolution techniques for the characterization of amorphous solid dispersions are included. Progress in understanding of amorphous supersaturation or recrystallisation from solution gathered from mechanistic studies is discussed. Aspects of powder flow and compression are considered in a section on downstream processing. Overall, spray drying has a bright future due to its versatility, efficiency and the driving force of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Davis
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Gavin Walker
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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41
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Porat D, Dahan A. Active intestinal drug absorption and the solubility-permeability interplay. Int J Pharm 2017; 537:84-93. [PMID: 29102702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The solubility-permeability interplay deals with the question: what is the concomitant effect on the drug's apparent permeability when increasing the apparent solubility with a solubility-enabling formulation? The solubility and the permeability are closely related, exhibit certain interplay between them, and ongoing research throughout the past decade shows that treating the one irrespectively of the other may be insufficient. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the solubility-permeability interplay when using solubility-enabling formulations for oral lipophilic drugs, highlighting active permeability aspects. A solubility-enabling formulation may affect the permeability in opposite directions; the passive permeability may decrease as a result of the apparent solubility increase, according to the solubility-permeability tradeoff, but at the same time, certain components of the formulation may inhibit/saturate efflux transporters (when relevant), resulting in significant apparent permeability increase. In these cases, excipients with both solubilizing and e.g. P-gp inhibitory properties may lead to concomitant increase of both the solubility and the permeability. Intelligent development of such formulation will account for the simultaneous effects of the excipients' nature/concentrations on the two arms composing the overall permeability: the passive and the active arms. Overall, thorough mechanistic understanding of the various factors involved in the solubility-permeability interplay may allow developing better solubility-enabling formulations, thereby exploiting the advantages analyzed in this article, offering oral delivery solution even for BCS class IV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Porat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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42
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Emami Riedmaier A, Lindley DJ, Hall JA, Castleberry S, Slade RT, Stuart P, Carr RA, Borchardt TB, Bow DAJ, Nijsen M. Mechanistic Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of the Dissolution and Food Effect of a Biopharmaceutics Classification System IV Compound-The Venetoclax Story. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:495-502. [PMID: 28993217 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Venetoclax, a selective B-cell lymphoma-2 inhibitor, is a biopharmaceutics classification system class IV compound. The aim of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to mechanistically describe absorption and disposition of an amorphous solid dispersion formulation of venetoclax in humans. A mechanistic PBPK model was developed incorporating measured amorphous solubility, dissolution, metabolism, and plasma protein binding. A middle-out approach was used to define permeability. Model predictions of oral venetoclax pharmacokinetics were verified against clinical studies of fed and fasted healthy volunteers, and clinical drug interaction studies with strong CYP3A inhibitor (ketoconazole) and inducer (rifampicin). Model verification demonstrated accurate prediction of the observed food effect following a low-fat diet. Ratios of predicted versus observed Cmax and area under the curve of venetoclax were within 0.8- to 1.25-fold of observed ratios for strong CYP3A inhibitor and inducer interactions, indicating that the venetoclax elimination pathway was correctly specified. The verified venetoclax PBPK model is one of the first examples mechanistically capturing absorption, food effect, and exposure of an amorphous solid dispersion formulated compound. This model allows evaluation of untested drug-drug interactions, especially those primarily occurring in the intestine, and paves the way for future modeling of biopharmaceutics classification system IV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Lindley
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Jeffrey A Hall
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | | | - Russell T Slade
- Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Patricia Stuart
- DMPK and Translational Modeling, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Robert A Carr
- DMPK and Translational Modeling, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | | | - Daniel A J Bow
- DMPK and Translational Modeling, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | - Marjoleen Nijsen
- DMPK and Translational Modeling, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064
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43
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Fine-Shamir N, Beig A, Zur M, Lindley D, Miller JM, Dahan A. Toward Successful Cyclodextrin Based Solubility-Enabling Formulations for Oral Delivery of Lipophilic Drugs: Solubility–Permeability Trade-Off, Biorelevant Dissolution, and the Unstirred Water Layer. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2138-2146. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noa Fine-Shamir
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Avital Beig
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Moran Zur
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - David Lindley
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | | | - Arik Dahan
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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