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Yang J, Zou J, Mai H, Hong T, Liu H, Feng D. Curcumin protects against high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic simple fatty liver by inhibiting intestinal and hepatic NPC1L1 expression via down-regulation of SREBP-2/HNF1α pathway in hamsters. J Nutr Biochem 2023:109403. [PMID: 37307885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) mediates cholesterol absorption and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic simple fatty liver (NASFL). Our previous study showed that curcumin reduced NPC1L1 expression and cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells. This study aimed to investigate whether curcumin could inhibit intestinal and hepatic NPC1L1 expression through suppressing sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) / hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) pathway, then exert anti-NASFL effects. Six-week hamsters were fed high-fat diet (HFD) with or without 0.1% curcumin for 12 weeks. Curcumin supplementation lowered blood total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (20.2%, 48.7% and 36.5%), and reduced liver TC and TG contents (26.1% and 26.5%). Oil Red O staining demonstrated that curcumin significantly alleviated HFD-induced liver fat accumulation and hepatic steatosis, which was accompanied by reduced intestinal and hepatic NPC1L1, SREBP-2 and HNF1α expression (p < 0.05) and increased fecal neutral sterol excretion (114.5%). Furthermore, curcumin decreased cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells and HepG2 cells (49.2 % and 52.7 %). The inhibitory effects of curcumin on NPC1L1 expression and cholesterol absorption could be prevented by blockade of the SREBP-2 and HNF1α pathway. These findings indicated that curcumin protected against HFD-induced NASFL by inhibiting intestinal and hepatic NPC1L1 expression via down-regulation of SREBP-2/HNF1α pathway, thus reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption and hepatic biliary cholesterol reabsorption, consequently alleviating liver cholesterol accumulation and steatosis. Our study provides evidence for curcumin as a potential nutritional therapy for NASFL by regulating NPC1L1 and enterohepatic circulation of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Haiyan Mai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ting Hong
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Rabiee R, Hosseini Hooshiar S, Ghaderi A, Jafarnejad S. Schizophrenia, Curcumin and Minimizing Side Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs: Possible Mechanisms. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:713-724. [PMID: 36357748 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by episodes of psychosis; major symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. More recent theories focus on particular disorders of interneurons, dysfunctions in the immune system, abnormalities in the formation of myelin, and augmented oxidative stress that lead to alterations in brain structure. Decreased dopaminergic activity and increased phospholipid metabolism in the prefrontal cortex might be involved in schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia have many side effects. Alternative therapy such as curcumin (CUR) can reduce the severity of symptoms without significant side effects. CUR has important therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial functions and protection of the nervous system. Also, the ability of CUR to pass the blood-brain barrier raises new hopes for neuroprotection. CUR can improve and prevent further probable neurological and behavioral disorders in patients with schizophrenia. It decreases the side effects of neuroleptics and retains lipid homeostasis. CUR increases the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and improves hyperkinetic movement disorders. CUR may act as an added counteraction mechanism to retain cell integrity and defense against free radical injury. Thus it appears to have therapeutic potential for improvement of schizophrenia. In this study, we review several properties of CUR and its ability to improve schizophrenia and minimize the side effects of antipsychotic drugs, and we explore the underlying mechanisms by which CUR affects schizophrenia and its symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Rabiee
- Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Hosseini Hooshiar
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Amir Ghaderi
- Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medicine and Clinical Research Development Unit, Matini/Kargarnejad Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Jafarnejad
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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3
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Qin S, Su Q, Li X, Shao M, Zhang Y, Yu F, Ni Y, Zhong J. Curcumin suppresses cell proliferation and reduces cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells by activating the TRPA1 channel. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:6. [PMID: 36641489 PMCID: PMC9840307 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumin (Cur) is a bioactive dietary polyphenol of turmeric with various biological activities against several cancers. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Intestinal cholesterol homeostasis is associated with CRC. Chemotherapy for CRC is related to varied adverse effects. Therefore, natural products with anti-cancer properties represent a potential strategy for primary prevention of CRC. METHODS The present study used Cur as a therapeutic approach against CRC using the Caco-2 cell line. The cells were treated with different concentrations of Cur for different duration of time and then the proliferation ability of cells was assessed using Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays. Oil red O staining and cholesterol assay kit were used to evaluate cellular lipid content and cholesterol outward transportation. Finally, the protein expressions of cholesterol transport-related protein and signal transduction molecules were assessed using Western blot assay. RESULTS Cur inhibited cell proliferation in Caco-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner by activating the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1) channel. Activation of the TRPA1 channel led to increased intracellular calcium, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) upregulation, and the subsequent downregulation of the specificity protein-1 (SP-1)/sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2)/Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) signaling pathway-related proteins, and finally reduced cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Cur inhibits cell proliferation and reduces cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells through the Ca2+/PPARγ/SP-1/SREBP-2/NPC1L1 signaling by activating the TRPA1 channel, suggesting that Cur can be used as a dietary supplement for the primary prevention of CRC. In Caco-2 cells, Cur first stimulates calcium influx by activating the TRPA1 channel, further upregulates PPARγ and downregulates SP-1/SREBP-2/NPC1L1 signaling pathway, and finally inhibits the absorption of cholesterol. TRPA1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1; NPC1L1, Niemann-Pick C1-like 1; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SP-1, specificity protein-1; SREBP-2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2; Cur, curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Qin
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Qian Su
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Xiang Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Muqing Shao
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Yindi Zhang
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Fadong Yu
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Yinxing Ni
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
| | - Jian Zhong
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Shuanghu Branch Road, Chongqing, 401120 China
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Pimenta BL, Menezes TP, Louise V, Dias FCR, Machado BAA, Ribeiro L, Pinto KMDC, Talvani A. Protective effects of Theracurmin treatment during experimental infection of the Colombian strain of Trypanosoma cruzi at the testicular site. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1143360. [PMID: 37033490 PMCID: PMC10079985 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1143360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chagas' disease is a tropical neglected illness caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and remains one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in South and Central Americas. The disease is caused by a moderate to intense and persistent inflammatory response characterized by local upregulated expression and production of inflammatory mediators that favors the activation and recruitment of distinct cells of the immune system into different tissues to eliminate the parasites. Theracurmin is a curcumin's derived formulation of nanoparticles. Its anti-inflammatory properties make this bioactive compound a mitigating factor in pathological cases after an overwhelming inflammatory response. Methods Our research focused on the testicular investigation in 28 mice infected by 103 trypomastigote forms of Colombian strain of T. cruzi and preventively treated with Theracurmin. The mice were treated with 30 mg/Kg of Theracurmin during the period of 30 days. At the 30th day post infection animals were euthanized, and its testicles were collected to morphological and immunological assays. Results The animals infected and treated with Theracurmin presented a reduction in the testicular levels of IL-15 and IL-6. The volume density (%) of the tunica propria was also higher in all infected animals, but Theracurmin decreased this parameter in the treated animals. In the intertubular area, the percentage of some intertubular components was decreased in the infected animals such as the percentage and volume of Leydig cells, connective tissue, and macrophages. Discussion Furthermore, our data pointed to the daily use of Theracurmin in the diet as a protective element of the testicular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Luiz Pimenta
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Post-Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Prata Menezes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Health and Nutrition Post-Graduate Program, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Andre Talvani, ; Tatiana Prata Menezes,
| | - Vitória Louise
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Post-Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Health and Nutrition Post-Graduate Program, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Bianca Alves Almeida Machado
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lais Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Post-Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kelerson Mauro de Castro Pinto
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physiology of Exercise, School of Physical Education, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andre Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Post-Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Health and Nutrition Post-Graduate Program, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Andre Talvani, ; Tatiana Prata Menezes,
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Saeedi F, Farkhondeh T, Roshanravan B, Amirabadizadeh A, Ashrafizadeh M, Samarghandian S. Curcumin and blood lipid levels: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1493-1502. [PMID: 36264280 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1779309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to indicate the protective effects of curcumin on dyslipidemia. Main databases were searched to recognise randomised clinical trials evaluating the effect of curcumin on blood lipid profiles. The pooled odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to evaluate the effect of curcumin on blood lipid parameters. HDL-C levels in the curcumin group were 0.04-fold lower than placebo (95% CI:-0.36-0.29; Z = 0.23; p = .82). LDL-C levels in the curcumin group reduced by 0.17 versus the placebo group (95% CI: -0.43-0.09; Z = 1.27; p = .2). TC levels in the curcumin group were 0.21 lower versus the placebo group (95% CI: -0.55-0.13; Z = 1.22; p = .22). TG level in the curcumin group were 0.05 lower versus the placebo (95% CI: -0.20-0.11; Z = 0.58; p = .56). This study suggests that curcumin may reduce blood lipid levels and can be used as a hypolipidemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Saeedi
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Babak Roshanravan
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Alireza Amirabadizadeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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Carvalho-Gontijo R, Han C, Zhang L, Zhang V, Hosseini M, Mekeel K, Schnabl B, Loomba R, Karin M, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Metabolic Injury of Hepatocytes Promotes Progression of NAFLD and AALD. Semin Liver Dis 2022; 42:233-249. [PMID: 36001995 PMCID: PMC9662188 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic liver disease is a component of metabolic syndrome associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. Excessive alcohol consumption may accelerate the progression of steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis. While simple steatosis is considered a benign condition, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with inflammation and fibrosis may progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular cancer. Studies in rodent experimental models and primary cell cultures have demonstrated several common cellular and molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis and regression of liver fibrosis. Chronic injury and death of hepatocytes cause the recruitment of myeloid cells, secretion of inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines, and activation of myofibroblasts, resulting in liver fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the role of metabolically injured hepatocytes in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and alcohol-associated liver disease. Specifically, the role of chemokine production and de novo lipogenesis in the development of steatotic hepatocytes and the pathways of steatosis regulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Carvalho-Gontijo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Cuijuan Han
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Vivian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Mojgan Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Kristin Mekeel
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla,Corresponding author: Tatiana Kisseleva, 9500 Gilman Drive, #0063, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. Phone: 858.822.5339,
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7
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Abdel-Tawwab M, Eissa ESH, Tawfik WA, Abd Elnabi HE, Saadony S, Bazina WK, Ahmed RA. Dietary curcumin nanoparticles promoted the performance, antioxidant activity, and humoral immunity, and modulated the hepatic and intestinal histology of Nile tilapia fingerlings. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:585-601. [PMID: 35380335 PMCID: PMC9156469 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of dietary curcumin nanoparticles (C-NPs) on the performance, hemato-biochemical profile, digestive enzymes activities, antioxidant status, humoral immunity, and liver and intestinal histology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish (4.3 ± 0.5 g) were fed with diets enriched with 0.0 (control), 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg C-NPs/kg diet up to apparent satiety thrice a day for 60 days. The growth-stimulating effects of dietary C-NPs were significantly observed in terms of final weight, weight gain %, specific growth rate, and feed intake. Compared with the control group, serum amylase, lipase, and proteases activities of Nile tilapia significantly (P < 0.05) increased alongside the increase in dietary levels of C-NPs in a dose-dependent manner. The counts of red blood cells and white blood cells as well as hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of Nile tilapia fed with 30-60 mg C-NPs/kg diet were statistically (P < 0.05) higher than fish in the control group with no significant differences among them (P > 0.05). Moreover, lymphocytes and monocytes significantly (P > 0.05) increased; meanwhile neutrophils significantly (P > 0.05) decreased as C-NPs levels in diets increased. In a similar trend, antioxidant (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and humoral immunity (lysozyme and total immunoglobulin) biomarkers were significantly higher in C-NPs-fed fish. Liver histology showed improvements in the cell architecture of fish fed with C-NPs containing diets up to 45 mg/kg diet. Compared with the control diet, feeding Nile tilapia with C-NPs diets resulted in a higher villi length/width and absorption area. According to the regression curves, the current study recommends using the dietary C-NP with optimum values of 45-55 mg/kg diet to improve the performance, digestive enzymes, antioxidant activities, and immunity response of Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab
- Department of Fish Biology and Ecology, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, Abbassa, Abo-Hammad, Sharqia, Egypt
| | | | - Wesam A. Tawfik
- Holding Co. for Biological Products and Vaccines, Giza, Egypt
- Naqaa Nanotechnology Network NNN, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba E. Abd Elnabi
- Department of Fish Resources and Aquaculture, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, Egypt
| | - Saadea Saadony
- Department of Animal Production and Fish Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Walaa K. Bazina
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ragaa A. Ahmed
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish and Fisheries Technology, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
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Waiz M, Alvi SS, Khan MS. Potential dual inhibitors of PCSK-9 and HMG-R from natural sources in cardiovascular risk management. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:47-76. [PMID: 35221836 PMCID: PMC8859648 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) stands amongst the leading causes of mortality worldwide and has attracted the attention of world's leading pharmaceutical companies in order to tackle such mortalities. The low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is considered the most prominent biomarker for the assessment of ASCVD risk. Distinct inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-R), the chief hepatic cholesterogenic enzyme, are being used since last seven decades to manage hypercholesterolemia. On the other hand, discovery and the association of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK-9) with increased ASCVD risk have established PCSK-9 as a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine. PCSK-9 is well reckoned to facilitate the LDL-receptor (LDL-R) degradation and compromised LDL-C clearance leading to the arterial atherosclerotic plaque formation. The currently available HMG-R inhibitors (statins) and PCSK-9 inhibitors (siRNA, anti-sense oligonucleotides, and monoclonal antibodies) have shown great promises in achieving LDL-C lowering goals, however, their life long prescriptions have raised significant concerns. These deficits associated with the synthetic HMG-R and PCSK-9 inhibitors called for the discovery of alternative therapeutic candidates with potential dual HMG-R and PCSK-9 inhibitory activities from natural origins. Therefore, this report firstly describes the mechanistic insights into the cholesterol homeostasis through HMG-R, PCSK-9, and LDL-R functionality and then compiles the pharmacological effects of natural secondary metabolites with special emphasis on their dual HMG-R and PCSK-9 inhibitory action. In conclusion, various natural products exhibit atheroprotective effects via targeting HMG-R and PCSK-9 activities and lipoprotein metabolism, however, further clinical assessments are still warranted prior their approval for ASCVD risk management in hypercholesterolemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Waiz
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
| | - Sahir Sultan Alvi
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
| | - M Salman Khan
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
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Guan J, Chen W, Yang M, Wu E, Qian J, Zhan C. Regulation of in vivo delivery of nanomedicines by herbal medicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:210-228. [PMID: 33887404 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are of increasing scrutiny due to their improved efficacy and/or mitigated side effects. They can be integrated with many other therapeutics to further boost the clinical benefits. Among those, herbal medicines are arousing great interest to be combined with nanomedicines to exert synergistic effects in multifaceted mechanisms. The in vivo performance of nanomedicines which determines the therapeutic efficacy and safety is believed to be heavily influenced by the physio-pathological characters of the body. Activation of multiple immune factors, e.g., complement system, phagocytic cells, lymphocytes, and among many others, can affect the fate of nanomedicines in blood circulation, biodistribution, interaction with single cells and intracellular transport. Immunomodulatory effects and metabolic regulation by herbal medicines have been widely witnessed during the past decades, which alter the physio-pathological conditions and dramatically affect in vivo delivery of nanomedicines. In this review, we summarize recent progress of understanding on the in vivo delivery process of nanomedicines and analyze the major affecting factors that regulate the interaction of nanomedicines with organisms. We discuss the immunomodulatory roles and metabolic regulation by herbal medicines and their effects on in vivo delivery process of nanomedicines, as well as the prospective clinical benefits from the combination of nanomedicines and herbal medicines.
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Li Y, Wu S. Curcumin inhibits the proteolytic process of SREBP-2 by first inhibiting the expression of S1P rather than directly inhibiting SREBP-2 expression. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:209-216. [PMID: 33473285 PMCID: PMC7802558 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that curcumin can downregulate mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP-2); however, our study did not find similar results. This study was designed to demonstrate that curcumin inhibits the proteolytic process of SREBP-2 by first inhibiting the expression of membrane-bound transcription factor site-1 protease (S1P) rather than directly inhibiting SREBP-2 expression. After curcumin treatment, Caco-2 cells were collected to observe the dose- and time-dependent dynamics of precursor and mature SREBP-2, transcription factor-specific protein 1 (SP-1), and SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP). After curcumin treatment, SREBP-2 distribution was detected in the cells and S1P protein expression was examined. Curcumin could downregulate mRNA levels of SREBP2, SP-1 and SCAP, but it did not simultaneously downregulate the expression of precursor SREBP-2 (pSREBP-2) and SCAP. Curcumin can inhibit the proteolytic process of SREBP-2, reduce the production of mature SREBP-2 (mSREBP-2), and change the cellular distribution of SREBP-2. The inhibitory effect of curcumin on SP-1 protein expression is short-acting. Curcumin could downregulate the mRNA and protein expression of S1P, but has no obvious inhibitory effect on the mRNA and protein expression of S2P (site-2 protease). Curcumin can inhibit the SREBP-2 proteolytic process to reduce mSREBP-2 which functions as a transcription factor, affecting the regulation of cholesterol metabolism-related genes. Curcumin does not directly inhibit the expression of mSREBP-2 protein, and it has no such inhibitory effect for at least a short period of time, although curcumin does reduce the amount of mSREBP-2 protein. S1P is a key protease in the hydrolysis of pSREBP-2 into mSREBP-2. Therefore, curcumin may decrease the amount of mSREBP-2 by directly inhibiting the expression of S1P mRNA and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongnan Li
- The Sixth General SurgeryBiliary & Vascular surgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang CityChina
| | - Shuodong Wu
- The Sixth General SurgeryBiliary & Vascular surgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang CityChina
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11
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A Comprehensive Review of Natural Products against Liver Fibrosis: Flavonoids, Quinones, Lignans, Phenols, and Acids. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7171498. [PMID: 33082829 PMCID: PMC7556091 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7171498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis resulting from continuous long-term hepatic damage represents a heavy burden worldwide. Liver fibrosis is recognized as a complicated pathogenic mechanism with extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. A series of drugs demonstrate significant antifibrotic activity in vitro and in vivo. No specific agents with ideally clinical efficacy for liver fibrosis treatment have been developed. In this review, we summarized the antifibrotic effects and molecular mechanisms of 29 kinds of common natural products. The mechanism of these compounds is correlated with anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antifibrotic activities. Moreover, parenchymal hepatic cell survival, HSC deactivation, and ECM degradation by interfering with multiple targets and signaling pathways are also involved in the antifibrotic effects of these compounds. However, there remain two bottlenecks for clinical breakthroughs. The low bioavailability of natural products should be improved, and the combined application of two or more compounds should be investigated for more prominent pharmacological effects. In summary, exploration on natural products against liver fibrosis is becoming increasingly extensive. Therefore, natural products are potential resources for the development of agents to treat liver fibrosis.
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12
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Curcumin, a Multifaceted Hormetic Agent, Mediates an Intricate Crosstalk between Mitochondrial Turnover, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3656419. [PMID: 32765806 PMCID: PMC7387956 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3656419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin has extensive therapeutic potential because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. Multiple preclinical studies in vitro and in vivo have proven curcumin to be effective against various cancers. These potent effects are driven by curcumin's ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest, induce autophagy, activate apoptosis, disrupt molecular signaling, inhibit invasion and metastasis, and increase the efficacy of current chemotherapeutics. Here, we focus on the hormetic behavior of curcumin. Frequently, low doses of natural chemical products activate an adaptive stress response, whereas high doses activate acute responses like autophagy and cell death. This phenomenon is often referred to as hormesis. Curcumin causes cell death and primarily initiates an autophagic step (mitophagy). At higher doses, cells undergo mitochondrial destabilization due to calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum, and die. Herein, we address the complex crosstalk that involves mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial destabilization accompanied by mitophagy, and cell death.
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13
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Naturally Occurring PCSK9 Inhibitors. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051440. [PMID: 32429343 PMCID: PMC7284437 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, epidemiological and pharmacological data have led to the conclusion that antagonizing or inhibiting Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) reduces cardiovascular events. This clinical outcome is mainly related to the pivotal role of PCSK9 in controlling low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The absence of oral and affordable anti-PCSK9 medications has limited the beneficial effects of this new therapeutic option. A possible breakthrough in this field may come from the discovery of new naturally occurring PCSK9 inhibitors as a starting point for the development of oral, small molecules, to be used in combination with statins in order to increase the percentage of patients reaching their LDL-cholesterol target levels. In the present review, we have summarized the current knowledge on natural compounds or extracts that have shown an inhibitory effect on PCSK9, either in experimental or clinical settings. When available, the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of the listed compounds are described.
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Shafabakhsh R, Reiner Ž, Hallajzadeh J, Mirsafaei L, Asemi Z. Are anti-inflammatory agents and nutraceuticals - novel inhibitors of PCSK9? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:325-336. [PMID: 32090592 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1731678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a protease which increases the lysosomal degradation of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) resulting in elevated serum LDL-cholesterol levels. Elevated LDL-cholesterol is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Antibodies to PCSK9 decrease LDL-cholesterol. Recent studies have suggested a direct relationship between PCSK9 and inflammation and the potential inhibitory effects of anti-inflammatory agents against this enzyme. Nutraceuticals are natural compounds, which have numerous anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects. In this review we focus on anti-inflammatory substances and nutraceuticals, which are beneficial in treatment of dyslipidemia. We also reviewed the recent findings concerning the role of PCSK9 as the main target for molecular mechanisms of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Shafabakhsh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Liaosadat Mirsafaei
- Department of Cardiology, Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Buonomo AR, Scotto R, Nappa S, Arcopinto M, Salzano A, Marra AM, D’Assante R, Zappulo E, Borgia G, Gentile I. The role of curcumin in liver diseases. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:1608-1620. [PMID: 31749891 PMCID: PMC6855174 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.73596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Riccardo Buonomo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery – Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Scotto
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery – Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Nappa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery – Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Arcopinto
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Salzano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Emanuela Zappulo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery – Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Borgia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery – Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ivan Gentile
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery – Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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Adibian M, Hodaei H, Nikpayam O, Sohrab G, Hekmatdoost A, Hedayati M. The effects of curcumin supplementation on high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, serum adiponectin, and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1374-1383. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Adibian
- Clinical Nutrition and dietetics Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research InstituteShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Homa Hodaei
- Clinical Nutrition and dietetics Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research InstituteShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Omid Nikpayam
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food SciencesTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Golbon Sohrab
- Clinical Nutrition and dietetics Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research InstituteShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Clinical Nutrition and dietetics Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research InstituteShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute For Endocrine SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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Ferguson JJA, Wolska A, Remaley AT, Stojanovski E, MacDonald-Wicks L, Garg ML. Bread enriched with phytosterols with or without curcumin modulates lipoprotein profiles in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. A randomised controlled trial. Food Funct 2019; 10:2515-2527. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02512f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel functional food containing phytosterols and curcumin significantly lowers blood cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. A. Ferguson
- Nutraceuticals Research Program
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy
- 305C Medical Science Building
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
| | - Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section
- National Heart
- Lung and Blood Institute
- NIH
- Bethesda
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section
- National Heart
- Lung and Blood Institute
- NIH
- Bethesda
| | - Elizabeth Stojanovski
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - Lesley MacDonald-Wicks
- School of Health Sciences
- Faculty of Health & Medicine
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - Manohar L. Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Program
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy
- 305C Medical Science Building
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
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18
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Add-on therapy with traditional Chinese medicine: An efficacious approach for lipid metabolism disorders. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:200-211. [PMID: 29935947 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Add-on therapy with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been extensively researched in the intractable diseases, such as asthma, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. As an entirely new concept, add-on therapy of TCM has been also used to prevent and treat hyperlipidemia via lowering cholesterol level. However, the efficacy of add-on therapy with TCM for mediating lipid metabolism disorders remains controversial. In this review, we summarize and provide strong evidence that add-on therapy of TCM as a novel approach is efficacious and safe for hyperlipidemia associated diseases based on the mediation of lipid metabolism disorders.
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19
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Ferguson JJA, Stojanovski E, MacDonald-Wicks L, Garg ML. Curcumin potentiates cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. A randomised controlled trial. Metabolism 2018; 82:22-35. [PMID: 29291429 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary phytosterols (PS) are well-known hypocholesterolaemic agents. Curcumin elicits hypolipidaemic and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical studies, however, consistent findings in humans are lacking. OBJECTIVE Concurrent PS and curcumin supplementation may exhibit enhanced hypocholesterolaemic and anti-inflammatory effects to optimise cardio-protection. The objective of this trial was to investigate the effects of dietary intervention with PS with or without curcumin on blood lipids (primary outcome) in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. METHODS A double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial was conducted in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. Participants received either placebo (PL, no phytosterols or curcumin), phytosterols (PS, 2 g/d), curcumin (CC, 200 mg/d) or a combination of PS and curcumin (PS-CC, 2 g/d-200 mg/d respectively) for four weeks. Primary outcomes included fasting total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), TC-to-HDL-C ratio (TC:HDL-C). Secondary outcomes included anthropometrics and fasting blood glucose concentrations. RESULTS Seventy participants with a mean (±SEM) fasting TC concentration of 6.57 ± 0.13 mmol/L completed the study (PL, n = 18; PS, n = 17; CC, n = 18; PS-CC, n = 17). PS and PS-CC supplementation significantly lowered TC, LDL-cholesterol and TC:HDL-C post-intervention (p < 0.05). Reductions from baseline in the PS group were 4.8% and 8.1% for TC and LDL-cholesterol respectively (p < 0.05). CC exhibited non-significant reduction (2.3% and 2.6%) in TC and LDL-C respectively, however, the PS-CC resulted in a greater reduction in TC (11.0%) and LDL-cholesterol (14.4%) than either of the treatments alone (p < 0.0001). The reduction in the PS-CC treatment was significantly greater compared to those for CC (p < 0.05) or PL (p < 0.01) alone. Plasma HDL-cholesterol and TG concentrations remained unchanged across all groups. No adverse side effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS The addition of curcumin to phytosterol therapy provides a complementary cholesterol-lowering effect that is larger than phytosterol therapy alone. Implications of these findings include the development of a single functional food containing both the active ingredients for enhanced lipid-lowering and compliance in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. ANZCTR identifier: 1261500095650.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J A Ferguson
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, 305C Medical Science Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Stojanovski
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Lesley MacDonald-Wicks
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Manohar L Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, 305C Medical Science Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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20
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Abstract
Cellular lipid metabolism and homeostasis are controlled by sterol regulatory-element binding proteins (SREBPs). In addition to performing canonical functions in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis and uptake of lipids, genome-wide system analyses have revealed that these versatile transcription factors act as important nodes of convergence and divergence within biological signalling networks. Thus, they are involved in myriad physiological and pathophysiological processes, highlighting the importance of lipid metabolism in biology. Changes in cell metabolism and growth are reciprocally linked through SREBPs. Anabolic and growth signalling pathways branch off and connect to multiple steps of SREBP activation and form complex regulatory networks. In addition, SREBPs are implicated in numerous pathogenic processes such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis, and in this way, they contribute to obesity, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of SREBPs in physiology and pathophysiology at the cell, organ and organism levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Sato
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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21
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Liu Z, Cui C, Xu P, Dang R, Cai H, Liao D, Yang M, Feng Q, Yan X, Jiang P. Curcumin Activates AMPK Pathway and Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Rats Following Prolonged Clozapine Exposure. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:558. [PMID: 29046626 PMCID: PMC5632657 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine (CLO) remains an ultimate option for patients with treatment resistant schizophrenia. However, the atypical antipsychotic is often associated with serious metabolic side effects, such as dyslipidemia. Hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are central in the allosteric control of a variety of lipid biosynthetic pathways. There is emerging evidence that CLO can activate SREBP pathway and enhance downstream lipogenesis, whereas curcumin (CUR), a major active compound of Curcuma longa, contains hypolipidemic properties. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the protective effects of CUR against CLO-induced lipid disturbance and analyzed the expression of key components in hepatic lipid metabolism. Our data showed that 4-week treatment of CLO (15 mg/kg/day) markedly elevated serum lipid levels and resulted in hepatic lipid accumulation, whereas co-treatment of CUR (80 mg/kg/day) alleviated the CLO-induced dyslipidemia. We further demonstrated that CUR appears to be a novel AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonist, which enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and mitigated CLO-induced SREBP overexpression. Additionally, CUR also modulated the downstream SREBP-targeted genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol metabolism, including fatty acid synthase (FAS) and HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR). In summary, our study suggests that the suppressed AMPK activity and thereby enhanced SREBP-dependent lipid synthesis could be associated with the antipsychotic-stimulated dyslipidemia, whereas CUR may maintain lipid homeostasis by directly binding to AMPK, indicating that adjunctive use of CUR could be a promising preventive strategy for the drug-induced lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Changmeng Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ruili Dang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hualin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dehua Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qingyan Feng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xin Yan
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Ren R, Gong J, Zhao Y, Zhuang X, Ye Y, Lin W. Sulfated polysaccharides from Enteromorpha prolifera suppress SREBP-2 and HMG-CoA reductase expression and attenuate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2017; 8:1899-1904. [PMID: 28429814 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00103g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by fat accumulation and is associated with abnormal cholesterol metabolism. Previous work indicates that polysaccharides from alga Enteromorpha prolifera improve glucose metabolism and lower cholesterol in diabetic rats. Thus, we studied the possible protective effects of E. prolifera polysaccharides (EP) in the development of NAFLD and underlying mechanisms. EP (200 mg kg-1) significantly reduced the liver weight and significantly lowered hepatic HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) mRNA protein expression. EP suppressed sterol regulatory element binding protein-2, which is a key transcription factor in cholesterol metabolism and regulates the expression of HMGCR. Therefore, EP may be a functional food that can prevent NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendong Ren
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.
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23
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Feng D, Zou J, Zhang S, Li X, Lu M. Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Curcumin Is Mediated by Down-regulating the Expression of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 in Hamsters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:276-280. [PMID: 28000447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that curcumin reduces cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells through down-regulating Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) expression, but the in vivo effect of curcumin on intestinal cholesterol absorption remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of curcumin consumption on cholesterol absorption in hamsters. Male hamsters were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with or without curcumin (0.05% w/w) for 12 weeks. Curcumin supplementation significantly decreased serum total cholesterol (TC) (from 6.86 ± 0.27 to 3.50 ± 0.24 mmol/L), triglyceride (TG) (from 5.07 ± 0.34 to 3.72 ± 0.40 mmol/L), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 2.58 ± 0.19 to 1.71 ± 0.15 mmol/L) levels as well as liver TC (from 11.6 ± 0.05 to 7.2 ± 0.03 mg/g) and TG (from 30.3 ± 0.22 to 25.2 ± 0.18 mg/g) levels (P < 0.05 for all). In contrast, curcumin treatment markedly enhanced fecal cholesterol output (P < 0.01). Moreover, curcumin supplementation down-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions of sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) and NPC1L1 in the small intestine (P < 0.05). Our current results indicate that curcumin inhibits cholesterol absorption in hamsters by suppressing SREBP-2 and subsequently down-regulating NPC1L1 expression, which may be responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effects of curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated NanHai Hospital of Southern Medical University , Foshan 528200, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xuechun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Minqi Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510080, China
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Abstract
Although drug-eluting stents (DES) effectively improve the clinical efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention, a high risk of late stent thrombosis and in-stent restenosis also exists after DES implantation. Anti-smooth muscle proliferation drugs, such as rapamycin, coating stents, not only inhibit the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells but also inhibit vascular endothelial cells and delay the reendothelialization. Therefore, the development of an ideal agent that protects vascular endothelial cells from rapamycin-eluting stents is of great importance for the next generation of DES. In this study, we demonstrated that rapamycin significantly inhibited the growth of rat aortic endothelial cells in both dose- and time-dependent manner in vitro. Cell apoptosis was increased and migration was decreased by rapamycin treatments in rat aortic endothelial cells in vitro. Surprisingly, treatment with curcumin, an active ingredient of turmeric, significantly reversed these detrimental effects of rapamycin. Moreover, curcumin increased the expression of vascular nitric oxide synthases (eNOS), which was decreased by rapamycin. Furthermore, caveolin-1, the inhibitor of eNOS, was decreased by curcumin. Knockdown of eNOS by small interfering RNA significantly abrogated the protective effects of curcumin. Taken together, our results suggest that curcumin antagonizes the detrimental effect of rapamycin on aortic endothelial cells in vitro through upregulating eNOS. Therefore, curcumin is a promising combined agent for the rescue of DES-induced reendothelialization delay.
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Nakhaei-Rad S, Nakhaeizadeh H, Götze S, Kordes C, Sawitza I, Hoffmann MJ, Franke M, Schulz WA, Scheller J, Piekorz RP, Häussinger D, Ahmadian MR. The Role of Embryonic Stem Cell-expressed RAS (ERAS) in the Maintenance of Quiescent Hepatic Stellate Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8399-413. [PMID: 26884329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were recently identified as liver-resident mesenchymal stem cells. HSCs are activated after liver injury and involved in pivotal processes, such as liver development, immunoregulation, regeneration, and also fibrogenesis. To date, several studies have reported candidate pathways that regulate the plasticity of HSCs during physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here we analyzed the expression changes and activity of the RAS family GTPases and thereby investigated the signaling networks of quiescent HSCs versus activated HSCs. For the first time, we report that embryonic stem cell-expressed RAS (ERAS) is specifically expressed in quiescent HSCs and down-regulated during HSC activation via promoter DNA methylation. Notably, in quiescent HSCs, the high level of ERAS protein correlates with the activation of AKT, STAT3, mTORC2, and HIPPO signaling pathways and inactivation of FOXO1 and YAP. Our data strongly indicate that in quiescent HSCs, ERAS targets AKT via two distinct pathways driven by PI3Kα/δ and mTORC2, whereas in activated HSCs, RAS signaling shifts to RAF-MEK-ERK. Thus, in contrast to the reported role of ERAS in tumor cells associated with cell proliferation, our findings indicate that ERAS is important to maintain quiescence in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty
| | | | - Silke Götze
- the Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Claus Kordes
- the Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Iris Sawitza
- the Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- the Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Franke
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- the Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty
| | - Roland P Piekorz
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- the Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Mohammad R Ahmadian
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty,
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26
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Musso G, Cassader M, Gambino R. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: emerging molecular targets and therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:249-74. [PMID: 26794269 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - the most common chronic liver disease - encompasses a histological spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Over the next decade, NASH is projected to be the most common indication for liver transplantation. The absence of an effective pharmacological therapy for NASH is a major incentive for research into novel therapeutic approaches for this condition. The current focus areas for research include the modulation of nuclear transcription factors; agents that target lipotoxicity and oxidative stress; and the modulation of cellular energy homeostasis, metabolism and the inflammatory response. Strategies to enhance resolution of inflammation and fibrosis also show promise to reverse the advanced stages of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Musso
- Gradenigo Hospital, Corso Regina Margherita 8, 10132 Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cassader
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso A.M. Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso A.M. Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
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Tang Y. Curcumin targets multiple pathways to halt hepatic stellate cell activation: updated mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1554-64. [PMID: 25532502 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the advanced form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which is often accompanied by obese and/or type II diabetes mellitus. Approximately one-third of NASH patients develop hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells are the major effector cells during liver fibrogenesis. Advanced liver fibrosis usually proceeds to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma, leading to liver failure, portal hypertension and even death. Currently, there are no approved agents for treatment and prevention of liver fibrosis in human beings. Curcumin, the principal curcuminoid of turmeric, has been reported to show antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties both in in vitro and in vivo systems. Accumulating data shows that curcumin plays a critical role in combating liver fibrogenesis. This review will discuss the inhibitory roles of curcumin and update the underlying mechanisms by which curcumin targets in inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 2 Jingba Road, Zhengzhou, 450014, Henan, China,
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28
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Panahi Y, Khalili N, Hosseini MS, Abbasinazari M, Sahebkar A. Lipid-modifying effects of adjunctive therapy with curcuminoids–piperine combination in patients with metabolic syndrome: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2014; 22:851-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Tai MH, Chen PK, Chen PY, Wu MJ, Ho CT, Yen JH. Curcumin enhances cell-surface LDLR level and promotes LDL uptake through downregulation of PCSK9 gene expression in HepG2 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:2133-45. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hsueh Tai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan
| | - Po-Kong Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Center of Medical Genetics; Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital; Hualien Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology; Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science; Rutgers University; NJ USA
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Tzu Chi University; Hualien Taiwan
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30
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Activation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase during high fat diet feeding. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1560-8. [PMID: 23651731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in regulating cholesterol homeostasis. High fat diets have been shown to induce obesity and hyperlipidemia. Despite considerable advances in our understanding of cholesterol metabolism, the regulation of liver cholesterol biosynthesis in response to high fat diet feeding has not been fully addressed. The aim of the present study was to investigate mechanisms by which a high fat diet caused activation of liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) leading to increased cholesterol biosynthesis. Mice were fed a high fat diet (60% kcal fat) for 5weeks. High fat diet feeding induced weight gain and elevated lipid levels (total cholesterol and triglyceride) in both the liver and serum. Despite cholesterol accumulation in the liver, there was a significant increase in hepatic HMG-CoA reductase mRNA and protein expression as well as enzyme activity. The DNA binding activity of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-2 and specific protein 1 (Sp1) were also increased in the liver of mice fed a high fat diet. To validate the in vivo findings, HepG2 cells were treated with palmitic acid. Such a treatment activated SREBP-2 as well as increased the mRNA and enzyme activity of HMG-CoA reductase leading to intracellular cholesterol accumulation. Inhibition of Sp1 by siRNA transfection abolished palmitic acid-induced SREBP-2 and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression. These results suggest that Sp1-mediated SREBP-2 activation contributes to high fat diet induced HMG-CoA reductase activation and increased cholesterol biosynthesis. This may play a role in liver cholesterol accumulation and hypercholesterolemia.
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Wang J, Wang L, Song G, Han B. The mechanism through which octreotide inhibits hepatic stellate cell activity. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1559-64. [PMID: 23525276 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are important in the development of liver fibrosis and in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension. Octreotide, an analogue of somatostatin, has been demonstrated to effectively treat fibrosis and portal hypertension; however, its relative mechanism in HSCs remains unknown. LX‑2, the immortalized HSC line, was used to study the mechanism whereby octreotide functions at different concentrations. Real‑time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis were used to analyze the expression of fibrosis markers and transcription factors following treatment with octreotide. Soluble secreted endothelin‑1 (ET‑1), collagen I and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were assessed in the supernatants of cultured cells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the present study, it was shown that octreotide was able to inhibit the proliferative ability of the LX‑2 cells and decrease the expression of transforming growth factor β (TGF‑β), α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) and smad‑4a. The transcription factors, including c‑Jun and sp‑1, were downregulated in a dose‑dependent manner following treatment with octreotide. The levels of ET‑1 and collagen I in the supernatant decreased significantly in contrast with the normal levels, whereas the levels of VEGF in the LX‑2 cells and the supernatant increased at a high octreotide concentration (10‑5 nM). Octreotide may exert its effects on ET‑1 or other targeting genes in HSCs through the downregulation of c‑Jun and specificity protein 1 (sp‑1), and the increased levels of VEGF may be the reason for the side effects observed at high concentrations of octreotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Clinical Test Department of Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, and Department of Pathology,Shandong University Medical School, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
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Sahebkar A. Why it is necessary to translate curcumin into clinical practice for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome? Biofactors 2013; 39:197-208. [PMID: 23239418 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is the yellow-orange pigment of dried Curcuma longa L. rhizomes (turmeric). During the past two decades, there has been a large volume of published studies describing the biological and pharmacological properties of this phytochemical including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antiatherosclerotic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, memory enhancing, antiparkinsonism, antirheumatic, anti-infectious, antiaging, antipsoriatic, and anticonvulsant activities. In addition, curcumin has been shown to be extremely safe and interact with multiple molecular targets that are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Curcumin could favorably affect all leading components of metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance, obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased HDL-C and hypertension, and prevent the deleterious complications of MetS including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, curcumin can also exert several pleiotropic effects and improve endothelial dysfunction, adipokine imbalances, and hyperuricemia which usually accompany MetS. Despite the potential tremendous benefit of this multifaceted phytopharmaceutical, no trial result has yet been publicized on this issue. This review seeks to briefly summarize the ample scientific evidence that supports the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin, at least as an adjunctive treatment, in patients with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Biotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran.
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Flynn JM, Spusta SC, Rosen CJ, Melov S. Single cell gene expression profiling of cortical osteoblast lineage cells. Bone 2013; 53:174-81. [PMID: 23238121 PMCID: PMC3589579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In tissues with complex architectures such as bone, it is often difficult to purify and characterize specific cell types via molecular profiling. Single cell gene expression profiling is an emerging technology useful for characterizing transcriptional profiles of individual cells isolated from heterogeneous populations. In this study we describe a novel procedure for the isolation and characterization of gene expression profiles of single osteoblast lineage cells derived from cortical bone. Mixed populations of different cell types were isolated from adult long bones of C57BL/6J mice by enzymatic digestion, and subsequently subjected to FACS to purify and characterize osteoblast lineage cells via a selection strategy using antibodies against CD31, CD45, and alkaline phosphatase (AP), specific for mature osteoblasts. The purified individual osteoblast lineage cells were then profiled at the single cell level via nanofluidic PCR. This method permits robust gene expression profiling on single osteoblast lineage cells derived from mature bone, potentially from anatomically distinct sites. In conjunction with this technique, we have also shown that it is possible to carry out single cell profiling on cells purified from fixed and frozen bone samples without compromising the gene expression signal. The latter finding means the technique can be extended to biopsies of bone from diseased individuals. Our approach for single cell expression profiling provides a new dimension to the transcriptional profile of the primary osteoblast lineage population in vivo, and has the capacity to greatly expand our understanding of how these cells may function in vivo under normal and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Flynn
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging. 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato, CA 94945
| | - Steven C. Spusta
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging. 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato, CA 94945
| | - Clifford J. Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute. 81 Research Dr. Scarborough, ME 04074
| | - Simon Melov
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging. 8001 Redwood Blvd. Novato, CA 94945
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Zingg JM, Hasan ST, Meydani M. Molecular mechanisms of hypolipidemic effects of curcumin. Biofactors 2013; 39:101-21. [PMID: 23339042 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests potential benefits from phytochemicals and micronutrients in reducing the elevated oxidative and lipid-mediated stress associated with inflammation, obesity, and atherosclerosis. These compounds may either directly scavenge reactive oxygen or nitrogen species or they may modulate the activity of signal transduction enzymes leading to changes in the expression of antioxidant genes. Alternatively, they may reduce plasma lipid levels by modulating lipid metabolic genes in tissues and thus reduce indirectly lipid-mediated oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress through their hypolipidemic effect. Here we review the proposed molecular mechanisms by which curcumin, a polyphenol present in the rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa) spice, influences oxidative and lipid-mediated stress in the vascular system. At the molecular level, mounting experimental evidence suggests that curcumin may act chemically as scavenger of free radicals and/or influences signal transduction (e.g., Akt, AMPK) and modulates the activity of specific transcription factors (e.g., FOXO1/3a, NRF2, SREBP1/2, CREB, CREBH, PPARγ, and LXRα) that regulate the expression of genes involved in free radicals scavenging (e.g., catalase, MnSOD, and heme oxygenase-1) and lipid homeostasis (e.g., aP2/FABP4, CD36, HMG-CoA reductase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-1)). At the cellular level, curcumin may induce a mild oxidative and lipid-metabolic stress leading to an adaptive cellular stress response by hormetic stimulation of these cellular antioxidant defense systems and lipid metabolic enzymes. The resulting lower oxidative and lipid-mediated stress may not only explain the beneficial effects of curcumin on inflammation, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disease, but may also contribute to the increase in maximum life-span observed in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Lin J, Tang Y, Kang Q, Feng Y, Chen A. Curcumin inhibits gene expression of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) in hepatic stellate cells in vitro by elevating PPARγ activity and attenuating oxidative stress. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:2212-27. [PMID: 22352842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycaemia, which facilitates the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is commonly accompanied by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which could lead to hepatic fibrosis. Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) mediates effects of AGEs and is associated with increased oxidative stress, cell growth and inflammation. The phytochemical curcumin inhibits the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the major effectors during hepatic fibrogenesis. The aim of this study was to explore the underlying mechanisms of curcumin in the elimination of the stimulating effects of AGEs on the activation of HSCs. We hypothesize that curcumin eliminates the effects of AGEs by suppressing gene expression of RAGE. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Gene promoter activities were evaluated by transient transfection assays. The expression of rage was silenced by short hairpin RNA. Gene expression was analysed by real-time PCR and Western blots. Oxidative stress was evaluated. KEY RESULTS AGEs induced rage expression in cultured HSCs, which played a critical role in the AGEs-induced activation of HSCs. Curcumin at 20 µM eliminated the AGE effects, which required the activation of PPARγ. In addition, curcumin attenuated AGEs-induced oxidative stress in HSCs by elevating the activity of glutamate-cysteine ligase and by stimulating de novo synthesis of glutathione, leading to the suppression of gene expression of RAGE. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Curcumin suppressed gene expression of RAGE by elevating the activity of PPARγ and attenuating oxidative stress, leading to the elimination of the AGE effects on the activation of HSCs. LINKED ARTICLE This article is commented on by Stefanska, pp. 2209-2211 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01959.x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Lin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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36
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Farina AR, Cappabianca L, Ruggeri P, Di Ianni N, Ragone M, Merolle S, Sano K, Stracke ML, Horowitz JM, Gulino A, Mackay AR. Constitutive autotaxin transcription by Nmyc-amplified and non-amplified neuroblastoma cells is regulated by a novel AP-1 and SP-mediated mechanism and abrogated by curcumin. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3681-91. [PMID: 22975311 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The motility, angiogenesis and metastasis-stimulating factor Autotaxin (Atx), over expressed by human neuroblastomas (NB), is constitutively expressed by human Nmyc-amplified SK-N-BE and non-Nmyc-amplified SH-SY5Y NB cells. Here, we characterise a novel Atx transcriptional mechanism, utilised by both cell lines, that is restricted to the first 285bp of the Atx promoter and involves AP-1 and SP transcription factors, acting through a CRE/AP-1-like element at position -142 to -149 and a GAbox at position -227 to -235 relative to the Atx translational start site. This novel transcriptional mechanism can be inhibited by internally initiated SP-3 and the natural phenol curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta R Farina
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Nagajyothi F, Zhao D, Weiss LM, Tanowitz HB. Curcumin treatment provides protection against Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Parasitol Res 2012; 110:2491-9. [PMID: 22215192 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, causes an acute myocarditis and chronic cardiomyopathy. The current therapeutic agents for this disease are not always effective and often have severe side effects. Curcumin, a plant polyphenol, has demonstrated a wide range of potential therapeutic effects. In this study, we examined the effect of curcumin on T. cruzi infection in vitro and in vivo. Curcumin pretreatment of fibroblasts inhibited parasite invasion. Treatment reduced the expression of the low density lipoprotein receptor, which is involved in T. cruzi host cell invasion. Curcumin treatment of T. cruzi-infected CD1 mice reduced parasitemia and decreased the parasitism of infected heart tissue. This was associated with a significant reduction in macrophage infiltration and inflammation in both the heart and liver; moreover, curcumin-treated infected mice displayed a 100% survival rate in contrast to the 60% survival rate commonly observed in untreated infected mice. These data are consistent with curcumin modulating infection-induced changes in signaling pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. These data suggest that curcumin and its derivatives could be a suitable drug for the amelioration of chagasic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fnu Nagajyothi
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, NY, USA.
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Curcumin promotes cholesterol efflux from adipocytes related to PPARgamma-LXRalpha-ABCA1 passway. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 358:281-5. [PMID: 21748336 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin affects the functions of adipocytes. But it is not known whether curcumin has some effect on the cholesterol efflux process of adipocytes. Rabbit subcutaneous adipocytes were incubated with 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml curcumin for 24 h. The cholesterol efflux onto apoAI was assessed, and the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, liver X receptor (LXR) α and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mRNA expression in adipocytes were quantified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Curcumin increased the cholesterol efflux from adipocytes in dose-dependent manner. The increased expression of PPARγ, LXRα and ABCA1 caused by curcumin were parallel. When the adipocytes were pre-treated by GW9662, the increased expression of PPARγ induced by curcumin was partially prevented, subsequent to the down-regulation of LXRα and ABCA1. Curcumin can affect the cholesterol efflux from adipocytes by regulating the PPARγ-LXR-ABCA1 passway.
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Kumar P, Malhotra P, Ma K, Singla A, Hedroug O, Saksena S, Dudeja PK, Gill RK, Alrefai WA. SREBP2 mediates the modulation of intestinal NPC1L1 expression by curcumin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G148-55. [PMID: 21527728 PMCID: PMC3129937 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00119.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, the major phenolic compound in the spice turmeric, exhibits numerous biological effects, including lowering plasma cholesterol and preventing diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. The mechanisms underlying the hypocholesterolemic effect of curcumin are not fully understood. In this regard, intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) cholesterol transporter, the molecular target of intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe, plays an essential role in the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis. The current studies were designed to investigate the effect of curcumin on NPC1L1 function, expression, and promoter activity in intestinal Caco-2 monolayers. NPC1L1 function was evaluated by the measurement of ezetimibe-sensitive [(3)H]cholesterol esterification. Relative abundance of NPC1L1 mRNA and protein was evaluated by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Luciferase assays were used to measure NPC1L1 promoter activity. Our results showed that curcumin significantly inhibited ezetimibe-sensitive cholesterol esterification in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum decrease (by 52% compared with control) occurring at 50 μM concentration. Curcumin treatment of Caco-2 monolayers also significantly decreased NPC1L1 mRNA and protein expression. Similarly, the promoter activity of the NPC1L1 gene was inhibited significantly (55%) by 50 μM curcumin. The decrease in NPC1L1 promoter activity by curcumin was associated with a reduction in the expression and the DNA-binding activity of the sterol response element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) transcription factor. Furthermore, the overexpression of active SREBP2 protected NPC1L1 from the inhibitory effect of curcumin. Our studies demonstrate that curcumin directly modulates intestinal NPC1L1 expression via transcriptional regulation and the involvement of SREBP2 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pooja Malhotra
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ke Ma
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amika Singla
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Omar Hedroug
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seema Saksena
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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40
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New mechanisms and the anti-inflammatory role of curcumin in obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases. Eur J Nutr 2011; 50:151-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Rajasekaran SA. Therapeutic potential of curcumin in gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2011; 2:1-14. [PMID: 21607160 PMCID: PMC3097964 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v2.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, also known as diferuloylmethane, is derived from the plant Curcuma longa and is the active ingredient of the spice turmeric. The therapeutic activities of curcumin for a wide variety of diseases such as diabetes, allergies, arthritis and other chronic and inflammatory diseases have been known for a long time. More recently, curcumin’s therapeutic potential for preventing and treating various cancers is being recognized. As curcumin’s therapeutic promise is being explored more systematically in various diseases, it has become clear that, due to its increased bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract, curcumin may be particularly suited to be developed to treat gastrointestinal diseases. This review summarizes some of the current literature of curcumin’s anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer potential in inflammatory bowel diseases, hepatic fibrosis and gastrointestinal cancers.
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Li L, Davie JR. The role of Sp1 and Sp3 in normal and cancer cell biology. Ann Anat 2010; 192:275-83. [PMID: 20810260 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sp1 and Sp3 are transcription factors expressed in all mammalian cells. These factors are involved in regulating the transcriptional activity of genes implicated in most cellular processes. Dysregulation of Sp1 and Sp3 is observed in many cancers and diseases. Due to the amino acid sequence similarity of the DNA binding domains, Sp1 and Sp3 recognize and associate with the same DNA element with similar affinity. However, others and our laboratory demonstrated that these two factors possess different properties and exert different functional roles. Both Sp1 and Sp3 can interact with and recruit a large number of proteins including the transcription initiation complex, histone modifying enzymes and chromatin remodeling complexes, which strongly suggest that Sp1 and Sp3 are important transcription factors in the remodeling chromatin and the regulation of gene expression. In this review, the role of Sp1 and Sp3 in normal and cancer cell biology and the multiple mechanisms deciding the functional roles of Sp1 and Sp3 will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada
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