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Hengist A, Davies RG, Walhin JP, Buniam J, Merrell LH, Rogers L, Bradshaw L, Moreno-Cabañas A, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM, Hodson L, van Loon LJC, Barton W, O'Donovan C, Crispie F, O'Sullivan O, Cotter PD, Proctor K, Betts JA, Koumanov F, Thompson D, Gonzalez JT. Ketogenic diet but not free-sugar restriction alters glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, peripheral tissue phenotype, and gut microbiome: RCT. Cell Rep Med 2024:101667. [PMID: 39106867 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Restricted sugar and ketogenic diets can alter energy balance/metabolism, but decreased energy intake may be compensated by reduced expenditure. In healthy adults, randomization to restricting free sugars or overall carbohydrates (ketogenic diet) for 12 weeks reduces fat mass without changing energy expenditure versus control. Free-sugar restriction minimally affects metabolism or gut microbiome but decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In contrast, a ketogenic diet decreases glucose tolerance, increases skeletal muscle PDK4, and reduces AMPK and GLUT4 levels. By week 4, the ketogenic diet reduces fasting glucose and increases apolipoprotein B, C-reactive protein, and postprandial glycerol concentrations. However, despite sustained ketosis, these effects are no longer apparent by week 12, when gut microbial beta diversity is altered, possibly reflective of longer-term adjustments to the ketogenic diet and/or energy balance. These data demonstrate that restricting free sugars or overall carbohydrates reduces energy intake without altering physical activity, but with divergent effects on glucose tolerance, lipoprotein profiles, and gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jariya Buniam
- University of Bath, Bath, UK; Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leanne Hodson
- University of Oxford and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Wiley Barton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciara O'Donovan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Orla O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
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2
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Kruszewski M, Kruszewski A, Tabęcki R, Kuźmicki S, Stec K, Ambroży T, Aksenov MO, Merchelski M, Danielik T. Effectiveness of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on body composition and maximal strength after 15 weeks of resistance training. Adv Med Sci 2024; 69:139-146. [PMID: 38428587 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare High Carbohydrates Low Fat (HCLF) and Low Carbohydrate High Fat (LCHF) diets in terms of changes in body composition and maximal strength. PATIENTS/METHODS The study involved 48 men aged 25 ± 2.5, divided into two groups, one of which (n = 23) was following the LCHF diet and the other (n = 25) the HCLF diet. Both groups performed the same resistance training protocol for 15 weeks. Maximal strength in squat, bench press and deadlift was assessed pre- and post-intervention. Measurements of selected body circumferences and tissue parameters were made using the multifunctional, multi-frequency, direct bioelectric impedance InBody 770 analyzer from InBody Co., Ltd (Cerritos, California, USA). The team with the necessary qualifications and experience in research performed all the measurements and maintained participants' oversight throughout the entire length of the study. RESULTS Both nutritional approaches were effective in terms of reducing body fat mass. The HCLF group achieved greater skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Significant decreases in body circumferences, especially in the abdominal area, were observed for both dietary approaches. Maximal strength significantly increased in the HCLF group and decreased in the LCHF group. CONCLUSION Holistic analysis of the results led to the conclusion that both dietary approaches may elicit positive adaptations in body composition. The two approaches constitute useful alternatives for both recreational exercisers and physique athletes with body composition goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kruszewski
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Artur Kruszewski
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Tabęcki
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Kuźmicki
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Stec
- Department of Health Sciences, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education in Kraków, Cracow, Poland
| | - Maksim Olegovich Aksenov
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Academic Department of Physical Education, Moscow, Russia; Banzarov Buryat State University, Department of Physical Education Theory, Faculty of Physical Training, Sport and Tourism, Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Maciej Merchelski
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Danielik
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Small SD, Margolis LM. Impact of Dietary Carbohydrate Restriction versus Energy Restriction on Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation during Aerobic Exercise. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:S2161-8313(22)00076-X. [PMID: 34788795 PMCID: PMC8970824 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with high physical activity levels, such as athletes and military personnel, are likely to experience periods of low muscle glycogen content. Reductions in glycogen stores are associated with impaired physical performance. Lower glycogen stores in these populations are likely due to sustained aerobic exercise coupled with sub-optimal carbohydrate or energy intake. Consuming exogenous carbohydrate during aerobic exercise may be an effective intervention to sustain physical performance during periods of low glycogen. However, research is limited in the area of carbohydrate recommendations to fuel performance during periods of sub-optimal carbohydrate and energy intake. Additionally, the studies that have investigated the effects of low glycogen stores on exogenous carbohydrate oxidation have yielded conflicting results. Discrepancies between studies may be the result of glycogen stores being lowered by restricting carbohydrate or restricting energy intake. This narrative review discusses the influence of low glycogen status resulting from carbohydrate restriction versus energy restriction on exogenous carbohydrate oxidation and examines the potential mechanism resulting in divergent responses in exogenous carbohydrate oxidation. Results from this review indicate that rates of exogenous carbohydrate oxidation can be maintained when glycogen content is lower following carbohydrate restrictions, but may be reduced following energy restriction. Reductions in exogenous carbohydrate oxidation following energy restriction appear to result from lower insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake. Exogenous carbohydrate may thus be an effective intervention to sustain performance following short-term energy adequate carbohydrate restriction, but may not be an effective ergogenic aid when glycogen stores are low due to energy restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D Small
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA,Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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4
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Abstract
Few studies have suggested that long-term adherence to low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) may affect maternal glucose metabolism in Western countries. We aimed to investigate the association between LCD during pregnancy and glucose metabolism in a Chinese population. A total of 1018 women in mid-pregnancy were recruited in 2017-2018. Participants underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Daily dietary intakes over the past month were accessed using a validated FFQ. The overall, animal and vegetable LCD scores which represent adherence to different low-carbohydrate dietary patterns were calculated. Mixed linear regression and generalised linear mixed regression were conducted to evaluate the associations between LCD scores and maternal glucose metabolism. Of the 1018 subjects, 194 (19·1 %) were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The overall LCD score (β: 0·024, se 0·008, PFDR = 0·02) and animal LCD score (β: 0·023, se 0·008, PFDR = 0·02) were positively associated with OGTT 1-h glucose. No significant associations were found between the three different LCD scores with fasting plasma glucose, OGTT 2-h glucose, or insulin resistance, respectively. Compared with the lowest quartile, the crude OR of GDM for the highest quartile were 1·84 (95 % CI 1·14, 2·95) for overall LCD score (Pfor trend = 0·02) and 1·56 (95 % CI 1·00, 2·45) for animal LCD score (Pfor trend = 0·02). However, these associations became non-significant after adjustment for covariates. In conclusion, a low-carbohydrate dietary pattern with high animal protein and fat is associated with higher postprandial 1-h glucose levels in Chinese pregnant women.
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs): an overview toward clinical applications. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228121. [PMID: 33739396 PMCID: PMC8026821 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20204402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) can regulate the catalytic activity of pyruvate decarboxylation oxidation via the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and it further links glycolysis with the tricarboxylic acid cycle and ATP generation. This review seeks to elucidate the regulation of PDK activity in different species, mainly mammals, and the role of PDK inhibitors in preventing increased blood glucose, reducing injury caused by myocardial ischemia, and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. Regulations of PDKs expression or activity represent a very promising approach for treatment of metabolic diseases including diabetes, heart failure, and cancer. The future research and development could be more focused on the biochemical understanding of the diseases, which would help understand the cellular energy metabolism and its regulation by pharmacological effectors of PDKs.
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Fritzen AM, Lundsgaard AM, Kiens B. Tuning fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle with dietary fat and exercise. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:683-696. [PMID: 32963340 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Both the consumption of a diet rich in fatty acids and exercise training result in similar adaptations in several skeletal muscle proteins. These adaptations are involved in fatty acid uptake and activation within the myocyte, the mitochondrial import of fatty acids and further metabolism of fatty acids by β-oxidation. Fatty acid availability is repeatedly increased postprandially during the day, particularly during high dietary fat intake and also increases during, and after, aerobic exercise. As such, fatty acids are possible signalling candidates that regulate transcription of target genes encoding proteins involved in muscle lipid metabolism. The mechanism of signalling might be direct or indirect targeting of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors by fatty acid ligands, by fatty acid-induced NAD+-stimulated activation of sirtuin 1 and/or fatty acid-mediated activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Lactate might also have a role in lipid metabolic adaptations. Obesity is characterized by impairments in fatty acid oxidation capacity, and individuals with obesity show some rigidity in increasing fatty acid oxidation in response to high fat intake. However, individuals with obesity retain improvements in fatty acid oxidation capacity in response to exercise training, thereby highlighting exercise training as a potential method to improve lipid metabolic flexibility in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mæchel Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Hjelholt AJ, Charidemou E, Griffin JL, Pedersen SB, Gudiksen A, Pilegaard H, Jessen N, Møller N, Jørgensen JOL. Insulin resistance induced by growth hormone is linked to lipolysis and associated with suppressed pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle: a 2 × 2 factorial, randomised, crossover study in human individuals. Diabetologia 2020; 63:2641-2653. [PMID: 32945898 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Growth hormone (GH) causes insulin resistance that is linked to lipolysis, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We investigated if GH-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle involves accumulation of diacylglycerol (DAG) and ceramide as well as impaired insulin signalling, or substrate competition between fatty acids and glucose. METHODS Nine GH-deficient male participants were randomised and examined in a 2 × 2 factorial design with and without administration of GH and acipimox (an anti-lipolytic compound). As-treated analyses were performed, wherefore data from three visits from two patients were excluded due to incorrect GH administration. The primary outcome was insulin sensitivity, expressed as the AUC of the glucose infusion rate (GIRAUC), and furthermore, the levels of DAGs and ceramides, insulin signalling and the activity of the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHa) were assessed in skeletal muscle biopsies obtained in the basal state and during a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (HEC). RESULTS Co-administration of acipimox completely suppressed the GH-induced elevation in serum levels of NEFA (GH versus GH+acipimox, p < 0.0001) and abrogated GH-induced insulin resistance (mean GIRAUC [95% CI] [mg min-1 kg-1] during the HEC: control, 595 [493, 718]; GH, 468 [382, 573]; GH+acipimox, 654 [539, 794]; acipimox, 754 [618, 921]; GH vs GH+acipimox: p = 0.004). GH did not significantly change either the accumulation of DAGs and ceramides or insulin signalling in skeletal muscle, but GH antagonised the insulin-stimulated increase in PDHa activity (mean ± SEM [% from the basal state to the HEC]: control, 47 ± 19; GH, -15 ± 21; GH+acipimox, 3 ± 21; acipimox, 57 ± 22; main effect: p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION GH-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is: (1) causally linked to lipolysis; (2) not associated with either accumulation of DAGs and ceramides or impaired insulin signalling; (3) likely to involve substrate competition between glucose and lipid intermediates. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02782208 FUNDING: The work was supported by the Grant for Growth Innovation (GGI), which was funded by Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid J Hjelholt
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Evelina Charidemou
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steen B Pedersen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anders Gudiksen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jens O L Jørgensen
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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8
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Nathanael J, Harsono HCA, Wibawa AD, Suardana P, Vianney YM, Dwi Putra SE. The genetic basis of high-carbohydrate and high-monosodium glutamate diet related to the increase of likelihood of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review. Endocrine 2020; 69:18-29. [PMID: 32172486 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases. Aside from the genetic factor, previous studies stated that other factors such as environment, lifestyle, and paternal-maternal condition play critical roles in diabetes through DNA methylation in specific areas of the genome. One of diabetic cases is caused by insulin resistance and changing the homeostasis of blood glucose control so glucose concentration stood beyond normal rate (hyperglycemia). High fat diet has been frequently studied and linked to triggering diabetes. However, most Asians consume rice (or food with high carbohydrate) and food with monosodium glutamate (MSG). This habit could lead to pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Previous studies showed that high-carbohydrate or high-MSG diet could change gene expression or modify protein activity in body metabolism. This imbalanced metabolism can lead to pleiotropic effects of diabetes mellitus. In this study, the authors have attempted to relate various changes in genes expression or protein activity to the high-carbohydrate and high-MSG-induced diabetes. The authors have also tried to relate several genes that contribute to pathophysiology of T2D and proposed several ideas of genes as markers and target for curing people with T2D. These are done by investigating altered activities of various genes that cause or are caused by diabetes. These genes are selected based on their roles in pathophysiology of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Nathanael
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Hans Cristian Adhinatya Harsono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Aubrey Druce Wibawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Putu Suardana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Yoanes Maria Vianney
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Sulistyo Emantoko Dwi Putra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia.
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9
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The Effects of Different Degrees of Carbohydrate Restriction and Carbohydrate Replacement on Cardiometabolic Risk Markers in Humans-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040991. [PMID: 32252374 PMCID: PMC7230871 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) often differ in their diet composition, which may lead to conflicting results between randomized controlled trials. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of different degrees of carbohydrate (CHO) restriction on cardiometabolic risk markers in humans. The experimental LCDs of 37 human trials were classified as (1) moderate-low CHO diets (<45–40 E%, n = 13), (2) low CHO diets (<40–30 E%, n = 16), and (3) very-low CHO diets (<30–3 E%; n = 8). Summary estimates of weighted mean differences (WMDs) in selected risk markers were calculated using random-effect meta-analyses. Differences between the LCD groups were assessed with univariate meta-regression analyses. Overall, the LCDs resulted in significant weight loss, reduced diastolic blood pressure BP, and increased total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), without significant differences between the three LCD groups. Higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations were found with the very-low CHO diets compared to the moderate-low CHO diets. Decreases in triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations were more pronounced with the low and very-low CHO diets, compared to the moderate-low CHO diets. Substitution of CHO by mainly saturated fatty acids (SFAs) increased total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C concentrations. Except for LDL-C and TAGs, effects were not related to the degree of CHO restriction. Potential effects of nutrient exchanges should be considered when following LCDs.
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10
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Baugh ME, Bowser SM, McMillan RP, Davy BM, Essenmacher LA, Neilson AP, Hulver MW, Davy KP. Postprandial skeletal muscle metabolism following a high-fat diet in sedentary and endurance-trained males. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:872-883. [PMID: 32163335 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00576.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the influence of a high-fat diet (HFD) on fasting and postprandial skeletal muscle substrate metabolism in endurance-trained (ET) compared with sedentary (SED) humans. SED (n = 17) and ET (n = 7) males were control-fed a 10-day moderate-fat diet followed by a 5-day isocaloric HFD (55% fat, 30% carbohydrate). Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken in the fasted condition and 4 h after a high-fat meal (820 kcals; 63% fat and 25% carbohydrate). Palmitate-induced suppression of pyruvate oxidation, an indication of substrate preference, and oxidation of fat and glucose were measured in homogenized skeletal muscle in fasted and fed states. Postprandial responses were calculated as percent changes from fasting to fed states. Postprandial suppression of pyruvate oxidation was maintained after the HFD in ET, but not SED skeletal muscle, suggesting greater adaptability to dietary intake changes in the former. Fasting total fat oxidation increased due to the HFD in ET skeletal muscle (P = 0.006), which was driven by incomplete fat oxidation (P = 0.008). Fasting fat oxidation remained unchanged in skeletal muscle of SED individuals. Yet, postprandial fat oxidation was similar between groups. Fasting glucose oxidation was elevated after the HFD in ET (P = 0.036), but not SED, skeletal muscle. Postprandial glucose oxidation was reduced due to the HFD in SED (P = 0.002), but not ET, skeletal muscle. These findings provide insight into differing substrate metabolism responses between SED and ET individuals and highlight the role that the prevailing diet may play in modulating fasting and postprandial metabolic responses in skeletal muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The relationship between high dietary fat intake and physical activity level and their combined effect on skeletal muscle substrate metabolism remains unclear. We assessed the influence of the prevailing diet in modulating substrate oxidation in skeletal muscle of endurance-trained compared with sedentary humans during a high-fat challenge meal. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the adaptability of skeletal muscle in endurance-trained individuals to high dietary fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Elizabeth Baugh
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Suzanne M Bowser
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ryan P McMillan
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Brenda M Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Translational Obesity Research Interdisciplinary Graduate Education Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Andrew P Neilson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Matthew W Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Translational Obesity Research Interdisciplinary Graduate Education Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Kevin P Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Translational Obesity Research Interdisciplinary Graduate Education Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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11
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Tsintzas K, Jones R, Pabla P, Mallinson J, Barrett DA, Kim DH, Cooper S, Davies A, Taylor T, Chee C, Gaffney C, van Loon LJC, Stephens FB. Effect of acute and short-term dietary fat ingestion on postprandial skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates in middle-aged, overweight, and obese men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E417-E429. [PMID: 31910028 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00344.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Muscle anabolic resistance to dietary protein is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. However, the contribution of excess consumption of fat to anabolic resistance is not well studied. The aim of these studies was to test the hypothesis that acute and short-term dietary fat overload will impair the skeletal muscle protein synthetic response to dietary protein ingestion. Eight overweight/obese men [46.4 ± 1.4 yr, body mass index (BMI) 32.3 ± 5.4 kg/m2] participated in the acute feeding study, which consisted of two randomized crossover trials. On each occasion, subjects ingested an oral meal (with and without fat emulsion), 4 h before the coingestion of milk protein, intrinsically labeled with [1-13C]phenylalanine, and dextrose. Nine overweight/obese men (44.0 ± 1.7 yr, BMI 30.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2) participated in the chronic study, which consisted of a baseline, 1-wk isocaloric diet, followed by a 2-wk high-fat diet (+25% energy excess). Acutely, incorporation of dietary amino acids into the skeletal muscle was twofold higher (P < 0.05) in the lipid trial compared with control. There was no effect of prior lipid ingestion on indices of insulin sensitivity (muscle glucose uptake, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity, and Akt phosphorylation) in response to the protein/dextrose drink. Fat overfeeding had no effect on muscle protein synthesis or glucose disposal in response to whey protein ingestion, despite increased muscle diacylglycerol C16:0 (P = 0.06) and ceramide C16:0 (P < 0.01) levels. Neither acute nor short-term dietary fat overload has a detrimental effect on the skeletal muscle protein synthetic response to dietary protein ingestion in overweight/obese men, suggesting that dietary-induced accumulation of intramuscular lipids per se is not associated with anabolic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Jones
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pardeep Pabla
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Mallinson
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David A Barrett
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Cooper
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Davies
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tariq Taylor
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Chee
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Gaffney
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francis B Stephens
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Programming Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Flexibility in Offspring of Male Rats in Response to Maternal Consumption of Slow Digesting Carbohydrates during Pregnancy. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020528. [PMID: 32092940 PMCID: PMC7071425 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a relevant role in metabolic flexibility and fuel usage and the associated muscle metabolic inflexibility due to high-fat diets contributing to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Previous research from our group indicates that a high-fat and rapid-digesting carbohydrate diet during pregnancy promotes an excessive adipogenesis and also increases the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the offspring. This effect can be counteracted by diets containing carbohydrates with similar glycemic load but lower digestion rates. To address the role of the skeletal muscle in these experimental settings, pregnant rats were fed high-fat diets containing carbohydrates with similar glycemic load but different digestion rates, a high fat containing rapid-digesting carbohydrates diet (HF/RD diet) or a high fat containing slow-digesting carbohydrates diet (HF/SD diet). After weaning, male offspring were fed a standard diet for 3 weeks (weaning) or 10 weeks (adolescence) and the impact of the maternal HF/RD and HF/SD diets on the metabolism, signaling pathways and muscle transcriptome was analyzed. The HF/SD offspring displayed better muscle features compared with the HF/RD group, showing a higher muscle mass, myosin content and differentiation markers that translated into a greater grip strength. In the HF/SD group, metabolic changes such as a higher expression of fatty acids (FAT/CD36) and glucose (GLUT4) transporters, an enhanced glycogen content, as well as changes in regulatory enzymes such as muscle pyruvate kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 were found, supporting an increased muscle metabolic flexibility and improved muscle performance. The analysis of signaling pathways was consistent with a better insulin sensitivity in the muscle of the HF/SD group. Furthermore, increased expression of genes involved in pathways leading to muscle differentiation, muscle mass regulation, extracellular matrix content and insulin sensitivity were detected in the HF/SD group when compared with HF/RD animals. In the HF/SD group, the upregulation of the ElaV1/HuR gene could be one of the main regulators in the positive effects of the diet in early programming on the offspring. The long-lasting programming effects of the HF/SD diet during pregnancy may depend on a coordinated gene regulation, modulation of signaling pathways and metabolic flexibility that lead to an improved muscle functionality. The dietary early programming associated to HF/SD diet has synergic and positive crosstalk effects in several tissues, mainly muscle, liver and adipose tissue, contributing to maintain the whole body homeostasis in the offspring.
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Parry SA, Turner MC, Woods RM, James LJ, Ferguson RA, Cocks M, Whytock KL, Strauss JA, Shepherd SO, Wagenmakers AJM, van Hall G, Hulston CJ. High-Fat Overfeeding Impairs Peripheral Glucose Metabolism and Muscle Microvascular eNOS Ser1177 Phosphorylation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5568321. [PMID: 31513265 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The mechanisms responsible for dietary fat-induced insulin resistance of skeletal muscle and its microvasculature are only partially understood. OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of high-fat overfeeding on postprandial glucose fluxes, muscle insulin signaling, and muscle microvascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) content and activation. DESIGN Fifteen non-obese volunteers consumed a high-fat (64%) high-energy (+47%) diet for 7 days. Experiments were performed before and after the diet. Stable isotope tracers were used to determine glucose fluxes in response to carbohydrate plus protein ingestion. Muscle insulin signaling was determined as well as the content and activation state of muscle microvascular eNOS. RESULTS High-fat overfeeding impaired postprandial glycemic control as demonstrated by higher concentrations of glucose (+11%; P = 0.004) and insulin (+19%; P = 0.035). Carbohydrate plus protein ingestion suppressed endogenous glucose production to a similar extent before and after the diet. Conversely, high-fat overfeeding reduced whole-body glucose clearance (-16%; P = 0.021) and peripheral insulin sensitivity (-26%; P = 0.006). This occurred despite only minor alterations in skeletal muscle insulin signaling. High-fat overfeeding reduced eNOS content in terminal arterioles (P = 0.017) and abolished the increase in eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation that was seen after carbohydrate plus protein ingestion. CONCLUSION High-fat overfeeding impaired whole-body glycemic control due to reduced glucose clearance, not elevated endogenous glucose production. The finding that high-fat overfeeding abolished insulin-mediated eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation in the terminal arterioles suggests that impairments in the vasodilatory capacity of the skeletal muscle microvasculature may contribute to early dietary fat-induced impairments in glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siôn A Parry
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark C Turner
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, UK
| | - Rachel M Woods
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Matthew Cocks
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie L Whytock
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Juliette A Strauss
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sam O Shepherd
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anton J M Wagenmakers
- School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl J Hulston
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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14
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Putra SED, Singajaya S, Thesman F, Pranoto DA, Sanjaya R, Vianney YM, Artadana IBM. Aberrant PDK4 Promoter Methylation Preceding Hyperglycemia in a Mouse Model. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 190:1023-1034. [PMID: 31655976 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic prevalence is at speedy increase globally. Previous studies stated that other than genetics, factors such as environment, lifestyle, and paternal-maternal condition play critical roles in diabetes through DNA methylation in specific areas of the genome. The purpose of this study is to investigate the methylation pattern of the PDK4 promoter in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice until the 12th week of the observation. The methylation pattern in the blood samples was analyzed periodically, while the pattern in the muscle sample was only analyzed at the end of the experiment using the blood of the sacrificed animals. Three methylated CpG site 1, CpG site 6, and CpG site 7 were analyzed and quantified based on the band density using bisulfite treatment and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The hyperglycemia period was developed at the 9th week of experiment. However, there was a significant increase of methylation, specifically on CpG site 6 started from week 6 to week 12. This peculiar methylation on CpG site 6 of PDK4 promoter in the blood sample before the hyperglycemic period might serve as a potential biomarker for early detection of diabetes in the patients. No significant difference was found between the methylation level of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mice and of the control group in the muscle sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulistyo Emantoko Dwi Putra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia.
| | - Stephanie Singajaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Ferensia Thesman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Dicky Andhika Pranoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Ricky Sanjaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Yoanes Maria Vianney
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Made Artadana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya, East Java, 60292, Indonesia
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15
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Sherrier M, Li H. The impact of keto-adaptation on exercise performance and the role of metabolic-regulating cytokines. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:562-573. [PMID: 31347659 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is a normocaloric diet composed of high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and adequate protein that induces fasting-like effects and results in the production of ketone bodies. Initially used widely for children with refractory epilepsy, the KD gained popularity due to its beneficial effects on weight loss, diabetes, and cancer. In recent years, there has been a resurgence in interest surrounding the KD and exercise performance. This review provides new insights into the adaptation period necessary for enhancement in skeletal muscle fat and ketone oxidation after sustained nutritional ketosis. In addition, this review highlights metabolically active growth factors and cytokines, which may function as important regulators of keto-adaptation in the setting of exercise and the KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sherrier
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hongshuai Li
- Musculoskeletal Growth and Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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16
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Chapelot D, Charlot K. Physiology of energy homeostasis: Models, actors, challenges and the glucoadipostatic loop. Metabolism 2019; 92:11-25. [PMID: 30500561 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the physiology of energy homeostasis (EH), which is a debated concept. Thus, we will see that the set-point theory is highly challenged and that other models integrating an anticipative component, such as energy allostasis, seem more relevant to experimental reports and life preservation. Moreover, the current obesity epidemic suggests that EH is poorly efficient in the modern human dietary environment. Non-homeostatic phenomena linked to hedonism and reward seem to profoundly impair EH. In this review, the apparent failed homeostatic responses to energy challenges such as exercise, cafeteria diet, overfeeding and diet-induced weight loss, as well as their putative determinants, are analyzed to highlight the mechanisms of EH. Then, the hormonal, neuronal, and metabolic factors of energy intake or energy expenditure are briefly presented. Last, this review focuses on the contributions of two of the most pivotal and often overlooked determinants of EH: the availability of endogenous energy and the pattern of energy intake. A glucoadipostatic loop model is finally proposed to link energy stored in adipose tissue to EH through changes in eating behavior via leptin and sympathetic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Chapelot
- Université Paris 13, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Bobigny, France.
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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17
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Lundsgaard AM, Holm JB, Sjøberg KA, Bojsen-Møller KN, Myrmel LS, Fjære E, Jensen BAH, Nicolaisen TS, Hingst JR, Hansen SL, Doll S, Geyer PE, Deshmukh AS, Holst JJ, Madsen L, Kristiansen K, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA, Kiens B. Mechanisms Preserving Insulin Action during High Dietary Fat Intake. Cell Metab 2019; 29:50-63.e4. [PMID: 30269983 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged intervention studies investigating molecular metabolism are necessary for a deeper understanding of dietary effects on health. Here we provide mechanistic information about metabolic adaptation to fat-rich diets. Healthy, slightly overweight men ingested saturated or polyunsaturated fat-rich diets for 6 weeks during weight maintenance. Hyperinsulinemic clamps combined with leg balance technique revealed unchanged peripheral insulin sensitivity, independent of fatty acid type. Both diets increased fat oxidation potential in muscle. Hepatic insulin clearance increased, while glucose production, de novo lipogenesis, and plasma triacylglycerol decreased. High fat intake changed the plasma proteome in the immune-supporting direction and the gut microbiome displayed changes at taxonomical and functional level with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). In mice, eucaloric feeding of human PUFA and saturated fatty acid diets lowered hepatic triacylglycerol content compared with low-fat-fed control mice, and induced adaptations in the liver supportive of decreased gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. Intake of fat-rich diets thus induces extensive metabolic adaptations enabling disposition of dietary fat without metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jacob B Holm
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Microbiomics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | | | - Even Fjære
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Benjamin A H Jensen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Trine S Nicolaisen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Janne R Hingst
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Sine L Hansen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Sophia Doll
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Philip E Geyer
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Atul S Deshmukh
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Clinical Proteomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Madsen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Metagenomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
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18
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Gancheva S, Jelenik T, Álvarez-Hernández E, Roden M. Interorgan Metabolic Crosstalk in Human Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1371-1415. [PMID: 29767564 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive energy intake and reduced energy expenditure drive the development of insulin resistance and metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolic signals derived from dietary intake or secreted from adipose tissue, gut, and liver contribute to energy homeostasis. Recent metabolomic studies identified novel metabolites and enlarged our knowledge on classic metabolites. This review summarizes the evidence of their roles as mediators of interorgan crosstalk and regulators of insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism. Circulating lipids such as free fatty acids, acetate, and palmitoleate from adipose tissue and short-chain fatty acids from the gut effectively act on liver and skeletal muscle. Intracellular lipids such as diacylglycerols and sphingolipids can serve as lipotoxins by directly inhibiting insulin action in muscle and liver. In contrast, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids have been recently shown to exert a series of beneficial effects. Also, ketoacids are gaining interest as potent modulators of insulin action and mitochondrial function. Finally, branched-chain amino acids not only predict metabolic diseases, but also inhibit insulin signaling. Here, we focus on the metabolic crosstalk in humans, which regulates insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis in the main insulin-sensitive tissues, skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Gancheva
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Tomas Jelenik
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Elisa Álvarez-Hernández
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany ; and German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Munich- Neuherberg , Germany
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19
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Shannon C, Merovci A, Xiong J, Tripathy D, Lorenzo F, McClain D, Abdul-Ghani M, Norton L, DeFronzo RA. Effect of Chronic Hyperglycemia on Glucose Metabolism in Subjects With Normal Glucose Tolerance. Diabetes 2018; 67:2507-2517. [PMID: 30213826 PMCID: PMC6245228 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia causes insulin resistance, but the inheritability of glucotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We examined the effect of 3 days of hyperglycemia on glucose disposal, enzyme activities, insulin signaling, and protein O-GlcNAcylation in skeletal muscle of individuals without (FH-) or with (FH+) family history of type 2 diabetes. Twenty-five subjects with normal glucose tolerance received a [3-3H]glucose euglycemic insulin clamp, indirect calorimetry, and vastus-lateralis biopsies before and after 3 days of saline (n = 5) or glucose (n = 10 FH- and 10 FH+) infusion to raise plasma glucose by ∼45 mg/dL. At baseline, FH+ had lower insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation and total glucose disposal (TGD) but similar nonoxidative glucose disposal and basal endogenous glucose production (bEGP) compared with FH- After 3 days of glucose infusion, bEGP and glucose oxidation were markedly increased, whereas nonoxidative glucose disposal and TGD were lower versus baseline, with no differences between FH- and FH+ subjects. Hyperglycemia doubled skeletal muscle glycogen content and impaired activation of glycogen synthase (GS), pyruvate dehydrogenase, and Akt, but protein O-GlcNAcylation was unchanged. Insulin resistance develops to a similar extent in FH- and FH+ subjects after chronic hyperglycemia, without increased protein O-GlcNAcylation. Decreased nonoxidative glucose disposal due to impaired GS activation appears to be the primary deficit in skeletal muscle glucotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Shannon
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Aurora Merovci
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Juan Xiong
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Devjit Tripathy
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Felipe Lorenzo
- Center on Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Donald McClain
- Center on Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Muhammad Abdul-Ghani
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Luke Norton
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center and Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, TX
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20
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Dirks ML, Stephens FB, Jackman SR, Galera Gordo J, Machin DJ, Pulsford RM, van Loon LJC, Wall BT. A single day of bed rest, irrespective of energy balance, does not affect skeletal muscle gene expression or insulin sensitivity. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:860-875. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L. Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Sarah R. Jackman
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Jesús Galera Gordo
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - David J. Machin
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Richard M. Pulsford
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
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21
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Yamaguchi S, Moseley AC, Almeda-Valdes P, Stromsdorfer KL, Franczyk MP, Okunade AL, Patterson BW, Klein S, Yoshino J. Diurnal Variation in PDK4 Expression Is Associated With Plasma Free Fatty Acid Availability in People. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:1068-1076. [PMID: 29294006 PMCID: PMC6283414 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Many biological pathways involved in regulating substrate metabolism display rhythmic oscillation patterns. In rodents, clock genes regulate circadian rhythms of metabolic genes and substrate metabolism. However, the interrelationships among substrate metabolism, metabolic genes, and clock genes have not been fully explored in people. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that the diurnal expression pattern of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), a key metabolic enzyme involved in fuel switching between glucose and free fatty acids (FFAs), is associated with plasma FFA concentration and clock genes. DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), subcutaneous adipose tissue, and plasma samples obtained serially during 24 hours from metabolically healthy women (n = 10) and evaluated the interrelationships among PDK4, plasma FFA, and clock genes. We also determined the potential mechanisms responsible for PDK4 transcriptional regulation by using primary human PBMCs and adipocytes. RESULTS We found that PDK4 diurnal expression patterns were similar in PBMCs and adipose tissue (ρ = 0.84, P < 0.001). The diurnal variation in PBMC PDK4 expression correlated more strongly with plasma FFA and insulin (ρ = 0.86 and 0.63, respectively, both P < 0.001) concentrations than clock genes. Data obtained from primary culture experiments demonstrated that FFAs directly induced PDK4 gene expression, at least in part through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that plasma FFA availability is an important regulator of diurnal expression patterns of PDK4, and we identify a novel interaction between plasma FFA and cellular diurnal rhythms in regulating substrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Yamaguchi
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Anna C Moseley
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paloma Almeda-Valdes
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kelly L Stromsdorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael P Franczyk
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Adewole L Okunade
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bruce W Patterson
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jun Yoshino
- Center for Human Nutrition, Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Jun Yoshino, MD, PhD, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8031, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. E-mail:
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22
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Smolders L, Mensink RP, Boekschoten MV, de Ridder RJJ, Plat J. The acute effects on duodenal gene expression in healthy men following consumption of a low-fat meal enriched with theobromine or fat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1700. [PMID: 29374228 PMCID: PMC5785967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing apoA-I synthesis may improve HDL functionality and lower CVD risk. As theobromine and fat increase fasting apoA-I concentrations, and the intestine is involved in apoA-I production, the acute effects of both were studied on duodenal gene transcription to better understand underlying mechanisms. In this crossover study, 8 healthy men received once a low fat (LF) meal, a LF meal plus theobromine (850 mg), or a high fat (HF) meal. Five hours after meal intake duodenal biopsies were taken for microarray analysis. Theobromine and HF consumption did not change duodenal apoA-I expression. Theobromine did not change gene expression related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism, whereas those related to glycogen/glucose breakdown were downregulated. HF consumption increased gene expression related to lipid and cholesterol uptake and transport, and to glucose storage, while it decreased those related to glucose uptake. Furthermore, genes related to inflammation were upregulated, but inflammation markers in plasma were not changed. In healthy men, acute theobromine and fat consumption did not change duodenal apoA-I mRNA, but inhibited expression of genes related to glucose metabolism. Furthermore, HF intake activated in the duodenum expression of genes related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism and to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Smolders
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier J J de Ridder
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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Metabolic and molecular changes associated with the increased skeletal muscle insulin action 24-48 h after exercise in young and old humans. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:111-118. [PMID: 29330356 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and metabolic mechanisms underlying the increase in insulin sensitivity (i.e. increased insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake, phosphorylation and storage as glycogen) observed from 12 to 48 h following a single bout of exercise in humans remain unresolved. Moreover, whether these mechanisms differ with age is unclear. It is well established that a single bout of exercise increases the translocation of the glucose transporter, GLUT4, to the plasma membrane. Previous research using unilateral limb muscle contraction models in combination with hyperinsulinaemia has demonstrated that the increase in insulin sensitivity and glycogen synthesis 24 h after exercise is also associated with an increase in hexokinase II (HKII) mRNA and protein content, suggesting an increase in the capacity of the muscle to phosphorylate glucose and divert it towards glycogen synthesis. Interestingly, this response is altered in older individuals for up to 48 h post exercise and is associated with molecular changes in skeletal muscle tissue that are indicative of reduced lipid oxidation, increased lipogenesis, increased inflammation and a relative inflexibility of changes in intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content. Reduced insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance) is generally related to IMCL content, particularly in the subsarcolemmal (SSL) region, and both are associated with increasing age. Recent research has demonstrated that ageing per se appears to cause an exacerbated lipolytic response to exercise that may result in SSL IMCL accumulation. Further research is required to determine if increased IMCL content affects HKII expression in the days after exercise in older individuals, and the effect of this on skeletal muscle insulin action.
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Samms RJ, Lewis JE, Norton L, Stephens FB, Gaffney CJ, Butterfield T, Smith DP, Cheng CC, Perfield JW, Adams AC, Ebling FJP, Tsintzas K. FGF21 Is an Insulin-Dependent Postprandial Hormone in Adult Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3806-3813. [PMID: 28938434 PMCID: PMC5630254 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion has been shown to respond directly to carbohydrate consumption, with glucose, fructose, and sucrose all reported to increase plasma levels of FGF21 in rodents and humans. However, carbohydrate consumption also results in secretion of insulin. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the combined and independent effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on total and bioactive FGF21 in the postprandial period in humans, and determine whether this effect is attenuated in conditions of altered insulin secretion and action. METHODS Circulating glucose, insulin, total and bioactive FGF21, and fibroblast activation protein were measured in adults with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D) following an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and under a series of insulin and glucose clamp conditions and following high-fat diet in healthy adults. RESULTS Circulating total and bioactive FGF21 levels responded acutely to OGTT, and their ratio was attenuated in T2D patients with reduced postprandial insulin response. The clamp studies revealed that insulin but not glucose accounts for the postprandial rise in FGF21. Finally, there was an attenuated rise in FGF21 in response to a high-fat dietary intervention that is known to alter insulin-stimulated substrate utilization in metabolically active tissues. CONCLUSIONS Insulin rather than glucose per se increases total and bioactive FGF21 in the postprandial period in adult humans. Understanding the impact of T2D on bioactive FGF21 will have a significant effect upon the efficacy of therapeutic agents designed to target the FGF21 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J. Samms
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Jo E. Lewis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Norton
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Gaffney
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francis J. P. Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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Chiglitazar Preferentially Regulates Gene Expression via Configuration-Restricted Binding and Phosphorylation Inhibition of PPAR γ. PPAR Res 2017; 2017:4313561. [PMID: 29056962 PMCID: PMC5625810 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4313561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often treated with insulin-sensitizing drugs called thiazolidinediones (TZD), which improve insulin resistance and glycemic control. Despite their effectiveness in treating diabetes, these drugs provide little protection from eminent cardiovascular disease associated with diabetes. Here we demonstrate how chiglitazar, a configuration-restricted non-TZD peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pan agonist with moderate transcription activity, preferentially regulates ANGPTL4 and PDK4, which are involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. CDK5-mediated phosphorylation at serine 273 (S273) is a unique regulatory mechanism reserved for PPARγ, and this event is linked to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our data demonstrates that chiglitazar modulates gene expression differently from two TZDs, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, via its configuration-restricted binding and phosphorylation inhibition of PPARγ. Chiglitazar induced significantly greater expression of ANGPTL4 and PDK4 than rosiglitazone and pioglitazone in different cell models. These increased expressions were dependent on the phosphorylation status of PPARγ at S273. Furthermore, ChIP and AlphaScreen assays showed that phosphorylation at S273 inhibited promoter binding and cofactor recruitment by PPARγ. Based on these results, activities from pan agonist chiglitazar can be an effective part of a long-term therapeutic strategy for treating type 2 diabetes in a more balanced action among its targeted organs.
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Abstract
Low-carbohydrate-high-fat (LCHF) diets have been used as a means of weight loss and control of symptoms in several clinical conditions. There is emerging evidence that the metabolic changes induced by LCHF diets enhance endurance performance. The aims of this review are to examine the evidence of LCHF diets in improving various aspects of athletic performance. Long-term LCHF dietary intake may help control body weight and fat mass while maintaining lean body mass in athletes in weight-sensitive sports. LCHF-adapted endurance athletes can reach the maximal fat oxidation rate of approximately 1.5 g/min, with a lower carbohydrate oxidation rate and similar muscle glycogen content and a resynthesis rate compared to their counterparts consuming high-carbohydrate-low-fat (HCLF) diets. The elevated fat oxidation rate and glycogen sparing effect may improve performance in ultra-endurance events. These metabolic changes may also prevent the decline in performance in later stages of repeated high-intensity movements, in which the aerobic metabolism becomes more important. However, elevated blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and ammonia during exercise after LCHF diets may lead to early development of central fatigue. It appears that at least several months of adaptation to a LCHF diet are required for the metabolic changes and restoration of muscle glycogen to occur. Further investigations on LCHF diets are needed regarding (1) performance after weight loss in weight-categorized sports; (2) repeated high-intensity exercise performance; (3) development of central fatigue during endurance events; (4) perceptual-motor performance during prolonged intermittent sports; and (5) ideal dietary fatty acid compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Kang Chang
- Sport Science Research Center, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Katarina Borer
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Po-Ju Lin
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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27
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Gemmink A, Bakker LEH, Guigas B, Kornips E, Schaart G, Meinders AE, Jazet IM, Hesselink MKC. Lipid droplet dynamics and insulin sensitivity upon a 5-day high-fat diet in Caucasians and South Asians. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42393. [PMID: 28195217 PMCID: PMC5307956 DOI: 10.1038/srep42393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-day High-Fat High-Calorie diet (HFHC-diet) reduces insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (Rd) in South Asian, but not Caucasian healthy lean males. We aimed to investigate if differences in myocellular lipid handling are underlying this differential response. A two-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and muscle biopsies were performed in 12 healthy lean Caucasian and South Asian males (BMI < 25 kg/m2, 19-25 years) before and after a 5-day HFHC-diet (regular diet + 375 mL cream/day; 1275 kcal/day; 94% fat). Triglyceride extractions and Western Blots for lipid droplet and mitochondrial proteins were performed. Intramyocellular lipid content and HFHC-diet response were similar between ethnicities (group effect: P = 0.094; diet effect: +~30%, P = 0.044). PLIN5 protein content increased upon the HFHC-diet (P = 0.031) and tended to be higher in South Asians (0.87 ± 0.42 AU vs. 1.35 ± 0.58 AU, P = 0.07). 4-HNE tended to increase in South Asians upon the HFHC-diet (interaction effect: P = 0.057). In Caucasians ΔPLIN5 content correlated with ΔRd (Caucasians: r = 0.756, P = 0.011; South Asians: r = -0.085, P = 0.816), while in South Asians Δ4-HNE associated with ΔPLIN5 content (Caucasians: r = 0.312, P = 0.380; South Asians: r = 0.771, P = 0.003). These data indicate that in Caucasians, PLIN5 may be protective against HFHC-diet induced insulin resistance, which for reasons not yet understood is not observed in South Asians, who possess increased lipid peroxidation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gemmink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leontine E H Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kornips
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Edo Meinders
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Jazet
- Department of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Consitt LA, Saxena G, Saneda A, Houmard JA. Age-related impairments in skeletal muscle PDH phosphorylation and plasma lactate are indicative of metabolic inflexibility and the effects of exercise training. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E145-56. [PMID: 27221120 PMCID: PMC4967149 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00452.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether plasma lactate and skeletal muscle glucose regulatory pathways, specifically PDH dephosphorylation, are impaired during hyperinsulinemic conditions in middle- to older-aged individuals and determine whether exercise training could improve key variables responsible for skeletal muscle PDH regulation. Eighteen young (19-29 yr; n = 9 males and 9 females) and 20 middle- to older-aged (57-82 yr; n = 10 males and 10 females) individuals underwent a 2-h euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Plasma samples were obtained at baseline and at 30, 50, 90, and 120 min for analysis of lactate, and skeletal muscle biopsies were performed at 60 min for analysis of protein associated with glucose metabolism. In response to insulin, plasma lactate was elevated in aged individuals when normalized to insulin action. Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of skeletal muscle PDH on serine sites 232, 293, and 300 decreased in young individuals only. Changes in insulin-stimulated PDH phosphorylation were positively related to changes in plasma lactate. No age-related differences were observed in skeletal muscle phosphorylation of LDH, GSK-3α, or GSK-3β in response to insulin or PDP1, PDP2, PDK2, PDK4, or MPC1 total protein. Twelve weeks of endurance- or strength-oriented exercise training improved insulin-stimulated PDH dephosphorylation, which was related to a reduced lactate response. These findings suggest that impairments in insulin-induced PDH regulation in a sedentary aging population contribute to impaired glucose metabolism and that exercise training is an effective intervention for treating metabolic inflexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Consitt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio;
| | - Gunjan Saxena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Alicson Saneda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Department of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina; and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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29
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Samms RJ, Murphy M, Fowler MJ, Cooper S, Emmerson P, Coskun T, Adams AC, Kharitonenkov A, Ebling FJP, Tsintzas K. Dual effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 on hepatic energy metabolism. J Endocrinol 2015; 227:37-47. [PMID: 26294388 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) affects hepatic integration of carbohydrate and fat metabolism in Siberian hamsters, a natural model of adiposity. Twelve aged matched adult male Siberian hamsters maintained in their long-day fat state since birth were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups and were continuously infused with either vehicle (saline; n=6) or recombinant human FGF21 protein (1 mg/kg per day; n=6) for 14 days. FGF21 administration caused a 40% suppression (P<0.05) of hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), the rate-limiting step in glucose oxidation, a 34% decrease (P<0.05) in hepatic acetylcarnitine accumulation, an index of reduced PDC flux, a 35% increase (P<0.05) in long-chain acylcarnitine content (an index of flux through β-oxidation) and a 47% reduction (P<0.05) in hepatic lipid content. These effects were underpinned by increased protein abundance of PD kinase-4 (PDK4, a negative regulator of PDC), the phosphorylated (inhibited) form of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC, a negative regulator of delivery of fatty acids into the mitochondria) and the transcriptional co-regulators of energy metabolism peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma co-activator alpha (PGC1α) and sirtuin-1. These findings provide novel mechanistic basis to support the notion that FGF21 exerts profound metabolic benefits in the liver by modulating nutrient flux through both carbohydrate (mediated by a PDK4-mediated suppression of PDC activity) and fat (mediated by deactivation of ACC) metabolism, and therefore may be an attractive target for protection from increased hepatic lipid content and insulin resistance that frequently accompany obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Samms
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Michelle Murphy
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Maxine J Fowler
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Scott Cooper
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Paul Emmerson
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Tamer Coskun
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Andrew C Adams
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Alexei Kharitonenkov
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- School of Life SciencesQueen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKLilly Research LaboratoriesIndianapolis, IN, USAChemistry DepartmentCollege of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
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Díaz-Rúa R, García-Ruiz E, Caimari A, Palou A, Oliver P. Sustained exposure to diets with an unbalanced macronutrient proportion alters key genes involved in energy homeostasis and obesity-related metabolic parameters in rats. Food Funct 2015; 5:3117-31. [PMID: 25266916 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00429a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of long term intake of two unbalanced diets (rich in fat -HF- or protein -HP-) administered under isocaloric conditions to a control balanced diet (pair-feeding) to adult rats. Isocaloric intake of a HF diet did not affect the body weight but increased adiposity, liver-fat deposition, and induced insulin resistance. Gene expression changes in the liver and adipose tissue (increased lipolytic and decreased lipogenic gene expression) could try to compensate for increased adiposity. The HP diet decreased caloric intake, the body weight, the size of subcutaneous adipocytes, and circulating cholesterol. Higher insulin levels apparently not related to insulin resistance were observed. Changes at the gene expression level reflected an adaptation to lower diet carbohydrate content and to the use of amino acids as the energy source. The kidney size increased in HP-fed animals but serum creatinine was not affected. Circulating TNF-alpha levels were higher in both dietary models. Thus, a long-term increase in dietary fat proportion produces alterations related to metabolic syndrome even in the absence of increased body weight, whereas an increase in diet protein content reduces the body weight but alters metabolic parameters and kidney size which could be linked to an increased risk of suffering from different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Díaz-Rúa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Fasting substrate oxidation at rest assessed by indirect calorimetry: is prior dietary macronutrient level and composition a confounder? Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1114-7. [PMID: 25771930 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Indirect calorimetry, the measurement of O₂ consumption and CO₂ production, constitutes an invaluable tool as the most common method for analyzing whole-body energy expenditure, and also provides an index of the nature of macronutrient substrate oxidation--namely, carbohydrate (CHO) versus fat oxidation. The latter constitutes a key etiological factor in obesity as this condition can only develop when total fat oxidation is chronically lower than total exogenous fat intake. The standardization of indirect calorimetry measurements is essential for accurately tracking the relative proportion of energy expenditure derived from CHO and fat oxidation. Here we analyze literature data to show that the average fasting respiratory quotient typically shifts from approximately 0.80 to 0.90 (indicating a doubling of resting CHO oxidation) in response to a switch in dietary CHO intake (as % energy) from 30 to 60%. This underscores the importance of taking into account dietary macronutrient composition prior to indirect calorimetry studies in the interpretation of data on substrate utilization and oxidation.
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Abu Bakar MH, Sarmidi MR, Cheng KK, Ali Khan A, Suan CL, Zaman Huri H, Yaakob H. Metabolomics – the complementary field in systems biology: a review on obesity and type 2 diabetes. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1742-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper highlights the metabolomic roles in systems biology towards the elucidation of metabolic mechanisms in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Roji Sarmidi
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology for Advanced Bioprocessing (ICA)
| | - Kian-Kai Cheng
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | - Abid Ali Khan
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
- Department of Biosciences
| | - Chua Lee Suan
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Harisun Yaakob
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
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Branis NM, Etesami M, Walker RW, Berk ES, Albu JB. Effect of a 1-week, eucaloric, moderately high-fat diet on peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy premenopausal women. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2015. [PMID: 26203360 PMCID: PMC4505363 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether a weight-maintaining, moderate (50%) high-fat diet is deleterious to insulin sensitivity in healthy premenopausal women. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS 23 African-American and non-Hispanic white, healthy, overweight, and obese premenopausal women recruited in New York City, USA, fed either a eucaloric, 1-week long high-fat (50% of total Kcal from fat) diet or a eucaloric, 1-week long low-fat (30% of total Kcal from fat) diet, assigned in a randomized crossover design. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Peripheral insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility during a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic (80 mU/m(2)/min) clamp measured during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, at the end of each diet period. RESULTS Peripheral insulin sensitivity (mg kg/fat-free mass/min (µU/mL)×10(-1)) was not decreased after the high-fat diet vs the low-fat diet (0.09±0.01 vs 0.08±0.01, p=0.09, respectively) in the combined group of African-American and white women, with no significant diet by race interaction (p=0.6). Metabolic flexibility (change in substrate utilization, ΔNPRQ, in response to insulin during the clamp) was similarly unaltered by the diet (0.12±0.01 vs 0.11, p=0.48, for the high-fat diet vs the low-fat diet, respectively) in the combined group of women, with no significant diet by race interaction (p=0.9). African-American women had a lower insulin clearance compared with the white women, regardless of the diet (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a short term (1 week), moderate (50%), eucaloric high-fat diet does not lower peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy, overweight and obese premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Branis
- New York Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Marjan Etesami
- New York Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Palomar Medical Center, Escondido, California, USA
| | - Ryan W Walker
- New York Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Evan S Berk
- New York Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
- Nutrition Performance Unit, Glaxo Smith Kline, Parsippany, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jeanine B Albu
- New York Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Mount Sinai St Luke's and Mount Sinai Roosevelt Hospitals, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Genetic activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase alters oxidative substrate selection to induce skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16508-13. [PMID: 25368185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) has been hypothesized to link lipid exposure to skeletal muscle insulin resistance through a glucose-fatty acid cycle in which increased fatty acid oxidation increases acetyl-CoA concentrations, thereby inactivating PDH and decreasing glucose oxidation. However, whether fatty acids induce insulin resistance by decreasing PDH flux remains unknown. To genetically examine this hypothesis we assessed relative rates of pyruvate dehydrogenase flux/mitochondrial oxidative flux and insulin-stimulated rates of muscle glucose metabolism in awake mice lacking pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 and 4 [double knockout (DKO)], which results in constitutively activated PDH. Surprisingly, increased glucose oxidation in DKO muscle was accompanied by reduced insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake. Preferential myocellular glucose utilization in DKO mice decreased fatty acid oxidation, resulting in increased reesterification of acyl-CoAs into diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol, with subsequent activation of PKC-θ and inhibition of insulin signaling in muscle. In contrast, other putative mediators of muscle insulin resistance, including muscle acylcarnitines, ceramides, reactive oxygen species production, and oxidative stress markers, were not increased. These findings demonstrate that modulation of oxidative substrate selection to increase muscle glucose utilization surprisingly results in muscle insulin resistance, offering genetic evidence against the glucose-fatty acid cycle hypothesis of muscle insulin resistance.
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Increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase expression in cultured myotubes from obese and diabetic individuals. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:1033-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Pyruvate is an obligatory intermediate in the oxidative disposal of glucose and a major precursor for the synthesis of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and non-essential amino acids. Stringent control of the fate of pyruvate is critically important for cellular homeostasis. The regulatory mechanisms for its metabolism are therefore of great interest. Recent advances include the findings that (a) the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier is sensitive to inhibition by thiazolidinediones; (b) pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases induce the Warburg effect in many disease states; and (c) pyruvate carboxylase is an important determinate of the rates of gluconeogenesis in humans with type 2 diabetes. These enzymes are potential therapeutic targets for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Ho Jeoung
- Department of Fundamental Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea
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Bakker LEH, van Schinkel LD, Guigas B, Streefland TCM, Jonker JT, van Klinken JB, van der Zon GCM, Lamb HJ, Smit JWA, Pijl H, Meinders AE, Jazet IM. A 5-day high-fat, high-calorie diet impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy, young South Asian men but not in Caucasian men. Diabetes 2014; 63:248-58. [PMID: 24357702 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
South Asians (SAs) develop type 2 diabetes at a younger age and lower BMI compared with Caucasians (Cs). The underlying cause is still poorly understood but might result from an innate inability to adapt to the Westernized diet. This study aimed to compare the metabolic adaptation to a high-fat, high-calorie (HFHC) diet between both ethnicities. Twelve healthy, young lean male SAs and 12 matched Cs underwent a two-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with skeletal muscle biopsies and indirect calorimetry before and after a 5-day HFHC diet. Hepatic triglyceride content (HTG) and abdominal fat distribution were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. At baseline, SAs had higher insulin clamp levels than Cs, indicating reduced insulin clearance rate. Despite the higher insulin levels, endogenous glucose production was comparable between groups, suggesting lower hepatic insulin sensitivity in SAs. Furthermore, a 5-day HFHC diet decreased the insulin-stimulated (nonoxidative) glucose disposal rate only in SA. In skeletal muscle, no significant differences were found between groups in insulin/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, metabolic gene expression, and mitochondrial respiratory chain content. Furthermore, no differences in (mobilization of) HTG and abdominal fat were detected. We conclude that HFHC feeding rapidly induces insulin resistance only in SAs. Thus, distinct adaptation to Western food may partly explain their propensity to develop type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leontine E H Bakker
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Bayeva M, Sawicki KT, Ardehali H. Taking diabetes to heart--deregulation of myocardial lipid metabolism in diabetic cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000433. [PMID: 24275630 PMCID: PMC3886738 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bayeva
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Independent and combined effects of acute physiological hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia on metabolic gene expression in human skeletal muscle. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 124:675-84. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20120481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physiological hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia are strong modulators of gene expression, which underpins some of their well-known effects on insulin action and energy metabolism. The aim of the present study was to examine whether acute in vivo exposure of healthy humans to hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia have independent or additive effects on expression of key metabolic genes in skeletal muscle. On three randomized occasions, seven young subjects underwent a 4 h (i) hyperinsulinaemic (50 m-units·m−2·min−1) hyperglycaemic (10 mmol/l) clamp (HIHG), (ii) hyperglycaemic (10 mmol/l) euinsulinaemic (5 m-units·m−2·min−1) clamp (LIHG) and (iii) hyperinsulinaemic (50 m-units·m−2·min−1) euglycaemic (4.5 mmol/l) clamp (HING). Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after each clamp for the determination of expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, and phosphorylation of key insulin signalling proteins. Hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia exerted independent effects with similar direction of modulation on PI3KR1 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, regulatory 1), LXRα (liver X receptor α), PDK4 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4) and FOXO1 (forkhead box O1A) and produced an additive effect on PI3KR1, the gene that encodes the p85α subunit of PI3K in human skeletal muscle. Acute hyperglycaemia itself altered the expression of genes involved in fatty acid transport and oxidation [fatty acid transporter (CD36), LCAD (long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) and FOXO1], and lipogenesis [LXRα, ChREBP (carbohydrate-responseelement-binding protein), ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) and G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). Surperimposing hyperinsulinaemia on hyperglycaemia modulated a number of genes involved in insulin signalling, glucose metabolism and intracellular lipid accumulation and exerted an additive effect on PI3KR1. These may be early molecular events that precede the development of glucolipotoxicity and insulin resistance normally associated with more prolonged periods of hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia.
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Battaglia GM, Zheng D, Hickner RC, Houmard JA. Effect of exercise training on metabolic flexibility in response to a high-fat diet in obese individuals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1440-5. [PMID: 23047988 PMCID: PMC3532462 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00355.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obese individuals typically exhibit a reduced capacity for metabolic flexibility by failing to increase fatty acid oxidation (FAO) upon the imposition of a high-fat diet (HFD). Exercise training increases FAO in the skeletal muscle of obese individuals, but whether this intervention can restore metabolic flexibility is unclear. The purpose of this study was to compare FAO in the skeletal muscle of lean and obese subjects in response to a HFD before and after exercise training. Twelve lean (means ± SE) (age 21.8 ± 1.1 yr, BMI 22.6 ± 0.7 kg/m²) and 10 obese men (age 22.4 ± 0.8 yr, BMI 33.7 ± 0.7 kg/m²) consumed a eucaloric HFD (70% of energy from fat) for 3 days. After a washout period, 10 consecutive days of aerobic exercise (1 h/day, 70% V(O₂(peak))) were performed, with the HFD repeated during days 8-10. FAO and indices of mitochondrial content were determined from muscle biopsies. In response to the HFD, lean subjects increased complete FAO (27.3 ± 7.4%, P = 0.03) in contrast to no change in their obese counterparts (1.0 ± 7.9%). After 7 days of exercise, citrate synthase activity and FAO increased (P < 0.05) regardless of body habitus; addition of the HFD elicited no further increase in FAO. These data indicate that obese, in contrast to lean, individuals do not increase FAO in skeletal muscle in response to a HFD. The increase in FAO with exercise training, however, enables the skeletal muscle of obese individuals to respond similarly to their lean counterparts when confronted with short-term excursion in dietary lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Battaglia
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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41
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Rinnankoski-Tuikka R, Silvennoinen M, Torvinen S, Hulmi JJ, Lehti M, Kivelä R, Reunanen H, Kainulainen H. Effects of high-fat diet and physical activity on pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 in mouse skeletal muscle. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:53. [PMID: 22682013 PMCID: PMC3407034 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of PDK4 is elevated by diabetes, fasting and other conditions associated with the switch from the utilization of glucose to fatty acids as an energy source. It is previously shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), a master regulator of energy metabolism, coactivates in cell lines pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK4) gene expression via the estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα). We investigated the effects of long-term high-fat diet and physical activity on the expression of PDK4, PGC-1α and ERRα and the amount and function of mitochondria in skeletal muscle. Methods Insulin resistance was induced by a high-fat (HF) diet for 19 weeks in C57BL/6 J mice, which were either sedentary or with access to running wheels. The skeletal muscle expression levels of PDK4, PGC-1α and ERRα were measured and the quality and quantity of mitochondrial function was assessed. Results The HF mice were more insulin-resistant than the low-fat (LF) -fed mice. Upregulation of PDK4 and ERRα mRNA and protein levels were seen after the HF diet, and when combined with running even more profound effects on the mRNA expression levels were observed. Chronic HF feeding and voluntary running did not have significant effects on PGC-1α mRNA or protein levels. No remarkable difference was found in the amount or function of mitochondria. Conclusions Our results support the view that insulin resistance is not mediated by the decreased qualitative or quantitative properties of mitochondria. Instead, the role of PDK4 should be contemplated as a possible contributor to high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rinnankoski-Tuikka
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Numao S, Kawano H, Endo N, Yamada Y, Konishi M, Takahashi M, Sakamoto S. Short-term low carbohydrate/high-fat diet intake increases postprandial plasma glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels during an oral glucose tolerance test in healthy men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66:926-31. [PMID: 22669333 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Postprandial hyperglycemia increases the risks of development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 3-day low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (LC/HFD) alters postprandial plasma glucose and incretin levels during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in healthy men. SUBJECTS/METHODS Nine healthy young men (age (mean ± s.e.), 27 ± 1 years; body mass index, 22 ± 1 kg/m(2)) consumed either a normal diet (ND: energy from ∼22% fat) or a LC/HFD (energy from ∼69% fat) for 3 days each. The total energy intake from each diet was similar. An OGTT was performed after each 3-day dietary intervention. Postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acid and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were determined at rest and during the OGTT. RESULTS Plasma glucose levels and incremental area under the curve during the OGTT were significantly higher in the LC/HFD trial than in the ND trial (P=0.024). In addition, increase in GLP-1 levels was significantly higher in the LC/HFD trial than in the ND trial (P=0.025). The first-phase insulin secretion indexes were significantly lower in the LC/HFD trial than in the ND trial (P<0.041). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that even short-term LC/HFD increased postprandial plasma glucose and GLP-1 levels in healthy young men. A decrease in first-phase insulin secretion may partially contribute to the short-term LC/HFD-induced increase in postprandial plasma glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Numao
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Constantin-Teodosiu D, Constantin D, Stephens F, Laithwaite D, Greenhaff PL. The role of FOXO and PPAR transcription factors in diet-mediated inhibition of PDC activation and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise in humans and the role of pharmacological activation of PDC in overriding these changes. Diabetes 2012; 61:1017-24. [PMID: 22315317 PMCID: PMC3331777 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
High-fat feeding inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)-controlled carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation, which contributes to muscle insulin resistance. We aimed to reveal molecular changes underpinning this process in resting and exercising humans. We also tested whether pharmacological activation of PDC overrides these diet-induced changes. Healthy males consumed a control diet (CD) and on two further occasions an isocaloric high-fat diet (HFD). After each diet, subjects cycled for 60 min after intravenous infusion with saline (CD and HFD) or dichloroacetate (HFD+DCA). Quadriceps muscle biopsies obtained before and after 10 and 60 min of exercise were used to estimate CHO use, PDC activation, and mRNAs associated with insulin, fat, and CHO signaling. Compared with CD, HFD increased resting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDK2), PDK4, forkhead box class O transcription factor 1 (FOXO1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor transcription factor α (PPARα) mRNA and reduced PDC activation. Exercise increased PDC activation and whole-body CHO use in HFD, but to a lower extent than in CD. Meanwhile PDK4 and FOXO1, but not PPARα or PDK2, mRNA remained elevated. HFD+DCA activated PDC throughout and restored whole-body CHO use during exercise. FOXO1 appears to play a role in HFD-mediated muscle PDK4 upregulation and inhibition of PDC and CHO oxidation in humans. Also, pharmacological activation of PDC restores HFD-mediated inhibition of CHO oxidation during exercise.
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Adamska A, Nikołajuk A, Karczewska-Kupczewska M, Kowalska I, Otziomek E, Górska M, Strączkowski M. Relationships between serum adiponectin and soluble TNF-α receptors and glucose and lipid oxidation in lean and obese subjects. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49:17-24. [PMID: 21234613 PMCID: PMC3266493 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-010-0252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance might be associated with an impaired ability of insulin to stimulate glucose oxidation and inhibit lipid oxidation. Insulin action is also inversely associated with TNF-α system and positively related to adiponectin. The aim of the present study was to analyze the associations between serum adiponectin, soluble TNF-α receptors concentrations and the whole-body insulin sensitivity, lipid and glucose oxidation, non-oxidative glucose metabolism (NOGM) and metabolic flexibility in lean and obese subjects. We examined 53 subjects: 25 lean (BMI < 25 kg × m(-2)) and 28 with overweight or obesity (BMI > 25 kg × m(-2)) with normal glucose tolerance. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and indirect calorimetry were performed. An increase in respiratory exchange ratio in response to insulin was used as a measure of metabolic flexibility. Obese subjects had lower insulin sensitivity, adiponectin and higher sTNFR1 (all P < 0.001) and sTNFR2 (P = 0.001). Insulin sensitivity was positively related to adiponectin (r = 0.49, P < 0.001) and negatively related to sTNFR1 (r = -0.40, P = 0.004) and sTNFR2 (r = -0.52, P < 0.001). Adiponectin was related to the rate of glucose (r = 0.47, P < 0.001) and lipid (r = -0.40, P = 0.003) oxidation during the clamp, NOGM (r = 0.41, P = 0.002) and metabolic flexibility (r = 0.36, P = 0.007). Serum sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were associated with the rate of glucose (r = -0.45, P = 0.001; r = -0.51, P < 0.001, respectively) and lipid (r = 0.52, P < 0.001; r = 0.46, P = 0.001, respectively) oxidation during hyperinsulinemia, NOGM (r = -0.31, P = 0.02; r = -0.43, P = 0.002, respectively) and metabolic flexibility (r = -0.47 and r = -0.51, respectively, both P < 0.001) in an opposite manner than adiponectin. Our data suggest that soluble TNF-α receptors and adiponectin have multiple effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Adamska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Poland
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Moon SS, Lee JE, Lee YS, Kim SW, Jeoung NH, Lee IK, Kim JG. Association of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 95:230-6. [PMID: 22019269 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) plays a crucial role in glucose utilization and lipid metabolism by regulating the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) and is an emerging therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. To date, no study has specifically examined the relationship between PDK4 gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome. METHODS The association of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was examined in PDK4 [-208A/G (rs10085637), IVS3+192C/T (rs3779478), IVS6+31A/G (rs2301630), IVS7+514A/G (rs12668651), IVS10+75C/T (rs10247649)] with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in 651 Korean subjects with type 2 diabetes and 350 nondiabetic Korean subjects. The association of these SNPs with clinical parameters related to metabolic syndromes including obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia was also examined. RESULTS No significant association was found between the studied SNPs and type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or clinical parameters. The PDK4 gene haplotype ACAGC showed a modest association with type 2 diabetes. However, the significance of this association was lost after considering for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS PDK4 polymorphisms may not be associated with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Further studies utilizing a larger study population are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Moon
- Department of Internal medicine, Dongguk University School of Medicine, Gyeongju, South Korea.
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Bergouignan A, Gozansky WS, Barry DW, Leitner W, MacLean PS, Hill JO, Draznin B, Melanson EL. Increasing dietary fat elicits similar changes in fat oxidation and markers of muscle oxidative capacity in lean and obese humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30164. [PMID: 22253914 PMCID: PMC3257254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In lean humans, increasing dietary fat intake causes an increase in whole-body fat oxidation and changes in genes that regulate fat oxidation in skeletal muscle, but whether this occurs in obese humans is not known. We compared changes in whole-body fat oxidation and markers of muscle oxidative capacity differ in lean (LN) and obese (OB) adults exposed to a 2-day high-fat (HF) diet. Ten LN (BMI = 22.5±2.5 kg/m², age = 30±8 yrs) and nine OB (BMI = 35.9±4.93 kg/m², 38±5 yrs, Mean±SD) were studied in a room calorimeter for 24hr while consuming isocaloric low-fat (LF, 20% of energy) and HF (50% of energy) diets. A muscle biopsy was obtained the next morning following an overnight fast. 24h respiratory quotient (RQ) did not significantly differ between groups (LN: 0.91±0.01; OB: 0.92±0.01) during LF, and similarly decreased during HF in LN (0.86±0.01) and OB (0.85±0.01). The expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) and the fatty acid transporter CD36 increased in both LN and OB during HF. No other changes in mRNA or protein were observed. However, in both LN and OB, the amounts of acetylated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1-α (PGC1-α) significantly decreased and phosphorylated 5-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) significantly increased. In response to an isoenergetic increase in dietary fat, whole-body fat oxidation similarly increases in LN and OB, in association with a shift towards oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle, suggesting that the ability to adapt to an acute increase in dietary fat is not impaired in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bergouignan
- Center for Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Wendolyn S. Gozansky
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Barry
- Division of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Wayne Leitner
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Paul S. MacLean
- Center for Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James O. Hill
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Boris Draznin
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Edward L. Melanson
- Center for Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kovalik JP, Slentz D, Stevens RD, Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Nicoll JB, Lea-Currie YR, Everingham K, Kien CL, Buehrer BM, Muoio DM. Metabolic remodeling of human skeletal myocytes by cocultured adipocytes depends on the lipolytic state of the system. Diabetes 2011; 60:1882-93. [PMID: 21602515 PMCID: PMC3121442 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipocyte infiltration of the musculoskeletal system is well recognized as a hallmark of aging, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Intermuscular adipocytes might serve as a benign storage site for surplus lipid or play a role in disrupting energy homeostasis as a result of dysregulated lipolysis or secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. This investigation sought to understand the net impact of local adipocytes on skeletal myocyte metabolism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Interactions between these two tissues were modeled using a coculture system composed of primary human adipocytes and human skeletal myotubes derived from lean or obese donors. Metabolic analysis of myocytes was performed after coculture with lipolytically silent or activated adipocytes and included transcript and metabolite profiling along with assessment of substrate selection and insulin action. RESULTS Cocultured adipocytes increased myotube mRNA expression of genes involved in oxidative metabolism, regardless of the donor and degree of lipolytic activity. Adipocytes in the basal state sequestered free fatty acids, thereby forcing neighboring myotubes to rely more heavily on glucose fuel. Under this condition, insulin action was enhanced in myotubes from lean but not obese donors. In contrast, when exposed to lipolytically active adipocytes, cocultured myotubes shifted substrate use in favor of fatty acids, which was accompanied by intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol and even-chain acylcarnitines, decreased glucose oxidation, and modest attenuation of insulin signaling. CONCLUSIONS The effects of cocultured adipocytes on myocyte substrate selection and insulin action depended on the metabolic state of the system. These findings are relevant to understanding the metabolic consequences of intermuscular adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Kovalik
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Dorothy Slentz
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert D. Stevens
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - William E. Kraus
- Department of Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joseph A. Houmard
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Karen Everingham
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - C. Lawrence Kien
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Deborah M. Muoio
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Corresponding author: Deborah M. Muoio,
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Skovbro M, Boushel R, Hansen CN, Helge JW, Dela F. High-fat feeding inhibits exercise-induced increase in mitochondrial respiratory flux in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:1607-14. [PMID: 21415171 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01341.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty one healthy untrained male subjects were randomized to follow a high-fat diet (HFD; 55-60E% fat, 25-30E% carbohydrate, and 15E% protein) or a normal diet (ND; 25-35E% fat, 55-60E% carbohydrate, and 10-15E% protein) for 2(1/2) wk. Diets were isocaloric and tailored individually to match energy expenditure. At 2(1/2) wk of diet, one 60-min bout of bicycle exercise (70% of maximal oxygen uptake) was performed. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after the diet, immediately after exercise, and after 3-h recovery. Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) and intramyocellular triacylglycerol content did not change with the intervention in either group. Indexes of mitochondrial density were similar across the groups and intervention. Mitochondrial respiratory rates, measured in permeabilized muscle fibers, showed a 31 ± 11 and 26 ± 9% exercise-induced increase (P < 0.05) in state 3 (glycolytic substrates) and uncoupled respiration, respectively. However, in HFD this increase was abolished. At recovery, no change from resting respiration was seen in either group. With a lipid substrate (octanoyl-carnitine with or without ADP), similar exercise-induced increases (31-62%) were seen in HFD and ND, but only in HFD was an elevated (P < 0.05) respiratory rate seen at recovery. With HFD complex I and IV protein expression decreased (P < 0.05 and P = 0.06, respectively). A fat-rich diet induces marked changes in the mitochondrial electron transport system protein content and in exercise-induced mitochondrial substrate oxidation rates, with the effects being present hours after the exercise. The effect of HFD is present even without effects on insulin sensitivity and intramyocellular lipid accumulation. An isocaloric high-fat diet does not cause insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Skovbro
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bldg. 12.4.7, Univ. of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Boyle KE, Canham JP, Consitt LA, Zheng D, Koves TR, Gavin TP, Holbert D, Neufer PD, Ilkayeva O, Muoio DM, Houmard JA. A high-fat diet elicits differential responses in genes coordinating oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle of lean and obese individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:775-81. [PMID: 21190973 PMCID: PMC3047224 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In lean individuals, increasing dietary lipid can elicit an increase in whole body lipid oxidation; however, with obesity the capacity to respond to changes in substrate availability appears to be compromised. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the responses of genes regulating lipid oxidation in skeletal muscle differed between lean and insulin resistant obese humans upon exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD). DESIGN AND SETTING A 5-d prospective study conducted in the research unit of an academic center. PARTICIPANTS Healthy, lean (n = 12; body mass index = 22.1 ± 0.6 kg/m(2)), and obese (n=10; body mass index = 39.6 ± 1.7 kg/m(2)) males and females, between ages 18 and 30. INTERVENTION Participants were studied before and after a 5-d HFD (65% fat). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Skeletal muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained in the fasted and fed states before and after the HFD and mRNA content for genes involved with lipid oxidation determined. Skeletal muscle acylcarnitine content was determined in the fed states before and after the HFD. RESULTS Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) α mRNA content increased in lean, but not obese, subjects after a single high-fat meal. From Pre- to Post-HFD, mRNA content exhibited a body size × HFD interaction, where the lean individuals increased while the obese individuals decreased mRNA content for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4, uncoupling protein 3, PPARα, and PPARγ coactivator-1α (P ≤ 0.05). In the obese subjects medium-chain acylcarnitine species tended to accumulate, whereas no change or a reduction was evident in the lean individuals. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a differential response to a lipid stimulus in the skeletal muscle of lean and insulin resistant obese humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Boyle
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA.
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Tisdale PB, Seevaratnam N, Macdonald IA, Tsintzas K, Bennett AJ. Skeletal muscle metabolic gene expression is not affected by dichloroacetate-mediated modulation of substrate utilisation. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011; 58:19-24. [PMID: 21304220 DOI: 10.1159/000322971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated whether changing fuel use, by increasing pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) flux, independently of plasma substrate availability and insulin signalling, would alter metabolic gene expression. METHODS The PDC activator, dichloroacetate (DCA), was administered as an intravenous infusion in healthy male subjects at a rate of 50 mg kg(-1) min(-1), for 90 min. Saline was infused as a control (CON) on a separate occasion in a randomised sequence. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at 0 and 30 min into the infusion and 90 min after infusion. Gene expression was quantified using RT-qPCR, and immunoblotting was used to confirm that there were no changes in insulin signalling via the PI3K/Akt pathway. RESULTS Blood glucose concentrations fell during both trials but 3 h after the start of the infusion they were lower in DCA (p < 0.05) than CON. Blood lactate concentrations also declined in both trials (p < 0.01), however, this decrease was also more pronounced in DCA than CON (p < 0.001). Carbohydrate oxidation was increased by DCA, 0.037 ± 0.017 g min(-1) (p < 0.05) at 3 h with no change observed in CON. UCP3 and PGC1α mRNA expression were induced in CON (as a response to continued fasting) but this was attenuated by DCA. Akt phosphorylation and the expression of other metabolic genes and transcription factors were unchanged throughout the intervention. CONCLUSION It is concluded that PDC flux can be increased independently of plasma substrate availability, without causing downstream alterations to metabolic gene expression in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Tisdale
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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