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Pack M, Gulde TN, Völcker MV, Boewe AS, Wrublewsky S, Ampofo E, Montenarh M, Götz C. Protein Kinase CK2 Contributes to Glucose Homeostasis by Targeting Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase 1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010428. [PMID: 36613872 PMCID: PMC9820633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is of critical importance for the survival of organisms. It is under hormonal control and often coordinated by the action of kinases and phosphatases. We have previously shown that CK2 regulates insulin production and secretion in pancreatic β-cells. In order to shed more light on the CK2-regulated network of glucose homeostasis, in the present study, a qRT-PCR array was carried out with 84 diabetes-associated genes. After inhibition of CK2, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) showed a significant lower gene expression. Moreover, FBP1 activity was down-regulated. Being a central enzyme of gluconeogenesis, the secretion of glucose was decreased as well. Thus, FBP1 is a new factor in the CK2-regulated network implicated in carbohydrate metabolism control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Pack
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Tim Nikolai Gulde
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Victoria Völcker
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Anne S. Boewe
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Building 65, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Selina Wrublewsky
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Building 65, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Building 65, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Montenarh
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Li J, Dai P, Sun J, Yu W, Han W, Li K. FBP1 induced by β-elemene enhances the sensitivity of gefitinib in lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2022; 14:371-380. [PMID: 36525508 PMCID: PMC9891864 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-elemene is known to play a critical role in tumorigenesis as well as tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in lung cancer. However, the biological function and molecular mechanism remain largely unknown. METHODS In this study, the common genes involved in gefitinib resistance and β-elemene were identified using bioinformatic analysis. The expression of FBP1 was examined by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Cell proliferation, flow cytometry, clone formation and IC50 assays were performed to assess the effects of β-elemene and FBP1. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate apoptosis-related gene expression. Finally, in vivo experiments were conducted to assess the crucial role of FBP1 in gefitinib-resistant HCC827/GR cells in nude mice. RESULTS Screening analysis demonstrated that fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP1) was induced by β-elemene and downregulated in gefitinib-resistant lung cells. Functionally, overexpression of FBP1 inhibited proliferation and gefitinib resistance and promoted apoptosis of PC9/GR and HCC827/GR cells in vitro. Mechanistically, FBP1 impeded the nuclear translocation of p-STAT3. The FBP1/STAT3 axis was required for FBP1-mediated apoptosis-related gene expression. In vivo experiments further confirmed the enhanced effects of FBP1 on lung cancer cell sensitivity to gefitinib. CONCLUSION Our research indicated that β-elemene suppressed proliferation and enhanced sensitivity to gefitinib by inducing apoptosis through the FBP1/STAT3 axis in gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of OncologyShanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ping Dai
- Department of OncologyShanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of OncologyShanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wenyan Yu
- Department of OncologyShanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Han
- Department of OncologyShanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Kaichun Li
- Department of OncologyShanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Zhao Y, Yang H, Wu F, Luo X, Sun Q, Feng W, Ju X, Liu G. Exploration of N-Arylsulfonyl-indole-2-carboxamide Derivatives as Novel Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase Inhibitors by Molecular Simulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810259. [PMID: 36142164 PMCID: PMC9499002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N-arylsulfonyl-indole-2-carboxamide derivatives have been identified as potent fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) inhibitors (FBPIs) with excellent selectivity for the potential therapy of type II diabetes mellitus. To explore the structure–activity relationships (SARs) and the mechanisms of action of these FBPIs, a systematic computational study was performed in the present study, including three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) modeling, pharmacophore modeling, molecular dynamics (MD), and virtual screening. The constructed 3D-QSAR models exhibited good predictive ability with reasonable parameters using comparative molecular field analysis (q2 = 0.709, R2 = 0.979, rpre2 = 0.932) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (q2 = 0.716, R2 = 0.978, rpre2 = 0.890). Twelve hit compounds were obtained by virtual screening using the best pharmacophore model in combination with molecular dockings. Three compounds with relatively higher docking scores and better ADME properties were then selected for further studies by docking and MD analyses. The docking results revealed that the amino acid residues Met18, Gly21, Gly26, Leu30, and Thr31 at the binding site were of great importance for the effective bindings of these FBPIs. The MD results indicated that the screened compounds VS01 and VS02 could bind with FBPase stably as its cognate ligand in dynamic conditions. This work identified several potential FBPIs by modeling studies and might provide important insights into developing novel FBPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Honghao Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Fengshou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Weiliang Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Correspondence: (W.F.); (G.L.)
| | - Xiulian Ju
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Genyan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
- Correspondence: (W.F.); (G.L.)
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Inoue R, Tsuno T, Togashi Y, Okuyama T, Sato A, Nishiyama K, Kyohara M, Li J, Fukushima S, Kin T, Miyashita D, Shiba Y, Atobe Y, Kiyonari H, Bando K, Shapiro AJ, Funakoshi K, Kulkarni RN, Terauchi Y, Shirakawa J. Uncoupling protein 2 and aldolase B impact insulin release by modulating mitochondrial function and Ca 2+ release from the ER. iScience 2022; 25:104603. [PMID: 35800776 PMCID: PMC9253497 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial protein, is known to be upregulated in pancreatic islets of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM); however, the pathological significance of this increase in UCP2 expression is unclear. In this study, we highlight the molecular link between the increase in UCP2 expression in β-cells and β-cell failure by using genetically engineered mice and human islets. β-cell-specific UCP2-overexpressing transgenic mice (βUCP2Tg) exhibited glucose intolerance and a reduction in insulin secretion. Decreased mitochondrial function and increased aldolase B (AldB) expression through oxidative-stress-mediated pathway were observed in βUCP2Tg islets. AldB, a glycolytic enzyme, was associated with reduced insulin secretion via mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Taken together, our findings provide a new mechanism of β-cell dysfunction by UCP2 and AldB. Targeting the UCP2/AldB axis is a promising approach for the recovery of β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Inoue
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuno
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yu Togashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tomoko Okuyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Aoi Sato
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mayu Kyohara
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Jinghe Li
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Setsuko Fukushima
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kin
- Clinical Islet Laboratory and Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2C8, Canada
| | - Daisuke Miyashita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shiba
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Atobe
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kana Bando
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - A.M. James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Laboratory and Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2C8, Canada
| | - Kengo Funakoshi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Varma A, Storey KB. One-step purification and regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase from the liver of the freeze-tolerant wood frog, Rana sylvatica. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:491-500. [PMID: 35604283 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The wood frog (Rana sylvatica) undergoes numerous changes to its physiology and metabolic processes to survive the winter months, including adaptations that let them endure whole-body freezing. The regulation of key enzymes of central carbohydrate metabolism in the liver plays a crucial role in mediating the synthesis and maintenance of high concentrations of glucose as a cryoprotectant during freezing as well as glucose reconversion to glycogen after thawing. The present study characterized the regulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase; EC 3.1.3.11) from wood frog liver during freezing, FBPase being a crucial enzyme regulating gluconeogenesis. Liver FBPase was purified to homogeneity from control and frozen wood frogs by a one-step chromatographic process. Kinetic and regulatory parameters of the enzyme were investigated and demonstrated a significant decrease in sensitivity to its substrate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in the liver of frozen frogs, as compared with controls. Immunoblotting also revealed freeze-responsive changes in posttranslational modifications with a significant decrease in serine phosphorylation (by 53%) for FBPase from frozen frogs. Taken together, these results suggest that FBPase is suppressed, and gluconeogenesis is inhibited during freezing. This response acts as an important component of the metabolic survival strategy of the wood frog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Varma
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Abstract
Epigenetic modifications have been implicated to mediate several complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), especially nephropathy and retinopathy. Our aim was to ascertain whether epigenetic alterations in whole blood discriminate among patients with DM with normal, delayed, and rapid gastric emptying (GE).
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7
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Feng Y, Qiu WL, Yu XX, Zhang Y, He MY, Li LC, Yang L, Zhang W, Franti M, Ye J, Hoeck JD, Xu CR. Characterizing pancreatic β-cell heterogeneity in the streptozotocin model by single-cell transcriptomic analysis. Mol Metab 2020; 37:100982. [PMID: 32247924 PMCID: PMC7184252 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The streptozotocin (STZ) model is widely used in diabetes research. However, the cellular and molecular states of pancreatic endocrine cells in this model remain unclear. This study explored the molecular characteristics of islet cells treated with STZ and re-evaluated β-cell dysfunction and regeneration in the STZ model. METHODS We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of pancreatic endocrine cells from STZ-treated mice. High-quality sequencing data from 2,999 cells were used to identify clusters via Louvain clustering analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA), t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP), force-directed layout (FDL), and differential expression analysis were used to define the heterogeneity and transcriptomic changes in islet cells. In addition, qPCR and immunofluorescence staining were used to confirm findings from the sequencing data. RESULTS Untreated β-cells were divided into two populations at the transcriptomic level, a large high-Glut2 expression (Glut2high) population and a small low-Glut2 expression (Glut2low) population. At the transcriptomic level, Glut2low β-cells in adult mice did not represent a developmentally immature state, although a fraction of genes associated with β-cell maturation and function were downregulated in Glut2low cells. After a single high-dose STZ treatment, most Glut2high cells were killed, but Glut2low cells survived and over time changed to a distinct cell state. We did not observe conversion of Glut2low to Glut2high β-cells up to 9 months after STZ treatment. In addition, we did not detect transcriptomic changes in the non-β endocrine cells or a direct trans-differentiation pathway from the α-cell lineage to the β-cell lineage in the STZ model. CONCLUSIONS We identified the heterogeneity of β-cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. However, we did not observe conversion of Glut2low to Glut2high β-cells, transcriptomic changes in the non-β endocrine cells, or direct trans-differentiation from the α-cell lineage to the β-cell lineage in the STZ model. Our results clearly define the states of islet cells treated with STZ and allow us to re-evaluate the STZ model widely used in diabetes studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China; PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, China
| | - Wei-Lin Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China; PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, China
| | - Xin-Xin Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mao-Yang He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China; PKU-Tsinghua-NIBS Graduate Program, China
| | - Lin-Chen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Beijing, China
| | - Michael Franti
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Junqing Ye
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim (China) Investment Co., Beijing, China.
| | - Joerg D Hoeck
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA.
| | - Cheng-Ran Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China.
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Westermeier F, Holyoak T, Asenjo JL, Gatica R, Nualart F, Burbulis I, Bertinat R. Gluconeogenic Enzymes in β-Cells: Pharmacological Targets for Improving Insulin Secretion. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:520-531. [PMID: 31213347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells express the gluconeogenic enzymes glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase), fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP), and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase (PCK), which modulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) through their ability to reverse otherwise irreversible glycolytic steps. Here, we review current knowledge about the expression and regulation of these enzymes in the context of manipulating them to improve insulin secretion in diabetics. Because the regulation of gluconeogenic enzymes in β-cells is so poorly understood, we propose novel research avenues to study these enzymes as modulators of insulin secretion and β-cell dysfunction, with especial attention to FBP, which constitutes an attractive target with an inhibitor under clinical evaluation at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Westermeier
- FH JOANNEUM Gesellschaft mbH University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Science, Eggenberger Allee 13, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Todd Holyoak
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joel L Asenjo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Independencia 631, 5110566 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Gatica
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, La Pirámide 5750, 8580745 Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA BIO, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160 C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Ian Burbulis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Jordan Hall Room 6022, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Patagonia, Lago Panguipulli 1390, 5501842 Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Romina Bertinat
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA BIO, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160 C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
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Balwe SG, Kim JS, Kim YI, Jeong YT. Diversity-oriented one-pot synthesis of furan based densely substituted biheteroaryls via isocyanide insertion. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Hunter RW, Hughey CC, Lantier L, Sundelin EI, Peggie M, Zeqiraj E, Sicheri F, Jessen N, Wasserman DH, Sakamoto K. Metformin reduces liver glucose production by inhibition of fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase. Nat Med 2018; 24:1395-1406. [PMID: 30150719 PMCID: PMC6207338 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is a first-line drug for the treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes, yet its precise mechanism of action remains unclear. Metformin exerts its antihyperglycemic action primarily through lowering hepatic glucose production (HGP). This suppression is thought to be mediated through inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complex I, and thus elevation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), though this proposition has been challenged given results in mice lacking hepatic AMPK. Here we report that the AMP-inhibited enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-1 (FBP1), a rate-controlling enzyme in gluconeogenesis, functions as a major contributor to the therapeutic action of metformin. We identified a point mutation in FBP1 that renders it insensitive to AMP while sparing regulation by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-P2), and knock-in (KI) of this mutant in mice significantly reduces their response to metformin treatment. We observe this during a metformin tolerance test and in a metformin-euglycemic clamp that we have developed. The antihyperglycemic effect of metformin in high-fat diet-fed diabetic FBP1-KI mice was also significantly blunted compared to wild-type controls. Collectively, we show a new mechanism of action for metformin and provide further evidence that molecular targeting of FBP1 can have antihyperglycemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Hunter
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Curtis C Hughey
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and the Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and the Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elias I Sundelin
- Departments of Clinical Medicine and Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mark Peggie
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Elton Zeqiraj
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Frank Sicheri
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Niels Jessen
- Departments of Clinical Medicine and Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and the Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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Liu GM, Zhang YM. Targeting FBPase is an emerging novel approach for cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:36. [PMID: 29556139 PMCID: PMC5845355 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death in both developed and developing countries. Metabolic reprogramming is an emerging hallmark of cancer. Glucose homeostasis is reciprocally controlled by the catabolic glycolysis and anabolic gluconeogenesis pathways. Previous studies have mainly focused on catabolic glycolysis, but recently, FBPase, a rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, was found to play critical roles in tumour initiation and progression in several cancer types. Here, we review recent ideas and discoveries that illustrate the clinical significance of FBPase expression in various cancers, the mechanism through which FBPase influences cancer, and the mechanism of FBPase silencing. Furthermore, we summarize some of the drugs targeting FBPase and discuss their potential use in clinical applications and the problems that remain unsolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Min Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, No. 38 Huangtang Road, Meizhou, 514000 China
| | - Yao-Ming Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, No. 38 Huangtang Road, Meizhou, 514000 China
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12
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Parikh M, Netticadan T, Pierce GN. Flaxseed: its bioactive components and their cardiovascular benefits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H146-H159. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00400.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The inclusion of functional foods and natural health products in the diet are gaining increasing recognition as integral components of lifestyle changes in the fight against cardiovascular disease. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown the beneficial cardiovascular effects of dietary supplementation with flaxseed. The cardiovascular effects of dietary flaxseed have included an antihypertensive action, antiatherogenic effects, a lowering of cholesterol, an anti-inflammatory action, and an inhibition of arrhythmias. Its enrichment in the ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid and the antioxidant lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside as well as its high fiber content have been implicated primarily in these beneficial cardiovascular actions. Although not as well recognized, flaxseed is also composed of other potential bioactive compounds such as proteins, cyclolinopeptides, and cyanogenic glycosides, which may also produce biological actions. These compounds could also be responsible for the cardiovascular effects of flaxseed. This article will not only summarize the cardiovascular effects of dietary supplementation with flaxseed but also review its bioactive compounds in terms of their properties, biological effects, and proposed mechanisms of action. It will also discuss promising research directions for the future to identify additional health-related benefits of dietary flaxseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Parikh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thomas Netticadan
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Grant N. Pierce
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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13
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Muruganathan U, Srinivasan S. Beneficial effect of carvone, a dietary monoterpene ameliorates hyperglycemia by regulating the key enzymes activities of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1558-1567. [PMID: 27876337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic/endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate control of carbohydrate metabolism and causes serious health issues. This study evaluates the effect of carvone, a novel monoterpene ketone, on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in the liver of normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40mg/kg b.w). STZ intoxication led to a significant increase in the levels of plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and decrease in the levels of insulin and hemoglobin (Hb). The activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, glycogen, enzymatic antioxidants in pancreas and hepatic markers content were also altered. The daily oral administration of carvone (50mg/kg b.w) to diabetic rats for 30days resulted a significant decline in the levels of plasma glucose, HbA1c and significant improve in the levels of Hb and insulin. The reversed activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes, enzymic antioxidants and hepatic marker enzymes in diabetic rats were renovated to near normal level by the administration of carvone. The obtained results were compared with glyclazide, a standard oral hypoglycemia drug. Histopathological analysis of liver and pancreas and immunohistochemistry of pancreas revealed that treatment with carvone reduced the STZ-induced damage to hepatic and β-cells of the pancreas. From our results, carvone regulates carbohydrate metabolism by ameliorating the key enzymes in the hepatic tissues of STZ-induced diabetic rats however further studies and safety studies are needed to validate the effects of carvone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaiyar Muruganathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Subramani Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamilnadu, India.
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Shaheen A, Aljebali AMA. A hypothetical model to solve the controversy over the involvement of UCP2 in palmitate-induced β-cell dysfunction. Endocrine 2016; 54:276-283. [PMID: 27491555 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to solve an existing controversy over the involvement of uncoupling protein-2 in the impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion induced by chronic exposure of β-cells to palmitate. We analyzed and compared the results of studies that support and that deny the involvement of uncoupling protein-2 in this impairment. We observed that this impairment could occur in multiple stages. We provide a model in which palmitate-induced impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is proposed to occur in two stages, early stage and late stage, depending on the integrity of electron supply (glycolysis and Krebs cycle) and transport system through electron transport chain after palmitate treatment. Prolonged exposure of β-cells to palmitate can impair this system. Early-stage impairment occurs due to uncoupling by uncoupling protein-2 when this system is still intact. When this system becomes impaired, late-stage impairment occurs mainly due to reduced glucose-stimulated adenosine triphosphate production independent of uncoupling by uncoupling protein-2. The change in glucose-stimulated oxygen uptake after palmitate treatment reflects the integrity of this system and can be used to differentiate between the two stages. Some β-cells lines and islets appear to be more resistant to palmitate-induced impairment of electron supply and transport system than others, and therefore early stage is prominent in the more resistant cell lines and less prominent or absent in the less resistant cell lines. This may help to resolve the pathogenesis of diabetes and to monitor the progression of palmitate-induced β-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Shaheen
- Kafr El-Sharakwa Medical Center, Kafr El-Sharakwa, Aga, Dakahlia, Egypt.
| | - Ahmad M A Aljebali
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Omar Al Mukhtar University, Bayda, Libya
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15
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Gerencser AA, Mookerjee SA, Jastroch M, Brand MD. Positive Feedback Amplifies the Response of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential to Glucose Concentration in Clonal Pancreatic Beta Cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1054-1065. [PMID: 27771512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the cellular mechanisms of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, is complicated by the large number of reactions and interactions in metabolic networks. Metabolic control analysis with appropriate modularization is a powerful method for simplifying and analyzing these networks. To analyze control of cellular energy metabolism in adherent cell cultures of the INS-1 832/13 pancreatic β-cell model we adapted our microscopy assay of absolute mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔψM) to a fluorescence microplate reader format, and applied it in conjunction with cell respirometry. In these cells the sensitive response of ΔψM to extracellular glucose concentration drives glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Using metabolic control analysis we identified the control properties that generate this sensitive response. Force-flux relationships between ΔψM and respiration were used to calculate kinetic responses to ΔψM of processes both upstream (glucose oxidation) and downstream (proton leak and ATP turnover) of ΔψM. The analysis revealed that glucose-evoked ΔψM hyperpolarization is amplified by increased glucose oxidation activity caused by factors downstream of ΔψM. At high glucose, the hyperpolarized ΔψM is stabilized almost completely by the action of glucose oxidation, whereas proton leak also contributes to the homeostatic control of ΔψM at low glucose. These findings suggest a strong positive feedback loop in the regulation of β-cell energetics, and a possible regulatory role of proton leak in the fasting state. Analysis of islet bioenergetics from published cases of type 2 diabetes suggests that disruption of this feedback can explain the damaged bioenergetic response of β-cells to glucose. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality in Diabetes/Obesity and Critical Illness Spectrum of Diseases - edited by P. Hemachandra Reddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos A Gerencser
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, United States; Image Analyst Software, 43 Nova Lane, Novato, CA 94945, United States.
| | - Shona A Mookerjee
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, United States; Touro University California College of Pharmacy, 1310 Club Drive, Vallejo, CA 94592, United States
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, United States
| | - Martin D Brand
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA 94945, United States
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Xu X, Wang G, Zhou T, Chen L, Chen J, Shen X. Novel approaches to drug discovery for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1047-58. [PMID: 25054271 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.941352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, complex and multifactorial metabolic disorder, which has become a serious global health problem. The side effects of known drugs and the deficiency of long-term safety data, in addition to the already determined adverse effects for the current preclinical drugs against T2DM, have largely called upon the urgent exploration of novel therapeutic and preventative strategies against this disease. AREAS COVERED The authors highlight the potential approaches for anti-T2DM drug discovery by focusing on: the restoration of pancreatic β-cell mass, the promotion of insulin secretion, the regulation of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the modulation of autophagy. EXPERT OPINION T2DM is based on the gradual development of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Thus, the restoration of β-cell function is considered as one of the promising therapeutic strategies against T2DM. The stress factors, such as oxidative stress, ER stress and autophagy, play potent roles in the regulation of β-cell apoptosis, insulin secretion and sensitivity in the development of T2DM involving complicated cross-talks. Based on multiplex stress-involved regulatory networks, more and more novel potential targets have been discovered and the multi-targeted drug leads are expected to help develop more effective clinical agents for the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203 , China ; ;
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Ameliorating effect of eugenol on hyperglycemia by attenuating the key enzymes of glucose metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 385:159-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Tayyem RF, Zalloum HM, Elmaghrabi MR, Yousef AM, Mubarak MS. Ligand-based designing, in silico screening, and biological evaluation of new potent fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 56:70-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhang Y, Xie Z, Zhou L, Li L, Zhang H, Zhou G, Ma X, Herrera PL, Liu Z, Grusby MJ, Zhang WJ. The zinc finger protein ZBTB20 regulates transcription of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 and β cell function in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1571-1580.e6. [PMID: 22374165 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP)-1 is a gluconeogenic enzyme that regulates glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in β cells, but little is known about how its transcription is controlled. The zinc finger protein ZBTB20 regulates glucose homeostasis, so we investigated its effects on expression of FBP-1. METHODS We analyzed gene expression using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. We generated mice with β cell-specific disruption of Zbtb20 using Cre/LoxP technology. Expression of Zbtb20 in β cells was reduced using small interfering RNAs, and promoter occupancy and transcriptional regulation were analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays. RESULTS ZBTB20 was expressed at high levels by β cells and other endocrine cells in islets of normal mice; expression levels were reduced in islets from diabetic db/db mice. Mice with β cell-specific knockout of Zbtb20 had normal development of β cells but had hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Islets isolated from these mice had impaired glucose metabolism, adenosine triphosphate production, and insulin secretion after glucose stimulation in vitro, although insulin secretion returned to normal levels in the presence of KCl. ZBTB20 knockdown with small interfering RNAs impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the β cell line MIN6. Expression of Fbp1 was up-regulated in β cells with ZBTB20 knockout or knockdown; impairments to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were restored by inhibition of FBPase activity. ZBTB20 was recruited to the Fbp1 promoter and repressed its transcription in β cells. CONCLUSIONS The transcription factor ZBTB20 regulates β cell function and glucose homeostasis in mice. It might be a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Pan TL, Wang PW, Chen CC, Fang JY, Sintupisut N. Functional proteomics reveals hepatotoxicity and the molecular mechanisms of different forms of chromium delivered by skin administration. Proteomics 2012; 12:477-89. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Orally active aminopyridines as inhibitors of tetrameric fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3237-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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