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Butanda-Nuñez A, Rodríguez-Cortés O, Ramos-Martínez E, Cerbón MA, Escobedo G, Chavarría A. Silybin restores glucose uptake after tumour necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide stimulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Adipocyte 2024; 13:2374062. [PMID: 38953241 PMCID: PMC11221471 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2024.2374062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a low-grade chronic inflammatory process characterized by higher circulating TNFα levels, thus contributing to insulin resistance. This study evaluated the effect of silybin, the main bioactive component of silymarin, which has anti-inflammatory properties, on TNFα levels and its impact on glucose uptake in the adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1 challenged with two different inflammatory stimuli, TNFα or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Silybin's pre-treatment effect was evaluated in adipocytes pre-incubated with silybin (30 or 80 µM) before challenging with the inflammatory stimuli (TNFα or LPS). For the post-treatment effect, the adipocytes were first challenged with the inflammatory stimuli and then post-treated with silybin. After treatments, TNFα production, glucose uptake, and GLUT4 protein expression were determined. Both inflammatory stimuli increased TNFα secretion, diminished GLUT4 expression, and significantly decreased glucose uptake. Silybin 30 µM only reduced TNFα secretion after the LPS challenge. Silybin 80 µM as post-treatment or pre-treatment decreased TNFα levels, improving glucose uptake. However, glucose uptake enhancement induced by silybin did not depend on GLUT4 protein expression. These results show that silybin importantly reduced TNFα levels and upregulates glucose uptake, independently of GLUT4 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Butanda-Nuñez
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Rodríguez-Cortés
- Laboratorio 103, SEPI, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Espiridión Ramos-Martínez
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Proteómica y Metabolómica, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anahí Chavarría
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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2
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Koushki M, Farrokhi Yekta R, Amiri-Dashatan N. Critical review of therapeutic potential of silymarin in cancer: A bioactive polyphenolic flavonoid. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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3
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Basile G, Qadir MMF, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Vetere A, Shoba V, Modell AE, Pastori RL, Russ HA, Wagner BK, Dominguez-Bendala J. Emerging diabetes therapies: Bringing back the β-cells. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101477. [PMID: 35331962 PMCID: PMC8987999 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell therapies are finally coming of age as a viable alternative to pancreatic islet transplantation for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Several clinical trials using human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived β-like cells are currently underway, with encouraging preliminary results. Remaining challenges notwithstanding, these strategies are widely expected to reduce our reliance on human isolated islets for transplantation procedures, making cell therapies available to millions of diabetic patients. At the same time, advances in our understanding of pancreatic cell plasticity and the molecular mechanisms behind β-cell replication and regeneration have spawned a multitude of translational efforts aimed at inducing β-cell replenishment in situ through pharmacological means, thus circumventing the need for transplantation. SCOPE OF REVIEW We discuss here the current state of the art in hESC transplantation, as well as the parallel quest to discover agents capable of either preserving the residual mass of β-cells or inducing their proliferation, transdifferentiation or differentiation from progenitor cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Stem cell-based replacement therapies in the mold of islet transplantation are already around the corner, but a permanent cure for type 1 diabetes will likely require the endogenous regeneration of β-cells aided by interventions to restore the immune balance. The promise of current research avenues and a strong pipeline of clinical trials designed to tackle these challenges bode well for the realization of this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Basile
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M M F Qadir
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - F Mauvais-Jarvis
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - A Vetere
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V Shoba
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - R L Pastori
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - H A Russ
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Colorado University Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | | | - J Dominguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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4
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Wagner BK. Small-molecule discovery in the pancreatic beta cell. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102150. [PMID: 35487100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic beta cell is the only cell type in the body responsible for insulin secretion, and thus plays a unique role in the control of glucose homeostasis. The loss of beta-cell mass and function plays an important role in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Thus, using chemical biology to identify small molecules targeting the beta cell could be an important component to developing future therapeutics for diabetes. This strategy provides an attractive path toward increasing beta-cell numbers in vivo. A regenerative strategy involves enhancing proliferation, differentiation, or neogenesis. On the other hand, protecting beta cells from cell death, or improving maturity and function, could preserve beta-cell mass. Here, we discuss the current state of chemical matter available to study beta-cell regeneration, and how they were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget K Wagner
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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5
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Koltai T, Fliegel L. Role of Silymarin in Cancer Treatment: Facts, Hypotheses, and Questions. J Evid Based Integr Med 2022; 27:2515690X211068826. [PMID: 35018864 PMCID: PMC8814827 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x211068826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavonoid silymarin extracted from the seeds of Sylibum marianum is a mixture of 6 flavolignan isomers. The 3 more important isomers are silybin (or silibinin), silydianin, and silychristin. Silybin is functionally the most active of these compounds. This group of flavonoids has been extensively studied and they have been used as hepato-protective substances for the mushroom Amanita phalloides intoxication and mainly chronic liver diseases such as alcoholic cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver. Hepatitis C progression is not, or slightly, modified by silymarin. Recently, it has also been proposed for SARS COVID-19 infection therapy. The biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action of these substances in cancer are subjects of ongoing research. Paradoxically, many of its identified actions such as antioxidant, promoter of ribosomal synthesis, and mitochondrial membrane stabilization, may seem protumoral at first sight, however, silymarin compounds have clear anticancer effects. Some of them are: decreasing migration through multiple targeting, decreasing hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression, inducing apoptosis in some malignant cells, and inhibiting promitotic signaling among others. Interestingly, the antitumoral activity of silymarin compounds is limited to malignant cells while the nonmalignant cells seem not to be affected. Furthermore, there is a long history of silymarin use in human diseases without toxicity after prolonged administration. The ample distribution and easy accessibility to milk thistle-the source of silymarin compounds, its over the counter availability, the fact that it is a weed, some controversial issues regarding bioavailability, and being a nutraceutical rather than a drug, has somehow led medical professionals to view its anticancer effects with skepticism. This is a fundamental reason why it never achieved bedside status in cancer treatment. However, in spite of all the antitumoral effects, silymarin actually has dual effects and in some cases such as pancreatic cancer it can promote stemness. This review deals with recent investigations to elucidate the molecular actions of this flavonoid in cancer, and to consider the possibility of repurposing it. Particular attention is dedicated to silymarin's dual role in cancer and to some controversies of its real effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Hospital del Centro Gallego de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Ganesan K, Quiles JL, Daglia M, Xiao J, Xu B. Dietary phytochemicals modulate intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and autoimmune diseases. FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Food Science and Technology Program BNU–HKBU United International College Zhuhai China
- The School of Chinese Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - José L. Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú,” Department of Physiology Biomedical Research Center University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology University of Vigo Vigo Pontevedra E‐36310 Spain
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program BNU–HKBU United International College Zhuhai China
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7
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Rajput SA, Mirza MR, Choudhary MI. Bergenin protects pancreatic beta cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis in INS-1E cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241349. [PMID: 33347462 PMCID: PMC7751853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta cell apoptosis induced by proinflammatory cytokines is one of the hallmarks of diabetes. Small molecules which can inhibit the cytokine-induced apoptosis could lead to new drug candidates that can be used in combination with existing therapeutic interventions against diabetes. The current study evaluated several effects of bergenin, an isocoumarin derivative, in beta cells in the presence of cytokines. These included (i) increase in beta cell viability (by measuring cellular ATP levels) (ii) suppression of beta cell apoptosis (by measuring caspase activity), (iii) improvement in beta cell function (by measuring glucose-stimulated insulin secretion), and (iv) improvement of beta cells mitochondrial physiological functions. The experiments were carried out using rat beta INS-1E cell line in the presence or absence of bergenin and a cocktail of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon- gamma) for 48 hr. Bergenin significantly inhibited beta cell apoptosis, as inferred from the reduction in the caspase-3 activity (IC50 = 7.29 ± 2.45 μM), and concurrently increased cellular ATP Levels (EC50 = 1.97 ± 0.47 μM). Bergenin also significantly enhanced insulin secretion (EC50 = 6.73 ± 2.15 μM) in INS-1E cells, presumably because of the decreased nitric oxide production (IC50 = 6.82 ± 2.83 μM). Bergenin restored mitochondrial membrane potential (EC50 = 2.27 ± 0.83 μM), decreased ROS production (IC50 = 14.63 ± 3.18 μM), and improved mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (EC50 = 1.39 ± 0.62 μM). This study shows for the first time that bergenin protected beta cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis and restored insulin secretory function by virtue of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. To sum up, the above mentioned data highlight bergenin as a promising anti-apoptotic agent in the context of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali Rajput
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Munazza Raza Mirza
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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Camini FC, Costa DC. Silymarin: not just another antioxidant. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 31:/j/jbcpp.2020.31.issue-4/jbcpp-2019-0206/jbcpp-2019-0206.xml. [PMID: 32134732 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin (Silybum marianum; SM), popularly known as milk thistle, is an extract that has been used for many centuries to treat liver diseases. In recent years, several studies have shown that SM is not only just another antioxidant but also a multifunctional compound that exhibits several beneficial properties for use in the treatment and prevention of different types of pathologies and disorders. This review aims at demonstrating the main protective activities of SM in diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, metabolic syndrome, depression, cardiovascular diseases and thalassemia, in addition to its photoprotective activity in in vitro tests and preclinical studies. Its main functions include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and it acts as modulator of signaling pathways. It has been suggested that SM presents great multifunctional potential and is capable of achieving promising results in different types of research. However, caution is still needed regarding its indiscriminate use in humans as there are only a few clinical studies relating to the adequate dose and the actual efficacy of this extract in different types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Caetano Camini
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela Caldeira Costa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro University Campus, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Valentová K, Havlík J, Kosina P, Papoušková B, Jaimes JD, Káňová K, Petrásková L, Ulrichová J, Křen V. Biotransformation of Silymarin Flavonolignans by Human Fecal Microbiota. Metabolites 2020; 10:E29. [PMID: 31936497 PMCID: PMC7023230 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonolignans occur typically in Silybum marianum (milk thistle) fruit extract, silymarin, which contains silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin, and their 2,3-dehydroderivatives, together with other minor flavonoids and a polymeric phenolic fraction. Biotransformation of individual silymarin components by human microbiota was studied ex vivo, using batch incubations inoculated by fecal slurry. Samples at selected time points were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry. The initial experiment using a concentration of 200 mg/L showed that flavonolignans are resistant to the metabolic action of intestinal microbiota. At the lower concentration of 10 mg/L, biotransformation of flavonolignans was much slower than that of taxifolin, which was completely degraded after 16 h. While silybin, isosilybin, and 2,3-dehydrosilybin underwent mostly demethylation, silychristin was predominantly reduced. Silydianin, 2,3-dehydrosilychristin and 2,3-dehydrosilydianin were reduced, as well, and decarbonylation and cysteine conjugation proceeded. No low-molecular-weight phenolic metabolites were detected for any of the compounds tested. Strong inter-individual differences in the biotransformation profile were observed among the four fecal-material donors. In conclusion, the flavonolignans, especially at higher (pharmacological) doses, are relatively resistant to biotransformation by gut microbiota, which, however, depends strongly on the individual structures of these isomeric compounds, but also on the stool donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.P.); (V.K.)
| | - Jaroslav Havlík
- Department of Food Science, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Pavel Kosina
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.U.)
| | - Barbora Papoušková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - José Diógenes Jaimes
- Department of Food Science, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Kristýna Káňová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.P.); (V.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.P.); (V.K.)
| | - Jitka Ulrichová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (P.K.); (J.U.)
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (L.P.); (V.K.)
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10
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Xie Y, Zhang D, Zhang J, Yuan J. Metabolism, Transport and Drug-Drug Interactions of Silymarin. Molecules 2019; 24:E3693. [PMID: 31615114 PMCID: PMC6832356 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin, the extract of milk thistle, and its major active flavonolignan silybin, are common products widely used in the phytotherapy of liver diseases. They also have promising effects in protecting the pancreas, kidney, myocardium, and the central nervous system. However, inconsistent results are noted in the different clinical studies due to the low bioavailability of silymarin. Extensive studies were conducted to explore the metabolism and transport of silymarin/silybin as well as the impact of its consumption on the pharmacokinetics of other clinical drugs. Here, we aimed to summarize and highlight the current knowledge of the metabolism and transport of silymarin. It was concluded that the major efflux transporters of silybin are multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP2) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) based on results from the transporter-overexpressing cell lines and MRP2-deficient (TR-) rats. Nevertheless, compounds that inhibit the efflux transporters MRP2 and BCRP can enhance the absorption and activity of silybin. Although silymarin does inhibit certain drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, such effects are unlikely to manifest in clinical settings. Overall, silymarin is a safe and well-tolerated phytomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Dingqi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Jialu Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, China.
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Rengasamy KR, Khan H, Gowrishankar S, Lagoa RJ, Mahomoodally FM, Khan Z, Suroowan S, Tewari D, Zengin G, Hassan ST, Pandian SK. The role of flavonoids in autoimmune diseases: Therapeutic updates. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 194:107-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Improvement of hyperglycemia in a murine model of insulin resistance and high glucose- and inflammasome-mediated IL-1β expressions in macrophages by silymarin. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 290:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Rahimi R, Karimi J, Khodadadi I, Tayebinia H, Kheiripour N, Hashemnia M, Goli F. Silymarin ameliorates expression of urotensin II (U-II) and its receptor (UTR) and attenuates toxic oxidative stress in the heart of rats with type 2 diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:244-250. [PMID: 29494961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Urotensin II ((U-II)) and its receptor (UTR) are involved in the progression of CVD through enhancement in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since silymarin (SMN) is a natural agent with anti-diabetic effects, this study aimed to investigate the antioxidant potency of SMN on the expression of (U-II)/UTR system and oxidative stress status in the heart of type 2 diabetic rats. Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6). Control and diabetic groups treated with or without SMN (60 and 120 mg/kg/day) for 2 months. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, lipid profile, creatine kinase-MB ((CK-MB)), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and markers of oxidative stress were measured by spectrophotometric methods while (U-II) and UTR gene expression was determined by qPCR method. SMN significantly reduced the FBS level, increased the concentration of insulin and improved HOMA-IR. SMN prevented diabetes-induced weight loss, and attenuated the increased levels of total oxidative status (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO). Diabetes-induced reduction of total thiol molecules content (TTM) was normalized to the normal level in SMN treated rats. SMN significantly modulated serum lipid profile, reduced the expression of (U-II) and UTR in the heart, and improved histopathological changes in the heart tissues. Therefore, the current study indicated that SMN ameliorated unpleasant diabetic characteristics via down-regulation of (U-II) and UTR gene expression and modulation of oxidative stress in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahimeh Rahimi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Karimi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heidar Tayebinia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nejat Kheiripour
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemnia
- Departments of Pathobiology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Goli
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Esmaeil N, Anaraki SB, Gharagozloo M, Moayedi B. Silymarin impacts on immune system as an immunomodulator: One key for many locks. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:194-201. [PMID: 28672215 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is a flavonoid complex extracted from the Silybum marianum plant. It acts as a strong antioxidant and free radical scavenger by different mechanisms. But in addition to antioxidant effects, silymarin/silybin reveals immunomodulatory affects with both immunostimulatory and immunosuppression activities. Different studies have shown that silymarin has the anti-inflammatory effect through the suppression of NF-κB signaling pathway and TNF-α activation. It also has different immunomodulatory activities in a dose and time-dependent manner. As an immunomodulator agent, silymarin inhibits T-lymphocyte function at low doses while stimulates inflammatory processes at high doses. Studies have shown that silymarin has attenuated autoimmune, allergic, preeclampsia, cancer, and immune-mediated liver diseases and also has suppressed oxidative and nitrosative immunotoxicity. Silymarin also has indicated dual effects on proliferation and apoptosis of different cells. In conclusion, based on the current review, silymarin has a broad spectrum of immunomodulatory functions under different conditions. Recognizing the exact mechanisms of silymarin on cellular and molecular pathways would be very valuable for treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Also further studies are needed to assess the utility of silymarin in protection against autoimmune, cancer, allergic and other diseases in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Sima Balouchi Anaraki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marjan Gharagozloo
- Department of Pediatrics, Program of Immunology and Allergology, Medical School, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Behjat Moayedi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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15
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Jalali SM, Najafzadeh H, Mousavi SM. Comparative Effect of Silymarin and D-Penicillamine on Lead Induced Hemotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Rat. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/arakmu.11.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Youn CK, Cho SI, Lee MY, Jeon YJ, Lee SK. Inhibition of ERK1/2 by silymarin in mouse mesangial cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 21:117-124. [PMID: 28066148 PMCID: PMC5214903 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to show that pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-1β] synergistically induce the production of nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse mesangial cells, which play an important role in inflammatory glomerular injury. We also found that co-treatment with cytokines at low doses (TNF-α; 5 ng/ml, IFN-γ; 5 ng/ml, and IL-1β; 1.25 U/ml) synergistically induced NO production, whereas treatment with each cytokine alone did not increase NO production at doses up to 100 ng/ml or 50 U/ml. Silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), attenuates cytokine mixture (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β)-induced NO production. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that silymarin inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in a dose-dependent manner. Silymarin also inhibited extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. Collectively, we have demonstrated that silymarin inhibits NO production in mouse mesangial cells, and may act as a useful anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha Kyung Youn
- Department of Premedical Sciences, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Sung Il Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Seog Ki Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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17
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Park MH, Heo SJ, Kim KN, Ahn G, Park PJ, Moon SH, Jeon BT, Lee SH. 6,6'-Bieckol protects insulinoma cells against high glucose-induced glucotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Fitoterapia 2015; 106:135-40. [PMID: 26343533 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells are highly sensitive to oxidative stress, which might play an important role in β cell death in diabetes. The protective effect of 6,6'-bieckol, a phlorotannin polyphenol compound purified from Ecklonia cava, against high glucose-induced glucotoxicity was investigated in rat insulinoma cells. High glucose (30 mM) treatment induced the death of rat insulinoma cells, but treatment with 10 or 50 μg/mL 6,6'-bieckol significantly inhibited the high glucose-induced glucotoxicity. Furthermore, treatment with 6,6'-bieckol dose-dependently reduced the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and the level of nitric oxide, all of which were increased by high glucose concentration. In addition, 6,6'-bieckol protected rat insulinoma cells from apoptosis under high-glucose conditions. These effects were associated with increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and reduced expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. These findings indicate that 6,6'-bieckol could be used as a potential nutraceutical agent offering protection against the glucotoxicity caused by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hwa Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University, Busan, 617-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Jeju International Marine Science Center for Research & Education, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Jeju, 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Kil-Nam Kim
- Jeju center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju, 690-140, Republic of Korea
| | - Ginnae Ahn
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 550-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyo-Jam Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Moon
- Division of Food Bioscience, and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Tae Jeon
- Division of Food Bioscience, and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hong Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience, and Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, 380-701, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Kim EJ, Lee MY, Jeon YJ. Silymarin Inhibits Morphological Changes in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages by Blocking NF-κB Pathway. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:211-8. [PMID: 25954125 PMCID: PMC4422960 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.3.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study showed that silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced morphological changes in the mouse RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. We also showed that silymarin inhibited the nuclear translocation and transactivation activities of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which is important for macrophage activation-associated changes in cell morphology and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines. BAY-11-7085, an NF-κB inhibitor, abrogated LPS-induced morphological changes and NO production, similar to silymarin. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with silymarin also inhibited LPS-stimulated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Collectively, these experiments demonstrated that silymarin inhibited LPS-induced morphological changes in the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. Our findings indicated that the most likely mechanism underlying this biological effect involved inhibition of the MAPK pathway and NF-κB activity. Inhibition of these activities by silymarin is a potentially useful strategy for the treatment of inflammation because of the critical roles played by MAPK and NF-κB in mediating inflammatory responses in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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Kim EJ, Kim J, Lee MY, Sudhanva MS, Devakumar S, Jeon YJ. Silymarin Inhibits Cytokine-Stimulated Pancreatic Beta Cells by Blocking the ERK1/2 Pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:282-7. [PMID: 25143805 PMCID: PMC4131525 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), inhibits cytokine mixture (CM: TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in the pancreatic beta cell line MIN6N8a. Immunostaining and Western blot analysis showed that silymarin inhibits iNOS gene expression. RT-PCR showed that silymarin inhibits iNOS gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. We also showed that silymarin inhibits extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. A MEK1 inhibitor abrogated CM-induced nitrite production, similar to silymarin. Treatment of MIN6N8a cells with silymarin also inhibited CM-stimulated activation of NF-κB, which is important for iNOS transcription. Collectively, we demonstrate that silymarin inhibits NO production in pancreatic beta cells, and silymarin may represent a useful anti-diabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeho Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Young Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Chen K, Zhao L, He H, Wan X, Wang F, Mo Z. Silibinin protects β cells from glucotoxicity through regulation of the Insig-1/SREBP-1c pathway. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1073-80. [PMID: 25109869 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high glucose may cause glucotoxicity, leading to pancreatic β cell dysfunction including cell apoptosis, impaired glucose‑stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and intracellular lipid accumulation. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), a key nuclear transcription factor that regulates lipid metabolism, has been proven to play a role in insulin secretion. Insulin induced gene-1 (Insig-1) is an upstream regulatory factor of SREBP-1c. The overexpression of Insig-1 significantly inhibits SREBP-1c expression and thereby blocks the expression of downstream genes. It has been proven that silibinin, a natural flavanone, is involved in a variety of biological functions. In the present study, we examined whether silibinin protects high glucose-induced β cell dysfunction through the Insig-1/SREBP-1c pathway. Our data demonstrated that 30.0 µM of silibinin significantly improved cell viability (P<0.05) after rat insulinoma INS-1 cells were exposed to high glucose for 72 h. Silibinin partially attenuated GSIS following exposure to high glucose for either 24 or 72 h (both P<0.05). As shown by reverse transcription quantitative PCR, silibinin upregulated the mRNA expression of insulin secretion‑related genes [insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1) and insulin], but downregulated uncoupling protein‑2 (UCP-2) expression. Silibinin inhibited intracellular lipid accumulation and free fatty acid (FFA) synthesis. Further experiments revealed that silibinin improved β cell function through the regulation of the Insig-1/SREBP-1c pathway. In conclusion, these results clearly suggest that the protection of β cells from glucotoxicity can be significantly enhanced through the regulation of the Insig-1/SREBP-1c pathway. Thus, silibinin may be a novel therapeutic agent for β cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Liling Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Honghui He
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xinxing Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Mo
- Department of Endocrinology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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Cudratricusxanthone A protect pancreatic beta cells from cytokines-mediated toxicity through the inhibition of NF-κB and STAT pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zamora-Ros R, Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ, González CA, Buijsse B, Guevara M, van der Schouw YT, Amiano P, Boeing H, Bredsdorff L, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Feskens EJ, Franks PW, Grioni S, Katzke V, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Kühn T, Masala G, Mattiello A, Molina-Montes E, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Perquier F, Quirós JR, Romieu I, Sacerdote C, Scalbert A, Schulze M, Slimani N, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tormo MJ, Tumino R, van der A DL, Langenberg C, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. The association between dietary flavonoid and lignan intakes and incident type 2 diabetes in European populations: the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3961-70. [PMID: 24130345 PMCID: PMC3836159 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between dietary flavonoid and lignan intakes, and the risk of development of type 2 diabetes among European populations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-InterAct case-cohort study included 12,403 incident type 2 diabetes cases and a stratified subcohort of 16,154 participants from among 340,234 participants with 3.99 million person-years of follow-up in eight European countries. At baseline, country-specific validated dietary questionnaires were used. A flavonoid and lignan food composition database was developed from the Phenol-Explorer, the U.K. Food Standards Agency, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture databases. Hazard ratios (HRs) from country-specific Prentice-weighted Cox regression models were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS In multivariable models, a trend for an inverse association between total flavonoid intake and type 2 diabetes was observed (HR for the highest vs. the lowest quintile, 0.90 [95% CI 0.77-1.04]; P value trend = 0.040), but not with lignans (HR 0.88 [95% CI 0.72-1.07]; P value trend = 0.119). Among flavonoid subclasses, flavonols (HR 0.81 [95% CI 0.69-0.95]; P value trend = 0.020) and flavanols (HR 0.82 [95% CI 0.68-0.99]; P value trend = 0.012), including flavan-3-ol monomers (HR 0.73 [95% CI 0.57-0.93]; P value trend = 0.029), were associated with a significantly reduced hazard of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Prospective findings in this large European cohort demonstrate inverse associations between flavonoids, particularly flavanols and flavonols, and incident type 2 diabetes. This suggests a potential protective role of eating a diet rich in flavonoids, a dietary pattern based on plant-based foods, in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Gadad PC, Matthews KH, Knott RM. Silymarin released from sterile wafers restores glucose impaired endothelial cell migration. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:40-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bae UJ, Song MY, Jang HY, Gim HJ, Ryu JH, Lee SM, Jeon R, Park BH. The efficacy of SPA0355 in protecting β cells in isolated pancreatic islets and in a murine experimental model of type 1 diabetes. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e51. [PMID: 24176948 PMCID: PMC3849566 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines activate several inflammatory signals that mediate β-cell destruction. We recently determined that SPA0355 is a strong anti-inflammatory compound, thus reporting its efficacy in protecting β cells from various insults. The effects of SPA0355 on β-cell survival were studied in RINm5F cells and primary islets. The protective effects of this compound on the development of type 1 diabetes were evaluated in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. SPA0355 completely prevented cytokine-induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and cytotoxicity in RINm5F cells and isolated islets. The molecular mechanism of SPA0355 inhibition of iNOS expression involves the inhibition of nuclear factor κB and Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. The protective effects of SPA0355 against cytokine toxicity were further demonstrated by normal insulin secretion and absence of apoptosis of cytokine-treated islets. In experiments with NOD mice, the occurrence of diabetes was efficiently reduced when the mice were treated with SPA0355. Therefore, SPA0355 might be a valuable treatment option that delays the destruction of pancreatic β cells in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui-Jin Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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25
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Su CH, Chen LJ, Liao JF, Cheng JT. Increase of phosphatase and tensin homolog by silymarin to inhibit human pharynx squamous cancer. J Med Food 2013; 16:778-84. [PMID: 23909904 PMCID: PMC3778994 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is an active principle from the seeds of the milk thistle plant and is widely used as a hepatoprotective gent due to its antioxidant-like activity. In the present study, we evaluated the potential efficacy of silymarin against oral cancer and investigated its possible mechanism of action. Cell viability assay and western blotting analyses were used to identify silymarin-induced apoptotic cell death in human pharynx squamous cell carcinoma (FaDu) cells. The short interfering RNA (siRNA) is used to confirm the role of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in silymarin-induced apoptosis. Treatment of FaDu cells with silymarin resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability (up to 70%). Silymarin inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt (over 10-fold) with an increase in expression of PTEN (five to sixfold). Consequently, the level of Bcl-2 expression was decreased five to sixfold and caspase 3 activated to induce apoptosis. Treatment with siRNA specific to PTEN gene diminished the action of silymarin. The results suggest that silymarin inhibits the Akt signaling pathway by increasing PTEN expression in FaDu cells and directly affects Bcl-2 family members. Also, we demonstrated the inhibitory activity of silymarin for oral cancer is related to cell survival. These mechanisms may in part explain the actions of silymarin and provide a rationale for the development of silymarin as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hui Su
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Jyh Fei Liao
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Juei-Tang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yung Kang, Tainan City, Taiwan
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26
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Su CH, Chen LJ, Liao JF, Cheng JT. Dual effects of silymarin on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (NPC-TW01). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:261-6. [PMID: 24030447 DOI: 10.1159/000354594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silymarin is an active component from the seeds of Silybum marianum and is widely used as a hepatic protection agent. Apoptosis induced by silymarin has been mentioned in cervical cancer cells. However, silymarin shows dual effects on tumor cells: cytostatic action at a low dose and cytotoxic action at higher dose. Thus, in the present study, we focused on low-dosing of silymarin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, NPC-TW01 (TW01). METHODS Cell viability assay was used to screen the effect of silymarin in TW01 cells. Western blot analysis was used to identify the expressions of antioxidant enzymes and anti-/proapoptotic proteins. Fluorescent dyes are employed to detect the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis. RESULTS Treatment of TW01 cells with silymarin at a low dose (80 µmol/l) resulted in a significant increase of antioxidant enzymes. Silymarin increased the expressions of superoxide dismutase 1, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Consequently, the cell apoptosis was reduced markedly. An increase of Bcl-2 expression and a decrease of activated caspase-3 or apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were observed in TW01 cells at a low dose (80 µmol/l) treatment. CONCLUSION Silymarin at a low dose can induce cytostatic effect on TW01 cells mainly through an increase of antioxidant-like action. Thus, silymarin should be applied carefully to patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hui Su
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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27
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Farrell TL, Ellam SL, Forrelli T, Williamson G. Attenuation of glucose transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers by a polyphenol-rich herbal extract: interactions with SGLT1 and GLUT2 transporters. Biofactors 2013; 39:448-56. [PMID: 23361943 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that secondary plant metabolites may modulate glucose absorption in the small intestine. We have characterized a polyphenol-rich herbal extract and its potential intestinal metabolites by LC-MS(2) and investigated the inhibition of glucose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2 using the well-characterized Caco-2 intestinal model. Differentiated Caco-2 monolayers were incubated with an extract of a mixture of herbs and spices. Glucose transport under sodium-dependent and sodium-free conditions was determined by radiochemical detection of D-[U-(14) C]-glucose. A 54% decrease in transport was observed compared to control. Using sodium-dependent and sodium-free conditions, we demonstrate that the inhibition of GLUT2 was greater than SGLT1. Glycosidase and esterase enzymatic hydrolysis was used to assess the impact of metabolism on the efficacy of inhibition. Glucose transport across the membrane was reduced by 70% compared to the control and was associated with significant increases in flavonoid aglycones, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid. These results suggest that intact and hydrolyzed polyphenols, likely to be found in the lumen after ingestion of the supplement, play an important role in the attenuation of glucose absorption and may have potentially beneficial antiglycemic effects in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Farrell
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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28
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Scully SS, Tang AJ, Lundh M, Mosher CM, Perkins KM, Wagner BK. Small-molecule inhibitors of cytokine-mediated STAT1 signal transduction in β-cells with improved aqueous solubility. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4125-9. [PMID: 23617753 DOI: 10.1021/jm400397x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the discovery of BRD0476 (1), a small molecule generated by diversity-oriented synthesis that suppresses cytokine-induced β-cell apoptosis. Herein, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of 1 and analogues with improved aqueous solubility. By replacing naphthyl with quinoline moieties, we prepared active analogues with up to a 1400-fold increase in solubility from 1. In addition, we demonstrated that 1 and analogues inhibit STAT1 signal transduction induced by IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Scully
- Chemical Biology Program and Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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29
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Bahramikia S, Yazdanparast R. Phytochemistry and Medicinal Properties ofTeucrium poliumL. (Lamiaceae). Phytother Res 2012; 26:1581-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Razieh Yazdanparast
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Tehran; Tehran; Iran
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30
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Maya S, Sabitha M, Nair SV, Jayakumar R. Phytomedicine-Loaded Polymeric Nanomedicines: Potential Cancer Therapeutics. MULTIFACETED DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF BIOPOLYMERS FOR BIOLOGY, BIOMEDICINE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2012_195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Yu HC, Chen LJ, Cheng KC, Li YX, Yeh CH, Cheng JT. Silymarin inhibits cervical cancer cell through an increase of phosphatase and tensin homolog. Phytother Res 2011; 26:709-15. [PMID: 22016029 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is an active constituent contained in the seeds of the milk thistle plant and is widely used as a hepatic protection agent due to its antioxidant-like activity. In the present study we evaluated the potential action of silymarin against cervical cancer and investigated its mechanism of action. Treatment of cervical cancer cells (C-33A) with silymarin resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability. Silymarin induced apoptosis through the modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins and activation of caspase 3. Silymarin also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt with an increase in expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). We also observed that silymarin suppressed C-33A cell invasion and wound-healing migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Western-blot analysis showed that silymarin significantly inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in C-33A cells. Furthermore, we applied siRNA to lower the PTEN gene, which diminished the anticancer actions of silymarin. Taken together, these results show that silymarin has the potential to suppress the survival, migration and invasion of C-33A cancer cells; thus, it could be developed as a promising agent for the treatment of cervical cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hann-Chin Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhudong Veterans Hospital, Zhudong City, Taiwan
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Chou DHC, Duvall JR, Gerard B, Liu H, Pandya BA, Suh BC, Forbeck EM, Faloon P, Wagner BK, Marcaurelle LA. Synthesis of a novel suppressor of beta-cell apoptosis via diversity-oriented synthesis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:698-702. [PMID: 21927648 PMCID: PMC3171963 DOI: 10.1021/ml200120m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a stereochemically diverse library of medium-sized rings accessible via a 'build/couple/pair' strategy is described. Key aspects of the synthesis include S(N)Ar cycloetherification of a linear amine template to afford eight stereoisomeric 8-membered lactams and subsequent solid-phase diversification of these scaffolds to yield a 6488-membered library. Screening of this compound collection in a cell-based assay for the suppression of cytokine-induced beta-cell apoptosis resulted in the identification of a small-molecule suppressor capable of restoring glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a rat beta-cell line. The presence of all stereoisomers in the screening collection enabled preliminary determination of the structural and stereochemical requirements for cellular activity, while efficient follow-up chemistry afforded BRD-0476 (probe ML187), which had an approximately three-fold increase in activity. These results demonstrate the utility of diversity-oriented synthesis to probe discovery using cell-based screening, and the importance of including stereochemical diversity in screening collections for the development of stereo/structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Hung-Chieh Chou
- Chemical Biology Program and Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jeremy R. Duvall
- Chemical Biology Program and Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Baudouin Gerard
- Chemical Biology Program and Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Haibo Liu
- Chemical Biology Program and Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bhaumik A. Pandya
- Chemical Biology Program and Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Byung-Chul Suh
- Chemical Biology Program and Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Erin M. Forbeck
- Chemical Biology Program and Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Patrick Faloon
- Chemical Biology Program and Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bridget K. Wagner
- Chemical Biology Program and Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase by silymarin in proliferating mesenchymal stem cells: comparison with glutathione modifiers. J Nat Med 2011; 66:85-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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RATAJCZAK-WRONA WIOLETTA, JABLONSKA EWA, GARLEY MARZENA, JABLONSKI JAKUB, RADZIWON PIOTR. Effect of N-nitrosodimethylamine on inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and production of nitric oxide by neutrophils and mononuclear cells: the role of JNK signalling pathway. APMIS 2011; 119:431-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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35
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Sauchinone protects pancreatic β cells against cytokine-mediated toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:505-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sharma M, Pillai K, Anwer T, Najmi AK, Haque SE, Sultana Y. Protective effect of silymarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic dyslipidaemia in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3742/opem.2010.10.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Chou DHC, Bodycombe NE, Carrinski HA, Lewis TA, Clemons PA, Schreiber SL, Wagner BK. Small-Molecule Suppressors of Cytokine-Induced beta-Cell Apoptosis. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:729-34. [PMID: 20550176 DOI: 10.1021/cb100129d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis is a critical event during the development of type-1 diabetes. The identification of small molecules capable of preventing cytokine-induced apoptosis could lead to avenues for therapeutic intervention. We developed a set of phenotypic cell-based assays designed to identify such small-molecule suppressors. Rat INS-1E cells were simultaneously treated with a cocktail of inflammatory cytokines and a collection of 2,240 diverse small molecules and screened using an assay for cellular ATP levels. Forty-nine top-scoring compounds included glucocorticoids, several pyrazole derivatives, and known inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. Two compounds were able to increase cellular ATP levels, reduce caspase-3 activity and nitrite production, and increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the presence of cytokines. These results indicate that small molecules identified by this screening approach may protect beta cells from autoimmune attack and may be good candidates for therapeutic intervention in early stages of type-1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Hung-Chieh Chou
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Nicole E. Bodycombe
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Hyman A. Carrinski
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Timothy A. Lewis
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Paul A. Clemons
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Bridget K. Wagner
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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Kim JY, Song EH, Lee S, Lim JH, Choi JS, Koh IU, Song J, Kim WH. The induction of STAT1 gene by activating transcription factor 3 contributes to pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis and its dysfunction in streptozotocin-treated mice. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1669-80. [PMID: 20600850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the IFN-gamma/STAT1 pathway plays an important role in the pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis that is observed in STZ-induced type 1 diabetes; however, the upstream regulatory proteins involved have not been understood. Here, we investigated whether activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) affects STAT1-mediated beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis in streptozotocin-treated mice. To this, STZ (80 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to wild-type and STAT1(-/-) or IFN-gamma(-/-) mice for 5 days and the mice were euthanized after 14 days. STZ-induced beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis were associated with increased STAT1/IRF-1 and ATF3 expression and were correlated with elevated IFN-gamma levels. Genetic depletion using IFN-gamma(-/-) or STAT1(-/-) mice strongly inhibited the reduction of islet cell mass or insulin synthesis/secretion and the increase of beta-cell apoptosis observed in STZ-treated wild-type mice. ATF3 overexpression, especially the C-terminal domain, strongly enhanced beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis by enhancing STAT1 activation and its accumulation, which were abolished with an ATF3-specific siRNA or C-terminal-deleted ATF3. The STZ induction of ATF3 was completely depleted in IFN-gamma(-/-) mice, but not in STAT1(-/-) mice. Furthermore, STAT1 did not affect ATF3 expression, but STAT1 depletion or its inactivation inhibited STZ-induced ATF3 nuclear translocation and beta-cell apoptosis. Interestingly, ATF3 also increased STAT1 transcription by directly binding to a putative binding region (-116 to -96 bp) in the STAT1 promoter. Our results suggest that ATF3 functions as a potent upstream regulator of STAT1 and ATF3 may play a role in STZ-induced beta-cell dysfunction by enhancing the steady state abundance of STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Kim
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, #194 Tongillo, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul 122-701, Republic of Korea
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Park SK, Kwon KB, Ryu DG, Han JS, Choi HG. Protective effect of Neorhodomela aculeata methanolic extract through the suppressive action on NF-κB and STAT pathway in IL-1β and IFN-γ induced β-cell damage. Genes Genomics 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-010-0003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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IL-1β induces ER stress in a JNK dependent manner that determines cell death in human pancreatic epithelial MIA PaCa-2 cells. Apoptosis 2010; 15:864-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Álvarez N, Vicente V, Martínez C. Synergistic Effect of Diosmin and Interferon-α on Metastatic Pulmonary Melanoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 24:347-52. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2008.0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Álvarez
- University of Murcia Institute of Research into Aging, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- University of Murcia Institute of Research into Aging, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Department of Human Resources and Rural Development, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), Murcia, Spain
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Pinent M, Castell A, Baiges I, Montagut G, Arola L, Ardévol A. Bioactivity of Flavonoids on Insulin-Secreting Cells. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2008; 7:299-308. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2008.00048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kanitkar M, Gokhale K, Galande S, Bhonde RR. Novel role of curcumin in the prevention of cytokine-induced islet death in vitro and diabetogenesis in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:702-13. [PMID: 18695642 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oxidative stress caused by cytokine exposure is a major cause of pancreatic islet death in vitro and of diabetogenesis. Antioxidant compounds may prevent cytokine-induced damage to islet cells. Hence, we studied the potential of curcumin, an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound, in vitro to protect islets against pro-inflammatory cytokines and in vivo to prevent the progression of diabetes induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin (MLD-STZ). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pancreatic islets from C57/BL6J mice were pretreated with curcumin (10 microM) and then exposed to a combination of cytokines. Islet viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), NO, inducible NO synthase and NF-kappaB translocation were studied. Curcumin pretreated (7.5 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) C57/BL6J mice were given MLD-STZ (40 mg kg(-1)), and various parameters of diabetes induction and progression were monitored. KEY RESULTS Curcumin protected islets from cytokine-induced islet death in vitro by scavenging ROS and normalized cytokine-induced NF-kappaB translocation by inhibiting phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IkappaBalpha). In vivo, curcumin also prevented MLD-STZ, as revealed by sustained normoglycaemia, normal glucose clearance and maintained pancreatic GLUT2 levels. Pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the serum and pancreas were raised in STZ-treated animals, but not in animals pretreated with curcumin before STZ. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Here, we have demonstrated for the first time that curcumin in vitro protects pancreatic islets against cytokine-induced death and dysfunction and in vivo prevents STZ-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kanitkar
- Tissue Engineering and Banking Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Lv N, Song MY, Kim EK, Park JW, Kwon KB, Park BH. Guggulsterone, a plant sterol, inhibits NF-kappaB activation and protects pancreatic beta cells from cytokine toxicity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 289:49-59. [PMID: 18343024 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Guggulsterone has been used to treat hyperlipidemia, arthritis, and obesity. Although its anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperlipidemic effects have been well documented, the effect of guggulsterone on pancreatic beta cells is unknown. Therefore, in this study, the effect of guggulsterone on IL-1beta- and IFN-gamma-induced beta-cell damage was investigated. Treatment of RINm5F (RIN) rat insulinoma cells with IL-1beta and IFN-gamma induced cell damage, and this damage was well correlated with nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. However, guggulsterone completely prevented cytokines-mediated cytotoxicity, as well as NO and PGE2 production, and these effects were correlated with reduced levels of the inducible form of NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein expressions. The molecular mechanism by which guggulsterone inhibits iNOS and COX-2 gene expressions appeared to involve the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. The cytoprotective effects of guggulsterone were also mediated through the suppression of the JAK/STAT pathway. Cells treated with the cytokines downregulated the protein level of SOCS-3, however pretreatment with guggulsterone attenuated this decrease. Additionally, in a second set of experiments in which rat islets were used, the findings regarding the beta-cell protective effects of guggulsterone were essentially the same as those observed when RIN cells were used; guggulsterone prevented cytokines-induced NO and PGE2 production, iNOS and COX-2 expressions, JAK/STAT activation, NF-kappaB activation, downregulation of SOCS-3, and impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Collectively, these results suggest that guggulsterone may be used to preserve functional beta-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lv
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School and Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University, 2-20 Keumam-dong, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
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Sharma M, Anwer T, Pillai KK, Haque SE, Najmi AK, Sultana Y. Silymarin, a flavonoid antioxidant, protects streptozotocin-induced lipid peroxidation and β-Cell damage in rat pancreas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3742/opem.2008.8.2.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Ramasamy K, Agarwal R. Multitargeted therapy of cancer by silymarin. Cancer Lett 2008; 269:352-62. [PMID: 18472213 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin, a flavonolignan from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) plant, is used for the protection against various liver conditions in both clinical settings and experimental models. In this review, we summarize the recent investigations and mechanistic studies regarding possible molecular targets of silymarin for cancer prevention. Number of studies has established the cancer chemopreventive role of silymarin in both in vivo and in vitro models. Silymarin modulates imbalance between cell survival and apoptosis through interference with the expressions of cell cycle regulators and proteins involved in apoptosis. In addition, silymarin also showed anti-inflammatory as well as anti-metastatic activity. Further, the protective effects of silymarin and its major active constituent, silibinin, studied in various tissues, suggest a clinical application in cancer patients as an adjunct to established therapies, to prevent or reduce chemotherapy as well as radiotherapy-induced toxicity. This review focuses on the chemistry and analogues of silymarin, multiple possible molecular mechanisms, in vitro as well as in vivo anti-cancer activities, and studies on human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaraguruparan Ramasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, 4200 East Ninth Street, Box C238, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Toklu HZ, Tunali Akbay T, Velioglu-Ogunc A, Ercan F, Gedik N, Keyer-Uysal M, Sener G. Silymarin, the antioxidant component of Silybum marianum, prevents sepsis-induced acute lung and brain injury. J Surg Res 2008; 145:214-22. [PMID: 17950327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is associated with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to multiple organ dysfunctions. Based on the potent antioxidant effects of silymarin, we investigated the putative protective role of silymarin against sepsis-induced oxidative damage in lung and brain tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). Sham and CLP groups received either vehicle or silymarin (50 mg/kg, p.o.) or 150 mg/kg i.p. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for 10 days prior and immediately after the operation. Six hours after the surgery, rats were decapitated and blood was collected for the measurement of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta [IL-1 beta], and IL-6) levels, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and total antioxidant capacity. Lung and brain samples were taken for the measurement of malondialdehyde and glutathione levels, myeloperoxidase activity, thromboplastic activity, and also for histological assessment. Formation of reactive oxygen species in tissue samples was monitored by using chemiluminescence technique with luminol and lusigenin probe. RESULTS Sepsis increased serum TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6 levels, and lactate dehydrogenase activity and decreased total antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, tissue glutathione levels were decreased while malondialdehyde levels and myeloperoxidase activity were increased in both the lung and the brain tissues due to CLP. Furthermore, luminol and lucigenin chemiluminescence were significantly increased in the CLP group, indicating the presence of the oxidative damage. Silymarine and NAC treatment reversed these biochemical parameters and preserved tissue morphology as evidenced by histological evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Silymarin, like NAC, reduced sepsis-induced remote organ injury, at least in part, through its ability to balance oxidant-antioxidant status, to inhibit neutrophil infiltration, and to regulate the release of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Z Toklu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kim EK, Kwon KB, Song MY, Seo SW, Park SJ, Ka SO, Na L, Kim KA, Ryu DG, So HS, Park R, Park JW, Park BH. Genistein protects pancreatic beta cells against cytokine-mediated toxicity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 278:18-28. [PMID: 17881116 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the use of genistein as an anti-inflammatory agent has gained much attention. Our current study focuses on the preventive effects of genistein on cytokine-induced pancreatic beta-cell damage. Treatment of RINm5F (RIN) rat insulinoma cells with interleukin (IL)-1beta and interferon (IFN)-gamma induced cell damage, which was correlated with nitric oxide (NO) production. Genistein completely prevented cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity and NO production, a finding that correlated well with reduced levels of the inducible form of NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein. The molecular mechanism of genistein inhibition of iNOS gene expression appeared to involve the inhibition of NFkappaB activation. The cytokine induced increases in NFkappaB binding activity, nuclear p50 and p65 subunit levels, and IkappaBalpha degradation in cytosol compared to unstimulated cells; genistein abolished all of these parameters. The cytoprotective effects of genistein are also mediated through the suppression of ERK-1/2 and Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways. In a second set of experiments, rat islets were used. The findings on beta-cell protective effects of genistein were essentially the same as for the RIN cell data, namely genistein prevented cytokine-induced NO production, iNOS expression, ERK-1/2 activation, JAK/STAT activation, and impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Collectively, these results suggest that genistein might be used to preserve functional beta-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School and Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 561-756, Republic of Korea
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Saller R, Melzer J, Reichling J, Brignoli R, Meier R. An updated systematic review of the pharmacology of silymarin. Complement Med Res 2007; 14:70-80. [PMID: 17464157 DOI: 10.1159/000100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent years have seen an explosion of scientific papers that deal with drugs from the fruits of milk thistle and its active substances silymarin (standardized mixture of flavonolignanes), thus justifying an updated systematic review. METHODS Electronic databases identified silymarin, silibinin, silicristin or milk thistle as descriptors in >700 papers (34% published in last 5 years; 92% dealt with animal pharmacological). Only papers adequately reporting on experimental conditions, dosing, variables tested and statistics were analysed. RESULTS Silymarin was found to modify specifically the functions related to various transporters and receptors located in the cell membranes; that is, organic anion uptake transporter peptides (OATP), ABC transporters (P-gp), bile salt export pump, as well as TNF-alpha-dependent and possibly selectin-dependent phenomena. In the cytoplasm, some antioxidant properties and the inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway seem quite selective and could concur to the antitoxic effects. Some effects like the inhibition of inducible nitric-oxide synthase, of nuclear factor kappa B, and reduction of collagen synthesis are indicative of DNA/RNA-mediated effects. Several studies using 'in vitro' and 'in vivo' cancer models suggest a potential of silymarin in such diseases. Topical and systemic silymarin has skin protective properties against UV-induced damage in epidermis and causes an up-regulation of tumour-suppressor genes p53- and p21CIP1. There were no data on hepatic viral replication, viremia or spontaneous tumours in the data examined. CONCLUSIONS Data presented here do not solve the question about the complex mechanism(s) of action of the medicinal herbal drug silymarin. Silymarin may be a natural multi-functional and multi-target drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Saller
- Institute of Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ardestani A, Yazdanparast R. Flavonoids as potential therapeutic agents for type 1 diabetes. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:955. [PMID: 17433561 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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