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Del Rosso JQ, Kircik L. The cutaneous effects of androgens and androgen-mediated sebum production and their pathophysiologic and therapeutic importance in acne vulgaris. J DERMATOL TREAT 2024; 35:2298878. [PMID: 38192024 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2023.2298878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Background: The recognition of an association between the development of acne vulgaris (AV) and pubertal hormonal changes during adolescence dates back almost 100 years. Since these formative observations, a significant role of circulating hormones in the pathophysiology of AV and other cutaneous disorders has been established.Aims: This review article aims to provide an overview of clinical and preclinical evidence supporting the influences of androgens on the skin and their therapeutic importance in AV pathophysiology.Results: The cutaneous effects of hormones are attributable, to a large extent, to the influence of steroid hormones, particularly androgens, on sebocyte development and sebum production in both sexes. Androgen-mediated excess sebum production is implicated as a necessary early step in AV pathophysiology and is therefore considered an important therapeutic target in AV treatment. Although the local production and/or activity of androgens within the skin is believed to be important in AV pathophysiology, it has received limited therapeutic attention.Conclusions: We have summarized the current evidence in support of the therapeutic benefits of targeted hormonal treatment to decrease androgen-stimulated sebum production for the effective and safe treatment of AV in both male and female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Q Del Rosso
- Touro University Nevada, Henderson, NV, USA
- JDR Dermatology Research, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Advanced Dermatology and Cosmetic Surgery, Maitland, FL, USA
| | - Leon Kircik
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Physicians Skin Care, PLLC, Louisville, KY, USA
- DermResearch, PLLC, Louisville, KY, USA
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2
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Gjorgoska M, Rižner TL. Simultaneous measurement of 17 endogenous steroid hormones in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry without derivatization. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 243:106578. [PMID: 38971335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric-based steroidomics is a valuable analytical approach that gives a comprehensive understanding of the interlinked steroid biosynthetic pathways. Here, we describe a rapid and versatile liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method designed to accurately quantify endogenous steroids in human serum. Sample preparation involved liquid-liquid extraction with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) from 180 µL serum. The targeted steroids for quantification included androgens: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A4), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 11-oxyandrogens: 11β-hydroxy-androstenedione (11OHA4), 11-keto-androstenedione (11KA4), 11β-hydroxy-testosterone (11OHT), 11-keto-testosterone (11KT), progestogens: 17α-hydroxy-progesterone (17OHP4), progesterone (P4), 11β-hydroxy-progesterone (11OHP4), 11-keto-progesterone (11KP4), mineralocorticoids: aldosterone, corticosterone, and glucocorticoids: 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, and cortisone. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) were 0.05 ng/mL for A4, T, 11KA4, P4, and cortisone, 0.1 ng/mL for DHT, 11OHA4, 11OHT, 11KT, 17OHP4, 11OHP4, 11KP4, corticosterone, aldosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and cortisol, and 0.5 ng/mL for DHEA. Accuracy, precision, reproducibility, and recovery fell within acceptable limits for bioanalytical method validation. Using serum samples from 29 premenopausal women in different menstrual phases, we demonstrated the clinical utility of our method, which showed sufficient sensitivity to reliably quantify all targeted steroids at levels typically found in circulation, except for 11OHP4 and 11KP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Gjorgoska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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3
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Allaoui G, Rylander C, Fuskevåg OM, Grimnes G, Averina M, Wilsgaard T, Berg V. Longitudinal assessment of classic and 11-oxygenated androgen concentrations and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus development: the Tromsø study. Acta Diabetol 2024; 61:847-857. [PMID: 38498076 PMCID: PMC11182793 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to investigate changes in pre-diagnostic concentrations of classic and 11-oxygenated androgens in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) cases and healthy controls, associations between androgen concentrations and T2DM, and the potential for androgens to improve the prediction of T2DM when considered in combination with established risk factors. METHODS Androgen concentrations were analysed in serum samples from 116 T2DM cases and 138 controls at 3, pre-diagnostic time-points: 1986/87 (T1), 1994/95 (T2), and 2001 (T3). Generalised estimating equations were used to longitudinally examine androgen concentrations, and logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) of T2DM at each time-point. Logistic regression models were also used to calculate area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AROC) from models including established risk factors alone (ERF model) and established risk factors plus each androgen, respectively, which were compared to identify improvements in predictive ability. RESULTS For women, no significant associations were observed between any of the investigated androgens and T2DM after adjusting for confounders. For men, after adjusting for confounders, concentrations of all investigated 11-oxygenated androgens were higher in cases than controls at one or several time-points. We observed associations between T2DM and concentrations of 11-ketoandrostenedione (OR: 1.59) and 11-ketotestosterone (OR: 1.62) at T1; and 11-hydroxyandrostenedione (OR: 2.00), 11-hydroxytestosterone (OR: 1.76), 11-ketoandrostenedione (OR: 1.84), 11-ketotestosterone (OR: 1.78) and testosterone (OR: 0.45) at T3 in men. The addition of these androgens (including 11-hydroxytestosterone at T2) to the ERF model resulted in an improved ability to predict T2DM in men (AROC: 0.79-0.82). We did not observe significant differences in changes in androgen concentrations over time between cases and controls in either sex. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that testosterone and 11-oxygenated androgens are associated with T2DM in men before diagnosis and may be potential biomarkers in T2DM risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Allaoui
- Division of Diagnostic Services, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North-Norway, 9038, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Charlotta Rylander
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole-Martin Fuskevåg
- Division of Diagnostic Services, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North-Norway, 9038, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guri Grimnes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Medicine, University Hospital of North-Norway, 9038, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Averina
- Division of Diagnostic Services, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North-Norway, 9038, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vivian Berg
- Division of Diagnostic Services, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North-Norway, 9038, Tromsø, Norway.
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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4
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Olthof A, Hillebrand JJ, Wickenhagen WV, Boelen A, Heijboer AC. Stability of steroid hormones in dried blood spots (DBS). Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 0:cclm-2024-0142. [PMID: 38874994 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2024-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Steroid hormone levels of patients may be monitored via dried blood spot (DBS) sampling at home. Stability of steroid hormones in DBS samples, however, needs to be established. METHODS DBS samples from healthy volunteers were collected and stored at various temperatures. Steroid hormone concentrations in DBS were measured directly, at day 2, day 7 and day 14 following storage at 37 °C and after 7 days, 14 days, 3 months and 6 months following storage at -20 °C, 4 °C and room temperature (RT). Cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, testosterone, androstenedione, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were assessed using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS All steroids were stable (±15 %) up to 14 days when stored at 37 °C, except for cortisone (only stable until 2 days). All steroids were stable up to 6 months when stored at -20 °C, 4 °C and RT. However, there were some exceptions, for androstenedione at RT (only stable until 7 days), for 17-OHP when stored at -20 °C (only stable until 3 months), for cortisone at RT and 4 °C (only stable until 14 days), and cortisol at RT (only stable until 3 months). CONCLUSIONS Overall, we demonstrated stability of steroid hormone concentrations in DBS under various conditions which may be encountered during shipping to the diagnostic laboratory and during long-term storage before analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Olthof
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacquelien J Hillebrand
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wjera V Wickenhagen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Schiffer L, Oestlund I, Snoep JL, Gilligan LC, Taylor AE, Sinclair AJ, Singhal R, Freeman A, Ajjan R, Tiganescu A, Arlt W, Storbeck KH. Inhibition of the glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 drives concurrent 11-oxygenated androgen excess. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23574. [PMID: 38551804 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302131r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is a key enzyme in the activation of both classic and 11-oxygenated androgens. In adipose tissue, AKR1C3 is co-expressed with 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1), which catalyzes not only the local activation of glucocorticoids but also the inactivation of 11-oxygenated androgens, and thus has the potential to counteract AKR1C3. Using a combination of in vitro assays and in silico modeling we show that HSD11B1 attenuates the biosynthesis of the potent 11-oxygenated androgen, 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), by AKR1C3. Employing ex vivo incubations of human female adipose tissue samples we show that inhibition of HSD11B1 results in the increased peripheral biosynthesis of 11KT. Moreover, circulating 11KT increased 2-3 fold in individuals with type 2 diabetes after receiving the selective oral HSD11B1 inhibitor AZD4017 for 35 days, thus confirming that HSD11B1 inhibition results in systemic increases in 11KT concentrations. Our findings show that HSD11B1 protects against excess 11KT production by adipose tissue, a finding of particular significance when considering the evidence for adverse metabolic effects of androgens in women. Therefore, when targeting glucocorticoid activation by HSD11B1 inhibitor treatment in women, the consequently increased generation of 11KT may offset beneficial effects of decreased glucocorticoid activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Imken Oestlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jacky L Snoep
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandra J Sinclair
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rishi Singhal
- Upper GI Unit and Minimally Invasive Unit, Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adrian Freeman
- Emerging Innovations Unit, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ramzi Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Ana Tiganescu
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Center, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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6
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Oestlund I, Snoep J, Schiffer L, Wabitsch M, Arlt W, Storbeck KH. The glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 catalyzes the activation of testosterone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 236:106436. [PMID: 38035948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone biosynthesis from its precursor androstenedione is thought to be exclusively catalysed by the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases-HSD17B3 in testes, and AKR1C3 in the ovary, adrenal and peripheral tissues. Here we show for the first time that the glucocorticoid activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) can also catalyse the 17β-reduction of androstenedione to testosterone, using a combination of in vitro enzyme kinetic assays, mathematical modelling, and molecular docking analysis. Furthermore, we show that co-expression of HSD11B1 and AKR1C3 increases testosterone production several-fold compared to the rate observed with AKR1C3 only, and that HSD11B1 is likely to contribute significantly to testosterone production in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imken Oestlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jacky Snoep
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK; Medical Research Council Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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7
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Yazawa T, Imamichi Y, Sato T, Ida T, Umezawa A, Kitano T. Diversity of Androgens; Comparison of Their Significance and Characteristics in Vertebrate Species. Zoolog Sci 2024; 41:77-86. [PMID: 38587520 DOI: 10.2108/zs230064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Androgen(s) is one of the sex steroids that are involved in many physiological phenomena of vertebrate species. Although androgens were originally identified as male sex hormones, it is well known now that they are also essential in females. As in the case of other steroid hormones, androgen is produced from cholesterol through serial enzymatic reactions. Although testis is a major tissue to produce androgens in all species, androgens are also produced in ovary and adrenal (interrenal tissue). Testosterone is the most common and famous androgen. It represents a major androgen both in males and females of almost vertebrate species. In addition, testosterone is a precursor for producing significant androgens such as11-ketotestosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, 11-ketodihydrotestosterones and 15α-hydroxytestosterone in a species- or sex-dependent manner for their homeostasis. In this article, we will review the significance and characteristics of these androgens, following a description of the history of testosterone discovery and its synthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan,
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 917-0003, Japan,
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takanori Ida
- Center for Animal Disease Control, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- National Center for Child Health and Development Research Institute, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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8
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Altinkilic EM, du Toit T, Sakin Ö, Attar R, Groessl M, Flück CE. The serum steroid signature of PCOS hints at the involvement of novel pathways for excess androgen biosynthesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 233:106366. [PMID: 37499841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is defined by androgen excess and ovarian dysfunction in the absence of a specific physiological diagnosis. The best clinical marker of androgen excess is hirsutism, while the best biochemical parameter is still a matter of debate. Current consensus guidelines recommend, among other hormones, serum free testosterone as an important serum parameter to measure androgen excess. Recently, however, novel active androgens and androgen metabolic pathways have been discovered. OBJECTIVE To assess the contribution of novel androgens and related steroid biosynthetic pathways to the serum steroid pool in PCOS women in comparison to healthy controls. DESIGN This is a case control study, wherein PCOS was diagnosed according to the AE-PCOS 2009 criteria. Serum steroid profiling was performed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. SETTING Yeditepe University and associated clinics in Istanbul, Turkey, together with Bern University Hospital Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS 42 PCOS women and 42 matched, healthy control women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Assessment of 34 steroids compartmentalized in four androgen related pathways: the classic androgen pathway, the backdoor pathway, the C11-oxy backdoor pathway, and the C11-oxy (11β-hydroxyandrostenedione) pathway. RESULTS Metabolites of all four pathways were identified in healthy and PCOS women. Highest concentrations were found for progesterone in controls and androstenedione in PCOS. Lowest levels were found for 11-ketotestosterone in controls compared to PCOS, and for 20α-hydroxyprogesterone in PCOS compared to controls. PCOS also had higher serum testosterone levels compared to the controls. PCOS women had overall higher levels of steroid metabolites of all four androgen pathways compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Novel alternative pathways contribute to the androgen production in healthy and PCOS women. Hyperandrogenism in PCOS is characterized by an overall increase of serum androgens in the classic, backdoor and C11-oxy pathways. While monogenetic disorders of steroid biosynthesis can be recognized by a specific pattern in the steroid profile, no diagnostic pattern or classifier was found in the serum for PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Murat Altinkilic
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Therina du Toit
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Önder Sakin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Acıbadem Kozyatağı Hospital, Turkey
| | - Rukset Attar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Turkey
| | - Michael Groessl
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Warde KM, Smith LJ, Basham KJ. Age-related Changes in the Adrenal Cortex: Insights and Implications. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad097. [PMID: 37564884 PMCID: PMC10410302 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a gradual decline in physiological function. This process affects all organs including the adrenal cortex, which normally functions to produce essential steroid hormones including mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. With increasing age, features such as reduced adrenal cortex size, altered zonation, and increased myeloid immune cell infiltration substantially alter the structure and function of the adrenal cortex. Many of these hallmark features of adrenal cortex aging occur both in males and females, yet are more enhanced in males. Hormonally, a substantial reduction in adrenal androgens is a key feature of aging, which is accompanied by modest changes in aldosterone and cortisol. These hormonal changes are associated with various pathological consequences including impaired immune responses, decreased bone health, and accelerated age-related diseases. One of the most notable changes with adrenal aging is the increased incidence of adrenal tumors, which is sex dimorphic with a higher prevalence in females. Increased adrenal tumorigenesis with age is likely driven by both an increase in genetic mutations as well as remodeling of the tissue microenvironment. Novel antiaging strategies offer a promising avenue to mitigate adrenal aging and alleviate age-associated pathologies, including adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Warde
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Lorenzo J Smith
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kaitlin J Basham
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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10
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Cappola AR, Auchus RJ, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Handelsman DJ, Kalyani RR, McClung M, Stuenkel CA, Thorner MO, Verbalis JG. Hormones and Aging: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1835-1874. [PMID: 37326526 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple changes occur across various endocrine systems as an individual ages. The understanding of the factors that cause age-related changes and how they should be managed clinically is evolving. This statement reviews the current state of research in the growth hormone, adrenal, ovarian, testicular, and thyroid axes, as well as in osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, type 2 diabetes, and water metabolism, with a specific focus on older individuals. Each section describes the natural history and observational data in older individuals, available therapies, clinical trial data on efficacy and safety in older individuals, key points, and scientific gaps. The goal of this statement is to inform future research that refines prevention and treatment strategies in age-associated endocrine conditions, with the goal of improving the health of older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne R Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, Medical Service, LTC Charles S. Kettles Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48015, USA
| | - Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan
- Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program, WHO Collaborating Center for Metabolic Bone Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Andrology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney 2139, Australia
| | - Rita R Kalyani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael McClung
- Oregon Osteoporosis Center, Portland, OR 97213, USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Stuenkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael O Thorner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph G Verbalis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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11
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Dumesic DA, Turcu AF, Liu H, Grogan TR, Abbott DH, Lu G, Dharanipragada D, Chazenbalk GD. Interplay of Cortisol, Testosterone, and Abdominal Fat Mass in Normal-weight Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad079. [PMID: 37404244 PMCID: PMC10315644 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Ovarian and adrenal steroidogenesis underlie endocrine-metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adipocytes express aldo-keto reductase 1C3 and type 1 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which modulate peripheral androgen and cortisol production. Objectives To compare serum adrenal steroids, including 11-oxygenated androgens (11-oxyandrogens), cortisol, and cortisone between normal-weight women with PCOS and body mass index- and age-matched ovulatory women with normal-androgenic profiles (controls), and assess whether adrenal steroids associate with abdominal adipose deposition. Design Prospective, cross-sectional, cohort study. Setting Academic medical center. Patients Twenty normal-weight women with PCOS and 20 body mass index-/age-matched controls. Interventions Blood sampling, IV glucose tolerance testing, and total-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Main Outcome Measures Clinical characteristics, hormonal concentrations, and body fat distribution. Results Women with PCOS had higher serum total/free testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A4) levels and a greater android/gynoid fat mass than controls (androgens P < .001; android/gynoid fat mass ratio, P = .026). Serum total/free T and A4 levels correlated positively with android/gynoid fat mass ratio in all women combined (P < .025, all values). Serum 11ß-hydroxyA4, 11-ketoA4, 11ß-hydroxyT, 11-ketoT, cortisol, and cortisone levels were comparable between female types and unrelated to body fat distribution. Serum 11-oxyandrogens correlated negatively with % total body fat, but lost significance adjusting for cortisol. Serum cortisol levels, however, correlated inversely with android fat mass (P = .021), with a trend toward reduced serum cortisol to cortisone ratio in women with PCOS vs controls (P = .075), suggesting diminished 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Conclusion Reduced cortisol may protect against preferential abdominal fat mass in normal-weight PCOS women with normal serum 11-oxyandrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Dumesic
- Correspondence: Daniel A Dumesic, MD, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Room 22-178 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, Nutrition and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Haiping Liu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, Nutrition and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Tristan R Grogan
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - David H Abbott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Gwyneth Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Devyani Dharanipragada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gregorio D Chazenbalk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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12
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Cherney MD, Fisher DC, Auchus RJ, Rountrey AN, Selcer P, Shirley EA, Beld SG, Buigues B, Mol D, Boeskorov GG, Vartanyan SL, Tikhonov AN. Testosterone histories from tusks reveal woolly mammoth musth episodes. Nature 2023; 617:533-539. [PMID: 37138076 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hormones in biological media reveal endocrine activity related to development, reproduction, disease and stress on different timescales1. Serum provides immediate circulating concentrations2, whereas various tissues record steroid hormones accumulated over time3,4. Hormones have been studied in keratin, bones and teeth in modern5-8 and ancient contexts9-12; however, the biological significance of such records is subject to ongoing debate10,13-16, and the utility of tooth-associated hormones has not previously been demonstrated. Here we use liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry paired with fine-scale serial sampling to measure steroid hormone concentrations in modern and fossil tusk dentin. An adult male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) tusk shows periodic increases in testosterone that reveal episodes of musth17-19, an annually recurring period of behavioural and physiological changes that enhance mating success20-23. Parallel assessments of a male woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) tusk show that mammoths also experienced musth. These results set the stage for wide-ranging studies using steroids preserved in dentin to investigate development, reproduction and stress in modern and extinct mammals. Because dentin grows by apposition, resists degradation, and often contains growth lines, teeth have advantages over other tissues that are used as records of endocrine data. Given the low mass of dentin powder required for analytical precision, we anticipate dentin-hormone studies to extend to smaller animals. Thus, in addition to broad applications in zoology and palaeontology, tooth hormone records could support medical, forensic, veterinary and archaeological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Cherney
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Daniel C Fisher
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Adam N Rountrey
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Perrin Selcer
- Program in the Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ethan A Shirley
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott G Beld
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Dick Mol
- Natural History Museum, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gennady G Boeskorov
- Diamond and Precious Metals Geology Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St Jean de Luz, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey L Vartanyan
- Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Paleogeography, North-east Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute, Far-East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russian Federation
| | - Alexei N Tikhonov
- Laboratory of Mammals, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Mammoth Museum, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
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13
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Flowers KC, Shipman KE. Pitfalls in the Diagnosis and Management of Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome) in Humans; A Review of the Laboratory Medicine Perspective. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081415. [PMID: 37189516 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biochemical confirmation of a diagnosis of hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome) is vital to direct further investigations, especially given the overlap with non-autonomous conditions, such as pseudo-Cushing, and the morbidity associated with missed diagnoses. A limited narrative review was performed focusing on the laboratory perspective of the pitfalls of making a biochemical diagnosis of hypercortisolism in those presenting with presumed Cushing syndrome. Although analytically less specific, immunoassays remain cheap, quick, and reliable in most situations. Understanding cortisol metabolism can help with patient preparation, specimen selection (e.g., consideration of urine or saliva for those with possible elevations of cortisol binding globulin concentration), and method selection (e.g., mass spectrometry if there is a high risk of abnormal metabolites). Although more specific methods may be less sensitive, this can be managed. The reduction in cost and increasing ease of use makes techniques such as urine steroid profiles and salivary cortisone of interest in future pathway development. In conclusion, the limitations of current assays, particularly if well understood, do not impede diagnosis in most cases. However, in complex or borderline cases, there are other techniques to consider to aid in the confirmation of hypercortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kade C Flowers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Trust, Worthing BN11 2DH, UK
| | - Kate E Shipman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Trust, Worthing BN11 2DH, UK
- Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer Campus, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
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14
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Zahaf A, Kassoussi A, Hutteau-Hamel T, Mellouk A, Marie C, Zoupi L, Tsouki F, Mattern C, Bobé P, Schumacher M, Williams A, Parras C, Traiffort E. Androgens show sex-dependent differences in myelination in immune and non-immune murine models of CNS demyelination. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1592. [PMID: 36949062 PMCID: PMC10033728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36846-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and remyelinating properties of androgens are well-characterized in demyelinated male mice and men suffering from multiple sclerosis. However, androgen effects mediated by the androgen receptor (AR), have been only poorly studied in females who make low androgen levels. Here, we show a predominant microglial AR expression in demyelinated lesions from female mice and women with multiple sclerosis, but virtually undetectable AR expression in lesions from male animals and men with multiple sclerosis. In female mice, androgens and estrogens act in a synergistic way while androgens drive microglia response towards regeneration. Transcriptomic comparisons of demyelinated mouse spinal cords indicate that, regardless of the sex, androgens up-regulate genes related to neuronal function integrity and myelin production. Depending on the sex, androgens down-regulate genes related to the immune system in females and lipid catabolism in males. Thus, androgens are required for proper myelin regeneration in females and therapeutic approaches of demyelinating diseases need to consider male-female differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Zahaf
- U1195 Inserm, Paris-Saclay University, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | - Amine Mellouk
- UMR996 Inserm, Paris-Saclay University, Clamart, France
| | | | - Lida Zoupi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Foteini Tsouki
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Pierre Bobé
- UMR996 Inserm, Paris-Saclay University, Clamart, France
| | | | - Anna Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carlos Parras
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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15
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Schiffer L, Kempegowda P, Sitch AJ, Adaway JE, Shaheen F, Ebbehoj A, Singh S, McTaggart MP, O'Reilly MW, Prete A, Hawley JM, Keevil BG, Bancos I, Taylor AE, Arlt W. Classic and 11-oxygenated androgens in serum and saliva across adulthood: a cross-sectional study analyzing the impact of age, body mass index, and diurnal and menstrual cycle variation. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 188:lvac017. [PMID: 36651154 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 11-oxygenated androgens significantly contribute to the circulating androgen pool. Understanding the physiological variation of 11-oxygenated androgens and their determinants is essential for clinical interpretation, for example, in androgen excess conditions. We quantified classic and 11-oxygenated androgens in serum and saliva across the adult age and body mass index (BMI) range, also analyzing diurnal and menstrual cycle-dependent variation. DESIGN Cross-sectional. Morning serum samples were collected from 290 healthy volunteers (125 men, 22-95 years; 165 women, 21-91 years). Morning saliva samples were collected by a sub-group (51 women and 32 men). Diurnal saliva profiles were collected by 13 men. Twelve women collected diurnal saliva profiles and morning saliva samples on 7 consecutive days during both follicular and luteal menstrual cycle phases. METHODS Serum and salivary steroids were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiling assays. RESULTS Serum classic androgens decreased with age-adjusted BMI, for example, %change kg/m2 for 5α-dihydrotestosterone: men -5.54% (95% confidence interval (CI) -8.10 to -2.98) and women -1.62% (95%CI -3.16 to -0.08). By contrast, 11-oxygenated androgens increased with BMI, for example, %change kg/m2 for 11-ketotestosterone: men 3.05% (95%CI 0.08-6.03) and women 1.68% (95%CI -0.44 to 3.79). Conversely, classic androgens decreased with age in both men and women, while 11-oxygenated androgens did not. Salivary androgens showed a diurnal pattern in men and in the follicular phase in women; in the luteal phase, only 11-oxygenated androgens showed diurnal variation. CONCLUSIONS Classic androgens decrease while active 11-oxygenated androgens increase with increasing BMI, pointing toward the importance of adipose tissue mass for the activation of 11-oxygenated androgens. Classic but not 11-oxygenated androgens decline with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Punith Kempegowda
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alice J Sitch
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne E Adaway
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fozia Shaheen
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Ebbehoj
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sumitabh Singh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Malcom P McTaggart
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W O'Reilly
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Endocrinology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Prete
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James M Hawley
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Brian G Keevil
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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16
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Zeidler R, Biemann R, Ceglarek U, Kratzsch J, Isermann B, Gaudl A. Inclusion of 11-Oxygenated Androgens in a Clinical Routine LC-MS/MS Setup for Steroid Hormone Profiling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010539. [PMID: 36613983 PMCID: PMC9820169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
11-Oxygenated androgens (11-OAs) are being discussed as potential biomarkers in diagnosis and therapy control of disorders with androgen excess such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia and polycystic ovary syndrome. However, quantification of 11-OAs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) still relies on extensive sample preparation including liquid-liquid extraction, derivatization and partial long runtimes, which is unsuitable for high-throughput analysis under routine laboratory settings. For the first time, an established online-solid-phase extraction-LC-MS/MS (online-SPE-LC-MS/MS) method for the quantitation of seven serum steroids in daily routine use was extended and validated to include 11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-ketotestosterone, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione and 11β-hydroxytestosterone. Combining a simple protein precipitation step with fast chromatographic separation and ammonium fluoride-modified ionization resulted in a high-throughput method (6.6 min run time) featuring lower limits of quantification well below endogenous ranges (63-320 pmol/L) with recoveries between 85% and 117% (CVs ≤ 15%). Furthermore, the ability of this method to distinguish between adrenal and gonadal androgens was shown by comparing 11-OAs in patients with hyperandrogenemia to healthy controls. Due to the single shot multiplex design of the method, potential clinically relevant ratios of 11-OAs and corresponding androgens were readily available. The fully validated method covering endogenous concentration levels is ready to investigate the diagnostic values of 11-OAs in prospective studies and clinical applications.
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17
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Breslow E, Taylor A, Chan CL, Severn C, Pyle L, Torchen L, Sisk R, Legro R, Turcu AF, Auchus RJ, Dunaif A, Kelsey MM, Cree-Green M. 11-Oxygenated Androgen Metabolite Concentrations Are Affected by Pubertal Progression and Obesity. Horm Res Paediatr 2022; 96:412-422. [PMID: 36446347 DOI: 10.1159/000528341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 11-oxygenated C19 steroids (11-oxyandrogens) have been shown to rise during adrenarche and remain higher throughout adulthood than in early childhood. The patterns of circulating 11-oxyandrogens throughout normal puberty have not yet been described. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of healthy youth participants, both males and females, enrolled in six prior endocrine studies (N = 249). Participants were classified according to Tanner stage and body mass index (BMI). Concentrations of three adrenal-specific 11-oxygenated androgens, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4), 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT), and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), were measured in fasting serum samples. RESULTS 11OHA4 and 11OHT increased modestly between early and late puberty in youth with normal weight (p < 0.05), whereas increases in 11KT did not reach statistical significance (p < 0.06). 11KT levels differed between sexes throughout puberty (p < 0.01), and changes in 11-oxyandrogens were small compared to the marked increases for estradiol in girls or testosterone in boys. The trajectories of 11KT and 11OHA4 changes throughout puberty differed by BMI category (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Beyond adrenarche, 11-oxyandrogens continue to rise during pubertal development. The differences in 11KT trajectories in males and females are small compared to changes in testosterone for males and estradiol for females during puberty. Obesity appears to influence the trajectories of 11-oxyandrogens during puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Breslow
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anya Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christine L Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cameron Severn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura Pyle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura Torchen
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan Sisk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard Legro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrea Dunaif
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Megan Moriarty Kelsey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Women's Health Research, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melanie Cree-Green
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Women's Health Research, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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18
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Establishing and Verifying a Robust Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Simultaneously Measure Seven Androgens Present in Plasma Samples. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9110377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To develop a robust liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method to simultaneously measure seven human plasma androgens, namely testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (A4), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KetoT), and 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11β-OHT). Design and Methods: Plasma was extracted via a solid phase extraction method, and the analytical performance of the assay was validated according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Overall, 73 apparently healthy volunteers were recruited to evaluate the distribution of these seven androgens; their levels in 25 females with acne and 33 obese females were also evaluated. Results: The developed method exhibited a good precision, with the total coefficient variations (CV) and the intra-assay CVs being within 10%. Furthermore, the recoveries of T, DHT, A4, DHEA, DHEAS, 11-KetoT, and 11β-OHT were 90.3–105.8, 88.7–98.1, 92.4–102.5, 90.5–106.7, 87.6–99.9, 93.3–105.3, and 90.2–104.4%, respectively, and no significant matrix effect was observed after internal standard correction (<20%). Moreover, the limits of quantification were 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.10, 5.00, 0.02, and 0.02 ng/mL for T, DHT, A4, DHEA, DHEAS, 11-KetoT, and 11β-OHT, respectively, which are adequate for their accurate measurement in human plasma samples. It was also determined that patients diagnosed with acne had significantly higher levels of DHT, A4, and DHEAS, while those suffering from obesity had significantly higher levels of T and A4 but lower levels of DHT. Conclusions: A robust LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of seven androgens in plasma samples was successfully established and validated, which plays important roles in clinical application.
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19
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Shiota M, Endo S, Blas L, Fujimoto N, Eto M. Steroidogenesis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2022; 41:240-251. [PMID: 36376200 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Castration resistance is in part attributable to aberrant activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling by the intracrine activation of androgen precursors derived from adrenal glands. To overcome this, novel AR pathway inhibitors (ARPIs) that suppress androgen synthesis by CYP17 inhibition or AR activation by antiandrogen effects have been developed. However, primary or acquired resistance to these ARPIs occurs; in turn attributable, at least in part, to the maintained androgen milieu despite intensive suppression of AR signaling similar to castration resistance. In addition to the classical pathway to produce potent androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, the alternative pathway and the backdoor pathway which bypasses testosterone to produce dihydrotestosterone have been shown to play a role in intratumor steroidogenesis. Furthermore, the 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione pathway to produce the potent oxygenated androgens 11-ketotestosterone and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone has been suggested to be functional in prostate cancer. These steroidogenesis pathways produce potent androgens that promote tumor resistance to endocrine therapy including novel ARPIs. Here, we overview the current evidence on the pathological androgen milieu by altered metabolism and transport in prostate cancer, leading to resistance to endocrine therapy.
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20
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Kelly MR, Yuen F, Satterfield BC, Auchus RJ, Gaddameedhi S, Van Dongen HPA, Liu PY. Endogenous Diurnal Patterns of Adrenal and Gonadal Hormones During a 24-Hour Constant Routine After Simulated Shift Work. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac153. [PMID: 36330292 PMCID: PMC9620969 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Night-shift work causes circadian misalignment, predicts the development of metabolic diseases, and complicates the interpretation of hormone measurements. Objective To investigate endogenous circadian rhythms, dissociated from behavioral and environmental confounds, in adrenal and gonadal steroids after simulated shift work. Methods Fourteen healthy adults (ages 25.8 ± 3.2 years) were randomized to 3 days of night or day (control) shift work followed by a constant routine protocol designed to experimentally unveil rhythms driven endogenously by the central circadian pacemaker. Blood was sampled every 3 hours for 24 hours during the constant routine to concurrently obtain 16 Δ4 steroid profiles by mass spectrometry. Cosinor analyses of these profiles provided mesor (mean abundance), amplitude (oscillation magnitude), and acrophase (peak timing). Results Night-shift work marginally increased cortisol by 1 μg/dL (P = 0.039), and inactive/weak derivatives cortisone (P = 0.003) and 18-hydroxycortisol (P < 0.001), but did not alter the mesor of potent androgens testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone. Adrenal-derived steroids, including 11-ketotestosterone (P < 0.01), showed robust circadian rhythmicity after either day- or night-shift work. In contrast, testosterone and progesterone showed no circadian pattern after both shift work conditions. Night-shift work did not alter the amplitude or acrophase of any of the steroid profiles. Conclusion Experimental circadian misalignment had minimal effects on steroidogenesis. Adrenal steroids, but not gonadal hormones, showed endogenous circadian regulation robust to prior shift schedule. This dichotomy may predispose night-shift workers to metabolic ill health. Furthermore, adrenal steroids, including cortisol and the main adrenal androgen 11-ketostosterone, should always be evaluated during the biological morning whereas assessment of gonadal steroids, particularly testosterone, is dependent on the shift-work schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica R Kelly
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, North Hills, CA, USA
| | - Fiona Yuen
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Brieann C Satterfield
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Diabetes, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shobhan Gaddameedhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Peter Y Liu
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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21
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Tosi F, Villani M, Garofalo S, Faccin G, Bonora E, Fiers T, Kaufman JM, Moghetti P. Clinical Value of Serum Levels of 11-Oxygenated Metabolites of Testosterone in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2047-e2055. [PMID: 34951635 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent data suggested that 11-oxygenated androgens may be the preponderant circulating androgens in women with PCOS. However, the pathophysiological significance of these hormones remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between serum 11-OH testosterone (11-OHT) and 11-keto testosterone (11-KetoT) and clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism, as well as the metabolic parameters, in women with PCOS. METHODS The main classic and 11-oxygenated androgens were measured by LC-MS/MS and direct equilibrium dialysis in 123 women with PCOS, diagnosed according to the Rotterdam criteria, and 38 healthy controls. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. RESULTS Serum 11-oxygenated androgens were higher in women with PCOS than in controls. Elevated levels of 11-OHT and 11-KetoT were found in 28.5% and 30.1% of PCOS women, respectively, whereas free testosterone (FT) was increased in 61.0% of them. Serum 11-oxygenated androgens showed a limited performance in recognizing women with classically defined hyperandrogenism. Unlike FT, 11-oxygenated androgens did not show significant relationships with anthropometric and metabolic parameters, except for a direct association with insulin sensitivity. In multivariable analysis, 11-OHT and 11-KetoT, directly, and FT, inversely, remained significant independent predictors of insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of 11-oxygenated androgens are higher in women with PCOS than in controls. However, these hormones show a poor performance in recognizing women with hyperandrogenism, as currently defined. The relationships of these androgens with insulin sensitivity strongly differ from that of FT, suggesting a different role of classic and 11-oxygenated androgens in the pathophysiology of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Tosi
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, I-37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Villani
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, I-37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Sabrina Garofalo
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, I-37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Faccin
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, I-37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Enzo Bonora
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, I-37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Tom Fiers
- Laboratory for Hormonology and Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Kaufman
- Laboratory for Hormonology and Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paolo Moghetti
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, I-37126 Verona, Italy
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22
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Handelsman DJ, Cooper ER, Heather AK. Bioactivity of 11 keto and hydroxy androgens in yeast and mammalian host cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 218:106049. [PMID: 34990809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the potential role of 11oxygenated (keto or hydroxy) androgens in human reproductive function with 11keto androgens circulating at concentrations comparable with testosterone in women and children. However, the intrinsic androgenic bioactivities of 11 keto and hydroxy androgens are not fully characterized. We therefore investigated the full androgen dose-response curves using complementary in vitro yeast and mammalian (HEK293) host cell bioassays of 11 keto and hydroxy derivatives of the potent androgens, testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), compared with their parent non-11 oxygenated steroids together with the pro-androgen precursor (androstenedione (A4)) and metabolites (androstanedione, androsterone). For potent androgens, the mammalian HEK293 host cell bioassay was 22-138 times more sensitive than the yeast host cell bioassay. In both androgen bioassays, 11keto derivatives displayed androgenic bioactivity but significantly lower molar potency than their parent non-keto steroids. By contrast, the 11hydroxy derivatives had minimal or no androgenic bioactivity. In both bioassays 5α-reduction increased androgenic potency. These findings confirm that that 11keto androgens may contribute directly to androgen status in women, children, and other conditions apart from healthy eugonadal men whereas 11hydroxy androgens have negligible androgenic potency although it cannot be excluded that they may be converted to more potent androgens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliot R Cooper
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; National Measurement Institute, Sydney, Australia; Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Alison K Heather
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, New Zealand
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23
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Taylor AE, Ware MA, Breslow E, Pyle L, Severn C, Nadeau KJ, Chan CL, Kelsey MM, Cree-Green M. 11-Oxyandrogens in Adolescents With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac037. [PMID: 35611324 PMCID: PMC9123281 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is common and diagnosis requires an elevated testosterone. The clinical importance of adrenal 11-oxyandrogens in PCOS is unclear. Objective We sought to determine if 11-oxyandrogens 1) better identify PCOS diagnosis compared to testosterone, 2) predict clinical comorbidities of PCOS, and 3) are altered with an combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) or metformin therapy. Methods Data from 200 adolescent female participants aged 12 to 21 years, most with obesity, enrolled across 6 studies in pediatric endocrinology were included: 70 non-PCOS controls, 115 untreated PCOS, 9 PCOS + obesity treated with COCP, and 6 PCOS + obesity treated with metformin. 11-Hydroxyandrostenedione (11-OHA4), 11-hydroxytestosterone (1-OHT), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and testosterone were measured with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data between 1) untreated PCOS and controls and 2) untreated PCOS and the 2 treatment groups were compared. Results Untreated girls with PCOS had higher 11-OHA4 (P = .003) and 11-OHT (P = .005) compared to controls, but not 11-KT (P = .745). Elevated 11-OHA4 remained statistically significant after controlling for obesity. Testosterone better predicted PCOS status compared to 11-oxyandrogens (receiver operating characteristic curve analysis: 11-OHA4 area under the curve [AUC] = 0.620, 11-OHT AUC = 0.638; testosterone AUC = 0.840). Among untreated PCOS patients, all 3 11-oxyandrogens correlated with hirsutism severity. 11-KT (P = .039) and testosterone (P < .006) were lower in those on COCP treatment compared to untreated PCOS. Metformin treatment had no effect on 11-oxyandrogens, although testosterone was lower (P = .01). Conclusion Although 11-oxyandrogens do not aid in the diagnosis of PCOS, they relate to excess hair growth. COCP treatment may related to 11-KT; however, further work is needed to determine causality, relationship with metabolic outcomes, and the clinical utility of measuring these androgens in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya E Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Meredith A Ware
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Emily Breslow
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Laura Pyle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Cameron Severn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA,Center for Women’s Health Research, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christine L Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Megan M Kelsey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA,Center for Women’s Health Research, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melanie Cree-Green
- Correspondence: Melanie Cree-Green, MD, PhD, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, PO Box 265, 13123 E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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24
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He X, Banker M, Puttabyatappa M, Padmanabhan V, Auchus RJ. Maternal 11-Ketoandrostenedione Rises Through Normal Pregnancy and Is the Dominant 11-Oxygenated Androgen in Cord Blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:660-667. [PMID: 34718643 PMCID: PMC8851933 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenal-derived 11-oxygenated androgens (11oAs) are known important contributors to human physiology and disease but have not been studied in pregnancy. OBJECTIVE We characterize 11oAs in normal human pregnancy and neonatal period and assess the ratios between 11oAs and compare with ratios of other steroids that undergo placental metabolism. DESIGN Prospective cohort study, 2010-2018. SETTING Academic institution. PATIENTS Pairs of pregnant women and newborns (n = 120) were studied. Inclusion criteria were maternal age between 18 and 42 years old, spontaneous singleton pregnancies, and intention to deliver at University of Michigan. INTERVENTION Maternal venous blood was collected during first trimester and at term. Neonatal cord blood was collected following delivery. Steroids were measured via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Levels of 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4), 11-ketoandrostenedione (11KA4), 11β-hydroxytestosterone, and 11-ketotestoterone (11KT) in maternal first trimester, maternal term, and neonatal cord blood were compared. 11OHA4-to-11KA4 ratios were correlated with cortisol-to-cortisone ratios. RESULTS Dominant 11oAs in pregnancy and the cord blood are 11OHA4 and 11KA4, compared to 11OHA4 and 11KT in adult men and nonpregnant women. We found a rise in 11oA concentrations, particularly 11KA4, from first to third trimester. In cord blood, the concentration of 11KA4 exceeded those of both 11OHA4 and 11KT, reflecting placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17βHSD2) activities, respectively. 11OHA4-to-11KA4 ratios are concordant with cortisol-to-cortisone ratios across all maternal and fetal compartments, reflecting placental 11βHSD2 activity. CONCLUSIONS Placental 17βHSD2 activity defends the fetus against the androgen 11KT. Our normative values may be used in future studies of 11oAs in complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Margaret Banker
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- LTC Charles S. Kettles Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Correspondence: Richard J. Auchus, MD, PhD, 1150 West Medical Center Dr, Room 5560A MSRB II, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA. E-mail:
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25
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Claahsen - van der Grinten HL, Speiser PW, Ahmed SF, Arlt W, Auchus RJ, Falhammar H, Flück CE, Guasti L, Huebner A, Kortmann BBM, Krone N, Merke DP, Miller WL, Nordenström A, Reisch N, Sandberg DE, Stikkelbroeck NMML, Touraine P, Utari A, Wudy SA, White PC. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia-Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:91-159. [PMID: 33961029 PMCID: PMC8755999 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders affecting cortisol biosynthesis. Reduced activity of an enzyme required for cortisol production leads to chronic overstimulation of the adrenal cortex and accumulation of precursors proximal to the blocked enzymatic step. The most common form of CAH is caused by steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency due to mutations in CYP21A2. Since the last publication summarizing CAH in Endocrine Reviews in 2000, there have been numerous new developments. These include more detailed understanding of steroidogenic pathways, refinements in neonatal screening, improved diagnostic measurements utilizing chromatography and mass spectrometry coupled with steroid profiling, and improved genotyping methods. Clinical trials of alternative medications and modes of delivery have been recently completed or are under way. Genetic and cell-based treatments are being explored. A large body of data concerning long-term outcomes in patients affected by CAH, including psychosexual well-being, has been enhanced by the establishment of disease registries. This review provides the reader with current insights in CAH with special attention to these new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phyllis W Speiser
- Cohen Children’s Medical Center of NY, Feinstein Institute, Northwell Health, Zucker School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Intitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Angela Huebner
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Paediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara B M Kortmann
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Department of Pediatric Urology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Krone
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Deborah P Merke
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Reproductive Sciences, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Reisch
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - David E Sandberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Philippe Touraine
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development, Center for Rare Gynecological Diseases, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Agustini Utari
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Stefan A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory of Translational Hormone Analytics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Perrin C White
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390, USA
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26
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Schröder MAM, Turcu AF, O’Day P, van Herwaarden AE, Span PN, Auchus RJ, Sweep FCGJ, Claahsen-van der Grinten HL. Production of 11-Oxygenated Androgens by Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e272-e280. [PMID: 34390337 PMCID: PMC8684463 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Testicular adrenal rest tumors (TART) are a common complication in males with classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD). TART are likely to contribute to the androgen excess in 21OHD patients, but a direct quantification of steroidogenesis from these tumors has not been yet done. OBJECTIVE We aimed to define the production of 11-oxygenated 19-carbon (11oxC19) steroids by TART. METHODS Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, steroids were measured in left (n = 7) and right (n = 4) spermatic vein and simultaneously drawn peripheral blood (n = 7) samples from 7 men with 21OHD and TART. For comparison, we also measured the peripheral steroid concentrations in 5 adrenalectomized patients and 12 age- and BMI-matched controls. Additionally, steroids were quantified in TART cell- and adrenal cell-conditioned medium, with and without adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation. RESULTS Compared with peripheral blood from 21OHD patients with TART, the spermatic vein samples displayed the highest gradient for 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT; 96-fold) of the 11oxC19 steroids, followed by 11-ketotestosterone (47-fold) and 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4; 29-fold), suggesting production of these steroids in TART. TART cells produced higher levels of testosterone and lower levels of A4 and 11OHA4 after ACTH stimulation compared with adrenal cells, indicating ACTH-induced production of testosterone in TART. CONCLUSION In patients with 21OHD, TART produce 11oxC19 steroids, but in different proportions than the adrenals. The very high ratio of 11OHT in spermatic vs peripheral vein blood suggests the 11-hydroxylation of testosterone by TART, and the in vitro results indicate that this metabolism is ACTH-sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariska A M Schröder
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Patrick O’Day
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Antonius E van Herwaarden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fred C G J Sweep
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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27
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Fukami M. 11-Oxyandrogens from the viewpoint of pediatric endocrinology. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2022; 31:110-115. [PMID: 35928376 PMCID: PMC9297174 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.2022-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
11-Oxyandrogens, such as 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), 11-ketodihydrotestosterone
(11-KDHT), 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11-OHT), 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11-OHA4), and
11-KA4, are newly specified human androgens. These 11-oxyandrogens are present in the cord
blood and placenta, as well as in the blood of men and women of various ages, and are
produced primarily in the adrenal gland. Accumulating evidence suggests that these
steroids contribute to androgen excess in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency or
polycystic ovary syndrome. More importantly, unlike classic androgens, 11-oxyandrogens
produced in maternal tumors can pass through the placenta without being converted into
estrogens, and cause severe virilization of female fetuses. Thus, overproduction of
11-oxyandrogens represents a new mechanism of 46,XX disorders of sex development. On the
other hand, the physiological roles of 11-oxyandrogens remain to be clarified. This
mini-review introduces the current understanding of 11-oxyandrogens, from the perspective
of pediatric endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Santoro N, Wierman ME. Do Women Need Androgens Like a Fish Needs a Bicycle? A Review of the Literature and Clinical Guidelines. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2021; 64:784-792. [PMID: 34560765 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biopotent androgens such as testosterone circulate in low levels in women. However, androgen precursors, such as dehyroepiandrosterone, are among the most abundant hormones produced in both men and women. While testosterone exerts obvious phenotypic effects in men and is essential for male sexual function, considerable debate and controversy abounds over the role of androgens in women and whether androgens exert an analogous role in women as they do in men. This piece reviews androgen economy in women and the clinical case for and against androgen treatment for women for specific indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette Santoro
- E Stewart Taylor Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Margaret E Wierman
- Department of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
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29
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Abstract
Adrenarche is the maturational increase in adrenal androgen production that normally begins in early childhood. It results from changes in the secretory response to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) that are best indexed by dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) rise. These changes are related to the development of the zona reticularis (ZR) and its unique gene/enzyme expression pattern of low 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 with high cytochrome b5A, sulfotransferase 2A1, and 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5. Recently 11-ketotestosterone was identified as an important bioactive adrenarchal androgen. Birth weight, body growth, obesity, and prolactin are related to ZR development. Adrenarchal androgens normally contribute to the onset of sexual pubic hair (pubarche) and sebaceous and apocrine gland development. Premature adrenarche causes ≥90% of premature pubarche (PP). Its cause is unknown. Affected children have a significantly increased growth rate with proportionate bone age advancement that typically does not compromise growth potential. Serum DHEAS and testosterone levels increase to levels normal for early female puberty. It is associated with mildly increased risks for obesity, insulin resistance, and possibly mood disorder and polycystic ovary syndrome. Between 5% and 10% of PP is due to virilizing disorders, which are usually characterized by more rapid advancement of pubarche and compromise of adult height potential than premature adrenarche. Most cases are due to nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Algorithms are presented for the differential diagnosis of PP. This review highlights recent advances in molecular genetic and developmental biologic understanding of ZR development and insights into adrenarche emanating from mass spectrometric steroid assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Rosenfield
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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30
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Tezuka Y, Ishii K, Zhao L, Yamazaki Y, Morimoto R, Sasano H, Udager AM, Satoh F, Turcu AF. ACTH Stimulation Maximizes the Accuracy of Peripheral Steroid Profiling in Primary Aldosteronism Subtyping. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3969-e3978. [PMID: 34117870 PMCID: PMC8475211 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) can contribute to aldosterone excess in primary aldosteronism (PA) via increased melanocortin type 2 receptor expression. Dynamic manipulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis could assist PA subtyping, but a direct comparison of dynamic tests is lacking. OBJECTIVE To investigate plasma steroid differences between aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and bilateral PA (BPA) relative to ACTH variations. METHODS We conducted comprehensive dynamic testing in 80 patients: 40 with APA and 40 with BPA. Peripheral plasma was collected from each patient at 6 time points: morning; midnight; after 1 mg dexamethasone suppression; and 15, 30, and 60 minutes after ACTH stimulation. We quantified 17 steroids by mass spectrometry in response to ACTH variations in all patients and compared their discriminative power between the 2 PA subtypes. RESULTS Patients with APA had higher morning and midnight concentrations of 18-hydroxycortisol, 18-oxocortisol, aldosterone, and 18-hydroxycorticosterone than those with BPA (P < 0.001 for all). In response to cosyntropin stimulation, the APA group had larger increments of aldosterone, 18-oxocortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and 11-deoxycortisol (P < 0.05 for all). Following dexamethasone suppression, the APA group had larger decrements of aldosterone, 18-hydroxycortisol, and 18-oxocortisol (P < 0.05 for all), but their concentrations remained higher than in the BPA group (P < 0.01 for all). The highest discriminatory performance between the PA subtypes was achieved using steroids measured 15 minutes post-ACTH stimulation (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.957). CONCLUSION Steroid differences between APA and BPA are enhanced by dynamic HPA testing; such noninvasive tests could circumvent the need for adrenal vein sampling in a subset of patients with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tezuka
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
| | - Kae Ishii
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
| | - Lili Zhao
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
| | - Aaron M Udager
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8576, Japan
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: Adina F. Turcu, MD, MS, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, MSRB II, 5570B, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109.
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Turcu AF, Zhao L, Chen X, Yang R, Rege J, Rainey WE, Veldhuis JD, Auchus RJ. Circadian rhythms of 11-oxygenated C19 steroids and ∆5-steroid sulfates in healthy men. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 185:K1-K6. [PMID: 34324429 PMCID: PMC8826489 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many hormones display distinct circadian rhythms, driven by central regulators, hormonal bioavailability, and half-life. A set of 11-oxygenated C19 steroids (11-oxyandrogens) and pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) are elevated in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and other disorders, but their circadian patterns have not been characterized. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Peripheral blood was collected every 2 h over 24 h from healthy volunteer men (10 young, 18-30 years, and 10 older, 60-80 years). We used mass spectrometry to quantify 15 steroids, including androstenedione (A4), testosterone (T), 11β-hydroxy- and 11-ketotestosterone (11OHT, 11KT),11β-hydroxy- and 11-ketoandrostenedione (11OHA4, 11KA4), and 4 ∆5-steroid sulfates. Diurnal models including mesor (rhythm adjusted median), peak, and nadir concentrations, acrophase, and amplitude were computed. RESULTS 11OHA4 followed a rhythm similar to cortisol: acrophase 8:00 h, nadir 21:00 h and were similar in young and old men. 11KT had similar diurnal patterns, but the peak was lower in older than in young men, as was the case for A4. All four steroid sulfates were higher in young vs older men. PregS and 17-hydroxypregnenolone sulfate (17OHPregS) showed sustained elevations between 8:00 and 18:00 h, and nadirs around midnight, while DHEAS and AdiolS displayed minimal diurnal variations. All 4 11-oxyandrogens correlated tightly with cortisol (r from 0.54 for 11OHT to 0.81 for 11OHA4, P < 0.0001 for all), but very weakly with T, supporting their adrenal origin and ACTH governance. CONCLUSIONS 11-Oxyandrogens, PregS, and 17OHPregS display distinct circadian and age variations, which should be accounted for when used as clinical biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lili Zhao
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xuan Chen
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebecca Yang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Juilee Rege
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Johannes D Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Moon HH, Clines KL, O'Day PJ, Al-Barghouthi BM, Farber EA, Farber CR, Auchus RJ, Clines GA. Osteoblasts Generate Testosterone From DHEA and Activate Androgen Signaling in Prostate Cancer Cells. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1566-1579. [PMID: 33900658 PMCID: PMC8565089 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a complication of prostate cancer in up to 90% of men afflicted with advanced disease. Therapies that reduce androgen exposure remain at the forefront of treatment. However, most prostate cancers transition to a state whereby reducing testicular androgen action becomes ineffective. A common mechanism of this transition is intratumoral production of testosterone (T) using the adrenal androgen precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) through enzymatic conversion by 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (3βHSD and 17βHSD). Given the ability of prostate cancer to form blastic metastases in bone, we hypothesized that osteoblasts might be a source of androgen synthesis. RNA expression analyses of murine osteoblasts and human bone confirmed that at least one 3βHSD and 17βHSD enzyme isoform was expressed, suggesting that osteoblasts are capable of generating androgens from adrenal DHEA. Murine osteoblasts were treated with 100 nM and 1 μM DHEA or vehicle control. Conditioned media from these osteoblasts were assayed for intermediate and active androgens by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. As DHEA was consumed, the androgen intermediates androstenediol and androstenedione were generated and subsequently converted to T. Conditioned media of DHEA-treated osteoblasts increased androgen receptor (AR) signaling, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) production, and cell numbers of the androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cell lines C4-2B and LNCaP. DHEA did not induce AR signaling in osteoblasts despite AR expression in this cell type. We describe an unreported function of osteoblasts as a source of T that is especially relevant during androgen-responsive metastatic prostate cancer invasion into bone. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katrina L Clines
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick J O'Day
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Emily A Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Charles R Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Departments of Public Health Sciences, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Endocrinology & Metabolism Section, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory A Clines
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Endocrinology & Metabolism Section, Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Bernhardt R, Neunzig J. Underestimated reactions and regulation patterns of adrenal cytochromes P450. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 530:111237. [PMID: 33722664 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although cytochrome P450 (CYP) systems including the adrenal ones are being investigated since many years, there are still reactions and regulation patterns that have been underestimated ever since. This review discusses neglected ones to bring them into the focus of investigators working in the field. Novel substrates and reactions described for adrenal CYPs recently point to the fact that different from what has been believed for many years, adrenal CYPs are less selective than previously thought. The conversion of steroid sulfates, intermediates of steroid biosynthesis as well as of exogenous compounds are being discussed here in more detail and consequences for further studies are drawn. Furthermore, it was shown that protein-protein interactions may have an important effect not only on the activity of adrenal CYPs, but also on the product pattern of the reactions. It was found that, as expected, the stoichiometry of CYP:redox partner plays an important role for tuning the activity. In addition, competition between different CYPs for the redox partner and for electrons and possible alterations by mutants in the efficiency of electron transfer play an important role for the activity and product pattern. Moreover, the influence of phosphorylation and small charged molecules like natural polyamines on the activity of adrenal systems has been demonstrated in-vitro indicating a possible regulation of adrenal CYP reactions by affecting redox partner recognition and binding affinity. Finally, an effect of the genetic background on the consequences of mutations in adrenal CYPs found in patients was suggested from corresponding in-vitro studies indicating that a different genetic background might be able to significantly affect the activity of a CYP mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bernhardt
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus B2.2, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Jens Neunzig
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Campus A2.4, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Baker JE, Plaska SW, Qin Z, Liu CJ, Rege J, Rainey WE, Udager AM. Targeted RNA sequencing of adrenal zones using immunohistochemistry-guided capture of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 530:111296. [PMID: 33915228 PMCID: PMC8456741 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adequate access to fresh or frozen normal adrenal tissue has been a primary limitation to the enhanced characterization of the adrenal zones via RNA sequencing (RNAseq). Herein, we describe the application of targeted RNAseq to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) normal adrenal gland specimens. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to visualize and guide the capture of the adrenocortical zones and medulla. Following IHC-based tissue capture and isolation of RNA, high-throughput targeted RNAseq highlighted clear transcriptomic differences and identified differentially expressed genes among the adrenal zones. Our data demonstrate the ability to capture FFPE adrenal zone tissue for targeted transcriptomic analyses. Future comparison of normal adrenal zones will improve our understanding of transcriptomic patterns and help identify potential novel pathways controlling zone-specific steroid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Baker
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samuel W Plaska
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhaoping Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Aaron M Udager
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Snaterse G, van Dessel LF, van Riet J, Taylor AE, van der Vlugt-Daane M, Hamberg P, de Wit R, Visser JA, Arlt W, Lolkema MP, Hofland J. 11-Ketotestosterone is the predominant active androgen in prostate cancer patients after castration. JCI Insight 2021; 6:148507. [PMID: 33974560 PMCID: PMC8262344 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continued androgen receptor (AR) signaling constitutes a key target for treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Studies have identified 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) as a potent AR agonist, but it is unknown if 11KT is present at physiologically relevant concentrations in patients with CRPC to drive AR activation. The goal of this study was to investigate the circulating steroid metabolome including all active androgens in patients with CRPC. METHODS Patients with metastatic CRPC (n = 29) starting a new line of systemic therapy were included. Sequential plasma samples were obtained for measurement of circulating steroid concentrations by multisteroid profiling employing liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Metastatic tumor biopsy samples were obtained at baseline and subjected to RNA sequencing. RESULTS 11KT was the most abundant circulating active androgen in 97% of patients with CRPC (median 0.39 nmol/L, range: 0.03–2.39 nmol/L), constituting 60% (IQR 43%–79%) of the total active androgen (TA) pool. Treatment with glucocorticoids reduced 11KT by 84% (49%–89%) and testosterone by 68% (38%–79%). Circulating TA concentrations at baseline were associated with a distinct intratumor gene expression signature comprising AR-regulated genes. CONCLUSION The potent AR agonist 11KT is the predominant circulating active androgen in patients with CRPC and, therefore, one of the potential drivers of AR activation in CRPC. Assessment of androgen status should be extended to include 11KT, as current clinical approaches likely underestimate androgen abundance in patients with CRPC. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register: NL5625 (NTR5732). FUNDING Daniel den Hoed Foundation and Wellcome Trust (Investigator Award WT209492/Z/17/Z).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gido Snaterse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisanne F van Dessel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Job van Riet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Hamberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Wit
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn P Lolkema
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Yazawa T, Sato T, Nemoto T, Nagata S, Imamichi Y, Kitano T, Sekiguchi T, Uwada J, Islam MS, Mikami D, Nakajima I, Takahashi S, Khan MRI, Suzuki N, Umezawa A, Ida T. 11-Ketotestosterone is a major androgen produced in porcine adrenal glands and testes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 210:105847. [PMID: 33609691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Porcine steroid hormone profiles have some unique characteristics. We previously studied human and murine steroidogenesis using steroidogenic cells-derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). To investigate porcine steroidogenesis, we induced steroidogenic cells from porcine subcutaneous preadipocytes (PSPA cells), which originate from MSCs. Using cAMP, adenovirus-mediated introduction of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1)/adrenal 4-binding protein (Ad4BP) induced the differentiation of PSPA cells into sex steroid-producing cells. Introducing SF-1/Ad4BP also induced the aldo-keto reductase 1C1 (AKR1C1) gene. Porcine AKR1C1 had 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, which converts androstenedione and 11-ketoandrostenedione into testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosteorne (11KT). Furthermore, differentiated cells expressed hydroxysteroid 11β-dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2) and produced 11KT. HSD11B2 was expressed in testicular Leydig cells and the adrenal cortex. 11KT was present in the plasma of both immature male and female pigs, with slightly higher levels in the male pigs. T levels were much higher in the male pigs. It is noteworthy that in the female pigs, the 11KT levels were >10-fold higher than the T levels. However, castration altered the 11KT and T plasma profiles in the male pigs to near those of the females. 11KT induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in porcine vascular endothelial cells. These results indicate that 11KT is produced in porcine adrenal glands and testes, and may regulate cardiovascular functions through eNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nemoto
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Junsuke Uwada
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Mikami
- Department of Nephrology, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Nakajima
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan
| | - Md Rafiqul Islam Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproduction, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takanori Ida
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Dumontet T, Martinez A. Adrenal androgens, adrenarche, and zona reticularis: A human affair? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 528:111239. [PMID: 33676986 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In humans, reticularis cells of the adrenal cortex fuel the production of androgen steroids, constituting the driver of numerous morphological changes during childhood. These steps are considered a precocious stage of sexual maturation and are grouped under the term "adrenarche". This review describes the molecular and enzymatic characteristics of the zona reticularis, along with the possible signals and mechanisms that control its emergence and the associated clinical features. We investigate the differences between species and discuss new studies such as genetic lineage tracing and transcriptomic analysis, highlighting the rodent inner cortex's cellular and molecular heterogeneity. The recent development and characterization of mouse models deficient for Prkar1a presenting with adrenocortical reticularis-like features prompt us to review our vision of the mouse adrenal gland maturation. We expect these new insights will help increase our understanding of the adrenarche process and the pathologies associated with its deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Typhanie Dumontet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Training Program in Organogenesis, Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Antoine Martinez
- Génétique, Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Institut National de La Santé & de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Clermont-Auvergne (UCA), France.
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Caron P, Turcotte V, Guillemette C. A quantitative analysis of total and free 11-oxygenated androgens and its application to human serum and plasma specimens using liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1650:462228. [PMID: 34090133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive 11-oxygenated C19 adrenal-derived steroids (11-oxy C19) are potentially relevant in diverse endocrine and metabolic contexts. We report the development and validation of a liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for the simultaneous quantification of seven 11-oxy C19 using 200 µL of plasma or serum. Sample preparation involved chemical derivatization using hydroxylamine after liquid-liquid extraction to improve specificity and sensitivity. The method allowed the quantitation of total 11-oxy C19 (free + sulfate and glucuronide conjugates) following enzymatic hydrolysis. This included the abundant precursor 11-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4) and the most potent androgenic derivatives 11-keto-testosterone (11KT) and 11-keto-dihydrotestosterone (11KDHT), their abundant metabolites 11-hydroxyandrosterone (11OHAST) and 11-keto-androsterone (11KAST) potentially feeding back into the pool of potent androgens, in addition to 11-keto-androstenedione (11KA4) and 11-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT). Stable isotopes were used as internal standards, and calibrators and quality controls were prepared in the same matrix as the study samples. Performance was validated against the Food and Drug Administration Criteria. The method was sensitive with lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) values of 10 and 20 pg/mL for free and total 11-oxy C19, respectively. The applicability was demonstrated in men and women adult donors that showed sex-differences. All steroids were quantified well above LLOQ, except 11KDHT that remained undetectable suggesting interfering endogenous molecules present in non-derivatized samples in which a peak was observed. By providing accurate and reliable quantitative data, this method will permit to evaluate how profiling of 11-oxy C19 will be most informative as diagnostic, prognostic and/or theranostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Caron
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec city, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Turcotte
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec city, QC, Canada
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec - Université Laval Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec city, QC, Canada; Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Canada.
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Tezuka Y, Atsumi N, Blinder AR, Rege J, Giordano TJ, Rainey WE, Turcu AF. The Age-Dependent Changes of the Human Adrenal Cortical Zones Are Not Congruent. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1389-1397. [PMID: 33524149 PMCID: PMC8502483 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While previous studies indicate that the zonae reticularis (ZR) and glomerulosa (ZG) diminish with aging, little is known about age-related transformations of the zona fasciculata (ZF). OBJECTIVES To investigate the morphological and functional changes of the adrenal cortex across adulthood, with emphasis on (i) the understudied ZF and (ii) sexual dimorphisms. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), visinin-like protein 1 (VSNL1), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD3B2), 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), and cytochrome b5 type A (CYB5A) in adrenal glands from 60 adults (30 men), aged 18 to 86. Additionally, we employed mass spectrometry to quantify the morning serum concentrations of cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol (11dF), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and androstenedione in 149 pairs of age- and body mass index-matched men and women, age 21 to 95 years. RESULTS The total cortical area was positively correlated with age (r = 0.34, P = 0.008). Both the total (VSNL1-positive) and functional ZG (CYP11B2-positive) areas declined with aging in men (r = -0.57 and -0.67, P < 0.01), but not in women. The CYB5A-positive area declined with age in both sexes (r = -0.76, P < 0.0001). In contrast, the estimated ZF area correlated positively with age in men (r = 0.59, P = 0.0006) and women (r = 0.49, P = 0.007), while CYP11B1-positive area remained unchanged across ages. Serum cortisol, corticosterone, and 11-deoxycorticosterone levels were stable across ages, while 11dF levels increased slightly with age (r = 0.16, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION Unlike the ZG and ZR, the ZF and the total adrenal cortex areas enlarge with aging. An abrupt decline of the ZG occurs with age in men only, possibly contributing to sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tezuka
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nanako Atsumi
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Amy R Blinder
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Correspondence: Adina F. Turcu, MD, MS, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, MSRB II, 5570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
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Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: A growing multi-tasking family. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 526:111210. [PMID: 33607268 PMCID: PMC8108011 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly addresses the history of the discovery and elucidation of the three cloned 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) enzymes in the human, 11βHSD1, 11βHSD2 and 11βHSD3, an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase also called the 11βHSD1-like dehydrogenase (11βHSD1L), as well as evidence for yet identified 11βHSDs. Attention is devoted to more recently described aspects of this multi-functional family. The importance of 11βHSD substrates other than glucocorticoids including bile acids, 7-keto sterols, neurosteroids, and xenobiotics is discussed, along with examples of pathology when functions of these multi-tasking enzymes are disrupted. 11βHSDs modulate the intracellular concentration of glucocorticoids, thereby regulating the activation of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, and 7β-27-hydroxycholesterol, an agonist of the retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ). Key functions of this nuclear transcription factor include regulation of immune cell differentiation, cytokine production and inflammation at the cell level. 11βHSD1 expression and/or glucocorticoid reductase activity are inappropriately increased with age and in obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Potential causes for disappointing results of the clinical trials of selective inhibitors of 11βHSD1 in the treatment of these disorders are discussed, as well as the potential for more targeted use of inhibitors of 11βHSD1 and 11βHSD2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jackson, MS, USA; Medicine (Endocrinology), Jackson, MS, USA; University of Mississippi Medical Center and G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center(3), Jackson, MS, USA
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Barnard L, du Toit T, Swart AC. Back where it belongs: 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione compels the re-assessment of C11-oxy androgens in steroidogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 525:111189. [PMID: 33539964 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal steroidogenesis has, for decades, been depicted as three biosynthesis pathways -the mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid and androgen pathways with aldosterone, cortisol and androstenedione as the respective end products. 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione was not included as an adrenal steroid despite the adrenal output of this steroid being twice that of androstenedione. While it is the end of the line for aldosterone and cortisol, as it is in these forms that they exhibit their most potent receptor activities prior to inactivation and conjugation, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione is another matter entirely. The steroid, which is weakly androgenic, has its own designated pathway yielding 11-ketoandrostenedione, 11β-hydroxytestosterone and the potent androgens, 11-ketotestosterone and 11-ketodihydrotestosterone, primarily in the periphery. Over the last decade, these C11-oxy C19 steroids have once again come to the fore with the rising number of studies contradicting the generally accepted notion that testosterone and it's 5α-reduced product, dihydrotestosterone, are the principal potent androgens in humans. These C11-oxy androgens have been shown to contribute to the androgen milieu in adrenal disorders associated with androgen excess and in androgen dependant disease progression. In this review, we will highlight these overlooked C11-oxy C19 steroids as well as the C11-oxy C21 steroids and their contribution to congenital adrenal hyperplasia, polycystic ovarian syndrome and prostate cancer. The focus is on new findings over the past decade which are slowly but surely reshaping our current outlook on human sex steroid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Therina du Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Amanda C Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Barnard L, Schiffer L, Louw du-Toit R, Tamblyn JA, Chen S, Africander D, Arlt W, Foster PA, Storbeck KH. 11-Oxygenated Estrogens Are a Novel Class of Human Estrogens but Do not Contribute to the Circulating Estrogen Pool. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6042237. [PMID: 33340399 PMCID: PMC7814299 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are the obligatory precursors of estrogens. In humans, classic androgen biosynthesis yields testosterone, thought to represent the predominant circulating active androgen both in men and women. However, recent work has shown that 11-ketotestosterone, derived from the newly described 11-oxygenated androgen biosynthesis pathway, makes a substantial contribution to the active androgen pool in women. Considering that classic androgens are the obligatory substrates for estrogen biosynthesis catalyzed by cytochrome P450 aromatase, we hypothesized that 11-oxygenated androgens are aromatizable. Here we use steroid analysis by tandem mass spectrometry to demonstrate that human aromatase generates 11-oxygenated estrogens from 11-oxygenated androgens in 3 different cell-based aromatase expression systems and in human ex vivo placenta explant cultures. We also show that 11-oxygenated estrogens are generated as a byproduct of the aromatization of classic androgens. We show that 11β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol binds and activates estrogen receptors α and β and that 11β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol and the classic androgen pathway-derived active estrogen, 17β-estradiol, are equipotent in stimulating breast cancer cell line proliferation and expression of estrogen-responsive genes. 11-oxygenated estrogens were, however, not detectable in serum from individuals with high aromatase levels (pregnant women) and elevated 11-oxygenated androgen levels (patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia or adrenocortical carcinoma). Our data show that while 11-oxygenated androgens are aromatizable in vitro and ex vivo, the resulting 11-oxygenated estrogens are not detectable in circulation, suggesting that 11-oxygenated androgens function primarily as androgens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Renate Louw du-Toit
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Jennifer A Tamblyn
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Women’s & Newborn Health, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women’s & Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California USA
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Correspondence: Karl-Heinz Storbeck, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Schiffer L, Bossey A, Kempegowda P, Taylor AE, Akerman I, Scheel-Toellner D, Storbeck KH, Arlt W. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells preferentially activate 11-oxygenated androgens. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:353-363. [PMID: 33444228 PMCID: PMC7923147 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Androgens are important modulators of immune cell function. The local generation of active androgens from circulating precursors is an important mediator of androgen action in peripheral target cells or tissues. We aimed to characterize the activation of classic and 11-oxygenated androgens in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS PBMCs were isolated from healthy male donors and incubated ex vivo with precursors and active androgens of the classic and 11-oxygenated androgen pathways. Steroids were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The expression of genes encoding steroid-metabolizing enzymes was assessed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS PBMCs generated eight-fold higher amounts of the active 11-oxygenated androgen 11-ketotestosterone than the classic androgen testosterone from their respective precursors. We identified the enzyme AKR1C3 as the major reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in PBMCs responsible for both conversions and found that within the PBMC compartment natural killer cells are the major site of AKRC13 expression and activity. Steroid 5α-reductase type 1 catalyzed the 5α-reduction of classic but not 11-oxygenated androgens in PBMCs. Lag time prior to the separation of cellular components from whole blood increased serum 11-ketotestosterone concentrations in a time-dependent fashion, with significant increases detected from two hours after blood collection. CONCLUSIONS 11-Oxygenated androgens are the preferred substrates for androgen activation by AKR1C3 in PBMCs, primarily conveyed by natural killer cell AKR1C3 activity, yielding 11-ketotestosterone the major active androgen in PBMCs. Androgen metabolism by PBMCs can affect the results of serum 11-ketotestosterone measurements, if samples are not separated in a timely fashion. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) preferentially activate 11-ketotestosterone rather than testosterone when incubated with precursors of both the classic and the adrenal-derived 11-oxygenated androgen biosynthesis pathways. We demonstrate that this activity is catalyzed by the enzyme AKR1C3, which we found to primarily reside in natural killer cells, major contributors to the anti-viral immune defense. This potentially links intracrine 11-oxygenated androgen generation to the previously observed decreased NK cell cytotoxicity and increased infection risk in primary adrenal insufficiency. In addition, we show that PBMCs continue to generate 11-ketotestosterone if the cellular component of whole blood samples is not removed in a timely fashion, which could affect measurements of this active androgen in routine clinical biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alicia Bossey
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Punith Kempegowda
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ildem Akerman
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to W Arlt;
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Yazawa T, Inaba H, Imamichi Y, Sekiguchi T, Uwada J, Islam MS, Orisaka M, Mikami D, Ida T, Sato T, Miyashiro Y, Takahashi S, Khan MRI, Suzuki N, Umezawa A, Kitano T. Profiles of 5α-Reduced Androgens in Humans and Eels: 5α-Dihydrotestosterone and 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone Are Active Androgens Produced in Eel Gonads. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:657360. [PMID: 33833737 PMCID: PMC8021924 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.657360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and testosterone (T) are major androgens in both teleosts and humans, their 5α-reduced derivatives produced by steroid 5α-reductase (SRD5A/srd5a), i.e., 11-ketodihydrotestosterone (11KDHT) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), remains poorly characterized, especially in teleosts. In this study, we compared the presence and production of DHT and 11KDHT in Japanese eels and humans. Plasma 11KT concentrations were similar in both male and female eels, whereas T levels were much higher in females. In accordance with the levels of their precursors, 11KDHT levels did not show sexual dimorphism, whereas DHT levels were much higher in females. It is noteworthy that plasma DHT levels in female eels were higher than those in men. In addition, plasma 11KDHT was undetectable in both sexes in humans, despite the presence of 11KT. Three srd5a genes (srd5a1, srd5a2a and srd5a2b) were cloned from eel gonads. All three srd5a genes were expressed in the ovary, whereas only both srd5a2 genes were expressed in the testis. Human SRD5A1 was expressed in testis, ovary and adrenal, whereas SRD5A2 was expressed only in testis. Human SRD5A1, SRD5A2 and both eel srd5a2 isoforms catalyzed the conversion of T and 11KT into DHT and 11KDHT, respectively, whereas only eel srd5a1 converted T into DHT. DHT and 11KDHT activated eel androgen receptor (ar)α-mediated transactivation as similar fashion to T and 11KT. In contrast, human AR and eel arβ were activated by DHT and11KDHT more strongly than T and 11KT. These results indicate that in teleosts, DHT and 11KDHT may be important 5α-reduced androgens produced in the gonads. In contrast, DHT is the only major 5α-reduced androgens in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takashi Yazawa,
| | - Hiroyuki Inaba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Freshwater Resources Research Center, Aichi Fisheries Research Institute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imamichi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Junsuke Uwada
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Orisaka
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mikami
- Department of Nephrology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takanori Ida
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Md. Rafiqul Islam Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproduction, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Torchen LC, Sisk R, Legro RS, Turcu AF, Auchus RJ, Dunaif A. 11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids Do Not Distinguish the Hyperandrogenic Phenotype of PCOS Daughters from Girls with Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5892800. [PMID: 32797203 PMCID: PMC7500474 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hyperandrogenemia (HA) is a consistent reproductive phenotype in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and their relatives. Increased testosterone levels are present in premenarchal daughters of affected women (PCOS-d). Obese girls (OB-g) without a family history of PCOS also have peripubertal HA. The sources and significance of HA in these groups remains unknown. OBJECTIVE 11-oxygenated 19-carbon (C19) steroids are adrenally derived androgens that are elevated in hyperandrogenic disorders, including PCOS. We performed this study to test the hypothesis that peripheral serum 11-oxygenated steroids would differ in PCOS-d compared with OB-g suggesting distinct etiologies of HA in affected girls. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We compared peripheral serum 11-oxygenated steroid levels in 21 PCOS-d, 29 OB-g, and 17 lean control girls (LC) of comparable age at an academic medical center. RESULTS Body mass index (BMI) differed by design (P < 0.001). 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, 11-ketoandrostenedione, and 11β-hydroxytestosterone levels did not differ between the groups. Compared with LC, PCOS-d and OB-g had similar elevations in 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) (analysis of variance [ANOVA] P = 0.03; PCOS-d vs LC, P = 0.04; OB-g vs LC, P = 0.05; PCOS-d vs OB-g, P = 0.97). In multivariate regression, 11KT levels were associated with DHEAS (P = 0.008), but not with BMI z score, breast Tanner stage, testosterone, anti-Müllerian hormone or sex hormone-binding globulin levels. CONCLUSIONS Circulating 11KT levels were similarly elevated in peripubertal PCOS-d and OB-g, suggesting an adrenal component of HA in both groups. We found that 11-oxygenated 19-carbon steroid profiles did not identify subtypes of HA girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Torchen
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Laura Torchen, MD, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E Chicago Ave, Box 54, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. E-mail:
| | - Ryan Sisk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard S Legro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrea Dunaif
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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