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Luk CT, Chan CK, Chiu F, Shi SY, Misra PS, Li YZ, Pollock-Tahiri E, Schroer SA, Desai HR, Sivasubramaniyam T, Cai EP, Krishnamurthy M, Han DJ, Chowdhury A, Aslam R, Yuen DA, Hakem A, Hakem R, Woo M. Dual Role of Caspase 8 in Adipocyte Apoptosis and Metabolic Inflammation. Diabetes 2023; 72:1751-1765. [PMID: 37699387 DOI: 10.2337/db22-1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are cysteine-aspartic proteases that were initially discovered to play a role in apoptosis. However, caspase 8, in particular, also has additional nonapoptotic roles, such as in inflammation. Adipocyte cell death and inflammation are hypothesized to be initiating pathogenic factors in type 2 diabetes. Here, we examined the pleiotropic role of caspase 8 in adipocytes and obesity-associated insulin resistance. Caspase 8 expression was increased in adipocytes from mice and humans with obesity and insulin resistance. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with caspase 8 inhibitor Z-IETD-FMK decreased both death receptor-mediated signaling and targets of nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB) signaling. We generated novel adipose tissue and adipocyte-specific caspase 8 knockout mice (aP2Casp8-/- and adipoqCasp8-/-). Both males and females had improved glucose tolerance in the setting of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Knockout mice also gained less weight on HFD, with decreased adiposity, adipocyte size, and hepatic steatosis. These mice had decreased adipose tissue inflammation and decreased activation of canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, they demonstrated increased energy expenditure, core body temperature, and UCP1 expression. Adipocyte-specific activation of Ikbkb or housing mice at thermoneutrality attenuated improvements in glucose tolerance. These data demonstrate an important role for caspase 8 in mediating adipocyte cell death and inflammation to regulate glucose and energy homeostasis. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Caspase 8 is increased in adipocytes from mice and humans with obesity and insulin resistance. Knockdown of caspase 8 in adipocytes protects mice from glucose intolerance and weight gain on a high-fat diet. Knockdown of caspase 8 decreases Fas signaling, as well as canonical and noncanonical nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB) signaling in adipose tissue. Improved glucose tolerance occurs via reduced activation of NF-κB signaling and via induction of UCP1 in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia T Luk
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmen K Chan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felix Chiu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sally Yu Shi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paraish S Misra
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Zhe Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan Pollock-Tahiri
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Schroer
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harsh R Desai
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tharini Sivasubramaniyam
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erica P Cai
- Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Daniel J Han
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Apu Chowdhury
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rukhsana Aslam
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darren A Yuen
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Hakem
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Minna Woo
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network/Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Han DJ, Aslam R, Misra PS, Chiu F, Ojha T, Chowdhury A, Chan CK, Sung HK, Yuen DA, Luk CT. Disruption of adipocyte YAP improves glucose homeostasis in mice and decreases adipose tissue fibrosis. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101594. [PMID: 36165813 PMCID: PMC9551211 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue is a very dynamic metabolic organ that plays an essential role in regulating whole-body glucose homeostasis. Dysfunctional adipose tissue hypertrophy with obesity is associated with fibrosis and type 2 diabetes. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP) is a transcription cofactor important in the Hippo signaling pathway. However, the role of YAP in adipose tissue and glucose homeostasis is unknown. METHODS To study the role of YAP with metabolic stress, we assessed how increased weight and insulin resistance impact YAP in humans and mouse models. To further investigate the in vivo role of YAP specifically in adipose tissue and glucose homeostasis, we developed adipose tissue-specific YAP knockout mice and placed them on either chow or high fat diet (HFD) for 12-14 weeks. To further study the direct role of YAP in adipocytes we used 3T3-L1 cells. RESULTS We found that YAP protein levels increase in adipose tissue from humans with type 2 diabetes and mouse models of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. This suggests that YAP signaling may contribute to adipocyte dysfunction and insulin resistance under metabolic stress conditions. On an HFD, adipose tissue YAP knockout mice had improved glucose tolerance compared to littermate controls. Perigonadal fat pad weight was also decreased in knockout animals, with smaller adipocyte size. Adipose tissue fibrosis and gene expression associated with fibrosis was decreased in vivo and in vitro in 3T3-L1 cells treated with a YAP inhibitor or siRNA. CONCLUSIONS We show that YAP is increased in adipose tissue with weight gain and insulin resistance. Disruption of YAP in adipocytes prevents glucose intolerance and adipose tissue fibrosis, suggesting that YAP plays an important role in regulating adipose tissue and glucose homeostasis with metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Han
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Keenan Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rukhsana Aslam
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paraish S. Misra
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Keenan Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Felix Chiu
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tanvi Ojha
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Apu Chowdhury
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan 644000, China
| | - Carmen K. Chan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Keenan Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darren A. Yuen
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Keenan Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia T. Luk
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Keenan Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, ON, Canada,Corresponding author. Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, 5th Floor, Toronto Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada.
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Dey S, Lee J, Noguchi CT. Erythropoietin Non-hematopoietic Tissue Response and Regulation of Metabolism During Diet Induced Obesity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:725734. [PMID: 34603036 PMCID: PMC8479821 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.725734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) receptor (EPOR) determines EPO response. High level EPOR on erythroid progenitor cells gives rise to EPO regulated production of red blood cells. Animal models provide evidence for EPO activity in non-hematopoietic tissue mediated by EPOR expression. Beyond erythropoiesis, EPO activity includes neuroprotection in brain ischemia and trauma, endothelial nitric oxide production and cardioprotection, skeletal muscle wound healing, and context dependent bone remodeling affecting bone repair or bone loss. This review highlights examples of EPO protective activity in select non-hematopoietic tissue with emphasis on metabolic response mediated by EPOR expression in fat and brain and sex-specific regulation of fat mass and inflammation associated with diet induced obesity. Endogenous EPO maintains glucose and insulin tolerance and protects against fat mass accumulation and inflammation. Accompanying the increase in erythropoiesis with EPO treatment is improved glucose tolerance and insulin response. During high fat diet feeding, EPO also decreases fat mass accumulation in male mice. The increased white adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration associated with diet induced obesity are also reduced with EPO treatment with a shift toward an anti-inflammatory state and decreased inflammatory cytokine production. In female mice the protective effect of estrogen against obesity supersedes EPO regulation of fat mass and inflammation, and requires estrogen receptor alpha activity. In brain, EPOR expression in the hypothalamus localizes to proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus that promotes a lean phenotype. EPO stimulation of proopiomelanocortin neurons increases STAT3 signaling and production of proopiomelanocortin. Cerebral EPO contributes to metabolic response, and elevated brain EPO reduces fat mass and hypothalamus inflammation during diet induced obesity in male mice without affecting EPO stimulated erythropoiesis. Ovariectomy abrogates the sex-specific metabolic response of brain EPO. The sex-dimorphic EPO metabolic response associated with fat mass accumulation and inflammation during diet induced obesity provide evidence for crosstalk between estrogen and EPO in their anti-obesity potential in female mice mediated in part via tissue specific response in brain and white adipose tissue. Endogenous and exogenous EPO response in non-hematopoietic tissue demonstrated in animal models suggests additional activity by which EPO treatment may affect human health beyond increased erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Dey
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jeeyoung Lee
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Constance T Noguchi
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Suresh S, Lee J, Noguchi CT. Effects of Erythropoietin in White Adipose Tissue and Bone Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584696. [PMID: 33330462 PMCID: PMC7732496 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is expressed primarily in fetal liver and adult kidney to stimulate red blood cell production. Erythropoietin receptor expression is not restricted to erythroid progenitor cells, and non-erythroid EPO activity includes immune response and bone remodeling. In bone fracture models, EPO administration promotes bone formation and accelerates bone healing. In contrast, in healthy adult mice, exogenous EPO-stimulated erythropoiesis has been concomitant with bone loss, particularly at high EPO, that may be accompanied by increased osteoclast activation. Other EPO-associated responses include reduced inflammation and loss of fat mass with high-fat diet feeding, especially in male mice. While EPO exhibited a sex-dimorphic response in regulation of fat mass and inflammation in obese mice, EPO-stimulated erythropoiesis as well as EPO-associated bone loss was comparable in males and females. EPO administration in young mice and in obese mice resulted in bone loss without increasing osteoclasts, suggesting an osteoclast-independent mechanism, while loss of endogenous EPO decreased bone development and maintenance. Ossicle formation of bone marrow stromal cell transplants showed that EPO directly regulates the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis. Therefore, during development, endogenous EPO contributes to normal bone development and in maintaining the balance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis in bone marrow stromal cells, while EPO treatment in mice increased erythropoiesis, promoted bone loss, decreased bone marrow adipogenesis, and increased osteoclast activity. These observations in mouse models suggest that the most prevalent use of EPO to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease may compromise bone health and increase fracture risk, especially at a high dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Suresh
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jeeyoung Lee
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Constance Tom Noguchi
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Noguchi CT. Erythropoietin regulates metabolic response in mice via receptor expression in adipose tissue, brain, and bone. Exp Hematol 2020; 92:32-42. [PMID: 32950599 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.09.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) acts by binding to erythroid progenitor cells to regulate red blood cell production. While EPO receptor (Epor) expression is highest on erythroid tissue, animal models exhibit EPO activity in nonhematopoietic tissues, mediated, in part, by tissue-specific Epor expression. This review describes the metabolic response in mice to endogenous EPO and EPO treatment associated with glucose metabolism, fat mass accumulation, and inflammation in white adipose tissue and brain during diet-induced obesity and with bone marrow fat and bone remodeling. During high-fat diet-induced obesity, EPO treatment improves glucose tolerance, decreases fat mass accumulation, and shifts white adipose tissue from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. Fat mass regulation by EPO is sex dimorphic, apparent in males and abrogated by estrogen in females. Cerebral EPO also regulates fat mass and hypothalamus inflammation associated with diet-induced obesity in males and ovariectomized female mice. In bone, EPO contributes to the balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis in both male and female mice. EPO treatment promotes bone loss mediated via Epor in osteoblasts and reduces bone marrow adipocytes before and independent of change in white adipose tissue fat mass. EPO regulation of bone loss and fat mass is independent of EPO-stimulated erythropoiesis. EPO nonhematopoietic tissue response may relate to the long-term consequences of EPO treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease and to the alternative treatment of oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors that increase endogenous EPO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Tom Noguchi
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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Oster HS, Gvili Perelman M, Kolomansky A, Neumann D, Mittelman M. Erythropoietin Treatment Is Associated with Decreased Blood Glucose Levels in Hematologic Patients. Acta Haematol 2020; 144:252-258. [PMID: 32662775 DOI: 10.1159/000507974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythroid stimulating agents (ESAs) have pleiotropic effects, and in animal and human studies those exposed to high erythropoietin had lower blood glucose. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between ESA and glucose in anemia-treated patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or multiple myeloma (MM). PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients' glucose levels were compared while on to while off ESA, and all served as their own controls. To test the association between ESA and blood glucose, we employed a linear mixed model, accounting for variability in the number of measurements for each patient. RESULTS Charts of 20 patients were reviewed. Mean age was 77 ± 9.8 years (range 50-91). Thirteen patients had MDS, and 8 had MM (1 with both). Glucose (mean ± standard error of the mean) was 116.38 ± 5.21 mg/dL without ESA, as opposed to 105.64 ± 5.11 mg/dL with ESA (p < 0.0001). The 3 diabetic and 5 steroid-treated patients also demonstrated reduced glucose by approximately 19 mg/dL with ESA (p = 0.003 and p = 0.0001, respectively). There was no difference in collective hemoglobin levels between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION ESA treatment for anemia is associated with lower blood glucose in hematologic patients. In those who also have diabetes mellitus, ESA might contribute to glucose control, and even to hypoglycemia. Glucose monitoring is thus advised. Further studies with both diabetic and nondiabetic patients are needed to clarify this association and underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Oster
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel,
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,
| | - Moran Gvili Perelman
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Albert Kolomansky
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Drorit Neumann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Mittelman
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Suresh S, Rajvanshi PK, Noguchi CT. The Many Facets of Erythropoietin Physiologic and Metabolic Response. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1534. [PMID: 32038269 PMCID: PMC6984352 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, erythropoietin (EPO), produced in the kidney, is essential for bone marrow erythropoiesis, and hypoxia induction of EPO production provides for the important erythropoietic response to ischemic stress, such as during blood loss and at high altitude. Erythropoietin acts by binding to its cell surface receptor which is expressed at the highest level on erythroid progenitor cells to promote cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation in production of mature red blood cells. In addition to bone marrow erythropoiesis, EPO causes multi-tissue responses associated with erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) expression in non-erythroid cells such neural cells, endothelial cells, and skeletal muscle myoblasts. Animal and cell models of ischemic stress have been useful in elucidating the potential benefit of EPO affecting maintenance and repair of several non-hematopoietic organs including brain, heart and skeletal muscle. Metabolic and glucose homeostasis are affected by endogenous EPO and erythropoietin administration affect, in part via EPOR expression in white adipose tissue. In diet-induced obese mice, EPO is protective for white adipose tissue inflammation and gives rise to a gender specific response in weight control associated with white fat mass accumulation. Erythropoietin regulation of fat mass is masked in female mice due to estrogen production. EPOR is also expressed in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and EPO administration in mice results in reduced bone independent of the increase in hematocrit. Concomitant reduction in bone marrow adipocytes and bone morphogenic protein suggests that high EPO inhibits adipogenesis and osteogenesis. These multi-tissue responses underscore the pleiotropic potential of the EPO response and may contribute to various physiological manifestations accompanying anemia or ischemic response and pharmacological uses of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Suresh
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Praveen Kumar Rajvanshi
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Constance T Noguchi
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Erythropoietin and Its Angiogenic Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071519. [PMID: 28703764 PMCID: PMC5536009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is the main hematopoietic hormone acting on progenitor red blood cells via stimulation of cell growth, differentiation, and anti-apoptosis. However, its receptor (EPOR) is also expressed in various non-hematopoietic tissues, including endothelium. EPO is a pleiotropic growth factor that exhibits growth stimulation and cell/tissue protection on numerous cells and tissues. In this article we review the angiogenesis potential of EPO on endothelial cells in heart, brain, and leg ischemia, as well as its role in retinopathy protection and tumor promotion. Furthermore, the effect of EPO on bone marrow and adipose tissue is also discussed.
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FAK signalling controls insulin sensitivity through regulation of adipocyte survival. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14360. [PMID: 28165007 PMCID: PMC5303880 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) plays a central role in integrin signalling, which regulates growth and survival of tumours. Here we show that FAK protein levels are increased in adipose tissue of insulin-resistant obese mice and humans. Disruption of adipocyte FAK in mice or in 3T3 L1 cells decreases adipocyte survival. Adipocyte-specific FAK knockout mice display impaired adipose tissue expansion and insulin resistance on prolonged metabolic stress from a high-fat diet or when crossed on an obese db/db or ob/ob genetic background. Treatment of these mice with a PPARγ agonist does not restore adiposity or improve insulin sensitivity. In contrast, inhibition of apoptosis, either genetically or pharmacologically, attenuates adipocyte death, restores normal adiposity and improves insulin sensitivity. Together, these results demonstrate that FAK is required for adipocyte survival and maintenance of insulin sensitivity, particularly in the context of adipose tissue expansion as a result of caloric excess. The kinase FAK is important for integrin signalling and promotes cell survival. Here, the authors demonstrate FAK regulates adipocyte survival, and is particularly important for maintaining insulin sensitivity during adipose tissue expansion in the context of a calorie-rich diet.
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Christensen B, Nellemann B, Jørgensen JOL, Pedersen SB, Jessen N. Erythropoietin does not activate erythropoietin receptor signaling or lipolytic pathways in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue in vivo. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:160. [PMID: 27640183 PMCID: PMC5027120 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Erythropoietin (Epo) exerts direct effects on white adipose tissue (WAT) in mice in addition to its erythropoietic effects, and in humans Epo increases resting energy expenditure and affect serum lipid levels, but direct effects of Epo in human WAT have not been documented. We therefore investigated the effects of acute and prolonged Epo exposure on human WAT in vivo. Method Data were obtained from two clinical trials: 1) acute Epo exposure (rHuEpo, 400 IU/kg) followed by WAT biopsies after 1 h and 2) 10 weeks treatment with the erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) Darbepoietin-alpha. Biopsies were analyzed by PCR for Epo receptor (Epo-R) mRNA. A new and highly specific antibody (A82, Amgen) was used to evaluate the presence of Epo-R by western blot analysis in addition to Epo-R signaling proteins (Akt, STAT5, p70s6k, LYN, and p38MAPK), activation of lipolytic pathways (ATGL, HSL, CGI-58, G0S2, Perilipin, Cidea, Cidec, AMPK, and ACC), and mitochondrial biogenesis (VDAC, HSP90, PDH, and SDHA). Results No evidence of in vivo activation of the Epo-R in WAT could be documented despite detectable levels of Epo-R mRNA. Conclusion Thus, in contradiction to animal studies, Epo treatment within a physiological relevant range in humans does not exert direct effects in a subcutaneous WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Christensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, NBG/THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Nellemann
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, NBG/THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto L Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, NBG/THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen B Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, NBG/THG, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Reinhardt M, Dey S, Noguchi CT, Zhang Y, Krakoff J, Thearle MS. Non-hematopoietic effects of endogenous erythropoietin on lean mass and body weight regulation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1530-6. [PMID: 27222253 PMCID: PMC4925195 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the concurrent relationships between human plasma erythropoietin concentrations and energy expenditure (EE), body composition, plasma leptin concentrations, and associations with weight change. METHODS Plasma to measure erythropoietin and leptin; data for body composition; 24-h EE measured in a whole-room calorimeter; and 75 g oral glucose tolerance testing were available from 109 full-heritage Pima Indians (55% male) from a larger study designed to understand the causes of obesity. Seventy-nine subjects had data for weight at a later visit (mean follow-up = 4.3 ± 1.9 years) to calculate percent weight change per year. RESULTS Erythropoietin, adjusted for covariates, correlated with 24-h EE (r = 0.26, P = 0.007), sleeping EE (r = 0.29, P = 0.003), fat-free mass (r = 0.19, P = 0.05), and fat mass (r = 0.27, P = 0.005), but not insulin or glucose measures. The association of erythropoietin with 24-h EE was fully mediated by fat-free mass. Erythropoietin associated with leptin in women (ρ = 0.36, P = 0.01), but not in men (P = 0.9), independently from fat mass. The association of erythropoietin with percent weight change per year was in opposing directions (interaction: P = 0.002) in males (r = -0.35, P = 0.02) versus females (r = 0.37, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Non-hematopoietic endogenous erythropoietin action may be involved in body weight regulation in opposing directions in men and women, i.e., weight loss in men and weight gain in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reinhardt
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Soumyadeep Dey
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Constance Tom Noguchi
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Marie S. Thearle
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
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Abstract
PTEN plays an important role in diabetes pathogenesis not only as a key negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway required for insulin action, but also via its role in other cell processes required to maintain metabolic homeostasis. We describe the generation of tissue-specific PTEN knockout mice and models of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which we have found useful for the study of diabetes pathogenesis. We also outline common methods suitable for the characterization of glucose homeostasis in rodent models, including techniques to measure beta cell function and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia T Luk
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2C4
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2C4
| | - Stephanie A Schroer
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2C4
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2C4.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2C4.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2C4.
- Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College Street, MaRS Centre/TMDT, Room 10-363, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7.
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14
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Alnaeeli M, Noguchi CT. Erythropoietin and obesity-induced white adipose tissue inflammation: redefining the boundaries of the immunometabolism territory. Adipocyte 2015; 4:153-7. [PMID: 26167420 DOI: 10.4161/21623945.2014.978654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue represents a critical and predominant site for the interaction between metabolic and inflammatory responses during health and disease. In the white adipose tissue microenvironment, macrophages/adipocytes cross-talk have been shown to influence the metabolic and inflammatory states of both cell types, and contribute to the development of systemic insulin resistance during obesity. Indeed, the existence of paracrine loops between mature adipocytes and macrophages, especially during obesity-induced stress, involving the release of, and response to, an array of cytokines and regulatory factors, have been extensively studied using several in vitro and in vivo model systems. Published evidence together with recent observations, brought to light the unexpected role of erythropoietin and its receptor in the regulation of white adipose tissue mass, energy homeostasis, and inflammation as demonstrated by erythropoietin effects on adipocyte development and metabolic profile, and macrophage infiltration, cytokine responses, and activation state during diet-induced obesity. In this commentary, we discuss the newly added elements and perspectives to our understanding of the erythropoietin/erythropoietin-receptor axis as a regulator of obesity-induced white adipose tissue inflammation, providing insight into its effects on cytokine responses of macrophages and adipocytes, and possible links to glucose metabolism and insulin resistance.
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15
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Shah R, Ye C, Woo M, Connelly PW, Hanley AJ, Sermer M, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Erythropoietin and glucose homeostasis in women at varying degrees of future diabetic risk. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:26-31. [PMID: 25440262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/BACKGROUND Recently, there has been considerable interest in the potential anti-diabetic effects of erythropoietin in animal models. It is not known, however, whether endogenous erythropoietin is associated with glucose regulation in humans. METHODS We evaluated the longitudinal relationship between endogenous erythropoietin at 3-months postpartum and glucose homeostasis at 12-months postpartum in a cohort of 229 women with varying degrees of glucose intolerance in their recent pregnancy, a model of the early natural history of pre-diabetes/diabetes. The women reflected the full spectrum of glucose tolerance in pregnancy from normal (n=63) to mildly abnormal (n=65) to gestational impaired glucose tolerance (n=46) to gestational diabetes (n=55), and hence a broad range of future diabetic risk. RESULTS At 3-months postpartum, there was no difference in serum erythropoietin between these 4 groups (p=0.22). After covariate adjustment, erythropoietin was not associated with beta-cell function, insulin sensitivity, or glycemia at either 3- or 12-months postpartum. On multiple linear regression analyses, however, erythropoietin at 3-months emerged as an independent predictor of both systolic (beta=0.51326, p=0.003) and diastolic blood pressure (beta=0.3321, p=0.01) at 12-months. CONCLUSION Endogenous erythropoietin is not associated with glucose homeostasis early in the natural history of metabolic disease, but may be relevant to vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chang Ye
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip W Connelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony J Hanley
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathew Sermer
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bernard Zinman
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ravi Retnakaran
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
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16
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Wang L, Di L, Noguchi CT. Erythropoietin, a novel versatile player regulating energy metabolism beyond the erythroid system. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:921-39. [PMID: 25170305 PMCID: PMC4147225 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.9518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), the required cytokine for promoting the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid cells to stimulate erythropoiesis, has been reported to act as a pleiotropic cytokine beyond hematopoietic system. The various activities of EPO are determined by the widespread distribution of its cell surface EPO receptor (EpoR) in multiple tissues including endothelial, neural, myoblasts, adipocytes and other cell types. EPO activity has been linked to angiogenesis, neuroprotection, cardioprotection, stress protection, anti-inflammation and especially the energy metabolism regulation that is recently revealed. The investigations of EPO activity in animals and the expression analysis of EpoR provide more insights on the potential of EPO in regulating energy metabolism and homeostasis. The findings of crosstalk between EPO and some important energy sensors and the regulation of EPO in the cellular respiration and mitochondrial function further provide molecular mechanisms for EPO activity in metabolic activity regulation. In this review, we will summarize the roles of EPO in energy metabolism regulation and the activity of EPO in tissues that are tightly associated with energy metabolism. We will also discuss the effects of EPO in regulating oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial function, the interactions between EPO and important energy regulation factors, and the protective role of EPO from stresses that are related to metabolism, providing a brief overview of previously less appreciated EPO biological function in energy metabolism and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Di
- 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China
| | - Constance Tom Noguchi
- 2. Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Woo
- Toronto General Research Institute and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meredith Hawkins
- Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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18
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Dey S, Alnaeeli M, Suresh S, Rogers H, Teng R, Noguchi CT. Erythropoietin action in stress response, tissue maintenance and metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10296-333. [PMID: 24918289 PMCID: PMC4100153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) regulation of red blood cell production and its induction at reduced oxygen tension provides for the important erythropoietic response to ischemic stress. The cloning and production of recombinant human EPO has led to its clinical use in patients with anemia for two and half decades and has facilitated studies of EPO action. Reports of animal and cell models of ischemic stress in vitro and injury suggest potential EPO benefit beyond red blood cell production including vascular endothelial response to increase nitric oxide production, which facilitates oxygen delivery to brain, heart and other non-hematopoietic tissues. This review discusses these and other reports of EPO action beyond red blood cell production, including EPO response affecting metabolism and obesity in animal models. Observations of EPO activity in cell and animal model systems, including mice with tissue specific deletion of EPO receptor (EpoR), suggest the potential for EPO response in metabolism and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Li Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Soumyadeep Dey
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Mawadda Alnaeeli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH 43701, USA.
| | - Sukanya Suresh
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Heather Rogers
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Ruifeng Teng
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Constance Tom Noguchi
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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