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Morsi AA, Mersal EA, Abdelmoneim AM, Hussein G, Sofii MM, Ibrahim KE, Salim MS. Interrogating the estrogen-mediated regulation of adrenocortical Klotho expression using ovariectomized albino rat model exposed to repeated restraint stress. Hum Cell 2024; 37:1008-1023. [PMID: 38753278 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive aging is associated with altered stress response and many other menopausal symptoms. Little is known about the adrenal expression of the anti-aging protein Klotho or how it is modulated by estrogen in ovariectomized stressed rats. Fifty-six Wistar female rats were assigned into seven equal groups. Sham-operated (Sham), sham stressed (Sham/STS), ovariectomized (OVR), ovariectomized stressed (OVR/STS), ovariectomized stressed rosiglitazone-treated (OVR/STS/R), ovariectomized stressed estrogen-treated (OVR/STS/E), and ovariectomized stressed estrogen/GW9662 co-treated (OVR/STS/E/GW) groups. All stressed rats were subjected daily to a one-hour restraint stress test for 19 days. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected for serum corticosterone (CORT) analysis. Adrenal tissues were obtained and prepared for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), immunohistochemistry-based identification of Klotho and PPAR-γ, and Oil Red O (ORO) staining. The rise in serum CORT was negligible in the OVR/STS group, in contrast to the Sham/STS group. The limited CORT response in the former group was restored by estrogen and rosiglitazone and blocked by estrogen/GW9226 co-administration. ORO-staining revealed a more evident reduction in the adrenal fat in the OVR/STS group, which was reversed by estrogen and counteracted by GW. Also, there was a comparable expression pattern of Klotho and PPAR-γ in the adrenals. The adrenal Klotho decreased in the OVR/STS group, but was reversed by estrogen treatment. GW9226/estrogen co-treatment interfered with the regulatory effect of estrogen on Klotho. The study suggested modulation of the adrenal Kotho expression by estrogen, in the ovariectomized rats subjected to a restraint stress test. This estrogen-provided adrenal protection might be mediated by PPAR-γ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Morsi
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63511, Egypt.
| | - Ezat A Mersal
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71515, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abdelmoneim
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63511, Egypt
| | - Ghaiath Hussein
- Medical Ethics and Law, Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Mohamed M Sofii
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63511, Egypt
| | - Khalid Elfaki Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Salim
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Higher Technological Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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2
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Hempel B, Crissman M, Pari S, Klein B, Bi GH, Alton H, Xi ZX. PPARα and PPARγ are expressed in midbrain dopamine neurons and modulate dopamine- and cannabinoid-mediated behavior in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4203-4214. [PMID: 37479780 PMCID: PMC10799974 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors that regulate gene expression. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is a PPARγ agonist and some endocannabinoids are natural activators of PPARα and PPARγ. However, little is known regarding their cellular distributions in the brain and functional roles in cannabinoid action. Here, we first used RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry assays to examine the cellular distributions of PPARα and PPARγ expression in the mouse brain. We found that PPARα and PPARγ are expressed in ~70% of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. In the amygdala, PPARα is expressed in ~60% of glutamatergic neurons, while PPARγ is expressed in ~60% of GABA neurons. However, no PPARα/γ signal was detected in GABA neurons in the nucleus accumbens. We then used a series of behavioral assays to determine the functional roles of PPARα/γ in the CNS effects of Δ9-THC. We found that optogenetic stimulation of midbrain DA neurons was rewarding as assessed by optical intracranial self-stimulation (oICSS) in DAT-cre mice. Δ9-THC and a PPARγ (but not PPARα) agonist dose-dependently inhibited oICSS. Pretreatment with PPARα or PPARγ antagonists attenuated the Δ9-THC-induced reduction in oICSS and Δ9-THC-induced anxiogenic effects. In addition, a PPARγ agonist increased, while PPARα or PPARγ antagonists decreased open-field locomotion. Pretreatment with PPARα or PPARγ antagonists potentiated Δ9-THC-induced hypoactivity and catalepsy but failed to alter Δ9-THC-induced analgesia, hypothermia and immobility. These findings provide the first anatomical and functional evidence supporting an important role of PPARα/γ in DA-dependent behavior and cannabinoid action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Hempel
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madeline Crissman
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sruti Pari
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Klein
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hannah Alton
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Medication Development Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Xi ZX, Hempel B, Crissman M, Pari S, Klein B, Bi GH, Alton H. PPARα and PPARγ are expressed in midbrain dopamine neurons and modulate dopamine- and cannabinoid-mediated behavior in mice. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2614714. [PMID: 36909477 PMCID: PMC10002816 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2614714/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors that regulate gene expression. Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) is a PPARg agonist and some endocannabinoids are natural activators of PPAR a and PPARg. Therefore, both the receptors are putative cannabinoid receptors. However, little is known regarding their cellular distributions in the brain and functional roles in cannabinoid action. Here we first used RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry assays to examine the cellular distributions of PPARα and PPARγ expression in the mouse brain. We found that PPARα and PPARγ are highly expressed in ~70% midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons and in ~50% GABAergic and ~50% glutamatergic neurons in the amygdala. However, no PPARα/γ signal was detected in GABAergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens. We then used a series of behavioral assays to determine the functional roles of PPARα/γ in the CNS effects of Δ 9 -THC. We found that optogenetic stimulation of midbrain DA neurons was rewarding as assessed by optical intracranial self-stimulation (oICSS) in DAT-cre mice. Δ 9 -THC and a PPARγ (but not PPARα) agonist dose-dependently inhibited oICSS, suggesting that dopaminergic PPARγ modulates DA-dependent behavior. Surprisingly, pretreatment with PPARα or PPARγ antagonists dose-dependently attenuated the Δ 9 -THC-induced reduction in oICSS and anxiogenic effects. In addition, a PPARγ agonist increased, while PPARa or PPARγ antagonists decreased open-field locomotion. Pretreatment with PPARa or PPARγ antagonists potentiated Δ 9 -THC-induced hypoactivity and catalepsy but failed to alter Δ 9 -THC-induced analgesia, hypothermia and immobility. These findings provide the first anatomical and functional evidence supporting an important role of PPARa/g in DA-dependent behavior and cannabinoid action.
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Loupy KM, Cler KE, Marquart BM, Yifru TW, D'Angelo HM, Arnold MR, Elsayed AI, Gebert MJ, Fierer N, Fonken LK, Frank MG, Zambrano CA, Maier SF, Lowry CA. Comparing the effects of two different strains of mycobacteria, Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 and M. vaccae ATCC 15483, on stress-resilient behaviors and lipid-immune signaling in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:212-229. [PMID: 33011306 PMCID: PMC7749860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-related disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are highly prevalent and often difficult to treat. In rodents, stress-related, anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses may be characterized by social avoidance, exacerbated inflammation, and altered metabolic states. We have previously shown that, in rodents, subcutaneous injections of a heat-killed preparation of the soil-derived bacterium Mycobacterium vaccae NCTC 11659 promotes stress resilience effects that are associated with immunoregulatory signaling in the periphery and the brain. In the current study, we sought to determine whether treatment with a heat-killed preparation of the closely related M. vaccae type strain, M. vaccae ATCC 15483, would also promote stress-resilience in adult male rats, likely due to biologically similar characteristics of the two strains. Here we show that immunization with either M. vaccae NCTC 11659 or M. vaccae ATCC 15483 prevents stress-induced increases in hippocampal interleukin 6 mRNA expression, consistent with previous studies showing that M. vaccae NCTC 11659 prevents stress-induced increases in peripheral IL-6 secretion, and prevents exaggeration of anxiety-like defensive behavioral responses assessed 24 h after exposure to inescapable tail shock stress (IS) in adult male rats. Analysis of mRNA expression, protein abundance, and flow cytometry data demonstrate overlapping but also unique effects of treatment with the two M. vaccae strains on immunological and metabolic signaling in the host. These data support the hypothesis that treatment with different M. vaccae strains may immunize the host against stress-induced dysregulation of physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Loupy
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kristin E Cler
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brandon M Marquart
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Tumim W Yifru
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Heather M D'Angelo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Mathew R Arnold
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ahmed I Elsayed
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Matthew J Gebert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Noah Fierer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Laura K Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Matthew G Frank
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Cristian A Zambrano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO 80045, USA; inVIVO Planetary Health, of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ 07093, USA.
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5
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Abstract
This chapter describes recent clinical trials for opioid use disorder (OUD), an area that has rapidly accelerated in response to the opioid overdose crisis in the USA and newly appropriated funding. Trials involve a wide range of compounds including cannabinoids and psychedelics, new and existing compounds targeting domains emerging from addiction neuroscience, agents repurposed from other indications, and novel strategies including vaccines, enzymes, and other biologicals. In parallel, new formulations of existing compounds offer immediate promise, as do a variety of web-based interventions and smartphone-delivered apps. Trials focused on implementing existing effective interventions in mainstream healthcare settings, and others focused on special populations, e.g., adolescents, criminal justice, pregnant women, native Americans, etc., have the potential to vastly expand treatment in the near term. Given the range of ongoing and recent trials, this chapter is not intended to be an exhaustive review but rather to present an overview of approaches within the framework of the opioid treatment cascade and the context of current OUD pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Blessing
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sanya Virani
- Department of Psychiatry, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - John Rotrosen
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Chaffin ATB, Fang Y, Larson KR, Mul JD, Ryan KK. Sex-dependent effects of MC4R genotype on HPA axis tone: implications for stress-associated cardiometabolic disease. Stress 2019; 22:571-580. [PMID: 31184537 PMCID: PMC6690797 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1610742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) facilitates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis responses to acute stress in male rodents and is a well known to regulator of energy balance. Mutations in the MC4R is the most common monogenic cause of obesity in humans and has been associated with sex-specific effects, but whether stress regulation by the MC4R is sex-dependent, and whether the MC4R facilitates HPA responses to chronic stress, is unknown. We hypothesized that MC4R-signaling contributes to HPA axis dysregulation and metabolic pathophysiology following chronic stress exposure. We measured changes in energy balance, HPA axis tone, and vascular remodeling during chronic variable stress (CVS) in male and female rats with MC4R loss-of-function. Rats were placed into three groups (n = 9-18/genotype/sex) and half of each group was subjected to CVS for 30 days or were non-stressed littermate controls. All rats underwent an acute restraint stress challenge on Day 30. Rats were euthanized on Day 31, adrenals collected for weight, and descending aortas fixed for morphological indices of vascular pathophysiology. We observed a marked interaction between Mc4r genotype and sex for basal HPA axis tone and acute stress responsivity. MC4R loss-of-function blunted both endpoints in males but exaggerated them in females. Contrary to our hypothesis, Mc4r genotype had no effect on either HPA axis responses or metabolic responses to chronic stress. Heightened stress reactivity of females with MC4R mutations suggests a possible mechanism for the sex-dependent effects associated with this mutation in humans and highlights how stress may differentially regulate metabolism in males and females. Lay summary The hypothalamic melanocortin system is an important regulator of energy balance and stress responses. Here, we report a sex-difference in the stress reactivity of rats with a mutation in this system. Our findings highlight how stress may regulate metabolism differently in males and females and may provide insight into sex-differences associated with this mutation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki T-B Chaffin
- a Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Yanbin Fang
- a Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Karlton R Larson
- a Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Joram D Mul
- b Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands
- c Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Karen K Ryan
- a Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California , Davis , CA , USA
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Busnardo C, Crestani CC, Scopinho AA, Packard BA, Resstel LBM, Correa FMA, Herman JP. Nitrergic neurotransmission in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus modulates autonomic, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to acute restraint stress in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:16-27. [PMID: 30395879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of nitrergic neurotransmission within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in modulation of local neuronal activation, autonomic and neuroendocrine responses and behavioral consequences of acute restraint stress in rats. Bilateral microinjections of the selective neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) inhibitor Nw-Propyl-L-arginine (NPLA) or the NO scavenger carboxy-PTIO into the PVN reduced arterial pressure and heart rate increases, as well as the fall in cutaneous tail temperature induced by restraint stress. PVN injection of either NPLA or carboxy-PTIO also inhibited restraint-induced increases in anxiety-related behaviors in the elevated plus-maze 24 h later. Local microinjection of NPLA or carboxy-PTIO into the PVN reduced the number of c-fos-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal parvocellular, ventromedial, medial parvocellular and lateral magnocelllular portions of the PVN in animals subjected to restraint stress. However, neither NPLA nor carboxy-PTIO into the PVN affected restraint-induced increases in plasma corticosterone concentration. The present results indicate that PVN nitrergic neurotransmission acting via nNOS activation has a facilitatory influence on autonomic responses to acute restraint and the delayed emotional consequences of restraint stress. Our results also provide evidence of a prominent role of local nitrergic neurotransmission in PVN neuronal activation during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Busnardo
- Departments of Pharmacology of the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil
| | - América A Scopinho
- Departments of Pharmacology of the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benjamin A Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leonardo B M Resstel
- Departments of Pharmacology of the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando M A Correa
- Departments of Pharmacology of the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - James P Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Nisbett KE, Pinna G. Emerging Therapeutic Role of PPAR-α in Cognition and Emotions. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:998. [PMID: 30356872 PMCID: PMC6190882 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khalin E Nisbett
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Ryan KK, Packard AEB, Larson KR, Stout J, Fourman SM, Thompson AMK, Ludwick K, Habegger KM, Stemmer K, Itoh N, Perez-Tilve D, Tschöp MH, Seeley RJ, Ulrich-Lai YM. Dietary Manipulations That Induce Ketosis Activate the HPA Axis in Male Rats and Mice: A Potential Role for Fibroblast Growth Factor-21. Endocrinology 2018; 159:400-413. [PMID: 29077838 PMCID: PMC5761593 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In response to an acute threat to homeostasis or well-being, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis is engaged. A major outcome of this HPA axis activation is the mobilization of stored energy, to fuel an appropriate behavioral and/or physiological response to the perceived threat. Importantly, the extent of HPA axis activity is thought to be modulated by an individual's nutritional environment. In this study, we report that nutritional manipulations signaling a relative depletion of dietary carbohydrates, thereby inducing nutritional ketosis, acutely and chronically activate the HPA axis. Male rats and mice maintained on a low-carbohydrate high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) exhibited canonical markers of chronic stress, including increased basal and stress-evoked plasma corticosterone, increased adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotropin hormone, increased stress-evoked c-Fos immunolabeling in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and thymic atrophy, an indicator of chronic glucocorticoid exposure. Moreover, acutely feeding medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) to rapidly induce ketosis among chow-fed male rats and mice also acutely increased HPA axis activity. Lastly, and consistent with a growing literature that characterizes the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) as both a marker of the ketotic state and as a key metabolic stress hormone, the HPA response to both KD and MCTs was significantly blunted among mice lacking FGF21. We conclude that dietary manipulations that induce ketosis lead to increased HPA axis tone, and that the hepatokine FGF21 may play an important role to facilitate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K. Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Amy E. B. Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Karlton R. Larson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jayna Stout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Sarah M. Fourman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Abigail M. K. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Kristen Ludwick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Kirk M. Habegger
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Yvonne M. Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
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de Kloet AD, Herman JP. Fat-brain connections: Adipocyte glucocorticoid control of stress and metabolism. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 48:50-57. [PMID: 29042142 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids act via multiple mechanisms to mobilize energy for maintenance and restoration of homeostasis. In adipose tissue, glucocorticoids can promote lipolysis and facilitate adipocyte differentiation/growth, serving both energy-mobilizing and restorative processes during negative energy balance. Recent data suggest that adipose-dependent feedback may also be involved in regulation of stress responses. Adipocyte glucocorticoid receptor (GR) deletion causes increased HPA axis stress reactivity, due to a loss of negative feedback signals into the CNS. The fat-to-brain signal may be mediated by neuronal mechanisms, release of adipokines or increased lipolysis. The ability of adipose GRs to inhibit psychogenic as well as metabolic stress responses suggests that (1) feedback regulation of the HPA axis occurs across multiple bodily compartments, and (2) fat tissue integrates psychogenic stress signals. These studies support a link between stress biology and energy metabolism, a connection that has clear relevance for numerous disease states and their comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette D de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - James P Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States.
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11
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Davidson MA, Mattison DR, Azoulay L, Krewski D. Thiazolidinedione drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: past, present and future. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:52-108. [PMID: 28816105 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1351420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have proven effective in improving insulin sensitivity, hyperglycemia, and lipid metabolism. Though well tolerated by some patients, their mechanism of action as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) results in the activation of several pathways in addition to those responsible for glycemic control and lipid homeostasis. These pathways, which include those related to inflammation, bone formation, and cell proliferation, may lead to adverse health outcomes. As treatment with TZDs has been associated with adverse hepatic, cardiovascular, osteological, and carcinogenic events in some studies, the role of TZDs in the treatment of T2DM continues to be debated. At the same time, new therapeutic roles for TZDs are being investigated, with new forms and isoforms currently in the pre-clinical phase for use in the prevention and treatment of some cancers, inflammatory diseases, and other conditions. The aims of this review are to provide an overview of the mechanism(s) of action of TZDs, a review of their safety for use in the treatment of T2DM, and a perspective on their current and future therapeutic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Davidson
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Donald R Mattison
- b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Laurent Azoulay
- d Center for Clinical Epidemiology , Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada.,e Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.,b McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment , Ottawa , Canada.,c Risk Sciences International , Ottawa , Canada.,f Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
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12
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Trofimiuk E, Wielgat P, Braszko JJ. Candesartan, angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker is able to relieve age-related cognitive impairment. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 70:87-92. [PMID: 29331792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candesartan is one of the standard antihypertensive drug belonging to AT1R angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) group. Beneficial effects of this drug in the treatment of hypertension are well recognized. In this study we tested a hypothesis that candesartan could alleviate age-related memory decline. METHODS Aged and young rats have been treated with candesartan (0.1mg kg-1) for 21days and then underwent a battery of behavioral tests: for assessment of long-term memory (Passive avoidance test - PA), recognition memory (Object recognition test - OR), locomotor functions (Open field - OF) and anxiety behavior (Elevated plus maze - EPM). RESULTS Aged rats (2-years-old) displayed clear declining tendency in the retrieval of passive avoidance behavior showing thus increased forgetting. Prolonged administration of candesartan significantly (p<0.01) reversed this phenomenon causing recall measured as the avoidance latency, and surprisingly also showed the tendency to recall deterioration observed in the young rats. More optimistic results were achieved in the OR, where candesartan significantly improved recognition memory (p<0.001) of aged rats who performed even better than the young ones (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS It appears that candesartan potently abolishes some kinds of aging-induced memory impairments and cognitive declines in aged rats, but in some circumstances it may even could increase the damage of memory. It seems that the use of sartans in the treatment of hypertension for patients with associated cognitive impairment, or for people in risk groups for such disorders can be an interesting alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Trofimiuk
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Wielgat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Jan J Braszko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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13
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Wincewicz D, Juchniewicz A, Waszkiewicz N, Braszko JJ. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade by telmisartan prevents stress-induced impairment of memory via HPA axis deactivation and up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 148:108-18. [PMID: 27375198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Physical and psychological aspects of chronic stress continue to be a persistent clinical problem for which new pharmacological treatment strategies are aggressively sought. By the results of our previous work it has been demonstrated that telmisartan (TLM), an angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1) blocker (ARB) and partial agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), alleviates stress-induced cognitive decline. Understanding of mechanistic background of this phenomenon is hampered by both dual binding sites of TLM and limited data on the consequences of central AT1 blockade and PPARγ activation. Therefore, a critical need exists for progress in the characterization of this target for pro-cognitive drug discovery. An unusual ability of novel ARBs to exert various PPARγ binding activities is commonly being viewed as predominant over angiotensin blockade in terms of neuroprotection. Here we aimed to verify this hypothesis using an animal model of chronic psychological stress (Wistar rats restrained 2.5h daily for 21days) with simultaneous oral administration of TLM (1mg/kg), GW9662 - PPARγ receptor antagonist (0.5mg/kg), or both in combination, followed by a battery of behavioral tests (open field, elevated plus maze, inhibitory avoidance - IA, object recognition - OR), quantitative determination of serum corticosterone (CORT) and evaluation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HIP). Stressed animals displayed decreased recall of the IA behavior (p<0.001), decreased OR (p<0.001), substantial CORT increase (p<0.001) and significantly downregulated expression of BDNF in the mPFC (p<0.001), which were attenuated in rats receiving TLM and TLM+GW9662. These data indicate that procognitive effect of ARBs in stressed subjects do not result from PPAR-γ activation, but AT1 blockade and subsequent hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis deactivation associated with changes in primarily cortical gene expression. This study confirms the dual activities of TLM that controls hypertension and cognition through AT1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wincewicz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15a, 15274 Bialystok, Poland; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - A Juchniewicz
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - N Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - J J Braszko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15a, 15274 Bialystok, Poland
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14
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Goodson ML, Packard AEB, Buesing DR, Maney M, Myers B, Fang Y, Basford JE, Hui DY, Ulrich-Lai YM, Herman JP, Ryan KK. Chronic stress and Rosiglitazone increase indices of vascular stiffness in male rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 172:16-23. [PMID: 27040922 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged and/or frequent exposure to psychological stress responses may lead to deterioration of organs and tissues, predisposing to disease. In agreement with this, chronic psychosocial stress is linked to greater cardiovascular risk, including increased incidence of atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, coronary heart disease, and death. Thus the association between stress and cardiovascular dysfunction represents an important node for therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disease. Here we report that 2weeks of chronic variable stress (CVS) increased indices of vascular stiffness, including increased collagen deposition in the aortic adventitia and increased resting pulse pressure, in male rats. Thus CVS may represent a useful rodent model for stress-associated CVD, especially for aging populations for which widening pulse pressure is a well-known risk factor. Additionally, we report that the thiazolidinedione Rosiglitazone (RSG) blunts chronic stress-associated increases in circulating corticosterone. Despite this, RSG was not protective against adverse cardiovascular outcomes associated with chronic stress. Rather RSG itself is associated with increased pulse pressure, and this is exacerbated by chronic stress-highlighting that chronic stress may represent an additional contributor to RSG-associated cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Goodson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - A E B Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - D R Buesing
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - M Maney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - B Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Y Fang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - J E Basford
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - D Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Y M Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - J P Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Karen K Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
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15
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Investigations in foot shock stress of variable intensity in mice: Adaptation and role of angiotensin II. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Uchoa ET, Aguilera G, Herman JP, Fiedler JL, Deak T, Cordeiro de Sousa MB. Novel aspects of glucocorticoid actions. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:557-72. [PMID: 24724595 PMCID: PMC4161987 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity leading to the rhythmic and episodic release of adrenal glucocorticoids (GCs) is essential for body homeostasis and survival during stress. Acting through specific intracellular receptors in the brain and periphery, GCs regulate behaviour, as well as metabolic, cardiovascular, immune and neuroendocrine activities. By contrast to chronic elevated levels, circadian and acute stress-induced increases in GCs are necessary for hippocampal neuronal survival and memory acquisition and consolidation, as a result of the inhibition of apoptosis, the facilitation of glutamatergic neurotransmission and the formation of excitatory synapses, and the induction of immediate early genes and dendritic spine formation. In addition to metabolic actions leading to increased energy availability, GCs have profound effects on feeding behaviour, mainly via the modulation of orexigenic and anorixegenic neuropeptides. Evidence is also emerging that, in addition to the recognised immune suppressive actions of GCs by counteracting adrenergic pro-inflammatory actions, circadian elevations have priming effects in the immune system, potentiating acute defensive responses. In addition, negative-feedback by GCs involves multiple mechanisms leading to limited HPA axis activation and prevention of the deleterious effects of excessive GC production. Adequate GC secretion to meet body demands is tightly regulated by a complex neural circuitry controlling hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin secretion, which are the main regulators of pituitary adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Rapid feedback mechanisms, likely involving nongenomic actions of GCs, mediate the immediate inhibition of hypothalamic CRH and ACTH secretion, whereas intermediate and delayed mechanisms mediated by genomic actions involve the modulation of limbic circuitry and peripheral metabolic messengers. Consistent with their key adaptive roles, HPA axis components are evolutionarily conserved, being present in the earliest vertebrates. An understanding of these basic mechanisms may lead to novel approaches for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools for disorders related to stress and alterations of GC secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernane Torres Uchoa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Greti Aguilera
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James P. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jenny L. Fiedler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Terrence Deak
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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Roohafza H, Shokouh P, Sadeghi M, Alikhassy Z, Sarrafzadegan N. A Possible Role for Pioglitazone in the Management of Depressive Symptoms in Metabolic Syndrome Patients (EPICAMP Study): A Double Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:697617. [PMID: 27433505 PMCID: PMC4897538 DOI: 10.1155/2014/697617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present trial aimed to evaluate the effects of pioglitazone on the mental status of nondiabetic metabolic syndrome patients. From 145 patients screened, 104 eligible volunteers (57% female; age 20-70 years) were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either pioglitazone (uptitrated to 30 mg/day; P = 53) or matching placebo (P = 51) for 24 weeks. Depression and anxiety were quantified using the hospital anxiety and depression scale and stress level using the general health questionnaire 12 at baseline, week 12, and endpoint. Homeostasis model assessment was used to estimate insulin resistance. At week 24, pioglitazone was superior in mitigating depression score (P = 0.011). In trend analysis, the effect of time (P < 0.001) and group (P = 0.023) as well as the time by group interaction (P = 0.032) on the mean depression score was considerable. In contrast, significant decrements in anxiety and stress levels (P < 0.001 and P = 0.012, resp.) were comparable between two groups. With respect to our findings, alterations in depression severity were not correlated with changes in insulin resistance level (P = 0.145). In conclusion, our findings suggest that pioglitazone might be able to improve mood in nondiabetic insulin resistant patients. (Registered at Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; ACTRN12611000351910.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Roohafza
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Iran
| | - Pedram Shokouh
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sadeghi
- Isfahan Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Iran
| | - Zahra Alikhassy
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Iran
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, P.O. Box 81465-1148, Iran
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Ferguson LB, Most D, Blednov YA, Harris RA. PPAR agonists regulate brain gene expression: relationship to their effects on ethanol consumption. Neuropharmacology 2014; 86:397-407. [PMID: 25036611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. Although prescribed for dyslipidemia and type-II diabetes, PPAR agonists also possess anti-addictive characteristics. PPAR agonists decrease ethanol consumption and reduce withdrawal severity and susceptibility to stress-induced relapse in rodents. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms facilitating these properties have yet to be investigated. We tested three PPAR agonists in a continuous access two-bottle choice (2BC) drinking paradigm and found that tesaglitazar (PPARα/γ; 1.5 mg/kg) and fenofibrate (PPARα; 150 mg/kg) decreased ethanol consumption in male C57BL/6J mice while bezafibrate (PPARα/γ/β; 75 mg/kg) did not. We hypothesized that changes in brain gene expression following fenofibrate and tesaglitazar treatment lead to reduced ethanol drinking. We studied unbiased genomic profiles in areas of the brain known to be important for ethanol dependence, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala, and also profiled gene expression in liver. Genomic profiles from the non-effective bezafibrate treatment were used to filter out genes not associated with ethanol consumption. Because PPAR agonists are anti-inflammatory, they would be expected to target microglia and astrocytes. Surprisingly, PPAR agonists produced a strong neuronal signature in mouse brain, and fenofibrate and tesaglitazar (but not bezafibrate) targeted a subset of GABAergic interneurons in the amygdala. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed co-expression of treatment-significant genes. Functional annotation of these gene networks suggested that PPAR agonists might act via neuropeptide and dopaminergic signaling pathways in the amygdala. Our results reveal gene targets through which PPAR agonists can affect alcohol consumption behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Ferguson
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; The Institute for Neuroscience (INS), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Dana Most
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; The Institute for Neuroscience (INS), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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19
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Telmisartan attenuates cognitive impairment caused by chronic stress in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:436-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Traumatic injury or disease of the spinal cord and brain elicits multiple cellular and biochemical reactions that together cause or are associated with neuropathology. Specifically, injury or disease elicits acute infiltration and activation of immune cells, death of neurons and glia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the secretion of substrates that inhibit axon regeneration. In some diseases, inflammation is chronic or non-resolving. Ligands that target PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), a group of ligand-activated transcription factors, are promising therapeutics for neurologic disease and CNS injury because their activation affects many, if not all, of these interrelated pathologic mechanisms. PPAR activation can simultaneously weaken or reprogram the immune response, stimulate metabolic and mitochondrial function, promote axon growth and induce progenitor cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. PPAR activation has beneficial effects in many pre-clinical models of neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injury; however, the mechanisms through which PPARs exert these effects have yet to be fully elucidated. In this review we discuss current literature supporting the role of PPAR activation as a therapeutic target for treating traumatic injury and degenerative diseases of the CNS.
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21
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Zhao H, Gu H, Zhang H, Li JH, Zhao WE. PPARγ-dependent pathway in the growth-inhibitory effects of K562 cells by carotenoids in combination with rosiglitazone. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:545-55. [PMID: 24036327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoids have been found to play roles in the prevention and therapy of some cancers which PPARγ was also discovered to be involved in. The present studies were directed to determine the inhibitory effects of carotenoids in combination with rosiglitazone, a synthetic PPARγ agonist, on K562 cell proliferation and elucidate the contribution of PPARγ-dependent pathway to cell proliferation suppression. METHODS The effects of carotenoid and rosiglitazone combination on K562 cell proliferation were evaluated by trypan blue dye exclusion assay and MTT assay. When PPARγ has been inhibited by GW9662 and siRNA, cycle-related regulator expression in K562 cells treated with carotenoid and rosiglitazone combination was analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS Rosiglitazone inhibited K562 cell proliferation and augmented the inhibitory effects of carotenoids on the cell proliferation greatly. Specific PPARγ inhibition attenuated the cell growth suppression induced by carotenoid and rosiglitazone combination. GW9662 pre-treatment attenuated the enhanced up-regulation of PPARγ expression caused by the combination treatment. Moreover, GW9662 and PPARγ siRNA also significantly attenuated the up-regulation of p21 and down-regulation of cyclin D1 caused by carotenoids and rosiglitazone. CONCLUSIONS PPARγ signaling pathway, via stimulating p21 and inhibiting cyclin D1, may play an important role in the anti-proliferative effects of carotenoid and rosiglitazone combination on K562 cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Carotenoids in combination with rosiglitazone are hopeful to provide attractive dietary or supplementation-based and pharmaceutical strategies to treat cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
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22
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Harker M. Psychological Sweating: A Systematic Review Focused on Aetiology and Cutaneous Response. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:92-100. [DOI: 10.1159/000346930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ulrich-Lai YM, Ryan KK. PPARγ and stress: implications for aging. Exp Gerontol 2012; 48:671-6. [PMID: 22960592 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex interactions link psychological stress and aging - stress generally promotes aging processes, and conversely, aging can contribute to stress dysregulation. Stress and aging have remarkably similar effects on brain. Both induce neuroinflammation and alter neuronal metabolism and activity, which to varying extents are causally-linked to the development of stress and aging pathology. As such, induction of one or more of these brain disturbances by either stress or aging could predispose for the development of dysfunction in the other. Notably, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is expressed in brain regions that regulate both stress and aging (e.g., hippocampus) and can act to prevent the consequences of aging and stress on the brain. In addition, PPARγ agonists reduce the physiological stress response itself. Thus, PPARγ may represent a critical mechanistic link between brain aging and stress that could hold therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of age-related cognitive and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45140, USA.
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