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Ralli T, Ahmad S, Saifi Z, Alhalmi A, Aeri V, Aqil M, Kohli K. Exploring the therapeutic potential of silymarin-based herbal remedy (prebiotic) and probiotic blend in a mouse model of NAFLD: Insights into gut microbiota modulation and liver health. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33505. [PMID: 39027434 PMCID: PMC11254739 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant consequence of metabolic dysfunction, often associated with changes in the intestinal microbiota. Prebiotics and probiotics have shown promise in NAFLD management. This study evaluated a silymarin-based herbal remedy with piperine and fulvic acid, alongside a probiotic blend of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Using a NAFLD mouse model induced by a high-fat and high-fructose diet, we assessed biochemical parameters, liver function, glucose levels, and conducted histological analysis. Stool samples underwent 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis to explore changes in microbiota composition. Mice on the high-fat diet exhibited elevated lipids, liver enzymes, and glucose, with reduced high-density lipoprotein levels (with p value < 0.001). Treatment, particularly with F3 (silymarin-piperine-fulvic acid herbal remedy and probiotic blend), significantly reduced hepatic fat accumulation and improved gut microbiota composition. This study highlights the potential of silymarin-based therapy combined with probiotics in attenuating NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Ralli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
- School of Pharmacy, COER University, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Shahnawaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Zoya Saifi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Abdulsalam Alhalmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Vidhu Aeri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
- Research and Publications, Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Vali A, Beaupère C, Loubaresse A, Dalle H, Fève B, Grosfeld A, Moldes M. Effects of glucocorticoids on adipose tissue plasticity. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2024; 85:259-262. [PMID: 38871499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2024.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) play an important role in metabolic adaptation, regulating carbohydrate-lipid homeostasis and the immune system. Because they also have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, synthetic analogues of GCs have been developed and are widely used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions and in organ transplantation. GCs are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world. However, long term and high GC doses can cause side effects such as GC-induced diabetes and lipodystrophy. In recent years, a large number of independent studies have reported the effects of constitutive and adipocyte-specific deletion of the GC receptor (GR) in mice under different diets and treatments, resulting in contrasting phenotypes. To avoid potential compensatory mechanisms associated with the constitutive adipocyte GR silencing during adipose tissue development, our team has generated an inducible mouse model of GR deletion specifically in the adipocyte (AdipoGR-KO). Using this mouse model, we were able to demonstrate the critical role of the adipocyte GR in GC-induced metabolic changes. Indeed, under conditions of hypercorticism, AdipoGR-KO mice showed an improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as well as in lipid profile, despite a massive increase in adiposity. This result is explained by a densification of adipose tissue vascularization, highlighting the repressive role of adipocyte GR in the healthy expansion of this tissue. Our work has largely contributed to the demonstration of the important role of the adipocyte GR in the physiology and pathophysiology of the adipose tissue and its impact on energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vali
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Carine Beaupère
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alya Loubaresse
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Dalle
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Fève
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France; Service endocrinologie, CRMR PRISIS, centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Grosfeld
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marthe Moldes
- Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Inserm, 75013 Paris, France.
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Papadimitriou K, Mousiolis AC, Mintziori G, Tarenidou C, Polyzos SA, Goulis DG. Hypogonadism and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Endocrine 2024:10.1007/s12020-024-03878-1. [PMID: 38771482 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently proposed to be renamed to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is a major global public health concern, affecting approximately 25-30% of the adult population and possibly leading to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver transplantation. The liver is involved in the actions of sex steroids via their hepatic metabolism and production of the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Liver disease, including NAFLD, is associated with reproductive dysfunction in men and women, and the prevalence of NAFLD in patients with hypogonadism is considerable. A wide spectrum of possible pathophysiological mechanisms linking NAFLD and male/female hypogonadism has been investigated. As therapies targeting NAFLD may impact hypogonadism in men and women, and vice versa, treatments of the latter may affect NAFLD, and an insight into their pathophysiological pathways is imperative. This paper aims to elucidate the complex association between NAFLD and hypogonadism in men and women and discuss the therapeutic options and their impact on both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasiani Papadimitriou
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athanasios C Mousiolis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gesthimani Mintziori
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Perakakis N, Bornstein SR, Birkenfeld AL, Linkermann A, Demir M, Anker SD, Filippatos G, Pitt B, Rossing P, Ruilope LM, Kolkhof P, Lawatscheck R, Scott C, Bakris GL. Efficacy of finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease and altered markers of liver steatosis and fibrosis: A FIDELITY subgroup analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:191-200. [PMID: 37814928 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM Investigating the effect of finerenone on liver function, cardiovascular and kidney composite outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes, stratified by their risk of liver steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Post hoc analysis stratified patients (N = 13 026) by liver fibrosis and enzymes: high risk of steatosis (hepatic steatosis index >36); elevated transaminases [alanine transaminase (ALT) >33 (males) and >25 IU/L (females)]; and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index scores >3.25, >2.67 and >1.30. Liver enzymes were assessed by changes in ALT, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Composite kidney outcome was defined as onset of kidney failure, sustained estimated glomerular filtration rate decline ≥57% from baseline over ≥4 weeks or kidney death. Composite cardiovascular outcome was defined as cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke or hospitalization for heart failure. RESULTS ALT, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels were consistent between treatment groups and remained stable throughout. Finerenone consistently reduced the risk of composite kidney outcome, irrespective of altered liver tests. Higher FIB-4 score was associated with higher incidence rates of composite cardiovascular outcome. Finerenone reduced the risk of composite cardiovascular outcome versus placebo in FIB-4 subgroups by 52% (>3.25), 39% (>2.67) and 24% (>1.30) (p values for interaction = .01, .13 and .03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Finerenone has neutral effects on liver parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Finerenone showed robust and consistent kidney benefits in patients with altered liver tests, and profound cardiovascular benefits even in patients with higher FIB-4 scores who were at high risk of developing cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Perakakis
- University Study Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, Dresden, Germany
- Neuherberg, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- University Study Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, Dresden, Germany
- Neuherberg, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Neuherberg, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Clinic, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- University Study Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus University Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Münevver Demir
- Hepatology Outpatient Clinic, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology (CVK) of German Heart Center Charité; Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gerasimos Filippatos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Bertram Pitt
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luis M Ruilope
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory and Hypertension Unit, Institute of Research imas12, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER-CV, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Kolkhof
- Research and Development, Preclinical Research Cardiovascular, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | - George L Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Arriola-Montenegro J, Beas R, Cerna-Viacava R, Chaponan-Lavalle A, Hernandez Randich K, Chambergo-Michilot D, Flores Sanga H, Mutirangura P. Therapies for patients with coexisting heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Cardiol 2023; 15:328-341. [PMID: 37576545 PMCID: PMC10415861 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v15.i7.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are two common comorbidities that share similar pathophysiological mechanisms. There is a growing interest in the potential of targeted therapies to improve outcomes in patients with coexisting HFrEF and NAFLD. This manuscript reviews current and potential therapies for patients with coexisting HFrEF and NAFLD. Pharmacological therapies, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, mineralocorticoids receptor antagonist, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, have been shown to reduce fibrosis and fat deposits in the liver. However, there are currently no data showing the beneficial effects of sacubitril/valsartan, ivabradine, hydralazine, isosorbide nitrates, digoxin, or beta blockers on NAFLD in patients with HFrEF. This study highlights the importance of considering HFrEF and NAFLD when developing treatment plans for patients with these comorbidities. Further research is needed in patients with coexisting HFrEF and NAFLD, with an emphasis on novel therapies and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for managing these complex comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Arriola-Montenegro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Renato Beas
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, IN 46202, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Herson Flores Sanga
- Department of Telemedicine, Cardiology, Hospital Nacional Carlos Alberto Seguin Escobedo, Arequipa 8610, Peru
| | - Pornthira Mutirangura
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55415, United States
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Tan Y, Martin TG, Harrison BC, Leinwand LA. Utility of the burmese Python as a model for studying plasticity of extreme physiological systems. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:95-106. [PMID: 36316565 PMCID: PMC10149580 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-022-09632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-traditional animal models present an opportunity to discover novel biology that has evolved to allow such animals to survive in extreme environments. One striking example is the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus), which exhibits extreme physiological adaptation in various metabolic organs after consuming a large meal following long periods of fasting. The response to such a large meal in pythons involves a dramatic surge in metabolic rate, lipid overload in plasma, and massive but reversible organ growth through the course of digestion. Multiple studies have reported the physiological responses in post-prandial pythons, while the specific molecular control of these processes is less well-studied. Investigating the mechanisms that coordinate organ growth and adaptive responses offers the opportunity to gain novel insight that may be able to treat various pathologies in humans. Here, we summarize past research on the post-prandial physiological changes in the Burmese python with a focus on the gastrointestinal tract, heart, and liver. Specifically, we address our recent molecular discoveries in the post-prandial python liver which demonstrate transient adaptations that may reveal new therapeutic targets. Lastly, we explore new biology of the aquaporin 7 gene that is potently upregulated in mammalian cardiac myocytes by circulating factors in post-prandial python plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Tan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder. 3415 Colorado Ave, UCB 596, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas G Martin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder. 3415 Colorado Ave, UCB 596, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brooke C Harrison
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder. 3415 Colorado Ave, UCB 596, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder. 3415 Colorado Ave, UCB 596, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Moustaki M, Paschou SA, Vakali EC, Vryonidou A. Secondary diabetes mellitus due to primary aldosteronism. Endocrine 2023; 79:17-30. [PMID: 36001240 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are clinical conditions that increase cardiovascular risk. Approximately one in five patients with PA have DM. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology linking these two entities is not entirely understood. In addition, the majority of patients with PA have glucocorticoid co-secretion, which is associated with increased risk of impaired glucose homeostasis. In the present review, we aim to comprehensively discuss all the available research data concerning the interplay between mineralocorticoid excess and glucose metabolism, with separate analysis of the sequalae in muscle, adipose tissue, liver and pancreas. Aldosterone binds both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors and amplifies tissue glucocorticoid activity, via 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 stimulation. A clear classification of the molecular events as per specific receptor in insulin-sensitive tissues is impossible, while their synergistic interaction is plausible. Furthermore, aldosterone induces oxidative stress and inflammation, perturbs adipokine expression, thermogenesis and lipogenesis in adipose tissue, and increases hepatic steatosis. In pancreas, enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation of beta cells, predominantly upon glucocorticoid receptor activation, impair insulin secretion. No causality between hypokalemia and impaired insulin response is yet proven; in contrast, hypokalemia appears to be implicated with insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. The superior efficacy of adrenalectomy in ameliorating glucose metabolism vs. mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in clinical studies highlights the contribution of non-mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated mechanisms in the pathophysiologic process. The exact role of hypokalemia, the mechanisms linking mineralocorticoid excess with hepatic steatosis, and possible disease-modifying role of pioglitazone warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melpomeni Moustaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Centre, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eleni C Vakali
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Centre, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Andromachi Vryonidou
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Centre, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Hulse JL, Habibi J, Igbekele AE, Zhang B, Li J, Whaley-Connell A, Sowers JR, Jia G. Mineralocorticoid Receptors Mediate Diet-Induced Lipid Infiltration of Skeletal Muscle and Insulin Resistance. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac145. [PMID: 36039677 PMCID: PMC10233286 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Excess circulating lipids increase total intramyocellular (IMC) lipid content and ectopic fat storage, resulting in lipotoxicity and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Consumption of a diet high in fat and refined sugars-a Western diet (WD)-has been shown to activate mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and promote insulin resistance. However, our understanding of the precise mechanisms by which enhanced MR activation promotes skeletal muscle insulin resistance remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which enhanced MR signaling in soleus muscle promotes ectopic skeletal muscle lipid accumulation and related insulin resistance. Six-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed either a mouse chow diet or a WD with or without spironolactone (1 mg/kg/day) for 16 weeks. Spironolactone attenuated 16 weeks of WD-induced in vivo glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, and improved soleus insulin metabolic signaling. Improved insulin sensitivity was accompanied by increased glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) expression in conjunction with decreased soleus free fatty acid and IMC lipid content, as well as CD36 expression. Additionally, spironolactone prevented WD-induced soleus mitochondria dysfunction. Furthermore, MR signaling also mediated WD/aldosterone-induced reductions in soleus microRNA (miR)-99a, which was identified to negatively target CD36 and prevented palmitic acid-induced increases in CD36 expression, lipid droplet formation, mitochondria dysfunction, and insulin resistance in C2C12 cells. These data indicate that inhibition of MR activation with spironolactone prevented diet-induced abnormal expression of miR-99a, which had the capacity to reduce CD36, leading to reduced IMC lipid content and improved soleus mitochondria function and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Hulse
- Department of Medicine—Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Department of Medicine—Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Aderonke E Igbekele
- Department of Medicine—Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Bingyue Zhang
- Department of Medicine—Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Jessie Li
- Department of Medicine—Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Adam Whaley-Connell
- Department of Medicine—Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Medicine—Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Department of Medicine—Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Medicine—Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Guanghong Jia
- Department of Medicine—Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Leachman JR, Cincinelli C, Ahmed N, Dalmasso C, Xu M, Gatineau E, Nikolajczyk BS, Yiannikouris F, Hinds TD, Loria AS. Early life stress exacerbates obesity in adult female mice via mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent increases in adipocyte triglyceride and glycerol content. Life Sci 2022; 304:120718. [PMID: 35714704 PMCID: PMC10987253 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that Maternal Separation and Early Weaning (MSEW) exacerbates high fat diet (HF)-induced visceral obesity in female offspring compared to normally reared female mice. Stress hormones such as glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are critical mediators in the process of fat expansion, and both can activate the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the adipocyte. Therefore, this study aimed to, comprehend the specific effects of MSEW on adipose tissue basic homeostatic function, and investigate whether female MSEW mice show an exacerbated obesogenic response mediated by MR. Gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT), a type of visceral fat, was collected to assess lipidomics, transcriptomics, and in vitro lipolysis assay. Obese female MSEW mice showed increased adiposity, elevated 44:2/FA 18:2 + NH4 lipid class and reduced mitochondrial DNA density compared to obese control counterparts. In addition, single-cell RNA sequencing in isolated pre- and mature adipocytes showed a ~9-fold downregulation of aquaglycerolporin 3 (Aqp3), a channel responsible for glycerol efflux in adipocytes. Obese MSEW mice showed high levels of circulating aldosterone and gWAT-derived corticosterone compared to controls. Further, the MR blocker spironolactone (Spiro, 100 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks) normalized the elevated intracellular glycerol levels, the greater in vitro lipolysis response, and the number of large size adipocytes in MSEW mice compared to the controls. Our data suggests that MR plays a role promoting adipocyte hypertrophy in female MSEW mice by preventing lipolysis via glycerol release in favor of triglyceride formation and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Leachman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Cole Cincinelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nermin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Carolina Dalmasso
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Eva Gatineau
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barbara S Nikolajczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Frederique Yiannikouris
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; SAHA Cardiovascular Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Bavuu O, Fukuda D, Ganbaatar B, Matsuura T, Ise T, Kusunose K, Yamaguchi K, Yagi S, Yamada H, Soeki T, Wakatsuki T, Sata M. Esaxerenone, a selective mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, improves insulin sensitivity in mice consuming high-fat diet. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175190. [PMID: 35961594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esaxerenone is a novel, non-steroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker. MR activation plays a crucial role in the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of esaxerenone on various metabolic parameters in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Esaxerenone (3 mg/kg/day) was orally administered to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed male C57BL/6 mice. Mice fed a normal diet (ND) served as controls. Glucose and insulin tolerance, plasma lipid levels, and transaminase levels were assessed as metabolic parameters. Macrophage accumulation in the adipose tissue was evaluated using histological analysis. 3T3-L1 adipocytes, HepG2 cells, and C2C12 myotubes were used for in vitro experiments. Gene expression and insulin signaling were examined using quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. RESULTS HFD successfully induced insulin resistance compared with that in ND. Esaxerenone ameliorated insulin resistance (P < 0.05) without altering other metabolic parameters, such as the lipid profile. Esaxerenone administration tended to decrease plasma transaminase levels compared with those in the non-treated group. In the adipose tissue, esaxerenone decreased macrophage accumulation (P < 0.05) and increased the expression levels of adiponectin and PPARγ. Aldosterone significantly decreased the expression levels of PPARγ and adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, aldosterone attenuated insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, HepG2 cells, and C2C12 myotubes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). These effects were ameliorated by pretreatment with esaxerenone. CONCLUSION Esaxerenone ameliorated insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Reduction of inflammation and improvement in insulin signaling may underlie the beneficial effects of esaxerenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyunbileg Bavuu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Daiju Fukuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Byambasuren Ganbaatar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tomomi Matsuura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ise
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kenya Kusunose
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Koji Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shusuke Yagi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Yamada
- Department of Community Medicine for Cardiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Soeki
- Department of Community Medicine and Medical Science, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuzo Wakatsuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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11
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Combination Therapies for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071166. [PMID: 35887662 PMCID: PMC9322793 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a highly prevalent disease associated with various co-morbidities that lead to socioeconomic burden. Despite large-scale investigation, no pharmacological treatment has been approved specifically for NAFLD to date. Lifestyle modifications and diet are regarded as highly beneficial for the management of NAFLD, albeit with poor compliance, thus rendering pharmacological treatment highly important. Based on the current failure to discover a “magic bullet” to treat all patients with NAFLD and considering the multifaceted pathophysiology of the disease, combination therapies may be considered to be a rational alternative approach. In this regard, several drug categories have been considered, including, but not limited to, lipid-lowering, anti-hypertensive, glucose-lowering, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic medications. The aim of this review is, in addition to summarizing some of the multiple factors contributing to the pathophysiology of NAFLD, to focus on the efficacy of pharmacological combinations on the management of NAFLD. This may provide evidence for a more personalized treatment of patients with NAFLD in the future.
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12
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Dirice E, Basile G, Kahraman S, Diegisser D, Hu J, Kulkarni RN. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing reveals singular gene signatures of human ductal cells during adaptation to insulin resistance. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153877. [PMID: 35819843 PMCID: PMC9462484 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to increased insulin demand is mediated by β cell proliferation and neogenesis, among other mechanisms. Although it is known that pancreatic β cells can arise from ductal progenitors, these observations have been limited mostly to the neonatal period. We have recently reported that the duct is a source of insulin-secreting cells in adult insulin-resistant states. To further explore the signaling pathways underlying the dynamic β cell reserve during insulin resistance, we undertook human islet and duct transplantations under the kidney capsule of immunodeficient NOD/SCID-γ (NSG) mouse models that were pregnant, were insulin-resistant, or had insulin resistance superimposed upon pregnancy (insulin resistance + pregnancy), followed by single-nucleus RNA-Seq (snRNA-Seq) on snap-frozen graft samples. We observed an upregulation of proliferation markers (e.g., NEAT1) and expression of islet endocrine cell markers (e.g., GCG and PPY), as well as mature β cell markers (e.g., INS), in transplanted human duct grafts in response to high insulin demand. We also noted downregulation of ductal cell identity genes (e.g., KRT19 and ONECUT2) coupled with upregulation of β cell development and insulin signaling pathways. These results indicate that subsets of ductal cells are able to gain β cell identity and reflect a form of compensation during the adaptation to insulin resistance in both physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercument Dirice
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, United States of America
| | - Giorgio Basile
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, United States of America
| | - Sevim Kahraman
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, United States of America
| | - Danielle Diegisser
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, United States of America
| | - Jiang Hu
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, United States of America
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, United States of America
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13
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Magida JA, Tan Y, Wall CE, Harrison BC, Marr TG, Peter AK, Riquelme CA, Leinwand LA. Burmese pythons exhibit a transient adaptation to nutrient overload that prevents liver damage. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:213093. [PMID: 35323838 PMCID: PMC8958269 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As an opportunistic predator, the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) consumes large and infrequent meals, fasting for up to a year. Upon consuming a large meal, the Burmese python exhibits extreme metabolic responses. To define the pathways that regulate these postprandial metabolic responses, we performed a comprehensive profile of plasma metabolites throughout the digestive process. Following ingestion of a meal equivalent to 25% of its body mass, plasma lipoproteins and metabolites, such as chylomicra and bile acids, reach levels observed only in mammalian models of extreme dyslipidemia. Here, we provide evidence for an adaptive response to postprandial nutrient overload by the python liver, a critical site of metabolic homeostasis. The python liver undergoes a substantial increase in mass through proliferative processes, exhibits hepatic steatosis, hyperlipidemia-induced insulin resistance indicated by PEPCK activation and pAKT deactivation, and de novo fatty acid synthesis via FASN activation. This postprandial state is completely reversible. We posit that Burmese pythons evade the permanent hepatic damage associated with these metabolic states in mammals using evolved protective measures to inactivate these pathways. These include a transient activation of hepatic nuclear receptors induced by fatty acids and bile acids, including PPAR and FXR, respectively. The stress-induced p38 MAPK pathway is also transiently activated during the early stages of digestion. Taken together, these data identify a reversible metabolic response to hyperlipidemia by the python liver, only achieved in mammals by pharmacologic intervention. The factors involved in these processes may be relevant to or leveraged for remediating human hepatic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Magida
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yuxiao Tan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Christopher E Wall
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Brooke C Harrison
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | | | - Angela K Peter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Cecilia A Riquelme
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
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14
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Ghaffari T, Moradi N, Chamani E, Ebadi Z, Fadaei R, Alizadeh-Fanalou S, Yarahmadi S, Fallah S. Captopril and Spironolactone Can Attenuate Diabetic Nephropathy in Wistar Rats by Targeting ABCA1 and microRNA-33. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1367-1372. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220401143249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Nephropathy diabetes is one of the important causes of death and a more prevalent cause of end-stage renal disease.
Objective:
The present study investigated the effect of applying spironolactone and captopril and their combination on some renal performance indices and cholesterol-efflux-related gene expression in nephropathy diabetic rats.
Methods:
Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes in rats. FBS, creatinine, and BUN were assayed using the calorimetry technique; also, urine microalbumin was assayed by ELISA. Hepatic gene expressions of ABCA1, ABCG1, and miR-33 were evaluated by the real-time PCR method.
Results:
FBS levels in the captopril-treated group were significantly decreased compared with the untreated diabetic group. BUN levels of treated groups with captopril and a combination of captopril + spironolactone were significantly increased. GFR of both treated diabetic groups with captopril and spironolactone was significantly lower than an untreated diabetic group. ABCA1 gene expression in hepatic cells of the combination of spironolactone + captopril treated group was significantly increased compared to other treated and untreated diabetic groups. The hepatic expression of the ABCG1 gene in the treated and untreated diabetic groups was significantly lower than in the control group. Treatment of the diabetic group with only combination therapy decreased the hepatic gene expression of miR-33 significantly.
Conclusion:
Obtained results suggest that S+C combination therapy can improve nephropathy and diabetes disorders by targeting the ABCA1 and miR-33 gene expression. It is suggested miR-33 and ABCA1 genes evaluation could be a new therapeutic strategy for nephropathy diabetes remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ghaffari
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Nariman Moradi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Elham Chamani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Reza Fadaei
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahin Alizadeh-Fanalou
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Sahar Yarahmadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Soudabeh Fallah
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences
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15
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Habibi J, Chen D, Hulse JL, Whaley-Connell A, Sowers JR, Jia G. Targeting mineralocorticoid receptors in diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R253-R262. [PMID: 35107025 PMCID: PMC8896998 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00316.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation plays an important role in hepatic insulin resistance. However, the precise mechanisms by which MR activation promotes hepatic insulin resistance remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to investigate the roles and mechanisms by which MR activation promotes Western diet (WD)-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Six-week-old C57BL6J mice were fed either mouse chow or a WD, high in saturated fat and refined carbohydrates, with or without the MR antagonist spironolactone (1 mg/kg/day) for 16 wk. WD feeding resulted in systemic insulin resistance at 8 and 16 wk. WD also induced impaired hepatic insulin metabolic signaling via phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B pathways, which was associated with increased hepatic CD36, fatty acid transport proteins, fatty acid-binding protein-1, and hepatic steatosis. Meanwhile, consumption of a WD-induced hepatic mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. These abnormalities occurring in response to WD feeding were blunted with spironolactone treatment. Moreover, spironolactone promoted white adipose tissue browning and hepatic glucose transporter type 4 expression. These data suggest that enhanced hepatic MR signaling mediates diet-induced hepatic steatosis and dysregulation of adipose tissue browning, and subsequent hepatic mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, as well as hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Habibi
- 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri,3Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dongqing Chen
- 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri,3Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jack L. Hulse
- 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri,3Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Adam Whaley-Connell
- 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri,2Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri,3Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James R. Sowers
- 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri,2Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri,3Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri,4Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri,5Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Guanghong Jia
- 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri,3Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri,4Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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16
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Liu H, Guan H, Tan X, Jiang Y, Li F, Sun-Waterhouse D, Li D. Enhanced alleviation of insulin resistance via the IRS-1/Akt/FOXO1 pathway by combining quercetin and EGCG and involving miR-27a-3p and miR-96-5p. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 181:105-117. [PMID: 35124182 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin and EGCG exhibit anti-diabetic and anti-obesity activities, however, their interactive effects in anti-diabetic/anti-obesity actions and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to fill these knowledge gaps. Quercetin, EGCG or their combination attenuated insulin resistance and decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis in high-fat-high-fructose diet (HFFD)-fed C57BL/6 mice and in palmitic acid (PA)-treated HepG2 cells. In mice, supplementation with quercetin (0.05%w/w), EGCG (0.05%w/w) and their combination (quercetin 0.05%+EGCG 0.05%w/w) reduced weight gain and fasting blood glucose and improved serum biochemical parameters. Compare with quercetin/EGCG alone, the quercetin-EGCG combination reduced gluconeogenesis to a greater extent via IRS-1/Akt/FOXO1-mediated down-regulation of downstream PEPCK and G-6-pase. In HepG2 cells, the quercetin (5 μM)-EGCG (5 μM) co-treatment exerted greater suppression on PA-induced changes in glucose and glycogen contents and hexokinase and G-6-pase activities than quercetin/EGCG alone (each 10 μM). The quercetin-EGCG co-treatment reduced glucose production through targeting FOXO1 and inhibiting the transcription of gluconeogenic enzymes. MiR-27a-3p and miR-96-5p regulated directly FOXO1 expression and function, and co-inhibition of miR-27a-3p and miR-96-5p weakened greatly the protective effect of quercetin-EGCG combination. This is the first report on the contributions of miR-27a-3p and miR-96-5p to the synergistic and protective effect of the quercetin-EGCG co-treatment against PA-induced insulin resistance through inhibiting FOXO1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Hui Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Xintong Tan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Yang Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Feng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Taian, 271018, PR China; School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Taian, 271018, PR China.
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17
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Lee HB, Oh MJ, Ho Do M, Kim Y, Choi I, Kim YS, Park HY. Dietary rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ rich extracts of molokhia ameliorate high fat diet-induced obesity and gut dysbiosis. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 103:108954. [PMID: 35121021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global health issue associated with increased prevalence of disease and mortality. Molokhia (Corchorus olitorius L.) leaves, used as vegetables in Asia and Africa, comprise abundant water-soluble mucilage polysaccharides. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of molokhia leaf polysaccharide fraction (MPF) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and gut dysbiosis in mice. A significant decrease was observed in the body weight, adipocyte size, triglyceride serum, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, as well as in the expression of lipid synthesis-related proteins in mice treated with 4 mg/kg of MPF (MPF4). Moreover, the expression of the tight junction protein increased significantly; however, gut permeability and related inflammatory marker levels decreased in the MPF4 group. Furthermore, MPF ameliorated gut dysbiosis, whereas the MPF4 group presented a decreased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratios and an increased abundance of Akkermansia during exposure to HFD. Our findings reveal that rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ rich MPF attenuates obesity in mice subjected to HFD by modulating the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Bin Lee
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Oh
- Technical Assistance Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Ho Do
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsook Kim
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Inwook Choi
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Park
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Eguchi A, Mizukami S, Nakamura M, Masuda S, Murayama H, Kawashima M, Inohana M, Nagahara R, Kobayashi M, Yamashita R, Uomoto S, Makino E, Ohtsuka R, Takahashi N, Hayashi SM, Maronpot RR, Shibutani M, Yoshida T. Metronidazole enhances steatosis-related early-stage hepatocarcinogenesis in high fat diet-fed rats through DNA double-strand breaks and modulation of autophagy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:779-789. [PMID: 34341928 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a hepatic disorder with deposition of fat droplets and has a high risk of progression to steatosis-related hepatitis and irreversible hepatic cancer. Metronidazole (MNZ) is an antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent widely used to treat patients infected with anaerobic bacteria and intestinal parasites; however, MNZ has also been shown to induce liver tumors in rodents. To investigate the effects of MNZ on steatosis-related early-stage hepatocarcinogenesis, male rats treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine following 2/3 hepatectomy at week 3 were received a control basal diet, high fat diet (HFD), or HFD containing 0.5% MNZ. The HFD induced obesity and steatosis in the liver, accompanied by altered expression of Pparg and Fasn, genes related to lipid metabolism. MNZ increased nuclear translocation of lipid metabolism-related transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in hepatocytes, together with altered liver expression of lipid metabolism genes (Srebf1, Srebf2, Pnpla2). Furthermore, MNZ significantly increased the number of preneoplastic liver foci, accompanied by DNA double-strand breaks and late-stage autophagy inhibition, as reflected by increased levels of γ-H2AX, LC3, and p62. Therefore, MNZ could induce steatosis-related hepatocarcinogenesis by inducing DNA double-strand breaks and modulating autophagy in HFD-fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Eguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Sayaka Mizukami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Misato Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Sousuke Masuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hirotada Murayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mari Inohana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rei Nagahara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mio Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Risako Yamashita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Suzuka Uomoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Emi Makino
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Ohtsuka
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan
| | - Naofumi Takahashi
- The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321, Uchimoriya-machi, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, 303-0043, Japan
| | - Shim-Mo Hayashi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F. F. I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-8588, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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Korolev YN, Nikulina LA, Mikhailik LV. [The use of drinking mineral water and low-intensity electromagnetic radiation at an early stage of metabolic syndrome development (experimental study)]. VOPROSY KURORTOLOGII, FIZIOTERAPII, I LECHEBNOI FIZICHESKOI KULTURY 2022; 99:54-59. [PMID: 36279377 DOI: 10.17116/kurort20229905154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To reveal the features of adaptive metabolic development, light-optical and ultrastructural reactions under the combined action of drinking mineral water (MW) and low-intensity electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of ultrahigh frequency (UHF) at an early stage of development of the experimental metabolic syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed on 28 non-linear male rats weighing 180-200 g. Animals of the experimental group on the background of a high-calorie diet received at first (from the 8th day of the experiment) a course of drinking sulfate MW (24 procedures), and after its completion - a course of low-intensity EMR UHF (12 procedures), daily, 2 minutes per lumbar region in the zone projections of the adrenal glands using the Aquaton-2 device (power flux density 1 μW/cm2, frequency 1000 MHz). Animals fed only a high-calorie diet served as controls; intact animals were also used. The objects of study were the liver, blood, thymus. Biochemical, histological, electron microscopic and morphometric research methods were used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The combined use of drinking MW and low-intensity UHF EMR contributed to the development of adaptive metabolic and regenerative processes: the level of glucose and high-density lipoproteins decreased in the blood, antioxidant activity clearly increased in the liver, the content of RNA, DNA and total protein increased, and the number of dystrophic and necrobiotic cells decreased. Strengthening of the processes of intracellular regeneration was manifested in an increase in the number of mitochondria, peroxisomes, as well as protein-synthesizing organelles - ribosomes and polysomes. Functional activity of the lysosomal system increased. The number of nuclei increased In thymus and specific activity of the thymocyte genome increased as well. The revealed effects were mainly due to the antioxidant, membrane stabilizing, detoxifying, and immunomodulatory effects of MW and UHF EMR. CONCLUSION Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the combined use of drinking MW and low-intensity UHF EMR can be very promising in the light of the development of new approaches to the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome in the early stages of its development. To optimize the adaptive-protective and compensatory processes, more adequate modes of combined exposure to MW and UHF EMR should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu N Korolev
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Nikulina
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Mikhailik
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Schreier B, Zipprich A, Uhlenhaut H, Gekle M. Mineralocorticoid receptor in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3165-3177. [PMID: 34935140 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are the fourth common death in Europe responsible for about 2 million death per year worldwide. Among the known detrimental causes for liver dysfunction are virus infections, intoxications and obesity. The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor activated by aldosterone or glucocorticoids but also by pathological milieu factors. Canonical actions of the MR take place in epithelial cells of kidney, colon and sweat glands and contribute to sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion and extracellular volume homeostasis. The non-canonical functions can be initiated by inflammation or an altered micro milieu leading to fibrosis, hypertrophy and remodeling in various tissues. This narrative review summarizes the evidence regarding the role of MR in portal hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, demonstrating that inhibition of the MR in vivo seems to be beneficial for liver function and not just for volume regulation. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not completely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schreier
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Alexander Zipprich
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Henriette Uhlenhaut
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are the latest class of antidiabetic medications. They prevent glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule to decrease blood sugar. Several animal studies revealed that SGLT-2 is profoundly involved in the inflammatory response, fibrogenesis, and regulation of numerous intracellular signaling pathways. Likewise, SGLT-2 inhibitors markedly attenuated inflammation and fibrogenesis and improved the function of damaged organ in animal studies, observational studies, and clinical trials. SGLT-2 inhibitors can decrease blood pressure and ameliorate hypertriglyceridemia and obesity. Likewise, they improve the outcome of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and ischemic heart disease. SGLT-2 inhibitors are associated with lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality as well. Meanwhile, they protect against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, and improve micro- and macroalbuminuria. SGLT-2 inhibitors can reprogram numerous signaling pathways to improve NAFLD, cardiovascular diseases, and renal diseases. For instance, they enhance lipolysis, ketogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy while they attenuate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, lipogenesis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrogenesis. This review explains the beneficial effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors on NAFLD and cardiovascular and renal diseases and dissects the underlying molecular mechanisms in detail. This narrative review explains the beneficial effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors on NAFLD and cardiovascular and renal diseases using the results of latest observational studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses. Thereafter, it dissects the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the clinical effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors on these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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22
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Maeda H, Ishima Y, Saruwatari J, Mizuta Y, Minayoshi Y, Ichimizu S, Yanagisawa H, Nagasaki T, Yasuda K, Oshiro S, Taura M, McConnell MJ, Oniki K, Sonoda K, Wakayama T, Kinoshita M, Shuto T, Kai H, Tanaka M, Sasaki Y, Iwakiri Y, Otagiri M, Watanabe H, Maruyama T. Nitric oxide facilitates the targeting Kupffer cells of a nano-antioxidant for the treatment of NASH. J Control Release 2021; 341:457-474. [PMID: 34856227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kupffer cells are a key source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are implicated in the development of steatohepatitis and fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We recently developed a polythiolated and mannosylated human serum albumin (SH-Man-HSA), a nano-antioxidant that targets Kupffer cells, in which the mannosyl units on albumin allows their specific uptake by Kupffer cells via the mannose receptor C type 1 (MRC1), and in which the polythiolation confers antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of SH-Man-HSA in NASH model mice. In livers from mice and/or patients with NASH, we observed a reduced blood flow in the liver lobes and the down-regulation in MRC1 expression in Kupffer cells, and SH-Man-HSA alone failed to improve the pathological phenotype in NASH. However, the administration of a nitric oxide (NO) donor restored hepatic blood flow and increased the expression of the mannose receptor C type 2 (MRC2) instead of MRC1. Consequently, treatment with a combination of SH-Man-HSA and an NO donor improved oxidative stress-associated pathology. Finally, we developed a hybrid type of nano-antioxidant (SNO-Man-HSA) via the S-nitrosation of SH-Man-HSA. This nanomedicine efficiently delivered both NO and thiol groups to the liver, with a hepatoprotective effect that was comparable to the combination therapy of SH-Man-HSA and an NO donor. These findings suggest that SNO-Man-HSA has the potential for functioning as a novel nano-therapy for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Maeda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Sections of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junji Saruwatari
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Mizuta
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Minayoshi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shota Ichimizu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yanagisawa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taisei Nagasaki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kengo Yasuda
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shun Oshiro
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Taura
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Laboratory of Bioresponse Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Matthew J McConnell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sections of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kentaro Oniki
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Sonoda
- Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Motohiko Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sections of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Grossmann C, Almeida-Prieto B, Nolze A, Alvarez de la Rosa D. Structural and molecular determinants of mineralocorticoid receptor signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:3103-3118. [PMID: 34811739 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) has evolved from a much-overlooked member of the steroid hormone receptor family to an important player, not only in volume and electrolyte homeostasis but also in pathological changes occurring in an increasing number of tissues, especially the renal and cardiovascular systems. Simultaneously, a wealth of information about the structure, interaction partners and chromatin requirements for genomic signalling of steroid hormone receptors became available. However, much of the information for the MR has been deduced from studies of other family members and there is still a lack of knowledge about MR-specific features in ligand binding, chromatin remodelling, co-factor interactions and general MR specificity-conferring mechanisms that can completely explain the differences in pathophysiological function between MR and its closest relative, the glucocorticoid receptor. This review aims to give an overview of the current knowledge of MR structure, signalling and co-factors modulating its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Grossmann
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Brian Almeida-Prieto
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alexander Nolze
- Julius Bernstein Institute of Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Diego Alvarez de la Rosa
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas and Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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24
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Eley VA, Thuzar M, Navarro S, Dodd BR, Zundert AAV. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and inflammation: an update for anaesthetists caring for patients with obesity. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2021; 40:100947. [PMID: 34534700 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2021.100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of chronic inflammation in obesity is evolving. Suggested mechanisms include hypoxia of adipose tissue and a subsequent increase in circulating cytokines. It is now known that adipose tissue, far from being an inert tissue, produces and secretes multiple peptides that influence inflammation and metabolism, including substrates of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). RAAS blocking antihypertensive medication and cholesterol-lowering agents are now being evaluated for their metabolic and inflammation-modulating effects. Surgery also has pro-inflammatory effects, which may be exacerbated in patients with obesity. This narrative review will summarise the recent literature surrounding obesity, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and interplay with the RAAS, with evidence-based recommendations for the optimisation of patients with obesity, prior to surgery and anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Eley
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield St, Herston, 4006 Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia.
| | - Moe Thuzar
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road Woolloongabba, 4102 Queensland, Australia; Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Ipswich Road Woolloongabba, 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Séverine Navarro
- Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Herston Rd, Herston, 4006 Queensland, Australia; Woolworths Centre for Childhood Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, 4059 Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin R Dodd
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia; Department of Upper GI and Bariatric Surgery, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield St, Herston, 4006 Queensland, Australia
| | - André A Van Zundert
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield St, Herston, 4006 Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
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25
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Nagashimada M, Honda M. Effect of Microbiome on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Biogenics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158008. [PMID: 34360773 PMCID: PMC8348401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, steatohepatitis, and liver fibrosis. Liver-resident (Kupffer cells) and recruited macrophages contribute to low-grade chronic inflammation in various tissues by modulating macrophage polarization, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Abnormalities in the intestinal environment, such as the gut microbiota, metabolites, and immune system, are also involved in the pathogenesis and development of NAFLD. Hepatic macrophage activation is induced by the permeation of antigens, endotoxins, and other proinflammatory substances into the bloodstream as a result of increased intestinal permeability. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of the gut–liver axis in influencing macrophage activity, which is central to the pathogenesis of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Not only probiotics but also biogenics (heat-killed lactic acid bacteria) are effective in ameliorating the progression of NASH. Here we review the effect of hepatic macrophages/Kupffer cells, other immune cells, intestinal permeability, and immunity on NAFLD and NASH and the impact of probiotics, prebiotics, and biogenesis on those diseases.
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26
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Finotti M, Romano M, Auricchio P, Scopelliti M, Brizzolari M, Grossi U, Piccino M, Benvenuti S, Morana G, Cillo U, Zanus G. Target Therapies for NASH/NAFLD: From the Molecular Aspect to the Pharmacological and Surgical Alternatives. J Pers Med 2021; 11:499. [PMID: 34199535 PMCID: PMC8229090 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease represents an increasing cause of chronic hepatic disease in recent years. This condition usually arises in patients with multiple comorbidities, the so-called metabolic syndrome. The therapeutic options are multiple, ranging from lifestyle modifications, pharmacological options, to liver transplantation in selected cases. The choice of the most beneficial one and their interactions can be challenging. It is mandatory to stratify the patients according to the severity of their disease to tailor the available treatments. In our contribution, we review the most recent pharmacological target therapies, the role of bariatric surgery, and the impact of liver transplantation on the NAFLD outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Finotti
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Maurizio Romano
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Pasquale Auricchio
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, DISCOG, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (P.A.); (U.C.)
| | - Michele Scopelliti
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Marco Brizzolari
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ugo Grossi
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Marco Piccino
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Stefano Benvenuti
- Gastroenterology Unit (IV), Cà Foncello Regional Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Morana
- Division of Radiology, Treviso Regional Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy;
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, DISCOG, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (P.A.); (U.C.)
| | - Giacomo Zanus
- 4th Surgery Unit, Regional Hospital Treviso, DISCOG, University of Padua, 31100 Padua, Italy; (M.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (U.G.); (M.P.); (G.Z.)
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Sarkar MA, Suzuki A, Abdelmalek MF, Yates KP, Wilson LA, Bass NM, Gill R, Cedars M, Terrault N. Testosterone is Associated With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis in Premenopausal Women With NAFLD. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:1267-1274.e1. [PMID: 33010412 PMCID: PMC8175071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Higher testosterone contributes to imaging-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in women, but whether testosterone influences their disease severity is unknown. METHODS The association of free testosterone (free T) with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was determined in pre-menopausal women with biopsy-confirmed NAFLD (n = 207). Interaction testing was performed for age and free T given decline in testosterone with age, and association of aging with NASH. Regression models adjusted for abdominal adiposity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. RESULTS Median age was 35 yrs (interquartile range, 29-41); 73% were white, 25% Hispanic; 32% had diabetes, 93% abdominal adiposity, and 95% dyslipidemia. 69% had NASH, 67% any fibrosis, and 15% advanced fibrosis. Higher free T levels were associated with NAFLD severity in younger women (interaction P value <.02). In the youngest age quartile, free T was independently associated with NASH (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-4.4), NASH fibrosis (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-3.8), and higher fibrosis stage (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.4), P value .02. In these women, the proportion with NASH steadily rose from 27% to 88%, and with NASH fibrosis rose from 27% to 81%, with higher free T quartiles (P < .01). Free T was additionally associated with abdominal adiposity among all pre-menopausal women (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-4.1: P = .02). CONCLUSIONS In young women with NAFLD, higher testosterone levels conferred a 2-fold higher risk of NASH and NASH fibrosis, and increased risk of abdominal adiposity, supporting a potential mechanistic link of abdominal fat on testosterone-associated liver injury. Testosterone may represent an early risk factor for NASH progression in young women, prior to their onset of more dominant, age-related metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Sarkar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Manal F Abdelmalek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine P Yates
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura A Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nathan M Bass
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ryan Gill
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Marcelle Cedars
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Norah Terrault
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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28
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Grewal S, Fosam A, Chalk L, Deven A, Suzuki M, Correa RR, Blau JE, Demidowich AP, Stratakis CA, Muniyappa R. Insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function in patients with primary aldosteronism. Endocrine 2021; 72:96-103. [PMID: 33462741 PMCID: PMC8087621 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary aldosteronism (PA) is associated with an increased risk for dysglycemia. However, the effects of hyperaldosteronism on insulin sensitivity and β-cell function are unclear. METHODS Using a cross-sectional study design, we assessed insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in patients from two cohorts: subjects with PA (n = 21) and essential hypertension control (EHC) subjects (n = 22). Age, sex, BMI, and mean arterial pressure adjusted measures of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were compared between the groups. RESULTS PA individuals were less insulin sensitive compared to EHC subjects (Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [QUICKI]: 0.340 ± 0.006 vs. 0.374 ± 0.013, p < 0.001; Matsuda index: 4.14 ± 0.49 vs. 7.87 ± 1.42, p < 0.001; SI: 11.45 ± 4.85 vs. 21.23 ± 6.11 dL/kg/min per μU/mL, p = 0.02). The hepatic insulin resistance index (HIRI) was higher in PA subjects (PA: 5.61 ± 1.01 vs. EHC: 4.13 ± 0.61, p = 0.002). The insulinogenic index (IGI), an index of β-cell function was higher in the PA cohort (PA: 1.49 ± 0.27 vs. 1.11 ± 0.21 μU/mL/mg/dL, p = 0.03). However, the oral disposition index (DI) was similar between the groups (PA: 4.77 ± 0.73 vs. EHC: 5.46 ± 0.85, p = 0.42), which likely accounts for the similar glucose tolerance between the two cohorts, despite lower sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS In summary, insulin sensitivity is significantly lower in PA with an appropriately compensated β-cell function. These results suggest that excess aldosterone and/or other steroids in the context of PA may negatively affect insulin action without adversely impacting β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Grewal
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andin Fosam
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liam Chalk
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arjun Deven
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mari Suzuki
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ricardo Rafael Correa
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenny E Blau
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Paul Demidowich
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ranganath Muniyappa
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Jia G, Lockette W, Sowers JR. Mineralocorticoid receptors in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and related disorders: from basic studies to clinical disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R276-R286. [PMID: 33438511 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00280.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that regulates blood pressure and cardiovascular function by acting on renal and vascular mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) to promote sodium retention and modulate endothelial function. Indeed, MRs are expressed in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, adipocytes, immune cells, skeletal muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes. Excessive aldosterone and associated MR activation impair insulin secretion, insulin metabolic signaling to promote development of diabetes, and the related cardiometabolic syndrome. These adverse effects of aldosterone are mediated, in part, via increased inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and ectopic fat deposition. Therefore, inhibition of MR activation may have a beneficial effect in prevention of impaired insulin metabolic signaling, type 2 diabetes, and cardiometabolic disorders. This review highlights findings from the recent surge in research regarding MR-related cardiometabolic disorders as well as our contemporary understanding of the detrimental effects of excess MR activation on insulin metabolic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Warren Lockette
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medicine and Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - James R Sowers
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Adibi N, Robati RM. Skin and metabolic syndrome: A review of the possible associations. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 26:16. [PMID: 34084195 PMCID: PMC8106409 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_585_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MeTS) is a well-known health-related problem with several end-organ damages and the resulted side effects such as rising in the blood glucose and lipid and blood pressure. Although MeTS might show several skin symptoms such as acanthosis nigricans, skin tags, acne, and androgenic alopecia, it could also be implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous dermatologic disorders. Furthermore, some dermatologic drugs might be implicated in the incidence or exacerbation of MeTS. Consequently, MeTS and skin problem could interfere closely with each other and each one could predispose the patient to the other one and vice versa. Remembering these close relationships help us to have better therapeutic choices regarding each inflammatory skin conditions. Moreover, some of the skin symptoms should be followed cautiously to define the underlying MeTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Adibi
- Skin Disease and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza M Robati
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Dermatology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wang L, Guo Y, Pan M, Li X, Huang D, Liu Y, Wu C, Zhang W, Mai K. Functions of Forkhead Box O on Glucose Metabolism in Abalone Haliotis discus hannai and Its Responses to High Levels of Dietary Lipid. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020297. [PMID: 33672704 PMCID: PMC7924355 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box O (FoxO) subfamily is a member of the forkhead transcription factor family. It has regulation functions in glucose metabolism in mammals and fish. In the present study, a gene of the foxo homolog in abalone Haliotis discus hannai was cloned. A conservative forkhead (FH) domain and a transactivation (FoxO-TAD) domain were identified. Abalone foxo-specific siRNA (small interfering RNA) was injected to investigate the functions of foxo on glucose metabolism. Knockdown of foxo inhibited expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) and significantly increased expressions of hexokinase (hk) and pyruvate kinase (pk), but it failed to inhibit the relative mRNA level of glucose-6-phosphatase (g6pase). Then, a 100-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the response of foxo and glucose metabolism in abalone fed with 1.57% (LFD, low-fat diet), 3.82% (MFD, middle-fat diet) and 6.72% (HFD, high-fat diet) of dietary lipid, respectively. The insulin-signaling pathway (AKT) was depressed and FoxO was activated by the HFD, but it did not inhibit glycolysis (hk) or improved gluconeogenesis significantly (pepck and g6pase). At the same time, impaired hepatopancreas glycogen storage raised hemolymph glucose levels. In conclusion, abalone foxo can be regulated by dietary lipid and can regulate gluconeogenesis or glycolysis in response to changes of dietary lipid levels, in which glycogen metabolism plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Yanlin Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Mingzhu Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Xinxin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Dong Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Yue Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Chenglong Wu
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-532-8203-2145 (W.Z.)
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-532-8203-2145 (W.Z.)
| | - Kangsen Mai
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
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Korolev YN, Bragina EE, Nikulina LA, Mikhailik LV. [Action features of the of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation at an early stage of the experimental metabolic syndrome development induced by a diet high in carbohydrates and fats]. VOPROSY KURORTOLOGII, FIZIOTERAPII, I LECHEBNOĬ FIZICHESKOĬ KULTURY 2021; 98:47-52. [PMID: 33605129 DOI: 10.17116/kurort20219801147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex of interrelated metabolic disorders leading to the development of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. To develop new methods for the prevention and treatment of MS, it seems appropriate to simulate this disease using a high-calorie diet that induces many of its symptoms. As a therapeutic and prophylactic agent, it is promising to use low-intensity electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of ultra-high frequency (UHF), which can have a stimulating effect on metabolic and regenerative processes and strengthen the mechanisms of their regulation. Purpose of the study. To reveal the features of the effect of low-intensity microwave EMR/UHF on the development of adaptive metabolic and ultrastructural changes in the liver and blood of rats at an early stage of MS development. MATERIAL AND METHODS The work was carried out on 40 nonlinear male rats weighing 180-220 g. In the experimental group, the rats were kept on a high-calorie diet for 2 months; in the control group, only the model was reproduced without the action of EMR/UHF; in the intact group, the animals were not exposed to any influences. The course of EMR/UHF (10 procedures) was carried out daily for 2 minutes on the lumbar region in the adrenal gland projection area using the Aquaton-2 device (power flux density less than 1 μW / cm2, frequency about 1000 MHz). The objects of the study were the liver and blood. Biochemical methods were used (RNA, DNA, total protein content, liver antioxidant activity, insulin and glucose levels in the blood), transmission electron microscopy, morphometric analysis of mitochondria (number, average and total area). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The use of low-intensity EMR/UHF at the background of the MS development caused an increase in a number of adaptive changes: the level of insulin in the blood increased; the content of total protein in the liver increased, and the severity of fatty degeneration decreased. The ultrastructural reorganization of hepatocytes was manifested in the activation of the protein synthesis apparatus (the phenomenon of hyperplasia of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, as well as ribosomes and polysomes). At the same time, the total area of mitochondria decreased, although their bioenergetic potential increased due to the condensation of the matrix. The revealed adaptive shifts were due to the antioxidant and membrane-stabilizing effects of EMR/UHF on general neuroendocrine and local mechanisms. CONCLUSION Low-intensity EMR/UHF microwave can be a promising factor in the development of new methods of treatment and prevention of MS. In order to optimize the adaptive-protective and compensatory processes, as well as taking into account the decrease in the number of mitochondria, it is advisable to use EMR/UHF in more adequate modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu N Korolev
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E E Bragina
- Scientific Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology named after A.N. Belozersky Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Moscow, Russia.,Medical Genetic Research Center named after acad. N.P. Bochkov, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Nikulina
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Mikhailik
- National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology, Moscow, Russia
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Thuzar M, Stowasser M. The mineralocorticoid receptor-an emerging player in metabolic syndrome? J Hum Hypertens 2021; 35:117-123. [PMID: 33526798 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-020-00467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and comprises obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose metabolism and dyslipidaemia. It is well recognised that the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays an important role in blood pressure regulation via its effect on salt and water retention in renal tubules, with hypertension being a key feature in primary aldosteronism patients with excess adrenal production of aldosterone, the primary ligand for MRs in the epithelial tissues. MRs are also expressed in a number of non-epithelial tissues including adipose tissue; in these tissues, glucocorticoids or cortisol can also activate MRs due to low levels of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase type 2 (11-βHSD2), the enzyme which inactivates cortisol. There is increasing evidence suggesting that over-activation of MRs plays a role in the pathophysiology of the other components of metabolic syndrome, promoting adiposity, inflammation and glucose intolerance, and that MR antagonists may confer beneficial effects on energy and substrate homeostasis and cardiometabolic diseases. This review discusses the advances in the literature shedding light on the MR as an emerging player in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Thuzar
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute & Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia. .,Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute & Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
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Olaniyi KS, Oniyide AA, Adeyanju OA, Ojulari LS, Omoaghe AO, Olaiya OE. Low dose spironolactone-mediated androgen-adiponectin modulation alleviates endocrine-metabolic disturbances in letrozole-induced PCOS. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 411:115381. [PMID: 33359182 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), is a multifactorial endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. It usually associates with metabolic disorders (MDs), which aggravates the risk of infertility, cardiometabolic events and associated comorbidities in women with PCOS. Adiponectin, a circulating protein produced by adipocytes, which has been suggested to inversely correlate with MDs. Spironolactone, a non-selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist, has been in wide clinical use for several decades. Herein, we investigated the effects of low dose spironolactone (LDS) and the role of adiponectin in endocrine-metabolic disturbances in experimentally-induced PCOS rats. Eighteen female Wistar rats (160-180 g) were randomly allotted into 3 groups and treated with vehicle (p.o.), letrozole (LET; 1 mg/kg) and LET + LDS (0.25 mg/kg), once daily for 21 days, respectively. The results showed that LET-treated animals had features of PCOS, characterized by elevated plasma testosterone and prolactin, increased body weight gain and ovarian weight as well as disrupted ovarian cytoarchitecture and degenerated follicles. Additionally, elevated fasting blood glucose, 1 h-postload glucose and plasma insulin, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, reduced insulin sensitivity, increased plasma and ovarian lipid profile, plasma lipid peroxidation, TNF-α, IL-6 and decreased plasma glutathione peroxidase and glutathione content were observed. These alterations were associated with decreased circulating adiponectin and were reversed when treated with LDS. The present results suggest that LDS ameliorates endocrine-metabolic disturbances and inflammation-related comorbidities associated with LET-induced PCOS by modulating circulating androgen-adiponectin status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde S Olaniyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti 360101, Nigeria.
| | - Adesola A Oniyide
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti 360101, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun A Adeyanju
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti 360101, Nigeria.
| | - Lekan S Ojulari
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti 360101, Nigeria
| | - Adams O Omoaghe
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti 360101, Nigeria
| | - Oluranti E Olaiya
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti 360101, Nigeria
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Makri E, Goulas A, Polyzos SA. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Emerging Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Arch Med Res 2020; 52:25-37. [PMID: 33334622 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, with an estimated rising prevalence, in concert with the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is not fully elucidated. Besides weight gain and insulin resistance, many other factors seem to contribute, including adipokines, gut microbiota and genetic predisposition. The disease starts as hepatic steatosis, which may proceed to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); if fibrosis is added, the risk of cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma is augmented. Liver biopsy is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis and staging of NAFLD; the early use of reliable and easily applied diagnostic tools, such as noninvasive biomarkers, is needed to identify patients at different-preferably early-stages of disease however. Whilst lifestyle modification is the first step to manage NAFLD, there is poor compliance, leading to the need of drug therapy. Accordingly, a variety of medications is under investigation. Given the multifaceted pathophysiology of NAFLD, probably, a combination of approaches in an individualized basis may be a more appropriate management. This review summarizes evidence on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/blood
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/complications
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Humans
- Life Style
- Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis
- Liver Cirrhosis/epidemiology
- Liver Cirrhosis/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis/therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/complications
- Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosis
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/therapy
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/diagnosis
- Obesity/epidemiology
- Obesity/therapy
- Prevalence
- Risk Factors
- Therapies, Investigational/methods
- Therapies, Investigational/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Makri
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonis Goulas
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Saeed NM, Mansour AM, Allam S. Lycopene induces insulin signaling and alleviates fibrosis in experimental model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nakamura T, Shimizu H, Kawaguchi A. Drug-Drug Interactions of the Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Apararenone With Midazolam, Warfarin, and Digoxin: A Phase 1 Studies in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Ther 2020; 42:2171-2183.e4. [PMID: 33153727 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the clinical relevance of in vitro drug-drug interaction findings with apararenone (MT-3995), the effects of apararenone on the sensitive substrates of cytochrome P450 3A4 (midazolam) and 2C9 (warfarin), and P-glycoprotein (digoxin), were assessed through a series of studies conducted in healthy volunteers. METHODS Three studies were conducted in 56 healthy adults. Study 1 investigated the effects of the administration of apararenone with midazolam; apararenone was administered on days 2 (320 mg) and days 3-15 (20 mg/d), and midazolam 2 mg, on days 1 and 15. Study 2 investigated the effects of the administration of apararenone with warfarin; apararenone was administered on days 8-11 (40 mg/d) and days 12-27 (10 mg/d), and warfarin 25 mg, on days 1 and 21. Study 3 assessed the effects of the administration of apararenone with digoxin; apararenone was administered on days 11 (160 mg) and days 12-28 (10 mg/d), and digoxin 0.5 mg, on days 1 and 24. Pharmacokinetic parameters included Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞. The safety profile was evaluated based on adverse events from spontaneous reports and clinical findings. FINDINGS After the administration of midazolam together with apararenone, compared with midazolam alone, the midazolam ± apararenone treatment ratios (90% CIs) of the geometric least squares (LS) mean Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ values were 1.263 (1.147-1.392), 1.342 (1.220-1.477), and 1.370 (1.225-1.534), respectively. After the administration of warfarin ± apararenone, the R-warfarin ± apararenone treatment ratios (90% CIs) of the geometric LS mean Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ values were 1.008 (0.934-1.089), 1.078 (1.029-1.129), and 1.110 (1.056-1.166). Corresponding values for S-warfarin were 1.025 (0.941-1.117), 1.024 (0.979-1.071), and 1.031 (0.984-1.080). After the administration of digoxin ± apararenone, the digoxin ± apararenone treatment ratios (90% CIs) of the geometric LS mean Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ values were 0.929 (0.789-1.093), 0.894 (0.797-1.033), and 0.887 (0.805-0.977), respectively. Treatment-emergent adverse events were generally of mild to moderate intensity, and no serious adverse events of any kind were reported. IMPLICATIONS The findings from this analysis of data from healthy volunteers suggest minimal risk for potential drug-drug interactions between apararenone and other drugs that are likely to be used concurrently in patients. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02531568.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadakatsu Nakamura
- Ikuyaku Integrated Value Development Division, Data Science Department, Clinical Pharmacology Group, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Shimizu
- Ikuyaku Integrated Value Development Division, Data Science Department, Clinical Pharmacology Group, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Kawaguchi
- Ikuyaku Integrated Value Development Division, Data Science Department, Clinical Pharmacology Group, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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Polyzos SA, Kang ES, Boutari C, Rhee EJ, Mantzoros CS. Current and emerging pharmacological options for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Metabolism 2020; 111S:154203. [PMID: 32151660 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent disease and important unmet medical need. Current guidelines recommend, under specific restrictions, pioglitazone or vitamin E in patients with NASH and significant fibrosis, but the use of both remains off-label. We summarize evidence on medications for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), since NASH has been mainly associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Some of these medications are currently in phase 3 clinical trials, including obeticholic acid (a farnesoid X receptor agonist), elafibranor (a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor [PPAR]-α/δ dual agonist), cenicriviroc (a CC chemokine receptor antagonist), MSDC-0602 K (a PPAR sparing modulator), selonsertib (an apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 inhibitor) and resmetirom (a thyroid hormone receptor agonist). A significant research effort is also targeting PPARs and selective PPAR modulators, including INT131 and pemafibrate, with the expectation that novel drugs may have beneficial effects similar to those of pioglitazone, but without the associated adverse effects. Whether these and other medications could offer tangible therapeutic benefits, alone or in combination, apparently on a background of lifestyle modification, i.e. exercise and a healthy dietary pattern (e.g. Mediterranean diet) remain to be proven. In conclusion, major advances are expected for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Severance Hospital Diabetes Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chrysoula Boutari
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Aristotle University, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Eun-Jung Rhee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Khlifi R, Dhaouefi Z, Toumia IB, Lahmar A, Sioud F, Bouhajeb R, Bellalah A, Chekir-Ghedira L. Erica multiflora extract rich in quercetin-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside alleviates high fat and fructose diet-induced fatty liver disease by modulating metabolic and inflammatory pathways in Wistar rats. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 86:108490. [PMID: 32920086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The wide morbidity of obesity has heightened interest in providing natural and safe compounds to maintain optimal health. The present study was designed to determine the chemical constituents and the effects of methanol leaf extract from Erica multiflora (M-EML) on mitigating high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD)-induced metabolic syndrome (MS). LC-MS/MS characterization of M-EML allowed the identification of 14 secondary metabolites and showed that quercetin-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside were the main compounds of our extract. In the in vivo study, the oral administration of M-EML (250 mg/kg) during the last 4 weeks of the experimentation alleviated HFFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, M-EML treatment significantly normalized body and liver weight, allowed to a sharp decline in plasma levels of TC, TG and LDL-c by 32%, 35% and 66%, respectively. Moreover, hepatic enzymes, total and direct bilirubin, lipase and uric acid levels have been diminished in treated group. Histopathology of the liver confirmed the changes induced by HFFD and the hepatoprotective effect of M-EML. The supply of M-EML reduced NO production and cellular lysosomal enzyme activity by 44% and 60%, respectively compared to HFFD. Besides, M-EML showed decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (259.5±47.35 pg/ml and 56.08±1.56 pg/ml) of TNF-α and IL-6, respectively. In addition, M-EML reduced liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. In contrast, these enzymatic activities have been disrupted in HFFD rats. Overall, M-EML prevented obesity through the modulation of metabolic syndrome, reducing inflammation and promoting antioxidant enzymes activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Khlifi
- Unity of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenna Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar Hadded, BP 74, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Zaineb Dhaouefi
- Unity of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenna Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imène Ben Toumia
- Unity of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenna Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenna Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Aida Lahmar
- Unity of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenna Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Fairouz Sioud
- Unity of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenna Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenna Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rim Bouhajeb
- Unity of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenna Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenna Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Bellalah
- Department of Pathology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Leila Chekir-Ghedira
- Unity of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Avicenna Street, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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Ansari A, Bose S, Lim SK, Wang JH, Choi YH, Kim H. Combination of Scutellaria baicalensis and Metformin Ameliorates Diet-Induced Metabolic Dysregulation in Mice via the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:1409-1433. [PMID: 32907360 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x2050069x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis (SB), a herbal medicine, is commonly used to treat metabolic diseases, while Metformin (MF) is a widely used drug for type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether co-treatment of SB with MF could produce a potential therapeutic effect on high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD)-induced metabolic dysregulation. First, we optimized the dose of SB (100, 200, 400, and 800[Formula: see text]mg/kg) with MF (200[Formula: see text]mg/kg) in HFFD-induced C57BL6J mice. Next, the optimized dose of SB (400[Formula: see text]mg/kg) was co-administered with MF (50, 100, and 200[Formula: see text]mg/kg) in a similar animal model to find the effective combinations of SB and MF. Metabolic markers were determined in serum and tissues using different assays, histology, gene expression, and gut microbial population. The SB and MF co-treatment significantly decreased the body, liver, and VAT weights. The outcome of OGTT was improved, and the fasting insulin, HbA1c, TG, TC, LDL-c, AST, and ALT were decreased, while HDL-c was significantly increased. Histological analyses revealed maintained the integrity of liver, adipose tissue, and intestine prevented lipid accumulation in the liver and intestine and combated neuronal damage in the brain. Importantly, controlled the expression of PPAR[Formula: see text], and IL-6 genes in the liver, and expression of BDNF, Glut1, Glut3, and Glut4 genes in the brain. Treatment-specific gut microbial segregation was observed in the PCA chart. Our findings indicate that SB and MF co-treatment is an effective therapeutic approach for HFFD-induced metabolic dysregulation which is operated through the gut-liver-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbuZar Ansari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, South Korea
| | - Shambhunath Bose
- NosQuest Inc., USPACE 1A-1103, Daewang Pangyo-ro 660, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13494, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Kyoung Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, South Korea
| | - Jing-Hua Wang
- Daejeon University, College of Korean Medicine, Department of Immunology, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University Seoul, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hojun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang-si, South Korea
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Pathobiological and molecular connections involved in the high fructose and high fat diet induced diabetes associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:851-867. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Yuan L, Kardashian A, Sarkar M. NAFLD in women: Unique pathways, biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 18:425-432. [PMID: 32523869 DOI: 10.1007/s11901-019-00495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review In this review article we evaluate sex differences in the natural history of NAFLD and highlight distinct risk profiles of women with NAFLD, as well as unique treatment considerations and research gaps. Summary of findings Reproductive factors, such as menopausal status should be considered when evaluating NAFLD risk in women, as well as additional reproductive risk factors such as age at menarche, presence of polycystic ovary syndrome, and gestational diabetes. Women do appear to have lower risk for hepatocellular carcinoma from NASH, as well as lower mortality from NASH cirrhosis than men, although among women, NASH is now the leading indication for liver transplant. Data on sex differences in biomarker development and clinical trials are lacking, and researchers should be encouraged to evaluate biomarker performance by sex, and specifically report clinical trial endpoints in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Yuan
- University of Southern California, Division of GI/Hepatology
| | - Ani Kardashian
- University of California, San Francisco, Division of GI/Hepatology
| | - Monika Sarkar
- University of California, San Francisco, Division of GI/Hepatology
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Jang Y, Kwon I, Cosio-Lima L, Wirth C, Vinci DM, Lee Y. Endurance Exercise Prevents Metabolic Distress-induced Senescence in the Hippocampus. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2012-2024. [PMID: 30998584 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolic disorder such as obesity and type 2 diabetes caused by excess caloric intake is associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Endurance exercise (EXE) has been suggested to exert neuroprotective effects against the metabolic distress. However, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the exercise-induced neuroprotection have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether EXE-induced neuroprotection is associated with cellular senescence, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress using a mouse model of obesity induced by a high-fat/high-fructose diet. METHODS C57BL/6 female mice (10 wk old) were randomly divided to three groups: normal chow diet group (CON, n = 11), high-fat diet/high-fructose (HFD/HF) group (n = 11), and high-fat diet/high-fructose + endurance exercise (HFD/HF + EXE) group (n = 11). HFD/HF + EXE mice performed treadmill running exercise for 60 min·d, 5 d·wk for 12 wk. RESULTS Our data showed that EXE ameliorated HFD/HF-induced weight gain, fasting blood glucose levels, and visceral fat gain. More importantly, HFD/HF diet promoted cellular senescence, whereas EXE reversed it, evidenced by a reduction in the levels of p53, p21, p16, beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), and lipofuscin. Furthermore, EXE prevented HFD/HF-induced neuroinflammation (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β) by inhibiting toll-like receptor 2 downstream signaling cascades (e.g., tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and c-Jun) in parallel with reduced reactive glial cells. This anti-inflammatory effect of EXE was associated with the reversion of HFD/HF-induced cellular oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Our study provides novel evidence that EXE-induced antisenescence against metabolic distress in the hippocampus may be a key neuroprotective mechanism, preventing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchul Jang
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Movement Sciences and Health, Usha Kundu, MD College of Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL
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Ishikawa A, Wada T, Nishimura S, Ito T, Okekawa A, Onogi Y, Watanabe E, Sameshima A, Tanaka T, Tsuneki H, Saito S, Sasaoka T. Estrogen regulates sex-specific localization of regulatory T cells in adipose tissue of obese female mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230885. [PMID: 32240221 PMCID: PMC7117686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play essential roles in maintaining immune homeostasis. Resident Treg in visceral adipose tissue (VAT-Treg) decrease in male obese mice, which leads to the development of obesity-associated chronic inflammations and insulin resistance. Although gender differences in immune responses have been reported, the effects of the difference in metabolic environment on VAT-Treg are unclear. We investigated the localization of VAT-Treg in female mice in comparison with that in male mice. On a high-fat diet (HFD), VAT-Treg decreased in male mice but increased in female mice. The increase was abolished in ovariectomized and HFD-fed mice, but was restored by estrogen supplementation. The IL33 receptor ST2, which is important for the localization and maturation of VAT-Treg in males, was reduced in CD4+CD25+ T cells isolated from gonadal fat of obese mice of both genders, suggesting that a different system exists for VAT-Treg localization in females. Extensive analysis of chemokine expression in gonadal fat and adipose CD4+CD25+T cells revealed several chemokine signals related to female-specific VAT-Treg accumulation such as CCL24, CCR6, and CXCR3. Taken together, the current study demonstrated sexual dimorphism in VAT-Treg localization in obese mice. Estrogen may attenuate obesity-associated chronic inflammation partly through altering chemokine-related VAT-Treg localization in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Ishikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Wada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Sanshiro Nishimura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ito
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akira Okekawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Onogi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Eri Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Azusa Sameshima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sasaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Nokoff NJ, Scarbro SL, Moreau KL, Zeitler P, Nadeau KJ, Juarez-Colunga E, Kelsey MM. Body Composition and Markers of Cardiometabolic Health in Transgender Youth Compared With Cisgender Youth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgz029. [PMID: 31544944 PMCID: PMC7112978 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT As many as 1.8% of adolescents identify as transgender and many more seek care, yet the impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on cardiometabolic health is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine insulin sensitivity and body composition among transgender females (TF) and males (TM) on estradiol or testosterone, compared with cisgender females (CF) and males (CM). DESIGN Pilot, cross-sectional study conducted from 2016-2018. SETTING Academic regional transgender referral center. PARTICIPANTS Transgender adolescents on either testosterone or estradiol for at least 3 months were recruited. Nineteen TM were matched to 19 CM and 42 CF on pubertal stage and body mass index (BMI). Eleven TF were matched to 23 CF and 13 TF to 24 CM on age and BMI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 1/[fasting insulin] and body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry). RESULTS Total body fat was lower in TM than CF mean ± SD: (29% ± 7% vs 33% ± 7%; P = 0.002) and higher than in CM (28% ± 7% vs 24% ± 9%; P = 0.047). TM had higher lean mass than CF (68% ± 7% vs 64% ± 7%, P = 0.002) and lower than CM (69% ± 7% vs 73% ± 8%; P = 0.029). Insulin sensitivity was not different between the groups.TF had lower body fat than CF (31% ± 7% vs 35% ± 8%; P = 0.033) and higher than CM (28% ± 6% vs 20% ± 10%; P = 0.001). TF had higher lean mass than CF (66% ± 6% vs 62% ± 7%; P = 0.032) and lower than CM (69% ± 5% vs 77% ± 9%; P = 0.001). TF were more insulin resistant than CM (0.078 ± 0.025 vs 0.142 ± 0.064 mL/μU; P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS Transgender adolescents on GAHT have significant differences in body composition compared with cisgender controls, with a body composition intermediate between BMI-matched CMs and CFs. These changes in body composition may have consequences for the cardiometabolic health of transgender adolescents. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV NCT02550431.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Nokoff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
- Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Sharon L Scarbro
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, University of Colorado School of Public Health
- Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS)
- Rocky Mountain Prevention Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus School of Public Health
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
- Eastern Colorado Veteran Affairs (VA) Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC)
| | - Philip Zeitler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
- Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Elizabeth Juarez-Colunga
- Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS)
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health
| | - Megan M Kelsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
- Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
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Wada T, Tsuneki H, Sasaoka T. [Role of Angiogenesis and Chronic Inflammation in Fat Hypertrophy in NASH Pathology]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 139:1163-1167. [PMID: 31474632 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue expansion and chronic inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) are closely related to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) pathology. Angiogenesis is initiated by the detachment of pericytes (PCs) from vessels in AT. This process is necessary for the development of AT in obesity. The detachment is caused by excessive platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) derived from M1-macrophages (Mφ) infiltrating obese AT. On the other hand, AT of tamoxifen-induced systemic PDGF receptor-β knockout mice showed decreased detachment of PCs from vessels in obesity, thereby attenuating hypertrophy of AT mediated by neoangiogenesis, resulting in protection from the development of chronic AT inflammation and systemic insulin resistance. The selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) inhibitor eplerenone (Ep) suppresses chronic inflammation in fat and the liver, improves glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits body weight and fat mass gain in mice fed a high-fat diet. As a novel mechanism, Ep increases energy expenditure and suppresses fat accumulation, thereby controlling the polarity of visceral AT Mφ from inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 dominant. In addition, Ep directly inhibits the activation of signals 1 and 2 of NLRP3-inflammasomes in Mφ, which is an inflammatory mechanism closely involved in the development of NASH. Thus, we propose novel therapeutic approaches to NASH. Inhibition of PDGF receptor-β signaling prevents AT hypertrophy by regulating AT angiogenesis, and MR inhibitors directly suppress chronic inflammation in the AT and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Wada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama
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Ferguson D, Hutson I, Tycksen E, Pietka TA, Bauerle K, Harris CA. Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Adipogenesis and Obesity in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqz010. [PMID: 32036385 PMCID: PMC7007880 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased visceral adiposity and hyperglycemia, 2 characteristics of metabolic syndrome, are also present in conditions of excess glucocorticoids (GCs). GCs are hormones thought to act primarily via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). GCs are commonly prescribed for inflammatory disorders, yet their use is limited due to many adverse metabolic side effects. In addition to GR, GCs also bind the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), but there are many conflicting studies about the exact role of MR in metabolic disease. Using MR knockout mice (MRKO), we find that both white and brown adipose depots form normally when compared with wild-type mice at P5. We created mice with adipocyte-specific deletion of MR (FMRKO) to better understand the role of MR in metabolic dysfunction. Treatment of mice with excess GCs for 4 weeks, via corticosterone in drinking water, induced increased fat mass and glucose intolerance to similar levels in FMRKO and floxed control mice. Separately, when fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks, FMRKO mice had reduced body weight, fat mass, and hepatic steatosis, relative to floxed control mice. Decreased adiposity likely resulted from increased energy expenditure since food intake was not different. RNA sequencing analysis revealed decreased enrichment of genes associated with adipogenesis in inguinal white adipose of FMRKO mice. Differentiation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) showed modestly impaired adipogenesis in MRKO MEFs compared with wild type, but this was rescued upon the addition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist or PPARγ overexpression. Collectively, these studies provide further evidence supporting the potential value of MR as a therapeutic target for conditions associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Irina Hutson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Terri A Pietka
- Nutrition and Geriatrics Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kevin Bauerle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Charles A Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs St Louis Healthcare System, John Cochran Division, St. Louis, Missouri
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Vecchiola A, Fuentes CA, Solar I, Lagos CF, Opazo MC, Muñoz-Durango N, Riedel CA, Owen GI, Kalergis AM, Fardella CE. Eplerenone Implantation Improved Adipose Dysfunction Averting RAAS Activation and Cell Division. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:223. [PMID: 32373073 PMCID: PMC7186315 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation within adipose tissue, triggers inflammation and metabolic syndrome development. The pharmacological blockade of MR provides beneficial effects for adipose tissue. Our study evaluates the impact of eplerenone implantation upon obesity. Experimental approach: A group of mice with implanted placebo pellets were fed using two types of diet, a normal (ND) or a high fat (HFD) diet. Additionally, a group of mice fed HFD were implanted with an eplerenone pellet. Metabolic and biochemical parameters were assessed in each animal group. Adipocyte size and lipid accumulation were investigated in the liver and adipose tissue. We evaluated the components of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) locally in adipose tissue. Key results: Eplerenone reduced HFD-induced body weight gain, fasting glucose levels, fat accumulation, HFD-induced adipocyte size and liver lipid accumulation and improved glucose tolerance. In the adipose tissue, HFD significantly increased the mRNA levels of the RAAS molecules relative to the ND group. Eplerenone lowered RAAS mRNA levels, components of lipid metabolism and markers of inflammation in HFD-fed animals. Conclusion: MR antagonism with eplerenone diminishes insulin resistance that is related to obesity partly via a reduction of RAAS activation, inflammatory progression and cytokines induction. This suggests that eplerenone should be further studied as a therapeutic option for obesity and overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vecchiola
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy IMII, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristóbal A. Fuentes
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isidora Solar
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos F. Lagos
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Lab, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Cecilia Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy IMII, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología-Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy IMII, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy IMII, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología-Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gareth I. Owen
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy IMII, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy IMII, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos E. Fardella
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy IMII, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Translational Endocrinology (CETREN), Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Carlos E. Fardella
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Kwak MK, Lee JY, Kim BJ, Lee SH, Koh JM. Effects of Primary Aldosteronism and Different Therapeutic Modalities on Glucose Metabolism. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E2194. [PMID: 31842354 PMCID: PMC6947343 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite findings that aldosterone impairs glucose metabolism, studies concerning the effect of primary aldosteronism (PA) and its treatment on glucose metabolism are controversial. We aimed to determine glucose metabolism in PA and the effect of the treatment modality. We compared glucose metabolism between PA patients (N = 286) and age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched controls (N = 816), and the changes in glucose metabolism depending on the treatment modality (adrenalectomy vs. spironolactone treatment). Hyperglycemia including diabetes mellitus (DM; 19.6% vs. 13.1%, p = 0.011) was more frequent in PA patients. Hyperglycemia was also more frequent in PA patients without subclinical hypercortisolism (SH: p < 0.001) and in those regardless of hypokalemia (p < 0.001-0.001). PA patients and PA patients without SH had higher DM risk (odds ratio (OR); 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.63; 1.11-2.39 and 1.65; 1.08-2.51, respectively) after adjusting confounders. In PA patients, there was significant decrease in the DM prevalence (21.3% to 16.7%, p = 0.004) and fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.006) after adrenalectomy. However, there was no significant change in them after spironolactone treatment. Adrenalectomy was associated with more improved glucose status than spironolactone treatment (OR; 95% CI: 2.07; 1.10-3.90). Glucose metabolism was impaired in PA, regardless of hypokalemia and SH status, and was improved by adrenalectomy, but not spironolactone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Kwak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Dongtan, 7, Keunjaebong-gil, Hwaseong 18450, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Jee Yang Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (B.-J.K.)
| | - Beom-Jun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (B.-J.K.)
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (B.-J.K.)
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea; (J.Y.L.); (B.-J.K.)
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Funes A, Saez Lancellotti TE, Santillan LD, Della Vedova MC, Monclus MA, Cabrillana ME, Gomez Mejiba SE, Ramirez DC, Fornes MW. A chronic high-fat diet causes sperm head alterations in C57BL/6J mice. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02868. [PMID: 31844747 PMCID: PMC6895587 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A chronic-positive energetic balance has been directly correlated with infertility in men, but the involved mechanisms remain unknown. Herein we investigated weather in a mouse model a chronic feeding with a diet supplemented with chicken fat affects sperm head morphology. To accomplish this, we fed mice for 16 weeks with either control food (low-fat diet, LFD) or control food supplemented with 22% chicken fat (high-fat diet, HFD). At the end of the feeding regimen, we measured: redox and inflammatory changes, cholesterol accumulation in testis and analyzed testicular morphological structure and ultra-structure and liver morphology. We found that the mice fed HFD resembled some features of the human metabolic syndrome, including systemic oxidative stress and inflammation, this group showed an increment in the following parameters; central adiposity (adiposity index: 1.07 ± 0.10 vs 2.26 ± 0.17), dyslipidemia (total cholesterol: 153.3 ± 2.6 vs 175.1 ± 8.08 mg/dL), insulin resistance (indirect Insulin resistance index, TG/HDL-c: 2.94 ± 0.33 vs 3.68 ± 0.15) and fatty liver. Increased cholesterol content measured by filipin was found in the testicles from HFD (fluorescence intensity increase to 50%), as well as an alteration of spermiogenesis. Most remarkably, a disorganized manchette-perinuclear ring complex and an altered morphology of the sperm head were observed in the spermatozoa of HFD-fed mice. These results add new information to our understanding about the mechanisms by which systemic oxidative stress and inflammation may influence sperm-head morphology and indirectly male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Funes
- LIAM, Andrology Research Laboratory from Mendoza, IHEM-CCT-CONICET, National University of Cuyo and University of Aconcagua, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
| | - T E Saez Lancellotti
- LIAM, Andrology Research Laboratory from Mendoza, IHEM-CCT-CONICET, National University of Cuyo and University of Aconcagua, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
| | - L D Santillan
- LETM, Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Medicine, IMIBIO-SL, CONICET, National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - M C Della Vedova
- LETM, Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Medicine, IMIBIO-SL, CONICET, National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - M A Monclus
- LIAM, Andrology Research Laboratory from Mendoza, IHEM-CCT-CONICET, National University of Cuyo and University of Aconcagua, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
| | - M E Cabrillana
- LIAM, Andrology Research Laboratory from Mendoza, IHEM-CCT-CONICET, National University of Cuyo and University of Aconcagua, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
| | - S E Gomez Mejiba
- LET, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, IMIBIO-SL, CONICET, National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - D C Ramirez
- LETM, Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Medicine, IMIBIO-SL, CONICET, National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - M W Fornes
- LIAM, Andrology Research Laboratory from Mendoza, IHEM-CCT-CONICET, National University of Cuyo and University of Aconcagua, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
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