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Qin Y, Wu Y, Zang H, Cong X, Shen Q, Chen L, Chen X. Lipid Metabolism in Pregnancy Women with Hypothyroidism and Potential Influence on Pregnancy Outcome. J Lipids 2024; 2024:5589492. [PMID: 39015803 PMCID: PMC11251789 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5589492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for maintaining normal physiological processes during pregnancy, including the metabolism of energy materials in both the mother and fetus and the growth and development of fetal bone and nervous system. TH can act on the liver, fat, and other tissues and organs to participate in lipid synthesis and breakdown through multiple pathways. Consequently, abnormal thyroid function is often accompanied by lipid metabolism disorders. Both clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism, as well as dyslipidemia during pregnancy, have been shown to be associated with an increased risk of multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes. Recently, there has been an increased interest in studying the alteration of lipidomic and hypothyroidism (both clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism) during pregnancy. Studies have suggested that altered lipid molecules might be used as potential biomarker and associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcome. Thus, we summarized the associations between lipid metabolism and clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy in this review. Then, we discussed the underlying mechanisms of thyroid dysfunction and lipid metabolism. In addition, we reviewed the possible effect of dyslipidemia on pregnancy and neonatal outcome. However, the relationship between hypothyroidism during pregnancy and changes in the lipid profile and how to intervene in the occurrence and development of adverse pregnancy outcomes require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qin
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Huanhuan Zang
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xiangguo Cong
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Qiong Shen
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of EndocrinologyThe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 26 Daoqian Road, Suzhou 215000, China
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Zhong L, Liu S, Yang Y, Xie T, Liu J, Zhao H, Tan G. Metabolic syndrome and risk of subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1399236. [PMID: 38982986 PMCID: PMC11231392 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1399236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a common endocrine subclinical disorder, the main adverse consequences of which are the development of clinical hypothyroidism and the promotion of ischemic heart disease. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of metabolic problems. The goal of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the relationship between MetS and SCH. Methods Suitable publications were identified using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. The meta-analysis included only studies in English that reported odds ratio (OR) data for MetS and SCH. Two researchers combined data using a random-effects model. OR and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to present the results. Results MetS was associated with an elevated risk of developing SCH (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.44-4.55). However, the individual components of MetS were not associated with the risk of SCH. Subgroup analysis revealed that different definitions of MetS had varying effects on SCH. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that our results were robust. Conclusions This meta-analysis indicates that patients with MetS have an increased risk of SCH, while there is no significant association between the five individual components of MetS and the risk of SCH. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42023454415.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jifeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Huahui Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang Tan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Hoen E, Goossens FM, Falize K, Mayerl S, van der Spek AH, Boelen A. The Differential Effect of a Shortage of Thyroid Hormone Compared with Knockout of Thyroid Hormone Transporters Mct8 and Mct10 on Murine Macrophage Polarization. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2111. [PMID: 38396788 PMCID: PMC10889717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells, including macrophages, are functionally affected by thyroid hormone (TH). Macrophages can undergo phenotypical alterations, shifting between proinflammatory (M1) and immunomodulatory (M2) profiles. Cellular TH concentrations are, among others, determined by TH transporters. To study the effect of TH and TH transporters on macrophage polarization, specific proinflammatory and immunomodulatory markers were analyzed in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) depleted of triiodothyronine (T3) and BMDMs with a knockout (KO) of Mct8 and Mct10 and a double KO (dKO) of Mct10/Mct8. Our findings show that T3 is important for M1 polarization, while a lack of T3 stimulates M2 polarization. Mct8 KO BMDMs are unaffected in their T3 responsiveness, but exhibit slight alterations in M2 polarization, while Mct10 KO BMDMs show reduced T3 responsiveness, but unaltered polarization markers. KO of both the Mct8 and Mct10 transporters decreased T3 availability and, contrary to the T3-depleted BMDMs, showed partially increased M1 markers and unaltered M2 markers. These data suggest a role for TH transporters besides transport of TH in BMDMs. This study highlights the complex role of TH transporters in macrophages and provides a new angle on the interaction between the endocrine and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmée Hoen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (K.F.)
| | - Franka M. Goossens
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (K.F.)
| | - Kim Falize
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (K.F.)
| | - Steffen Mayerl
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Anne H. van der Spek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.H.); (K.F.)
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Takahashi N, Nakashima R, Nasu A, Hayashi M, Fujikawa H, Kawakami T, Eto Y, Kishimoto T, Fukuyama A, Ogasawara C, Kawano K, Fujiwara Y, Suico MA, Kai H, Shuto T. T 3 Intratracheal Therapy Alleviates Pulmonary Pathology in an Elastase-Induced Emphysema-Dominant COPD Mouse Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:30. [PMID: 38247455 PMCID: PMC10812479 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex pulmonary condition characterized by bronchitis, emphysema, and mucus stasis. Due to the variability in symptoms among patients, traditional approaches to treating COPD as a singular disease are limited. This led us to focus on phenotype/endotype classifications. In this study, we explore the potential therapeutic role of thyroid hormone (T3) by using mouse models: emphysema-dominant elastase-induced COPD and airway-dominant C57BL/6-βENaC-Tg to represent different types of the disease. Here, we showed that intratracheal T3 treatment (40, 80 μg/kg, i.t., every other day) resulted in significant improvements regarding emphysema and the enhancement of respiratory function in the elastase-induced COPD model. T3-dependent improvement is likely linked to the up-regulation of Ppargc1a, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, and Gclm, a factor associated with oxidative stress. Conversely, neither short- nor long-term T3 treatments improved COPD pathology in the C57BL/6-βENaC-Tg mice. Because the up-regulation of extrathyroidal T3-producing enzyme Dio2, which is also considered a marker of T3 requirement, was specifically observed in elastase-induced COPD lungs, these results demonstrate that exogenous T3 supplementation may have therapeutic potential for acute but not chronic COPD exacerbation. Moreover, this study highlights the relevance of considering not only COPD phenotypes but also COPD endotypes (expression levels of Ppargc1a and/or Dio2) in the research and development of better treatment approaches for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriki Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented) Program”, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Nakashima
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Aoi Nasu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented) Program”, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Megumi Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Haruka Fujikawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “HIGO (Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented) Program”, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Taisei Kawakami
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Yuka Eto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Tomoki Kishimoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Ayami Fukuyama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Choyo Ogasawara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Keisuke Kawano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
| | - Yukio Fujiwara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan;
| | - Mary Ann Suico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
- Global Center for Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
- Global Center for Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (N.T.); (A.N.); (M.H.); (H.F.); (T.K.); (T.K.); (A.F.); (C.O.); (K.K.); (M.A.S.); (H.K.)
- Global Center for Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Małujło-Balcerska E, Pietras T. Deiodinase Types 1 and 3 and Proinflammatory Cytokine Values May Discriminate Depressive Disorder Patients from Healthy Controls. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6163. [PMID: 37834806 PMCID: PMC10573790 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depressive disorders are multifactorial diseases in that a variety of factors may play a role in their etiology, including inflammation and abnormalities in the thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism and levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate iodothyronine deiodinases (DIOs) and DIO-interacting cytokines as possible biomarkers in the diagnosis of depressive disorders. METHODS This study enrolled 73 patients diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder (rDD) and 54 controls. The expressions of DIO1, DIO2, DIO3, IL1B, IL6, TNFA, and IFNG genes, encoding three types of DIOs (1, 2, and 3), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ, were assessed using the polymerase chain reaction in blood cells and an enzymatic immunoassay method in serum. The levels of examined molecules between patients and controls were compared, and correlations and diagnostic values were evaluated. RESULTS Lower levels of DIO2 and higher levels of IL1B, IL6, and TNFA were found in patients compared to controls. The protein concentrations of DIO1 and DIO2 were lower, while that of DIO3 was higher, in patients than in controls. Serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were also higher in patients than in controls. The area under the curve (AUC) of the IL-1β, IL-6, DIO1, and DIO3 proteins was >0.7 for discriminating patients with rDD from controls. CONCLUSIONS The expressions of genes for DIO2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α may have a role in the estimation of processes present in depressive disorders. We can cautiously claim that DIO1 and DIO3 and pivotal cytokines, mainly IL-1β and IL-6, may play a role in depression diagnosis, and further studies are suggested to explain the exact role of these molecules in larger samples with more precise methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-419 Łódź, Poland;
- Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
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Han Z, Chen L, Peng H, Zheng H, Lin Y, Peng F, Fan Y, Xie X, Yang S, Wang Z, Yuan L, Wei X, Chen H. The role of thyroid hormone in the renal immune microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110172. [PMID: 37086678 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are essential for proper kidney growth and development. The kidney is not only the organ of thyroid hormone metabolism but also the target organ of thyroid hormone. Kidney disease is a common type of kidney damage, mainly including different types of acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and renal cell carcinoma. The kidney is often damaged by an immune response directed against its antigens or a systemic immune response. A variety of immune cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune kidney disease. Recent studies have found that thyroid hormone plays an indispensable role in the immune microenvironment of various kidney diseases. Thyroid hormones regulate the activity of neutrophils, and dendritic cells express triiodothyronine receptors. Compared to hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism has a greater effect on neutrophils. Furthermore, in adaptive immune systems, thyroid hormone may activate T lymphocytes through several underlying mechanisms, such as mediating NF-κB, protein kinase C signalling pathways, and β-adrenergic receptors, leading to increased T lymphocyte activation. The present review discusses the effects of thyroid hormone metabolism regulation in the immune microenvironment on the function of various immune cells, especially neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. Although there are not enough data at this stage to conclude the clinical relevance of these findings, thyroid hormone metabolism may influence autoimmune kidney disease by regulating the renal immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Han
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuyan Chen
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyao Peng
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumeng Lin
- Eye School of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Peng
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunhe Fan
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuli Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Simin Yang
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhanzhan Wang
- Lianyungang Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lan Yuan
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiuyan Wei
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Association of high BMI with subclinical hypothyroidism in young, first-episode and drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder: a large-scale cross-sectional study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:183-190. [PMID: 35546358 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction is known to be associated with obesity, but the reliability of this relationship is easily affected by drug treatment, age, and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) with no apparent symptoms. Our research aims to compare obese and overweight BMI ranges with SCH and without SCH in a large sample of young, first-episode and drug-naïve (FEDN) patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), which has received little systemic investigation. A total of 1289 FEDN MDD young outpatients were recruited for this study. Serum thyroid function and lipid level parameters were measured; HAMD and PANSS scales were used to assess patients' depression and positive symptoms. A self-administered questionnaire collected other clinical and demographic data. The prevalence of SCH in FEDN MDD young patients was 58.26%. Compared to patients without SCH, the patients with SCH had a more prolonged illness duration, higher BMI levels, increased prevalence of overweight and obesity, higher HAMD score and PANSS-positive symptom scores, higher levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, and lower levels of HDL-C. Further logistic regression indicated that overweight BMI, obese BMI, illness duration, HAMD score, HDL-C, and TC were significantly associated with SCH. Our results indicate that obesity and overweight may be associated with SCH in young, FEDN MDD patients. The importance of regular thyroid function assessment in young FEDN MDD patients with high BMI should be taken into account.
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Ohba K, Iwaki T. Role of thyroid hormone in an experimental model of atherosclerosis: the potential mediating role of immune response and autophagy. Endocr J 2022; 69:1043-1052. [PMID: 35871569 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed that several conditions related to abnormal thyroid hormone status, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, or hypercoagulable state, can exacerbate atherosclerotic vascular disease. Thyroid hormone effects on vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells have also been studied extensively. However, only limited information is available on thyroid hormone-mediated immune response in current review articles on the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. This report thus presents an overview of the recent advances in the understanding of the dynamic interactions taking place between thyroid hormone status and immune response in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In particular, we focus on macrophages and T-lymphocytes, which have been recognized as important determinants for the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. Numerous studies have revealed the role of autophagy in immune cells produced in atherosclerosis. In addition, thyroid hormones induce autophagy in several cells and tissues, such as liver, skeletal muscles, lungs, and brown adipose tissue. Our research group, among others, have reported different targets of thyroid hormone-mediated autophagy, including lipid droplets (lipophagy), mitochondria (mitophagy), and aggregated proteins (aggrephagy). Based on these findings, thyroid hormone-mediated autophagy could serve as a novel therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis. We also consider the limitations of the current murine models for studies on atherosclerosis, especially in relation to low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol driven atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohba
- Medical Education Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Iwaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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López-Mateo I, Rodríguez-Muñoz D, de La Rosa JV, Castrillo A, Alemany S, Aranda A. Regulation of metabolic and transcriptional responses by the thyroid hormone in cellular models of murine macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923727. [PMID: 35935955 PMCID: PMC9353060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages are considered to be a good model for the study of immune cell functions, but the factors required for their survival and proliferation are still unknown. Although the effect of the thyroid hormones on global metabolic and transcriptional responses in macrophages has not yet been examined, there is increasing evidence that they could modulate macrophage functions. We show here that the thyroid hormone T3 is an absolute requirement for the growth of immortal macrophages. The hormone regulates the activity of the main signaling pathways required for proliferation and anabolic processes, including the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPKs, AKT, ribosomal S6 protein, AMPK and Sirtuin-1. T3 also alters the levels of metabolites controlling transcriptional and post-transcriptional actions in macrophages, and causes widespread transcriptomic changes, up-regulating genes needed for protein synthesis and cell proliferation, while down-regulating genes involved in immune responses and endocytosis, among others. This is not observed in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, where only p38 and AMPK activation is regulated by T3 and in which the metabolic and transcriptomic effects of the hormone are much weaker. However, the response to IFN-γ is reduced by T3 similarly in immortalized macrophages and in the primary cells, confirming previous results showing that the thyroid hormones can antagonize JAK/STAT-mediated signaling. These results provide new perspectives on the relevant pathways involved in proliferation and survival of macrophage cell culture models and on the crosstalk between the thyroid hormones and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene López-Mateo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Vladimir de La Rosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Susana Alemany
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Ana Aranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Ana Aranda,
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10
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Wenzek C, Boelen A, Westendorf AM, Engel DR, Moeller LC, Führer D. The interplay of thyroid hormones and the immune system - where we stand and why we need to know about it. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:R65-R77. [PMID: 35175936 PMCID: PMC9010816 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, growing evidence suggests direct crosstalk between thyroid hormones (THs) and the immune system. Components of the immune system were proposed to interfere with the central regulation of systemic TH levels. Conversely, THs regulate innate and adaptive immune responses as immune cells are direct target cells of THs. Accordingly, they express different components of local TH action, such as TH transporters or receptors, but our picture of the interplay between THs and the immune system is still incomplete. This review provides a critical overview of current knowledge regarding the interaction of THs and the immune system with the main focus on local TH action within major innate and adaptive immune cell subsets. Thereby, this review aims to highlight open issues which might help to infer the clinical relevance of THs in host defence in the context of different types of diseases such as infection, ischemic organ injury or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wenzek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel R Engel
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars C Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to D Führer;
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11
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Losada-García A, Cortés-Ramírez SA, Cruz-Burgos M, Morales-Pacheco M, Cruz-Hernández CD, Gonzalez-Covarrubias V, Perez-Plascencia C, Cerbón MA, Rodríguez-Dorantes M. Hormone-Related Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases: A Complex Interplay to be Discovered. Front Genet 2022; 12:673180. [PMID: 35111194 PMCID: PMC8801914 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.673180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplasic transformation is a continuous process that occurs in the body. Even before clinical signs, the immune system is capable of recognizing these aberrant cells and reacting to suppress them. However, transformed cells acquire the ability to evade innate and adaptive immune defenses through the secretion of molecules that inhibit immune effector functions, resulting in tumor progression. Hormones have the ability to modulate the immune system and are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Hormones can control both the innate and adaptive immune systems in men and women. For example androgens reduce immunity through modulating the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. Women are more prone than men to suffer from autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and others. This is linked to female hormones modulating the immune system. Patients with autoimmune diseases consistently have an increased risk of cancer, either as a result of underlying immune system dysregulation or as a side effect of pharmaceutical treatments. Epidemiological data on cancer incidence emphasize the link between the immune system and cancer. We outline and illustrate the occurrence of hormone-related cancer and its relationship to the immune system or autoimmune diseases in this review. It is obvious that some observations are contentious and require explanation of molecular mechanisms and validation. As a result, future research should clarify the molecular pathways involved, including any causal relationships, in order to eventually allocate information that will aid in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancer and autoimmune illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Losada-García
- Laboratorio de Oncogenomica Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - SA Cortés-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Oncogenomica Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Cruz-Burgos
- Laboratorio de Oncogenomica Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Morales-Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Oncogenomica Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Carlos Perez-Plascencia
- Unidad de Genómica y Cáncer, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, INCan, SSA and Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - MA Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Rodríguez-Dorantes
- Laboratorio de Oncogenomica Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: M Rodríguez-Dorantes,
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12
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The thyroid hormone converting enzyme human deiodinase 1 is inhibited by gold ions from inorganic salts, organic substances, and by small-size nanoparticles. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109709. [PMID: 34662569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The selenocysteine-containing enzyme class deiodinases (DIO) consists of three isoforms. DIOs play a role in regulation of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling through the removal of iodide from TH leading to TH that interact with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis with differing potency. Some gold-containing organic substances are known to inhibit many selenoenzymes, including DIOs. It is, however, unclear whether the Au-containing substances or the Au ions are causing the inhibition. In this study, five organic and inorganic gold substances as well as three gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were tested for their potential to inhibit DIO1. The enzyme activity was tested using human liver microsomes as an enzyme source and reverse T3 as a substrate; iodide release was measured by the Sandell-Kolthoff method. The three organic gold substances aurothioglucose, auranofin and sodium aurothiomalate inhibited DIO1 with IC50 between 0.38 and 0.75 μM while their structural analogues lacking the gold ion did not. Likewise, the two tested gold salts, Au(I) and Au(III) chloride, showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of the DIO1 with IC50 values of 0.95 and 0.57 μM. Further, AuNPs of different sizes (100, 30 and 5 nm diameter) were tested with only the 5 nm AuNPs leading to inhibition with an IC50 of 8 × 1014 AuNP/L. This inhibition was not caused by the Au ions released by the AuNP into the incubation media. The exact mechanism of inhibition of DIO1 by 5 nm AuNPs should be further examined. In conclusion, the microsomal DIO1 assay demonstrated the inhibition of DIO1 by gold ions originating from different gold-containing substances, but not by Au released from AuNPs; rather DIO1 is inhibited by 5 nm, but not larger, AuNPs.
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13
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Le Moli R, Vella V, Tumino D, Piticchio T, Naselli A, Belfiore A, Frasca F. Inflammasome activation as a link between obesity and thyroid disorders: Implications for an integrated clinical management. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:959276. [PMID: 36060941 PMCID: PMC9437482 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.959276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is strongly associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Obese patients have an increased risk to develop thyroid autoimmunity and to became hypothyroid, suggesting a pathogenetic link between obesity, inflammation and autoimmunity. Moreover, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia, also characterized by low-grade inflammation, were recently associated with more aggressive forms of Graves' ophthalmopathy. The association between obesity and autoimmune thyroid disorders may also go in the opposite direction, as treating autoimmune hyper and hypothyroidism can lead to weight gain. In addition, restoration of euthyroidism by L-T4 replacement therapy is more challenging in obese athyreotic patients, as it is difficult to maintain thyrotropin stimulation hormone (TSH) values within the normal range. Intriguingly, pro-inflammatory cytokines decrease in obese patients after bariatric surgery along with TSH levels. Moreover, the risk of thyroid cancer is increased in patients with thyroid autoimmune disorders, and is also related to the degree of obesity and inflammation. Molecular studies have shown a relationship between the low-grade inflammation of obesity and the activity of intracellular multiprotein complexes typical of immune cells (inflammasomes). We will now highlight some clinical implications of inflammasome activation in the relationship between obesity and thyroid disease.
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14
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Dash P, Tiwari R, Nayak S, Jena SK, Mangaraj M. Prevalence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy and Its Association With Anti-thyroperoxidase Antibody and the Occurrence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus 2022; 14:e21087. [PMID: 35165548 PMCID: PMC8828193 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are common endocrinological abnormalities associated with pregnancy. The presence of a raised anti-thyroperoxidase (anti-TPO) antibody titer increases the risk of progression of subclinical hypothyroidism to overt hypothyroidism. Subclinical hypothyroidism and GDM are known to affect maternal and fetal outcomes adversely. A few studies have shown an increased risk of GDM with autoimmune hypothyroidism. However, data regarding this association between GDM, SCH, and anti-TPO Ab are scarce. This study aimed to find the prevalence of autoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism and its association with GDM in pregnancy. Materials and methods In a cross-sectional study, 382 pregnant women at their first antenatal checkup (ANC) were enrolled in the study. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4 (FT4), anti-TPO Ab, and the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were evaluated. The results obtained were analyzed in Systat Version 13.2 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Observations Results showed an SCH prevalence of 37.69% with a raised anti-TPO Ab titer in 49.31% of the diagnosed SCH cases, pointing towards an autoimmune etiology. Our study revealed a GDM prevalence of 12.04%. Out of the 46 GDM cases, 16 were found to have SCH and 3 cases had raised anti-TPO Ab titers. In our study, 27.73% of euthyroid pregnant women had a raised anti-TPO Ab titer. Our study revealed no significant association between GDM, SCH, and raised anti-TPO Ab titer. Conclusion Anti-TPO antibody subsequently leads to hypothyroxinemia, for which it is necessary that cases with high titer of anti-TPO antibody though euthyroid should be meticulously followed up and screened for to detect development of hypothyroidism or SCH, particularly in future pregnancies. However, GDM prevalence was at par with the national figure, but with no significant association of SCH and a high anti-TPO ab titer was found with GDM in our study. Further studies with a larger cohort may establish a causal association between the two most common endocrinological disorders observed in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakruti Dash
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Rajlaxmi Tiwari
- Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Saurav Nayak
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Saubhagya K Jena
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Manaswini Mangaraj
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, IND
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15
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Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Tissue Hypoxia: Relevance to Sepsis Therapy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245855. [PMID: 34945151 PMCID: PMC8703810 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia occurs in various conditions such as myocardial or brain ischemia and infarction, sepsis, and trauma, and induces cellular damage and tissue remodeling with recapitulation of fetal-like reprogramming, which eventually results in organ failure. Analogies seem to exist between the damaged hypoxic and developing organs, indicating that a regulatory network which drives embryonic organ development may control aspects of heart (or tissue) repair. In this context, thyroid hormone (TH), which is a critical regulator of organ maturation, physiologic angiogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis during fetal development, may be of important physiological relevance upon stress (hypoxia)-induced fetal reprogramming. TH signaling has been implicated in hypoxic tissue remodeling after myocardial infarction and T3 prevents remodeling of the postinfarcted heart. Similarly, preliminary experimental evidence suggests that T3 can prevent early tissue hypoxia during sepsis with important physiological consequences. Thus, based on common pathways between different paradigms, we propose a possible role of TH in tissue hypoxia after sepsis with the potential to reduce secondary organ failure.
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16
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Rehman S, Gora AH, Siriyappagouder P, Brugman S, Fernandes JMO, Dias J, Kiron V. Zebrafish intestinal transcriptome highlights subdued inflammatory responses to dietary soya bean and efficacy of yeast β-glucan. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1619-1637. [PMID: 34237181 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anti-nutritional factors in dietary components can have a negative impact on the intestinal barrier. Here, we present soya bean-induced changes in the intestine of juvenile zebrafish and the effect of yeast β-glucan through a transcriptomic approach. The inclusion of soya bean meal affected the expression of several intestinal barrier function-related genes like arl4ca, rab25b, rhoub, muc5ac, muc5d, clcn2c and cltb in zebrafish. Several metabolic genes like cyp2x10.2, cyp2aa2, aldh3a2b, crata, elovl4, elovl6, slc51a, gpat2 and ATP-dependent peptidase activity (lonrf, clpxb) were altered in the intestinal tissue. The expression of immune-related genes like nlrc3, nlrp12, gimap8, prdm1 and tph1a, and genes related to cell cycle, DNA damage and DNA repair (e.g. spo11, rad21l1, nabp1b, spata22, tdrd9) were also affected in the soya bean fed group. Furthermore, our study suggests the plausible effect of yeast β-glucan through the modulation of several genes that regulate immune responses and barrier integrity. Our findings indicate a subdued inflammation in juvenile zebrafish fed soya bean meal and the efficacy of β-glucan to counter these subtle inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Rehman
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Adnan H Gora
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Sylvia Brugman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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17
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Abstract
The non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) was first reported in the 1970s as a remarkable ensemble of changes in serum TH (TH) concentrations occurring in probably any severe illness. Ever since, NTIS has remained an intriguing phenomenon not only because of the robustness of the decrease in serum triiodothyronine (T3), but also by its clear correlation with morbidity and mortality. In recent years, it has become clear that (parenteral) feeding in patients with critical illness should be taken into account as a major determinant not only of NTIS but also of clinical outcome. Moreover, both experimental animal and clinical studies have shown that tissue TH concentrations during NTIS do not necessarily reflect serum low TH concentrations and may decrease, remain unaltered, or even increase according to the organ and type of illness studied. These differential changes now have a solid basis in molecular studies on organ-specific TH transporters, receptors and deiodinases. Finally, the role of inflammatory pathways in these non-systemic changes has begun to be clarified. A fascinating role for TH metabolism in innate immune cells, including neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, was reported in recent years, but there is no evidence at this early stage that this may be a determinant of susceptibility to infections. Although endocrinologists have been tempted to correct NTIS by TH supplementation, there is at present insufficient evidence that this is beneficial. Thus, there is a clear need for adequately powered randomized clinical trials (RCT) with clinically relevant endpoints to fill this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Devalraju KP, Tripathi D, Neela VSK, Paidipally P, Radhakrishnan RK, Singh KP, Ansari MS, Jaeger M, Netea-Maier RT, Netea MG, Park S, Cheng SY, Valluri VL, Vankayalapati R. Reduced thyroxine production in young household contacts of tuberculosis patients increases active tuberculosis disease risk. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e148271. [PMID: 34236051 PMCID: PMC8410087 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we followed 839 household contacts (HHCs) of tuberculosis (TB) patients for 2 years and identified the factors that enhanced the development of TB. Fourteen of the 17 HHCs who progressed to TB were in the 15- to 30-year-old age group. At baseline (the “0“ time point, when all the individuals were healthy), the concentration of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) was lower, and there were increased numbers of Tregs in PBMCs of TB progressors. At baseline, PBMCs from TB progressors stimulated with early secretory antigenic target 6 (ESAT-6) and 10 kDa culture filtrate antigen (CFP-10) produced less IL-1α. Thyroid hormones inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth in macrophages in an IL-1α–dependent manner. Mtb-infected Thra1PV/+ (mutant thyroid hormone receptor) mice had increased mortality and reduced IL-1α production. Our findings suggest that young HHCs who exhibit decreased production of thyroid hormones are at high risk of developing active TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamakshi Prudhula Devalraju
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Deepak Tripathi
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Venkata Sanjeev Kumar Neela
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Padmaja Paidipally
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Karan P Singh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Community and Rural Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Mohammad Soheb Ansari
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sunmi Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Valluri
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
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Mehran L, Amouzegar A, Abdi H, Delbari N, Madreseh E, Tohidi M, Mansournia MA, Azizi F. Incidence of Thyroid Dysfunction Facing Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Comparative Study with 9 Years of Follow-Up. Eur Thyroid J 2021; 10:390-398. [PMID: 34540709 PMCID: PMC8406240 DOI: 10.1159/000512665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies assessing thyroid hormones in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients are contradictory. Also, the effect of MetS on thyroid function over time is not yet evaluated. This study investigated the prevalence and incidence of thyroid dysfunction (TD) as well as time trends of thyroid hormones in subjects with and without MetS, during a 10-year follow-up in Tehranian adult population. METHODS This is a prospective cohort study conducted in the framework of Tehran Thyroid Study on 5,786 subjects aged ≥20 years: 4,905 eligible participants entered the study after excluding those with corticosteroid or radioactive iodine use, pregnancy, thyrotropin (TSH) <0.1 and >10 mU/L, and missing data. Physical examinations were performed and serum concentrations of TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were assessed at baseline and 3-year intervals during the follow-up. MetS was defined according to the Joint Interim Statement Definition. RESULTS At baseline, there were no difference in median serum concentrations of FT4 and TSH between MetS and non-MetS group after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, and TPOAb positivity. Although there was higher risk of overt (42%) and subclinical hypothyroidism (16%) in MetS compared with non-MetS subjects, no significant difference was observed in adjusted ORs for any TD between 2 groups. There were also no significant differences in time trends of TSH, FT4, TPOAb positivity, and incidence rates of TDs between MetS and non-MetS groups during 10 years, after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and TPOAb positivity. CONCLUSION MetS is not associated with thyroid hypofunction considering other important confounders such as age, sex, smoking, BMI, and TPOAb positivity. There is also no difference in the trend of thyroid hormones and incidence of TD between MetS and non-MetS subjects during a 10-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Mehran
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Amouzegar
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hengameh Abdi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Delbari
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Madreseh
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tohidi
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Fereidoun Azizi, Professor of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 19395-4763 Tehran 1985717413 (Iran),
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20
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Wang Y, Lin H, Li Q, Guan L, Zhao M, Zhong F, Liu J, Yuan Z, Guo H, Song Y, Gao L, Zhao J. Association between different obesity phenotypes and hypothyroidism: a study based on a longitudinal health management cohort. Endocrine 2021; 72:688-698. [PMID: 33818715 PMCID: PMC8159820 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obese individuals have an increased risk of hypothyroidism. This study investigated the sex-specific association between obesity phenotypes and the development of hypothyroidism. METHODS The study population was derived from a health management cohort in Shandong Provincial Hospital from 2012 to 2016. In total, 9011 baseline euthyroid adults were included and classified into four groups according to obesity phenotype: metabolically healthy nonobese (MHNO), metabolically healthy obese (MHO), metabolically unhealthy nonobese (MUNO), and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). The median follow-up time was 1.92 (1.00-2.17) years. Incidence density was evaluated and a generalized estimation equation method was used to investigate the associations between obesity phenotypes and the development of hypothyroidism. RESULTS The incidence densities of hypothyroidism in males with a consistent obesity phenotype were 12.19 (8.62-16.76), 15.87 (11.39-21.56), 14.52 (6.74-27.57), and 19.88 (14.06-27.34) per 1000 person-years in the MHNO, MHO, MUNO, and MUO groups, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, compared with the MHNO phenotype, the MHO, MUNO, and MUO phenotypes were independent risk factors for developing hypothyroidism in males. In the subgroup analysis, the MHO and MUO phenotypes were independent risk factors for developing hypothyroidism in males under 55 years, while the MUNO phenotype was an independent risk factor in males over 55 years. The MHO, MUNO, and MUO phenotypes were not independent risk factors for hypothyroidism in females. CONCLUSION Both obesity and metabolic abnormities are associated with a higher risk of hypothyroidism in males. The underlying mechanism of the sex and age differences in this association needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Health Management Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qihang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liying Guan
- Health Management Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongshang Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Honglin Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongfeng Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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21
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Muthusami S, Vidya B, Shankar EM, Vadivelu J, Ramachandran I, Stanley JA, Selvamurugan N. The Functional Significance of Endocrine-immune Interactions in Health and Disease. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:52-65. [PMID: 31702489 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666191106113435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hormones are known to influence various body systems that include skeletal, cardiac, digestive, excretory, and immune systems. Emerging investigations suggest the key role played by secretions of endocrine glands in immune cell differentiation, proliferation, activation, and memory attributes of the immune system. The link between steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids and inflammation is widely known. However, the role of peptide hormones and amino acid derivatives such as growth and thyroid hormones, prolactin, dopamine, and thymopoietin in regulating the functioning of the immune system remains unclear. Here, we reviewed the findings pertinent to the functional role of hormone-immune interactions in health and disease and proposed perspective directions for translational research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Muthusami
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Eachanari, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramanian Vidya
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Eachanari, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ilangovan Ramachandran
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jone A Stanley
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nagarajan Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
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22
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De Luca R, Davis PJ, Lin HY, Gionfra F, Percario ZA, Affabris E, Pedersen JZ, Marchese C, Trivedi P, Anastasiadou E, Negro R, Incerpi S. Thyroid Hormones Interaction With Immune Response, Inflammation and Non-thyroidal Illness Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:614030. [PMID: 33553149 PMCID: PMC7859329 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.614030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interdependence between thyroid hormones (THs), namely, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and immune system is nowadays well-recognized, although not yet fully explored. Synthesis, conversion to a bioactive form, and release of THs in the circulation are events tightly supervised by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Newly synthesized THs induce leukocyte proliferation, migration, release of cytokines, and antibody production, triggering an immune response against either sterile or microbial insults. However, chronic patho-physiological alterations of the immune system, such as infection and inflammation, affect HPT axis and, as a direct consequence, THs mechanism of action. Herein, we revise the bidirectional crosstalk between THs and immune cells, required for the proper immune system feedback response among diverse circumstances. Available circulating THs do traffic in two distinct ways depending on the metabolic condition. Mechanistically, internalized THs form a stable complex with their specific receptors, which, upon direct or indirect binding to DNA, triggers a genomic response by activating transcriptional factors, such as those belonging to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Alternatively, THs engage integrin αvβ3 receptor on cell membrane and trigger a non-genomic response, which can also signal to the nucleus. In addition, we highlight THs-dependent inflammasome complex modulation and describe new crucial pathways involved in microRNA regulation by THs, in physiological and patho-physiological conditions, which modify the HPT axis and THs performances. Finally, we focus on the non-thyroidal illness syndrome in which the HPT axis is altered and, in turn, affects circulating levels of active THs as reported in viral infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Luca
- Department of Neurology, Center for Life Science, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
- Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fabio Gionfra
- Department of Sciences, University “Roma Tre,” Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Jens Z. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
| | - Eleni Anastasiadou
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Negro
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University “Roma Tre,” Rome, Italy
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23
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van der Spek AH, Fliers E, Boelen A. Thyroid Hormone and Deiodination in Innate Immune Cells. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6016930. [PMID: 33275661 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone has recently been recognized as an important determinant of innate immune cell function. Highly specialized cells of the innate immune system, including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells, are capable of identifying pathogens and initiating an inflammatory response. They can either phagocytose and kill microbes, or recruit other innate or adaptive immune cells to the site of inflammation. Innate immune cells derive from the hematopoietic lineage and are generated in the bone marrow, from where they can be recruited into the blood and tissues in the case of infection. The link between the immune and endocrine systems is increasingly well established, and recent studies have shown that innate immune cells can be seen as important thyroid hormone target cells. Tight regulation of cellular thyroid hormone availability and action is performed by thyroid hormone transporters, receptors, and the deiodinase enzymes. Innate immune cells express all these molecular elements of intracellular thyroid hormone metabolism. Interestingly, there is recent evidence for a causal relationship between cellular thyroid hormone status and innate immune cell function. This review describes the effects of modulation of intracellular thyroid hormone metabolism on innate immune cell function, specifically neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, with a special focus on the deiodinase enzymes. Although there are insufficient data at this stage for conclusions on the clinical relevance of these findings, thyroid hormone metabolism may partially determine the innate immune response and, by inference, the clinical susceptibility to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H van der Spek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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24
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Rubingh J, van der Spek A, Fliers E, Boelen A. The Role of Thyroid Hormone in the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response during Infection. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:1277-1287. [PMID: 32969509 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, there has been growing evidence for a functional interaction between the thyroid hormone and the immune system. This article provides an overview of the mechanisms by which thyroid hormones affect the innate and adaptive immune response during infection. The influence of thyroid hormone on the most important players of the innate [neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs)] and adaptive immune system (B- and T-lymphocytes) is reviewed here based on both clinical and preclinical studies. The effects of modulation of the immune system by drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and interferons on thyroid function, are beyond the scope of this article. Thyroid hormones regulate the activity of neutrophils which is reflected by higher numbers of neutrophils outside the bloodstream and enhanced activity of the respiratory burst following stimulation with thyroid hormone. Hyperthyroidism affects neutrophil function to a larger extent than hypothyroidism. In addition to neutrophil function, macrophage function is strongly affected by thyroid hormones, with triiodothyronine having a pro-inflammatory effect in these cells. NK cell proliferation and cytotoxic activity are also dependent on thyroid hormone levels. Finally, thyroid hormones enhance DC proliferation and maturation. In the adaptive immune system, a hyperthyroid state leads to increased activation of lymphocytes. This effect of thyroid hormone is mediated by various factors including NF-κB and protein kinase C signaling pathways and the β-adrenergic receptor. In general, a hyperthyroid state leads to a more activated immune system whereas hypothyroidism leads to a less activated immune system. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1277-1287, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rubingh
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne van der Spek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Albumin is a secret factor involved in multidirectional interactions among the serotoninergic, immune and endocrine systems that supervises the mechanism of CYP1A and CYP3A regulation in the liver. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107616. [PMID: 32590025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on albumin, which is involved in multidirectional interactions among the immune, endocrine and serotoninergic systems and supervises the regulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms under conditions of both normal liver function and liver insufficiency. Special attention is paid to albumin, thyroid hormones, testosterone and tryptophan hydroxylase in these interactions as well as their potential roles in liver regeneration. The association of these factors with inflammation and the modification of the mechanism of hepatic drug-metabolizing CYP isoform regulation are also presented because changes in the expression of CYP isoforms in the liver may result in subsequent changes to a marker substance used for testing CYP activity, thus providing a simple way to control the liver regeneration process or the dangerous stimulation of hepatocarcinogenesis.
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26
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Silvestrini A, Mordente A, Martino G, Bruno C, Vergani E, Meucci E, Mancini A. The Role of Selenium in Oxidative Stress and in Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome (NTIS): An Overview. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:423-449. [PMID: 29421998 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180201111159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is a trace element, nutritionally classified as an essential micronutrient, involved in maintaining the correct function of several enzymes incorporating the selenocysteine residue, namely the selenoproteins. The human selenoproteome including 25 proteins is extensively described here. The most relevant selenoproteins, including glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases and iodothyronine deiodinases are required for the proper cellular redox homeostasis as well as for the correct thyroid function, thus preventing oxidative stress and related diseases. This review summarizes the main advances on oxidative stress with a focus on selenium metabolism and transport. Moreover, thyroid-related disorders are discussed, considering that the thyroid gland contains the highest selenium amount per gram of tissue, also for future possible therapeutic implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Silvestrini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Alvaro Mordente
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Martino
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Carmine Bruno
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vergani
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Meucci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Operative Unit of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
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27
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Martinez ME, Lary CW, Karaczyn AA, Griswold MD, Hernandez A. Spermatogonial Type 3 Deiodinase Regulates Thyroid Hormone Target Genes in Developing Testicular Somatic Cells. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2929-2945. [PMID: 31621880 PMCID: PMC6853691 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Premature overexposure to thyroid hormone causes profound effects on testis growth, spermatogenesis, and male fertility. We used genetic mouse models of type 3 deiodinase (DIO3) deficiency to determine the genetic programs affected by premature thyroid hormone action and to define the role of DIO3 in regulating thyroid hormone economy in testicular cells. Gene expression profiling in the neonatal testis of DIO3-deficient mice identified 5699 differentially expressed genes. Upregulated and downregulated genes were, respectively, involved according to DAVID analysis with cell differentiation and proliferation. They included anti-Müllerian hormone and genes involved in the formation of the blood-testis barrier, which are specific to Sertoli cells (SCs). They also included steroidogenic genes, which are specific to Leydig cells. Comparison with published data sets of genes enriched in SCs and spermatogonia, and responsive to retinoic acid (RA), identified a subset of genes that were regulated similarly by RA and thyroid hormone. This subset of genes showed an expression bias, as they were downregulated when enriched in spermatogonia and upregulated when enriched in SCs. Furthermore, using a genetic approach, we found that DIO3 is not expressed in SCs, but spermatogonia-specific inactivation of DIO3 led to impaired testis growth, reduced SC number, decreased cell proliferation and, especially during neonatal development, altered gene expression specific to somatic cells. These findings indicate that spermatogonial DIO3 protects testicular cells from untimely thyroid hormone signaling and demonstrate a mechanism of cross-talk between somatic and germ cells in the neonatal testis that involves the regulation of thyroid hormone availability and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elena Martinez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Christine W Lary
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aldona A Karaczyn
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Michael D Griswold
- School for Molecular Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Arturo Hernandez, PhD, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, Maine 04074. E-mail:
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28
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Song RH, Wang B, Yao QM, Li Q, Jia X, Zhang JA. The Impact of Obesity on Thyroid Autoimmunity and Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2349. [PMID: 31681268 PMCID: PMC6797838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To help inform decision making in the clinical setting, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the association of thyroid disease risks with obesity. Methods: Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane database and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched from inception to October 31, 2018 without language restrictions to explore the relationship between thyroid disorders and obesity. The relative risk (RR) or odds risk (OR) for thyroid disorders were pooled using the SPSS and STATA software. Results: A total of 22 studies were included in the study. (1) Meta-analysis showed that obesity was significantly associated with an increased risk of hypothyroidism (RR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.63–2.11, P < 0.001). Meta-analyses after stratification further showed that obese population had increased risks of overt hypothyroidism (RR = 3.21, 95% CI 2.12–4.86, P < 0.001) and subclinical hypothyroidism (RR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.42–2.03, P < 0.001). (2) Further meta-analysis also showed obesity was clearly associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (RR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.10–3.32, P = 0.022), but not with Graves' disease. (3) In the meta-analysis of antibodies, obesity was correlated with positive thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) (RR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.31–2.85, P = 0.001), but not with positive thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb). Conclusions: Obesity was significantly related to hypothyroidism, HT, and TPOAb, implying that prevention of obesity is crucial for thyroid disorders. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42018096897.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hua Song
- Department of Endocrinology & Rheumatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu-Ming Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-An Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology & Rheumatology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
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29
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Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Fonseca TL, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC. Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1000-1047. [PMID: 31033998 PMCID: PMC6596318 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (i.e., T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine or T4 to reverse T3 conversion). These reactions are catalyzed by the deiodinases. The biologically active hormone, T3, eventually binds to intracellular TH receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, and initiate TH signaling, that is, regulation of target genes and other metabolic pathways. At least three families of transmembrane transporters, MCT, OATP, and LAT, facilitate the entry of TH into cells, which follow the gradient of free hormone between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm. Inactivation or marked downregulation of TH transporters can dampen TH signaling. At the same time, dynamic modifications in the expression or activity of TRs and transcriptional coregulators can affect positively or negatively the intensity of TH signaling. However, the deiodinases are the element that provides greatest amplitude in dynamic control of TH signaling. Cells that express the activating deiodinase DIO2 can rapidly enhance TH signaling due to intracellular buildup of T3. In contrast, TH signaling is dampened in cells that express the inactivating deiodinase DIO3. This explains how THs can regulate pathways in development, metabolism, and growth, despite rather stable levels in the circulation. As a consequence, TH signaling is unique for each cell (tissue or organ), depending on circulating TH levels and on the exclusive blend of transporters, deiodinases, and TRs present in each cell. In this review we explore the key mechanisms underlying customization of TH signaling during development, in health and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biologic Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Onishi KG, Prendergast BJ, Stevenson TJ. Trait-specific effects of exogenous triiodothyronine on cytokine and behavioral responses to simulated systemic infection in male Siberian hamsters. Horm Behav 2019; 110:90-97. [PMID: 30826308 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in day length enhance and suppress immune function in a trait-specific manner. In Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) winter-like short days (SDs) increase blood leukocyte concentrations and adaptive T cell dependent immune responses, but attenuate innate inflammatory responses to simulated infections. Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling also changes seasonally and has been implicated in modulation of the reproductive axis by day length. Immunologically, TH administration in long days (LD) enhances adaptive immune responses in male Siberian hamsters, mimicking effects of SDs. This experiment tested the hypothesis that T3 is also sufficient to mimic the effects of SD on innate immune responses. Adult male hamsters housed in LDs were pretreated with triiodothyronine (T3; 1 μg, s.c.) or saline (VEH) daily for 6 weeks; additional positive controls were housed in SD and received VEH, after which cytokine, behavioral, and physiological responses to simulated bacterial infection (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) were evaluated. SD pretreatment inhibited proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression (i.e. interleukin 1β, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells). In addition, the magnitude and persistence of anorexic and cachectic responses to LPS were also lower in SD hamsters, and LPS-induced inhibition of nest building behavior was absent in SD. T3 treatments failed to affect behavioral (food intake, nest building) or somatic (body mass) responses to LPS in LD hamsters, but one CNS cytokine response to LPS (e.g., hypothalamic TNFα) was augmented by T3. Together these data implicate thyroid hormone signaling in select aspects of innate immune responses to seasonal changes in day length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Onishi
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Brian J Prendergast
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tyler J Stevenson
- Inst. Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Holt MR, Miles JJ, Inder WJ, Thomson RM. Exploring immunomodulation by endocrine changes in Lady Windermere syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:28-38. [PMID: 30697704 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disease due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) occurs with disproportionate frequency in postmenopausal women with a unique phenotype and without clinically apparent predisposing factors. Dubbed 'Lady Windermere syndrome', the phenotype includes low body mass index (BMI), tall stature and higher than normal prevalence of scoliosis, pectus excavatum and mitral valve prolapse. Although the pathomechanism for susceptibility to NTM lung disease in these patients remains uncertain, it is likely to be multi-factorial. A role for the immunomodulatory consequences of oestrogen deficiency and altered adipokine production has been postulated. Altered levels of adipokines and dehydroepiandrosterone have been demonstrated in patients with NTM lung disease. Case reports of NTM lung disease in patients with hypopituitarism support the possibility that altered endocrine function influences disease susceptibility. This paper catalogues the evidence for immunomodulatory consequences of predicted endocrine changes in Lady Windermere syndrome, with emphasis on the immune response to NTM. Collectively, the data warrant further exploration of an endocrine link to disease susceptibility in Lady Windermere syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Holt
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J J Miles
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - W J Inder
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R M Thomson
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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32
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Montesinos MDM, Pellizas CG. Thyroid Hormone Action on Innate Immunity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:350. [PMID: 31214123 PMCID: PMC6558108 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between thyroid hormone action and the immune system has been established in physiological and pathological settings. However, their connection is complex and still not completely understood. The thyroid hormones (THs), 3,3',5,5' tetraiodo-L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) play essential roles in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite much research having been carried out on this topic, the available data are sometimes difficult to interpret or even contradictory. Innate immune cells act as the first line of defense, mainly involving granulocytes and natural killer cells. In turn, antigen presenting cells, macrophages and dendritic cells capture, process and present antigens (self and foreign) to naïve T lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues for the development of adaptive immunity. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in T4 and T3 effects on innate immune cells. An overview of the state-of-the-art of TH transport across the target cell membrane, TH metabolism inside these cells, and the genomic and non-genomic mechanisms involved in the action of THs in the different innate immune cell subsets is included. The present knowledge of TH effects as well as the thyroid status on innate immunity helps to understand the complex adaptive responses achieved with profound implications in immunopathology, which include inflammation, cancer and autoimmunity, at the crossroads of the immune and endocrine systems.
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van der Spek AH, Surovtseva OV, Jim KK, van Oudenaren A, Brouwer MC, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Leenen PJM, van de Beek D, Hernandez A, Fliers E, Boelen A. Regulation of Intracellular Triiodothyronine Is Essential for Optimal Macrophage Function. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2241-2252. [PMID: 29648626 PMCID: PMC5920313 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune cells, including macrophages, have recently been identified as target cells for thyroid hormone. We hypothesized that optimal intracellular concentrations of the active thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) are essential for proinflammatory macrophage function. T3 is generated intracellularly by type 2 deiodinase (D2) and acts via the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor (TR). In zebrafish embryos, D2 knockdown increased mortality during pneumococcal meningitis. Primary murine D2 knockout macrophages exhibited impaired phagocytosis and partially reduced cytokine response to stimulation with bacterial endotoxin. These effects are presumably due to reduced intracellular T3 availability. Knockdown of the main TR in macrophages, TRα, impaired polarization into proinflammatory macrophages and amplified polarization into immunomodulatory macrophages. Intracellular T3 availability and action appear to play a crucial role in macrophage function. Our data suggest that low intracellular T3 action has an anti-inflammatory effect, possibly due to an effect on macrophage polarization mediated via the TRα. This study provides important insights into the link between the endocrine and innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H van der Spek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Olga V Surovtseva
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kin Ki Jim
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adri van Oudenaren
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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de Castro AL, Fernandes RO, Ortiz VD, Campos C, Bonetto JHP, Fernandes TRG, Conzatti A, Siqueira R, Tavares AV, Belló-Klein A, da Rosa Araujo AS. Thyroid hormones decrease the proinflammatory TLR4/NF-κβ pathway and improve functional parameters of the left ventricle of infarcted rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 461:132-142. [PMID: 28888669 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction leads to oxidative stress and promotes activation of the TLR4/NF-κβ proinflammatory pathway. Thyroid hormones (TH) are known to be cardioprotective after infarction. However, there are no studies evaluating whether TH could modulate this pathway in the heart. This study aimed to verify the effect of thyroid hormones on the TLR4/NF-κβ pathway after myocardial infarction. Male Wistar rats were allocated into the following groups: Sham-operated (SHAM), sham-operated + TH (SHAMT), infarcted (AMI) and infarcted + TH (AMIT). The treated rats received T4 and T3 (8 and 2 μg 100 g-1 day-1) for 12 days by gavage. Subsequently, the animals were evaluated by echocardiography and euthanized, and the left ventricle was collected for biochemical and molecular analyses. TH modulates TLR4/NF-κβ expression in the infarcted hearts of rats and decreases xanthine oxidase expression. These effects were related to cardiac functional improvement after infarction. The cardioprotective effects of T3 and T4 seem to involve an anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Luz de Castro
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis (Uniritter), Orfanotrófio Street, 555, CEP 90840-440, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael Oliveira Fernandes
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanessa D Ortiz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Campos
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica H P Bonetto
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tânia Regina G Fernandes
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Conzatti
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Siqueira
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Vicente Tavares
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis (Uniritter), Orfanotrófio Street, 555, CEP 90840-440, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Reactive Oxygen Species, Physiology Department, Institute of Basic Health Science (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite Street, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo
- Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis (Uniritter), Orfanotrófio Street, 555, CEP 90840-440, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Gałecka E, Talarowska M, Maes M, Su KP, Górski P, Kumor-Kisielewska A, Szemraj J. Expression levels of interferon-ɣ and type 2 deiodinase in patients diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:133-138. [PMID: 29367100 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (TH) are involved in modulation of the immune system and inflammation. TH dysregulation is associated with depressive disorders. The iodothyronine deiodinases (DIOs), the key enzymes for TH synthesis, can be affected and induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. We aimed to investigate the levels of and correlation between type 2 DIO (DIO2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-ɣ) in patients with recurrent depressive disorders (rDD). METHODS Data from 91 rDD patients and 105 healthy controls were analyzed. The diagnoses are based on the ICD-10 criteria (F33.0-F33.8). Expression levels of DIO2 and IFN-ɣ were estimated using the method based on the polymerase chain reaction and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The DIO2 expression on mRNA/protein levels in rDD patients (both female and males) was reduced as compared with the control subjects. No correlation between DIO2 and IFN-ɣ expression was observed. CONCLUSION This is the first study to reveal that one may cautiously suggest that DIO2 may be involved in the development and/or progression of rDD. The mechanisms of TH regulation on depression, however, need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Gałecka
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Monika Talarowska
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Brazil
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Research Center (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Paweł Górski
- Department of Pneumology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź Poland
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Emokpae MA, Obazelu PA. The Association of Triiodothyronine-to-Thyroxine Ratio with Body Mass Index in Obese Nigerian Children and Adolescents. Med Sci (Basel) 2017; 5:medsci5040036. [PMID: 29244733 PMCID: PMC5753665 DOI: 10.3390/medsci5040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and obesity is on the increase. This study compares the triiodothyronine-to-thyroxine (T3/T4) ratio in obese and lean children and adolescents, and correlates thyroid hormones with body mass index (BMI) in obese Nigerian children. It is a retrospective study of records of 76 obese children and adolescents with a BMI of 31.7 ± 0.1 kg/m2 (26 males aged 10.9 ± 0.35 years, and 50 females aged 10.8 ± 0.4 years) that were referred to the laboratory for thyroid hormone evaluation because of their obese status. The controls were 20 age-matched non-obese apparently healthy subjects, with a mean age of 11.0 ± 0.47 years and a BMI of 20.2 ± 0.2 kg/m2. Serum T3, T4, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined using ELECSYS 1010 auto-analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Penzberg, Germany). The BMI (p < 0.001), T3 (p < 0.01), TSH (p < 0.001) and T3/T4 ratio (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in obese than non-obese children and adolescents. Triiodothyronine (r = 0.230; p < 0.05), TSH (r = 0.272; p < 0.02), and T3/T4 ratio (r = 0.232; p < 0.05) correlated positively with BMI in obese children and adolescents. The T3/T4 ratio (p < 0.005) was significantly higher in obese boys than obese girls. Serum T3, TSH, and T3/T4 ratio correlated positive with BMI in obese Nigerian children and adolescents. Since thyroid dysfunction represents a continuum from asymptomatic to clinical symptomatic disease, it is suggested that obese children be counseled on the need to maintain ideal BMI in order to avoid the risks associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Abiodun Emokpae
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria.
| | - Progress Arhenrhen Obazelu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria.
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van der Spek AH, Surovtseva OV, Aan S, Tool ATJ, van de Geer A, Demir K, van Gucht ALM, van Trotsenburg ASP, van den Berg TK, Fliers E, Boelen A. Increased circulating interleukin-8 in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone receptor α. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:731-740. [PMID: 29101248 PMCID: PMC5670275 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells have recently been identified as novel thyroid hormone (TH) target cells in which intracellular TH levels appear to play an important functional role. The possible involvement of TH receptor alpha (TRα), which is the predominant TR in these cells, has not been studied to date. Studies in TRα0/0 mice suggest a role for this receptor in innate immune function. The aim of this study was to determine whether TRα affects the human innate immune response. We assessed circulating interleukin-8 concentrations in a cohort of 8 patients with resistance to TH due to a mutation of TRα (RTHα) and compared these results to healthy controls. In addition, we measured neutrophil and macrophage function in one of these RTHα patients (mutation D211G). Circulating interleukin-8 levels were elevated in 7 out of 8 RTHα patients compared to controls. These patients harbor different mutations, suggesting that this is a general feature of the syndrome of RTHα. Neutrophil spontaneous apoptosis, bacterial killing, NAPDH oxidase activity and chemotaxis were unaltered in cells derived from the RTHαD211G patient. RTHα macrophage phagocytosis and cytokine induction after LPS treatment were similar to results from control cells. The D211G mutation did not result in clinically relevant impairment of neutrophil or pro-inflammatory macrophage function. As elevated circulating IL-8 is also observed in hyperthyroidism, this observation could be due to the high-normal to high levels of circulating T3 found in patients with RTHα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H van der Spek
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Surovtseva
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Aan
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton T J Tool
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie van de Geer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Korcan Demir
- Division of Pediatric EndocrinologyDokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Anja L M van Gucht
- Department of EndocrinologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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El-Hamoly T, El-Sharawy DM, El Refaye MS, Abd El-Rahman SS. L-thyroxine modifies nephrotoxicity by regulating the apoptotic pathway: The possible role of CD38/ADP-ribosyl cyclase-mediated calcium mobilization. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184157. [PMID: 28892514 PMCID: PMC5593187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are well-established as a key regulator of many cellular metabolic pathways developed in various pathogeneses. Here, we dedicated the current work to investigate the role of thyroid hormone analogue (L-thyroxine, L-TH) in regulating the renal cytotoxicity using in vivo and in vitro models. Swiss mice were exposed to gamma radiation (IRR, 6Gy) or treated with cisplatin (CIS, 15 mg/kg, i.p.) for induction of nephrotoxicity. Remarkably, pretreatment with L-TH (1μg/kg) ameliorated the elevated kidney function biomarkers, oxidative stress and protected the renal tissue from the subsequent cellular damage. Likewise, L-TH inhibited the apoptotic cascade by down-regulating the extreme consumption of the cellular energy (ATP), the expression of caspase-3 and Bax, and the stimulation of cyclic ADP ribose (cADPR)/calcium mobilization. Moreover, incubation with L-TH (120nM/4h) significantly blocked the cytotoxicity of CIS on Vero cells and the depletion of NAD+ content as well as modified the ADP-ribose cyclase (CD38) enzymatic activity. High doses of L-TH (up to30 nM/4h) inversely increased the radiosensitivity of Vero cells towards IRR (up to 6Gy). On the other hand, L-TH did not interfere CIS-induced cytotoxicity of colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line. In conclusion, pretreatment with L-TH could be a promising protective approach to the renal cellular damage induced during either CIS or IRR therapy by regulating the unbalanced oxidative status, the expression of pro-apoptotic biomarkers via modulation of cADPR mediated-calcium mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek El-Hamoly
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
- Cyclotron Project, Center of Nuclear Researches, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina M. El-Sharawy
- Cyclotron Project, Center of Nuclear Researches, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa S. El Refaye
- Cyclotron Project, Center of Nuclear Researches, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar S. Abd El-Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- * E-mail: ,
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Furuya F, Ishii T, Tamura S, Takahashi K, Kobayashi H, Ichijo M, Takizawa S, Kaneshige M, Suzuki-Inoue K, Kitamura K. The ligand-bound thyroid hormone receptor in macrophages ameliorates kidney injury via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB activities. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43960. [PMID: 28272516 PMCID: PMC5341020 DOI: 10.1038/srep43960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, inflammation plays a pivotal role in the progression of renal fibrosis. Hypothyroidism is associated with an increased occurrence of atherosclerosis and inflammation, suggesting protective roles of thyroid hormones and their receptors against inflammatory processes. The contribution of thyroid hormone receptors to macrophage differentiation has not been well documented. Here, we focused on the endogenous thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) in macrophages and examined the role of ligand-bound TRα in macrophage polarization-mediated anti-inflammatory effects. TRα-deficient irradiated chimeric mice showed exacerbated tubulointerstitial injury in a unilateral ureteral obstruction model. Compared with wild-type macrophages, macrophages isolated from the obstructed kidneys of mice lacking TRα displayed increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines that was accompanied by enhanced nuclear translocation of p65. Comparison of TRα-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages with wild-type macrophages confirmed the propensity of the former cells to produce excessive IL-1β levels. Co-culture of these macrophages with renal epithelial cells induced more severe damage to the epithelial cells via the IL-1 receptor. Our findings indicate that ligand-bound TRα on macrophages plays a protective role in kidney inflammation through the inhibition of NF-κB pathways, possibly by affecting the pro- and anti-inflammatory balance that controls the development of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Furuya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ishii
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
| | - Shogo Tamura
- Department of Laboratory and Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takahashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kobayashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
| | - Masashi Ichijo
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
| | - Soichi Takizawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneshige
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
| | - Katsue Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Laboratory and Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kitamura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 4093898, Japan
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Jara EL, Muñoz-Durango N, Llanos C, Fardella C, González PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Modulating the function of the immune system by thyroid hormones and thyrotropin. Immunol Lett 2017; 184:76-83. [PMID: 28216261 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a close bidirectional communication and regulation between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Thyroid hormones (THs) can exert responses in various immune cells, e.g., monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes, affecting several inflammation-related processes (such as, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species generation, and cytokines production). The interactions between the endocrine and immune systems have been shown to contribute to pathophysiological conditions, including sepsis, inflammation, autoimmune diseases and viral infections. Under these conditions, TH therapy could contribute to restoring normal physiological functions. Here we discuss the effects of THs and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on the immune system and the contribution to inflammation and pathogen clearance, as well as the consequences of thyroid pathologies over the function of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn L Jara
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Llanos
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Fardella
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile.
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Gigena N, Alamino VA, Montesinos MDM, Nazar M, Louzada RA, Wajner SM, Maia AL, Masini-Repiso AM, Carvalho DP, Cremaschi GA, Pellizas CG. Dissecting thyroid hormone transport and metabolism in dendritic cells. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:337-350. [PMID: 28052998 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We reported thyroid hormone (TH) receptor expression in murine dendritic cells (DCs) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3)-dependent stimulation of DC maturation and ability to develop a Th1-type adaptive response. Moreover, an increased DC capacity to promote antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell activity, exploited in a DC-based antitumor vaccination protocol, was revealed. However, putative effects of the main circulating TH, l-thyroxine (T4) and the mechanisms of TH transport and metabolism at DC level, crucial events for TH action at target cell level, were not known. Herein, we show that T4 did not reproduce those registered T3-dependent effects, finding that may reflect a homoeostatic control to prevent unspecific systemic activation of DCs. Besides, DCs express MCT10 and LAT2 TH transporters, and these cells mainly transport T3 with a favored involvement of MCT10 as its inhibition almost prevented T3 saturable uptake mechanism and reduced T3-induced IL-12 production. In turn, DCs express iodothyronine deiodonases type 2 and 3 (D2, D3) and exhibit both enzymatic activities with a prevalence towards TH inactivation. Moreover, T3 increased MCT10 and LAT2 expression and T3 efflux from DCs but not T3 uptake, whereas it induced a robust induction of D3 with a parallel slight reduction in D2. These findings disclose pivotal events involved in the mechanism of action of THs on DCs, providing valuable tools for manipulating the immunogenic potential of these cells. Furthermore, they broaden the knowledge of the TH mechanism of action at the immune system network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Gigena
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET)Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanina A Alamino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET)Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Del Mar Montesinos
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET)Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Magalí Nazar
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET)Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ruy A Louzada
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas FilhoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone M Wajner
- Thyroid UnitEndocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana L Maia
- Thyroid UnitEndocrinology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana M Masini-Repiso
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET)Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas FilhoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Graciela A Cremaschi
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación y Oncología MolecularInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED-CONICET), Universidad Católica Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia G Pellizas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET)Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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42
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van der Spek AH, Fliers E, Boelen A. Thyroid hormone metabolism in innate immune cells. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R67-R81. [PMID: 27852725 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism and thyroid status have been linked to various aspects of the immune response. There is extensive literature available on the effects of thyroid hormone on innate immune cells. However, only recently have authors begun to study the mechanisms behind these effects and the role of intracellular TH metabolism in innate immune cell function during inflammation. This review provides an overview of the molecular machinery of intracellular TH metabolism present in neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells and the role and effects of intracellular TH metabolism in these cells. Circulating TH levels have a profound effect on neutrophil, macrophage and dendritic cell function. In general, increased TH levels result in an amplification of the pro-inflammatory response of these cells. The mechanisms behind these effects include both genomic and non-genomic effects of TH. Besides a pro-inflammatory effect induced by extracellular TH, the cellular response to pro-inflammatory stimuli appears to be dependent on functional intracellular TH metabolism. This is illustrated by the fact that the deiodinase enzymes and in some cell types also thyroid hormone receptors appear to be crucial for adequate innate immune cell function. This overview of the literature suggests that TH metabolism plays an important role in the host defence against infection through the modulation of innate immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H van der Spek
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAcademic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Spek AH, Bloise FF, Tigchelaar W, Dentice M, Salvatore D, van der Wel NN, Fliers E, Boelen A. The Thyroid Hormone Inactivating Enzyme Type 3 Deiodinase is Present in Bactericidal Granules and the Cytoplasm of Human Neutrophils. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3293-305. [PMID: 27355490 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are important effector cells of the innate immune system. Thyroid hormone (TH) is thought to play an important role in their function. Intracellular TH levels are regulated by the deiodinating enzymes. The TH-inactivating type 3 deiodinase (D3) is expressed in infiltrating murine neutrophils, and D3 knockout mice show impaired bacterial killing upon infection. This suggests that D3 plays an important role in the bacterial killing capacity of neutrophils. The mechanism behind this effect is unknown. We aimed to assess the presence of D3 in human neutrophils, and determine its subcellular localization using confocal and electron microscopy, because this could give important clues about its function in these cells. D3 appeared to be present in the cytoplasm and in myeloperoxidase containing azurophilic granules and as well as lactoferrin containing specific granules within human neutrophils. This subcellular localization did not change upon activation of the cells. D3 is observed intracellularly during neutrophil extracellular trap formation, followed by a reduction of D3 staining after release of the neutrophil extracellular traps into the extracellular space. At the transcriptional level, human neutrophils expressed additional essential elements of TH metabolism, including TH transporters and TH receptors. Here, we demonstrate the presence and subcellular location of D3 in human neutrophils for the first time and propose a model, in which D3 plays a role in the bacterial killing capacity of neutrophils either through generation of iodide for the myeloperoxidase system or through modulation of intracellular TH bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H van der Spek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.H.v.d.S., F.F.B., E.F., A.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology (W.T., N.N.v.d.W.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (M.D., D.S.), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia F Bloise
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.H.v.d.S., F.F.B., E.F., A.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology (W.T., N.N.v.d.W.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (M.D., D.S.), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Wikky Tigchelaar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.H.v.d.S., F.F.B., E.F., A.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology (W.T., N.N.v.d.W.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (M.D., D.S.), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.H.v.d.S., F.F.B., E.F., A.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology (W.T., N.N.v.d.W.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (M.D., D.S.), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.H.v.d.S., F.F.B., E.F., A.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology (W.T., N.N.v.d.W.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (M.D., D.S.), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicole N van der Wel
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.H.v.d.S., F.F.B., E.F., A.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology (W.T., N.N.v.d.W.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (M.D., D.S.), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.H.v.d.S., F.F.B., E.F., A.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology (W.T., N.N.v.d.W.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (M.D., D.S.), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.H.v.d.S., F.F.B., E.F., A.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology and Histology (W.T., N.N.v.d.W.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (M.D., D.S.), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Saini A, Mahajan S, Gupta P. Nuclear receptor expression atlas in BMDCs: Nr4a2 restricts immunogenicity of BMDCs and impedes EAE. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1842-53. [PMID: 27184189 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors regulates various key aspects of physiological processes; however, their role(s) in immune cells' function are just beginning to unravel. Although few NRs have been shown to be critical for dendritic cell (DC) function, a lack of knowledge about their complete representation in DCs has limited the ability to harness their full potential. Here, we performed a comprehensive NR expression profiling and identified the key members of NR superfamily being expressed in immature, immunogenic, and tolerogenic DCs. Comparative analysis revealed discrete changes in the expression of various NRs among the studied DC subtypes, indicating a likely role in the modulation of DC functionality. Next, we characterized Nr4a2, a member of orphan NR family, and found that it suppresses the activation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells triggered by LPS. Overexpression and knockdown of Nr4a2 demonstrated that Nr4a2 orchestrates the expression of immunoregulatory genes, hence inducing a tolerogenic phenotype in bone marrow derived dendritic cells. Furthermore, we also found that Nr4a2 provides protection from EAE by promoting an increase in Treg cells, while limiting effector T cells. Our findings suggest a previously unidentified role for Nr4a2 as a regulator of DC tolerogenicity and demonstrate its potential as therapeutic target in DC-associated pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Saini
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Sahil Mahajan
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, 160036, India.,Department of Orthopedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, 160036, India
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45
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Bloise FF, van der Spek AH, Surovtseva OV, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Fliers E, Boelen A. Differential Effects of Sepsis and Chronic Inflammation on Diaphragm Muscle Fiber Type, Thyroid Hormone Metabolism, and Mitochondrial Function. Thyroid 2016; 26:600-9. [PMID: 26892873 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diaphragm is the main respiratory muscle, and its function is compromised during severe illness. Altered local thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism may be a determinant of impaired muscle function during illness. METHODS This study investigates the effects of bacterial sepsis and chronic inflammation on muscle fiber type, local TH metabolism, and mitochondrial function in the diaphragm. Two mouse models were used: sepsis induced by S. pneumoniae infection or chronic inflammation induced by subcutaneous turpentine injection. In vitro, the effect of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) on mitochondrial function in C2C12 myotubes was studied. RESULTS Sepsis induced a transient increase in the fiber type I profile and increased Dio3 expression while decreasing Dio2, Thra1, and Slc16a2 expression. Triiodothyronine positively regulated genes Tnni2 and Myog were decreased, indicating reduced TH signaling in the diaphragm. In contrast, chronic inflammation increased the fiber type II profile in the diaphragm as well as Thra1, Thrb1, and Myog expression while decreasing Dio3 expression, suggesting increased TH responsiveness during chronic inflammation. LPS-stimulated C2C12 myotubes showed decreased Dio2 expression and reduced basal oxygen consumption as well as non-mitochondrial respiration. The same respiratory profile was induced by Dio2 knockdown in myotubes. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo results show differential effects of sepsis and chronic inflammation on diaphragm muscle fiber type, TH metabolism, and mitochondrial function, while the in vitro results point to a causal role for altered TH metabolism in functional muscle impairment. These findings may be relevant for the pathogenesis of impaired respiratory function in critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia F Bloise
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- 2 Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anne H van der Spek
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Surovtseva
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- 2 Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eric Fliers
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Thyroid Hormones, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:6757154. [PMID: 27051079 PMCID: PMC4802023 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6757154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) are closely related processes, as well exemplified in obesity and cardiovascular diseases. OS is also related to hormonal derangement in a reciprocal way. Among the various hormonal influences that operate on the antioxidant balance, thyroid hormones play particularly important roles, since both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism have been shown to be associated with OS in animals and humans. In this context, the nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) that typically manifests as reduced conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) in different acute and chronic systemic conditions is still a debated topic. The pathophysiological mechanisms of this syndrome are reviewed, together with the roles of deiodinases, the enzymes responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3, in both physiological and pathological situations. The presence of OS indexes in NTIS supports the hypothesis that it represents a condition of hypothyroidism at the tissue level and not only an adaptive mechanism to diseases.
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Perinatal deiodinase 2 expression in hepatocytes defines epigenetic susceptibility to liver steatosis and obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14018-23. [PMID: 26508642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508943112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone binds to nuclear receptors and regulates gene transcription. Here we report that in mice, at around the first day of life, there is a transient surge in hepatocyte type 2 deiodinase (D2) that activates the prohormone thyroxine to the active hormone triiodothyronine, modifying the expression of ∼165 genes involved in broad aspects of hepatocyte function, including lipid metabolism. Hepatocyte-specific D2 inactivation (ALB-D2KO) is followed by a delay in neonatal expression of key lipid-related genes and a persistent reduction in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ expression. Notably, the absence of a neonatal D2 peak significantly modifies the baseline and long-term hepatic transcriptional response to a high-fat diet (HFD). Overall, changes in the expression of approximately 400 genes represent the HFD response in control animals toward the synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides, whereas in ALB-D2KO animals, the response is limited to a very different set of only approximately 200 genes associated with reverse cholesterol transport and lipase activity. A whole genome methylation profile coupled to multiple analytical platforms indicate that 10-20% of these differences can be related to the presence of differentially methylated local regions mapped to sites of active/suppressed chromatin, thus qualifying as epigenetic modifications occurring as a result of neonatal D2 inactivation. The resulting phenotype of the adult ALB-D2KO mouse is dramatic, with greatly reduced susceptibility to diet-induced steatosis, hypertriglyceridemia, and obesity.
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48
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Yang J, Wang Y, Sui M, Liu F, Fu Z, Wang QX. Tri-iodothyronine preconditioning protects against liver ischemia reperfusion injury through the regulation of autophagy by the MEK/ERK/mTORC1 axis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:704-10. [PMID: 26498520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The autophagy pathway has previously been suggested as an important protective factor in liver injury. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the protective, autophagy-modulating effect of tri-iodothyronine (T3) on liver ischemia reperfusion injury. METHODS Liver ischemia reperfusion was induced in male C57BL/6 mice after T3 administration. Liver function, histological damage, inflammatory infiltration, cytokine production, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, autophagy changing, and autophagy-associated intracellular signaling pathway were assessed to evaluate the impact of antecedent T3 treatment on ischemia reperfusion induced liver injury. RESULTS After 70% liver ischemia reperfusion injury, mice that were preconditioned with appropriate T3 displayed significantly preserved liver function, less histological damage, less apoptosis, and enhanced antioxidant capacity. Further studies revealed that mice which were preconditioned with T3 before IR induction exhibited an increased level of autophagy mediated by MEK/ERK/mTORC1. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide the first line of evidence indicating that antecedent T3 injection can provide protection for the liver against ischemia reperfusion induced injury by enhancing autophagy. Therefore, T3 preconditioning could be a potential therapeutic approach to prevent liver IR injury related to various clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Yang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxing Sui
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiren Fu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Quan-Xing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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49
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Fliers E, Bianco AC, Langouche L, Boelen A. Thyroid function in critically ill patients. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3:816-25. [PMID: 26071885 PMCID: PMC4979220 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) typically present with decreased concentrations of plasma tri-iodothyronine, low thyroxine, and normal range or slightly decreased concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone. This ensemble of changes is collectively known as non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS). The extent of NTIS is associated with prognosis, but no proof exists for causality of this association. Initially, NTIS is a consequence of the acute phase response to systemic illness and macronutrient restriction, which might be beneficial. Pathogenesis of NTIS in long-term critical illness is more complex and includes suppression of hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone, accounting for persistently reduced secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone despite low plasma thyroid hormone. In some cases distinguishing between NTIS and severe hypothyroidism, which is a rare primary cause for admission to the ICU, can be difficult. Infusion of hypothalamic-releasing factors can reactivate the thyroid axis in patients with NTIS, inducing an anabolic response. Whether this approach has a clinical benefit in terms of outcome is unknown. In this Series paper, we discuss diagnostic aspects, pathogenesis, and implications of NTIS as well as its distinction from severe, primary thyroid disorders in patients in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lies Langouche
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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50
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Renko K, Schäche S, Hoefig CS, Welsink T, Schwiebert C, Braun D, Becker NP, Köhrle J, Schomburg L. An Improved Nonradioactive Screening Method Identifies Genistein and Xanthohumol as Potent Inhibitors of Iodothyronine Deiodinases. Thyroid 2015; 25:962-8. [PMID: 25962824 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deiodinases (DIO1, 2, and 3) are key enzymes in thyroid hormone (TH) activation and inactivation with impact on energy metabolism, development, cell differentiation, and a number of other physiological processes. The three DIO isoenzymes thus constitute sensitive rate-limiting components within the TH axis, prone to dysregulation by endocrine disruptive compounds or disease state. In animal models and cell culture experiments, they serve as readout for local TH status and disarrangement of the hormonal axis. Furthermore, some human diseases are characterized by apparent deiodinase dysregulation (e.g., the low triiodothyronine syndrome in critical illness). Consequently, these enzymes are targets of interest for the development of pharmacological compounds with modulatory activities. Until now, the portfolio of inhibitors for these enzymes is limited. In the clinics, the DIO1-specific inhibitor propylthiouracil is in use for treatment of severe hyperthyroidism. Other well-known inhibitors (e.g., iopanoic acid or aurothioglucose) are nonselective and block all three isoenzymes. Furthermore, DIO3 was shown to be a potential oncogenic gene, which is strongly expressed in some tumors and might, in consequence, protect tumor tissue form differentiation by TH. With respect to its role in tumorigenesis, specific inhibitors of DIO3 as a potential target for anticancer drugs would be highly desirable. To this end, a flexible and convenient assay for high-throughput screening is needed. We recently described a nonradioactive screening assay, utilizing the classic Sandell-Kolthoff reaction as readout for iodide release from the substrate molecules. While we used murine liver as enzyme source, the assay was limited to murine DIO1 activity testing. Here, we describe the use of recombinant proteins as enzyme sources within the assay, expanding its suitability from murine Dio1 to human DIO1, DIO2, and DIO3. METHODS As proof-of-concept, deiodination reactions catalyzed by these recombinant enzymes were monitored with various nonradioactive substrates and confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The contrast agent and known DIO inhibitor iopanoic acid was characterized as readily accepted substrate by DIO2 and Dio3. In a screening approach using established endocrine disrupting compounds, the natural food ingredient genistein was identified as a further DIO1-specific inhibitor, while xanthohumol turned out to potently block the activity of all three isoenzymes. CONCLUSIONS A rapid nonradioactive screening method based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction is suitable for identification of environmental, nutritive and pharmacological compounds modulating activities of human deiodinase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostja Renko
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Schäche
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin S Hoefig
- 2 Karolinska Institutet , Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Welsink
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Schwiebert
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Doreen Braun
- 3 Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn , Germany
| | - Niels-Peter Becker
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Schomburg
- 1 Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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