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Holgersen K, Rasmussen MB, Zamir I, Aunsholt L, Zachariassen G, Sangild PT. Glucose-regulatory hormones and growth in very preterm infants fed fortified human milk. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03166-8. [PMID: 38580842 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine colostrum (BC) contains a range of milk bioactive components, and it is unknown how human milk fortification with BC affects glucose-regulatory hormones in very preterm infants (VPIs). This study aimed to investigate the associations between hormone concentrations and fortification type, birth weight (appropriate/small for gestational age, AGA/SGA), milk intake, postnatal age, and body growth. METHODS 225 VPIs were randomized to fortification with BC or conventional fortifier (CF). Plasma hormones were measured before, one and two weeks after start of fortification. ΔZ-scores from birth to 35 weeks postmenstrual age were calculated. RESULTS Compared with CF, infants fortified with BC had higher plasma GLP-1, GIP, glucagon, and leptin concentrations after start of fortification. Prior to fortification, leptin concentrations were negatively associated with growth, while IGF-1 concentrations associated positively with growth during fortification. In AGA infants, hormone concentrations generally increased after one week of fortification. Relative to AGA infants, SGA infants showed reduced IGF-1 and leptin concentrations. CONCLUSION Fortification with BC increased the plasma concentrations of several glucose-regulatory hormones. Concentrations of IGF-1 were positively, and leptin negatively, associated with growth. Glucose-regulatory hormone levels were affected by birth weight, milk intake and postnatal age, but not closely associated with growth in VPIs. IMPACT Little is known about the variation in glucose-regulatory hormones in the early life of very preterm infants (VPIs). This study shows that the levels of glucose-regulatory hormones in plasma of VPIs are highly variable and modified by birth weight (appropriate or small for gestational age, AGA or SGA), the type of fortifier, enteral nutritional intake, and advancing postnatal age. The results confirm that IGF-1 levels are positively associated with early postnatal growth in VPIs, yet the levels of both IGF-1 and other glucose-regulatory hormones appeared to explain only a small part of the overall variation in growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Holgersen
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Bo Rasmussen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Itay Zamir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lise Aunsholt
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Zachariassen
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Open Patient data Explorative Network, Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Kian N, Bagheri A, Salmanpour F, Soltani A, Mohajer Z, Samieefar N, Barekatain B, Kelishadi R. Breast feeding, obesity, and asthma association: clinical and molecular views. Clin Mol Allergy 2023; 21:8. [PMID: 37789370 PMCID: PMC10546753 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-023-00189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic condition that affects children worldwide. Accumulating number of studies reported that the prevalence of pediatric obesity and asthma might be altered through breastfeeding. It has been proposed that Leptin, which exists in human milk, is oppositely associated with weight increase in newborns. It may also influence peripheral immune system by promoting TH1 responses and suppressing TH2 cytokines. Leptin influences body weight and immune responses through complex signaling pathways at molecular level. Although previous studies provide explanations for the protective role of breastfeeding against both obesity and asthma, other factors such as duration of breastfeeding, parental, and prenatal factors may confound this relationship which requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Kian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Bagheri
- USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fardis Salmanpour
- USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Soltani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mohajer
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Noosha Samieefar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- USERN Office, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Barekatain
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- USERN Office, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Page L, Younge N, Freemark M. Hormonal Determinants of Growth and Weight Gain in the Human Fetus and Preterm Infant. Nutrients 2023; 15:4041. [PMID: 37764824 PMCID: PMC10537367 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors controlling linear growth and weight gain in the human fetus and newborn infant are poorly understood. We review here the changes in linear growth, weight gain, lean body mass, and fat mass during mid- and late gestation and the early postnatal period in the context of changes in the secretion and action of maternal, placental, fetal, and neonatal hormones, growth factors, and adipocytokines. We assess the effects of hormonal determinants on placental nutrient delivery and the impact of preterm delivery on hormone expression and postnatal growth and metabolic function. We then discuss the effects of various maternal disorders and nutritional and pharmacologic interventions on fetal and perinatal hormone and growth factor production, growth, and fat deposition and consider important unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Page
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Noelle Younge
- Neonatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Michael Freemark
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- The Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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4
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Associations between Cord Blood Leptin Levels and Childhood Adiposity Differ by Sex and Age at Adiposity Assessment. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12122060. [PMID: 36556424 PMCID: PMC9780853 DOI: 10.3390/life12122060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower cord blood leptin levels have been associated with lower and higher adiposity in childhood and associations seem to differ according to the child’s age, methods of adiposity assessment and sex. Our aim was to investigate sex-specific associations of cord blood leptinemia with childhood adiposity at birth, 3 and 5 years of age. We measured cord blood leptin using Luminex immunoassays in 520 offspring from the Gen3G cohort. We tested associations between cord blood leptin and body mass index (BMI) z-score, skinfolds thicknesses (SFT), and body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, adjusted for confounders. At birth, girls had almost twice as much leptin in cord blood as boys (15.5 [8.9; 25.6] vs. 8.6 [4.9; 15.0] ng/mL; p < 0.0001) as well as significantly greater adiposity. Lower levels of cord blood leptin were associated with higher sum of SFT (β = −0.05 ± 0.02; p = 0.03) and higher BMI z-score (β= −0.22 ± 0.08; p = 0.01) in 3-year-old boys only. We did not observe these associations at age 5, or in girls. Our results suggest a sexual dimorphism in the programming of leptin sensitivity and childhood adiposity, but further observational and functional studies are needed to better understand the role of leptin in early life.
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Ambient air pollution during pregnancy and cardiometabolic biomarkers in cord blood. Environ Epidemiol 2022; 6:e203. [PMID: 35434464 PMCID: PMC9005247 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal air pollution exposure has been associated with adverse childhood cardiometabolic outcomes. It is unknown whether evidence of metabolic disruption associated with air pollution is identifiable at birth. We examined exposure to prenatal ambient air pollution and cord blood cardiometabolic biomarkers among 812 mother-infant pairs in the Healthy Start study.
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6
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Tan K, Tint MT, Michael N, Yap F, Chong YS, Tan KH, Godfrey KM, Larbi A, Lee YS, Chan SY, Fortier MV, Eriksson JG, Karnani N. Determinants of cord blood adipokines and association with neonatal abdominal adipose tissue distribution. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:637-645. [PMID: 34864815 PMCID: PMC8873009 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cord blood leptin and adiponectin are adipokines known to be associated with birth weight and overall infant adiposity. However, few studies have investigated their associations with abdominal adiposity in neonates. We examined maternal factors associated with cord blood leptin and adiponectin, and the association of these adipokines with neonatal adiposity and abdominal fat distribution measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an Asian mother-offspring cohort. METHODS Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO), is a prospective mother-offspring birth cohort study in Singapore. Cord blood plasma leptin and adiponectin concentrations were measured using Luminex and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay respectively in 816 infants. A total of 271 neonates underwent MRI within the first 2-weeks after delivery. Abdominal superficial (sSAT), deep subcutaneous (dSAT), and intra-abdominal (IAT) adipose tissue compartment volumes were quantified from MRI images. Multivariable regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Indian or Malay ethnicity, female sex, and gestational age were positively associated with cord blood leptin and adiponectin concentrations. Maternal gestational diabetes (GDM) positively associated with cord blood leptin concentrations but inversely associated with cord blood adiponectin concentrations. Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) showed a positive relationship with cord blood leptin but not with adiponectin concentrations. Each SD increase in cord blood leptin was associated with higher neonatal sSAT, dSAT and IAT; differences in SD (95% CI): 0.258 (0.142, 0.374), 0.386 (0.254, 0.517) and 0.250 (0.118, 0.383), respectively. Similarly, each SD increase in cord blood adiponectin was associated with higher neonatal sSAT and dSAT; differences in SD (95% CI): 0.185 (0.096, 0.274) and 0.173 (0.067, 0.278), respectively. The association between cord blood adiponectin and neonatal adiposity was observed in neonates of obese mothers only. CONCLUSIONS Cord blood leptin and adiponectin concentrations were associated with ethnicity, maternal BMI and GDM, sex and gestational age. Both adipokines showed positive association with neonatal abdominal adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Tan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National Technological University (NTU)-Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- National Technological University (NTU)-Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton & University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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7
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Elwan D, Olveda R, Medrano R, Wojcicki JM. Excess pregnancy weight gain in latinas: Impact on infant's adiposity and growth hormones at birth. Prev Med Rep 2021; 22:101341. [PMID: 33898205 PMCID: PMC8053797 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immigrant Latinas with overweight and obesity have excessive gestational gain. Excessive gestational weight gain is associated with high birthweight percentiles. Higher IGF-1 and lower PYY in cord blood in context of excessive gestational gain. Gestational weight counseling in pregnancy may help prevent childhood obesity.
Excess maternal weight gain during pregnancy has been associated with childhood overweight and obesity both in mothers with and without obesity. Latinx children are at higher risk for earlier obesity compared with other population groups. A cohort of 82 self-identified pregnant Latina women were recruited at the prenatal clinics of Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (ZSFG) prior to delivery during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy in 2011 and 2012. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and weight prior to delivery were collected by self-report to calculate maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and weight gain in pregnancy. At delivery, anthropometric measurements of infants were obtained and cord blood and maternal finger stick blood samples were collected for hormonal assays. Fifty-three point seven percent of women had excessive weight gain in pregnancy. A high percentage of the cohort was overweight and obese prior to pregnancy (67.1%) with mean pre-pregnancy BMI 27.4 ± 4.5 kg/m2 and greater pre-pregnancy weight was independently associated with weight gain during pregnancy (OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.002–1.09). Mean infant birthweight was 3377.2 ± 481.5 g and excessive weight gain in pregnancy was independently associated with birthweight percentile (OR 13.46, 95%CI 2.43–34.50). Excessive gestational gain was positively associated with cord blood insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and negatively with Peptide YY (PYY) levels. Latina women with pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity have a high rate of excessive gestational gain in pregnancy and could benefit from early counseling about appropriate gain in pregnancy. Excessive gestational weight impacts the intrauterine environment in high-risk infants impacting fetal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Elwan
- University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'I, United States.,Department of Pediatrics (GI and Nutrition), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94116, United States
| | - Rebecca Olveda
- Department of Pediatrics (GI and Nutrition), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94116, United States
| | - Rosalinda Medrano
- Department of Pediatrics (GI and Nutrition), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94116, United States
| | - Janet M Wojcicki
- Department of Pediatrics (GI and Nutrition), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94116, United States
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Mattsson M, Murray DM, Hawkes CP, Kiely M, Ní Chaoimh C, McCarthy FP, Biesma R, Boland F. Body Mass Index Trajectories in the First 5 Years and Associated Antenatal Factors. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:622381. [PMID: 33681100 PMCID: PMC7933027 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.622381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is an important public health issue and the development of obesity in early life and associated risk factors need to be better understood. The aim of this study was to identify distinct body mass index trajectories in the first 5 years of life and to examine their associations with factors identified in pregnancy, including metabolic parameters. Methods: BMI measurements from 2,172 children in Ireland enrolled in the BASELINE cohort study with BMI assessments at birth, 2, 6, and 12 months, and 2 and 5 years were analyzed. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify distinct BMI trajectories, and multivariate multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the association between these trajectories and antenatal factors. Results: Three distinct BMI trajectories were identified: normal (89.6%); rapid gain in the first 6 months (7.8%); and rapid BMI after 12 months (2.6%). Male sex and higher maternal age increased the likelihood of belonging to the rapid gain in the first 6 months trajectory. Raised maternal BMI at 15 weeks of pregnancy and lower cord blood IGF-2 were associated with rapid gain after 1 year. Conclusion: Sex, maternal age and BMI, and IGF-2 levels were found to be associated with BMI trajectories in early childhood departing from normal growth. Further research and extended follow-up to examine the effects of childhood growth patterns are required to understand their relationship with health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Mattsson
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M. Murray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin P. Hawkes
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mairead Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Carol Ní Chaoimh
- Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, Cork University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus P. McCarthy
- Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, Cork University Maternity Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Regien Biesma
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fiona Boland
- Data Science Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Lin YX, Zhang LJ, Ying L, Zhou Q. Cognitive effort-avoidance in patients with schizophrenia can reflect Amotivation: an event-related potential study. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:344. [PMID: 32611333 PMCID: PMC7329480 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amotivation is regarded as a core negative symptom in patients with schizophrenia. There are currently no objective methods for assessing and measuring amotivation in the scientific literature, only a trend towards assessing motivation using effort-orientated, decision-making tasks. However, it remains inconclusive as to whether cognitive effort-avoidance in patients with schizophrenia can reflect their amotivation. Therefore, this study aimed to find out whether cognitive effort-avoidance in patients with schizophrenia can reflect their amotivation. METHODS In total, 28 patients with schizophrenia and 27 healthy controls were selected as participants. The demand selection task (DST) was adapted according to the feedback-based Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) delayed response paradigm, which was combined with the mean amplitude of contingent negative variation (CNV), considered as the criterion of motivation. RESULTS Our results showed that: (1) patients with schizophrenia showed a lower CNV amplitude for the target stimuli compared to the probe stimuli, whereas the control group showed the opposite trend (P < 0.05); (2) among patients with schizophrenia, the high cognitive effort-avoidance group showed a smaller CNV amplitude for the target stimuli compared to the probe stimuli, whereas the low cognitive effort avoidance group showed a higher CNV amplitude for the target stimuli compared to the probe stimuli; the opposite trend was observed in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings support the claim that CNV amplitude can be used as a criterion for detecting amotivation in patients with schizophrenia. Within the context of the DST, the high and low cognitive effort-avoidance of patients with schizophrenia can reflect their state of amotivation; patients with high cognitive effort-avoidance showed severe amotivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. X. Lin
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Department of Psychology, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Chashan, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Li Jun Zhang
- Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Seventh Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Ying
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Town, Chashan, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Taine M, Khalfallah O, Forhan A, Glaichenhaus N, Charles MA, Heude B. Does cord blood leptin level mediate the association between neonatal body size and postnatal growth? Results from the EDEN mother-child cohort study. Ann Hum Biol 2020; 47:159-165. [PMID: 32338077 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2020.1748712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Leptin is potentially involved in the correction of early postnatal growth of infants having deviated from their genetic trajectory in utero.Aim: To analyse the potential mediating role of cord blood leptin level in the association between neonatal anthropometry and early postnatal growth in the mother-child EDEN cohort.Subjects and methods: We included term newborns with information on leptin, birth weight and length, and weight and length SD-score changes over the first 2 months. The Baron and Kenny method was used to quantify the mediation contribution of leptin in the association between neonatal anthropometry and postnatal growth, considering several confounders. Analyses were stratified to consider sexual dimorphism.Results: A 1 SD higher birth weight was associated with a lower 2-months weight variation of 0.27 (0.18; 0.36) SD and a 0.16 (0.06; 0.26) SD, in boys and girls, respectively. Leptin explained 20% and 25% of these associations, respectively. Leptin did not mediate the association between birth length and birth-to-2 months length variation.Conclusion: Our results suggest that cord blood leptin may not be involved in the negative association between birth length and postnatal length growth but may play a modest mediating role in early postnatal catch-up or catch-down in weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Taine
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, INSERM, Université de Paris, INRAe, Paris, France.,Department of Paediatric endocrinology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Olfa Khalfallah
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR7275, UMR_S, Valbonne, France
| | - Anne Forhan
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, INSERM, Université de Paris, INRAe, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Glaichenhaus
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR7275, UMR_S, Valbonne, France
| | - Marie-Aline Charles
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, INSERM, Université de Paris, INRAe, Paris, France.,Unité mixte Inserm-Ined-EFS ELFE, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Heude
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, INSERM, Université de Paris, INRAe, Paris, France
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11
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Chen Z, Xin Q, Yu X, Ma D. The effects of rapid growth on body mass index and percent body fat: A meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3262-3272. [PMID: 32151438 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Rapid growth in childhood and obesity are highly prevalent in congenital deficiency infants, but the associations between them remain controversial. This meta-analysis was performed to explore the effects of rapid growth on body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (PBF), and to clarify potential confounders. METHODS A systematic search was performed using electronic databases including EMBASE (1985 to July 2019) and Medline (1966 to July 2019) for English articles. China National Knowledge Infrastructure Chinese citation database (CNKI) and WANFANG database were used to search articles in Chinese. Reference lists were also screened as supplement. All relevant studies that compare BMI or PBF between rapid group and control group were identified. The definition of rapid growth should be clearly specified. Means and standard deviations/95% confidence intervals (CIs) of BMI and PBF should be available. Relevant information was extracted independently by two reviewers. Study quality was reassessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Publication bias and heterogeneity were detected. The random effect model was adopted for combined and stratified analysis. RESULTS About the effect of rapid growth on BMI, seventeen researches (4473 participants) involving 49 comparisons were included. Pooled analysis showed rapid group had higher BMI of 0.573 (95% CI, 0.355 to 0.791; P < 0.001). Stratified analyses revealed that catch-up weight gain, follow-up age >6 years old, rapid growth duration >2 years, full-term, comparing rapid growth SGA infants with control SGA infants, and from developed and developing countries, would all lead to higher BMI in rapid groups. About the effect of rapid growth on PBF, eleven researches (4594 participants) involving 37 comparisons were included. Pooled analysis showed rapid group had higher PBF of 2.005 (95% CI, 1.581 to 2.429; P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses suggested that catch-up weight gain, follow-up age ≤6 years old, rapid growth duration >2 years, full-term, comparing rapid growth SGA infants with control AGA infants, and participants from developing countries, would lead to increased PBF in rapid groups. CONCLUSION Rapid growth has a positive correlation with BMI and PBF. However, stratified analyses show that it is catch-up weight gain that lead to higher BMI and PBF, but not catch-up growth. In addition, rapid growth have long-term effect on BMI and short-term effect on PBF. Rapid growth duration longer than 2 years may increase the risk effect of rapid growth on BMI and PBF. But given that rapid growth would induce multiple health outcomes apart from BMI and PBF, the benefits and risks of rapid growth must be carefully considered and weighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Chen
- School of Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zekun Chen
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Xin
- Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Defu Ma
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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12
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Genetic variation, intrauterine growth, and adverse pregnancy conditions predict leptin gene DNA methylation in blood at birth and 12 months of age. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:45-56. [PMID: 31636377 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin regulates satiety and energy homoeostasis, and plays a key role in placentation in pregnancy. Previous studies have demonstrated regulation of leptin gene (LEP) expression and/or methylation in placenta and cord blood in association with early life exposures, but most have been small and have not considered the influence of genetic variation. Here, we investigated the relationship between maternal factors in pregnancy, infant anthropometry and LEP genetic variation with LEP promoter methylation at birth and 12 months of age. METHODS LEP methylation was measured in cord (n = 877) and 12-month (n = 734) blood in the Barwon Infant Study, a population-based pre-birth cohort. Infant adiposity at birth and 12-months was measured as triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness. Cross-sectional regression tested associations of methylation with pregnancy and anthropometry measures, while longitudinal regression tested if birth anthropometry predicted 12-month LEP methylation levels. RESULTS Male infants had lower LEP methylation in cord blood (-2.07% average methylation, 95% CI (-2.92, -1.22), p < 0.001). Genetic variation strongly influenced DNA methylation at a single CpG site, which was also negatively associated with birth weight (r = -0.10, p = 0.003). Pre-eclampsia was associated with lower cord blood methylation at another CpG site (-6.06%, 95% CI (-10.70, -1.42), p = 0.01). Gestational diabetes was more modestly associated with methylation at two other CpG units. Adiposity at birth was associated with 12-month LEP methylation, modified by rs41457646 genotype. There was no association of LEP methylation with 12-month anthropometric measures. CONCLUSIONS Infant sex, weight, genetic variation, and exposure to pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes, are associated with LEP methylation in cord blood. Infant adiposity at birth predicts 12-month blood LEP methylation in a genotype-dependent manner. These findings are consistent with genetics and anthropometry driving altered LEP epigenetic profile and expression in infancy. Further work is required to confirm this and to determine the long-term impact of altered LEP methylation on health.
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13
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Palou M, Picó C, Palou A. Leptin as a breast milk component for the prevention of obesity. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:875-892. [PMID: 30285146 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin ingested as a component of breast milk is increasingly recognized to play a role in the postnatal programming of a healthy phenotype in adulthood. Besides its primary function in controlling body weight, leptin may be an essential nutrient required during lactation to ensure that the system controlling fat accumulation and body composition is well organized from the early stages of development. This review delves into the following topics: (1) the imprinted protective function of adequate leptin intake during lactation in future metabolic health; (2) the consequences of a lack of leptin intake or of alterations in leptin levels; and (3) the mechanisms described for the effects of leptin on postnatal programming. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of breastfeeding and the need to establish optimal or reference intake values for leptin during lactation to design patterns of personalized nutrition from early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Palou
- Alimentómica SL, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Nutrigenomics and Obesity Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Nutrigenomics and Obesity Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Nutrigenomics and Obesity Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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14
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Buck CO, Eliot MN, Kelsey KT, Chen A, Kalkwarf H, Lanphear BP, Braun JM. Neonatal Adipocytokines and Longitudinal Patterns of Childhood Growth. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1323-1330. [PMID: 31199076 PMCID: PMC6656611 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipocytokines are markers of fetal metabolism, but their association with childhood growth is unclear. This study examined associations of neonatal adipocytokines with longitudinal childhood adiposity measures in a prospective cohort of pregnant women and their children. METHODS Leptin and adiponectin concentrations at delivery and children's BMI z scores between age 4 weeks and 8 years were measured. Differences in BMI z scores and rates of BMI z score change by leptin (n = 257) and adiponectin (n = 271) terciles were estimated. RESULTS Children in the middle (mean difference: 0.2; 95% CI: -0.1 to 0.4) and highest (0.4; 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.6) leptin terciles had greater BMI z scores than children in the lowest tercile. Associations were null after adjustment for birth weight z score. Children in the lowest adiponectin tercile had greater gains in BMI z score (change per year: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.13) than children in the middle (0.07; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.09) and highest terciles (0.04; 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.05) (adiponectin × age interaction P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Lower adiponectin levels were associated with increased rates of BMI gains in the first 8 years of life. Though leptin was positively associated with BMI, this association may be confounded by birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O. Buck
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Melissa N Eliot
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Karl T. Kelsey
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Heidi Kalkwarf
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Bruce P. Lanphear
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Joseph M. Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
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15
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Origins of neonatal leptin deficiency in preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:1016-1023. [PMID: 30845123 PMCID: PMC6531333 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cord blood leptin increases with advancing gestation. Preterm delivery leads to premature separation from the maternal and placental leptin source predisposing infants to postnatal leptin deficiency, but this has not been fully described. METHOD Blood leptin levels were measured for infants born before 33 weeks gestation daily for the first 2 days, then weekly until 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). Cord blood was obtained to provide gestational age (GA)-specific standards. RESULTS Cord blood leptin levels were positively associated with GA at birth, maternal body mass index (BMI) and pregnancy weight gain (all P < 0.05). Following birth, infant leptin levels decreased rapidly (74% decrease within 48 h). The extent of this decline correlated with GA (P < 0.05). Postnatal leptin began to increase by 33-36 weeks PMA, but remained below cord blood leptin levels (P < 0.01). At 36 weeks PMA, leptin levels were influenced by infant's weight and sex (P < 0.01), with females having higher leptin levels (1213 pg/ml vs. 984, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Cord blood leptin is influenced by maternal weight gain and BMI, suggesting an important role for trans-placental leptin delivery. Preterm delivery leads to sustained leptin deficiency through 36 weeks PMA, with the most premature male infants facing the longest and harshest deficiency.
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16
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Li LJ, Rifas-Shiman SL, Aris IM, Mantzoros C, Hivert MF, Oken E. Leptin trajectories from birth to mid-childhood and cardio-metabolic health in early adolescence. Metabolism 2019; 91:30-38. [PMID: 30412696 PMCID: PMC6366620 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that promotes satiety, and some evidence suggests that greater early life leptin exposure prevents excessive adiposity gain in later life. However, few studies have analyzed dynamic changes in leptin throughout childhood in relation to later cardio-metabolic health. Our study aims to identify distinct leptin trajectories in childhood, and to examine their associations with cardio-metabolic outcomes in adolescence. METHODS Among children in the Project Viva cohort born 1999-2002 in Massachusetts, we used latent class growth models to identify leptin trajectories independent of maternal BMI, child sex, race/ethnicity, size at birth and current age and size among 1360 children with leptin measured at least once at birth, early childhood (mean 3.3 ± SD 0.3 years), or mid-childhood (7.9 ± 0.8 years). At research visits in early adolescence (13.2 ± 0.9 years), we assessed cardio-metabolic outcomes including adiposity measures, fasting biomarkers, and blood pressure among 855 children. We then applied multiple regression models to examine associations of the leptin trajectories with these cardio-metabolic outcomes in early adolescence, adjusting for child age at outcome, maternal age, education, prenatal smoking and glucose, total gestational weight gain and paternal BMI. RESULTS The latent class growth model identified 3 distinct leptin trajectories: "low stable" (n = 1031, 75.8%), "high-decreasing" (n = 219, 16.1%) and "intermediate-increasing" (n = 110, 8.1%). In adjusted models, the intermediate-increasing leptin trajectory was associated with higher early adolescence adiposity measures (e.g. BMI z-score: 0.62 units; 95% confidence interval: 0.28, 0.96 and odds of obesity: 2.84: 1.17, 6.94), but lower systolic blood pressure (-0.46 z-score units; -0.74, -0.18), compared to the low-stable group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings on leptin trajectories in childhood suggest important differences and associations with later metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Li
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Division of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | | | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Raghavan R, Zuckerman B, Hong X, Wang G, Ji Y, Paige D, DiBari J, Zhang C, Fallin MD, Wang X. Fetal and Infancy Growth Pattern, Cord and Early Childhood Plasma Leptin, and Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Boston Birth Cohort. Autism Res 2018; 11:1416-1431. [PMID: 30248249 PMCID: PMC6320256 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that leptin levels are altered in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, this has not been studied prospectively. Rapid growth during infancy and early childhood has been implicated in ASD, but the evidence is inconsistent. As leptin is involved in growth and is a potential risk factor for ASD, we explored the associations between (a) cord, early childhood leptin and ASD; and (b) birth weight for gestational age, early childhood weight gain, and ASD. We also assessed the mediating role of leptin in the relationship between weight gain during infancy and ASD. This study was conducted in a sample of 822 subjects from the Boston Birth Cohort. ASD was defined from diagnostic codes in electronic medical records. Extremely rapid weight gain during infancy was associated with a greater ASD risk and this persisted after adjusting for potential confounders (aOR: 3.11; 95% CI: 1.37, 7.07). Similarly, children that had higher plasma leptin levels, prior to ASD diagnosis, had an increased ASD risk in both unadjusted and adjusted models (aOR: 7.87; 95% CI: 2.06, 30.04). Further, early childhood leptin indirectly mediated the relationship between rapid weight gain and ASD. No associations were found between birth weight for gestational age, cord leptin and risk of ASD. Our findings provide a basis to further explore whether the combination of early life growth pattern and a biomarker such as leptin can predict ASD earlier. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1416-1431. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Is early life growth and a biomarker leptin related to ASD risk? To answer this question, we followed 822 children from birth and found that those who gained weight very quickly in infancy, had higher leptin levels in early childhood, had a greater chance of later ASD diagnosis. More research is needed to see if infant's weight gain pattern along with a biomarker (such as leptin) can be used to identify children with ASD sooner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkripa Raghavan
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Barry Zuckerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, 850 Harrison Ave, 3 Floor, Suite 324L, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Xiumei Hong
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Guoying Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Yuelong Ji
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - David Paige
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jessica DiBari
- Office of Epidemiology and Research, Maternal & Child Health Bureau, Health Resources & Services Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, 18N120, Rockville, MD 20857
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Division of Intramural Population and Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710 B, Rockledge Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817
| | - M. Daniele Fallin
- Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities & Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, HH 850, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Room E4132, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Division of General Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205
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18
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Zhang DL, Du Q, Djemli A, Julien P, Fraser WD, Luo ZC. Cord blood insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin, and their associations with insulin sensitivity, β-cell function and adiposity in infancy. Diabet Med 2018; 35:1412-1419. [PMID: 29766568 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Vulnerability to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes may originate in early life, but little is known about whether any perinatal biomarkers are predictive of later metabolic health. We sought to assess whether cord blood insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin are associated with metabolic health indicators in infancy. METHODS In a prospective singleton birth cohort, we assessed cord blood insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations in relation to the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), β-cell function (HOMA-β), fasting proinsulin-to-insulin ratio, BMIz-score, and the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (an indicator of adiposity) in infants at age 1 year (n = 185). RESULTS Adjusting for maternal and infant characteristics, one standard deviation (sd) increase in cord blood adiponectin was associated with an 11.1% (95% confidence interval 1.8-19.5%) decrease in HOMA-β (P = 0.02) and a 13.6% (1.8-26.8%) increase in proinsulin-to-insulin ratio (P = 0.02), indicating worse β-cell function in infants at age 1 year. One sd increase in cord blood insulin was associated with a 0.5 (0.1-1.0) mm increase in skinfold thickness (P = 0.01). One sd increase in cord blood ghrelin was associated with a 0.2 (0.02-0.3) decrease in BMIz-score (P = 0.02) and a 0.5 (0.1-0.9) mm decrease (P = 0.02) in skinfold thickness. Cord blood IGF-I and IGF-II were not associated with the observed metabolic health indicators at age 1 year. CONCLUSION The study is the first to show that cord blood adiponectin may be negatively predictive of β-cell function, whereas cord blood ghrelin may be negatively predictive of adiposity in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Q Du
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - A Djemli
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - P Julien
- Departments of Medicine, Endocrinology and Nephrology, CHU-Quebec Laval University Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
| | - W D Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Z C Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prosserman Center for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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19
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Wells JCK. Life history trade-offs and the partitioning of maternal investment: Implications for health of mothers and offspring. Evol Med Public Health 2018; 2018:153-166. [PMID: 30152817 PMCID: PMC6101534 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lay Summary: This review sets out the hypothesis that life history trade-offs in the maternal generation favour the emergence of similar trade-offs in the offspring generation, mediated by the partitioning of maternal investment between pregnancy and lactation, and that these trade-offs help explain widely reported associations between growth trajectories and NCD risk. Growth patterns in early life predict the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), but adaptive explanations remain controversial. It is widely assumed that NCDs occur either because of physiological adjustments to early constraints, or because early ecological cues fail to predict adult environmental conditions (mismatch). I present an inter-generational perspective on developmental plasticity, based on the over-arching hypothesis that a key axis of variability in maternal metabolism derives from life history trade-offs, which influence how individual mothers partition nutritional investment in their offspring between pregnancy and lactation. I review evidence for three resulting predictions: (i) Allocating relatively more energy to growth during development promotes the capacity to invest in offspring during pregnancy. Relevant mechanisms include greater fat-free mass and metabolic turnover, and a larger physical space for fetal growth. (ii) Allocating less energy to growth during development constrains fetal growth of the offspring, but mothers may compensate by a tendency to attain higher adiposity around puberty, ecological conditions permitting, which promotes nutritional investment during lactation. (iii) Since the partitioning of maternal investment between pregnancy and lactation impacts the allocation of energy to 'maintenance' as well as growth, it is expected to shape offspring NCD risk as well as adult size and body composition. Overall, this framework predicts that life history trade-offs in the maternal generation favour the emergence of similar trade-offs in the offspring generation, mediated by the partitioning of maternal investment between pregnancy and lactation, and that these trade-offs help explain widely reported associations between growth trajectories and NCD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC, UK
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20
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Yeung EH, Sundaram R, Xie Y, Lawrence DA. Newborn adipokines and early childhood growth. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:505-513. [PMID: 29781193 PMCID: PMC6105426 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While adipokines can regulate satiety and energy metabolism, whether they are associated with childhood growth is unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether adipokine levels at birth are associated with growth. METHODS A total of 2264 singletons and 1144 twins from Upstate KIDS (born 2008-2010) had adiponectin, leptin, resistin and complement factor D measured in newborn blood spots. Parents reported anthropometry from paediatric visits via questionnaires every 4-6 months. Generalized linear mixed effects models were used to estimate growth trajectories through 3 years of age. RESULTS Among singletons, resistin and leptin were associated with greater weight-for-age (0.12 z-score units (95%CI: 0.04, 0.20) [p = 0.003] and 0.15 (0.06, 0.24) [p = 0.001], respectively) and BMI z-score (0.11; 0.02, 0.20 [p = 0.02] and 0.18; 0.07, 0.28 [p = 0.002], respectively). After adjusting for birthweight, resistin and a ratio of resistin-to-adiponectin remained associated with weight through 3 years of age and odds of being overweight at 3 years of age in a subgroup of singletons. Among twins, adiponectin was associated with increased weight-for-age and length-for-age z-scores even after adjusting for birthweight (0.18; 0.08, 0.28 [p = 0.0006]; 0.20; 0.07, 0.33 [p = 0.003], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Levels of adipokines were associated with early childhood growth in small magnitudes. Resistin may be relevant for further examination in paediatric obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina H. Yeung
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6170B Rockledge Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rajeshwari Sundaram
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6170B Rockledge Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yunlong Xie
- Gloltec, Inc., 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, United States, 20892
| | - David A. Lawrence
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 128 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, USA 12208,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA 12208
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21
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Patel N, Hellmuth C, Uhl O, Godfrey K, Briley A, Welsh P, Pasupathy D, Seed PT, Koletzko B, Poston L. Cord Metabolic Profiles in Obese Pregnant Women: Insights Into Offspring Growth and Body Composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:346-355. [PMID: 29140440 PMCID: PMC5761489 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Context Offspring exposed in utero to maternal obesity have an increased risk of later obesity; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Objective To assess the effect of an antenatal lifestyle intervention in obese women on the offspring's cord blood metabolic profile and to examine associations of the cord blood metabolic profile with maternal clinical characteristics and offspring anthropometry at birth and age 6 months. Design Randomized controlled trial and cohort study. Setting The UK Pregnancies Better Eating and Activity Trial. Participants Three hundred forty-four mother-offspring pairs. Intervention Antenatal behavioral lifestyle (diet and physical activity) intervention. Main Outcome Measures Targeted cord blood metabolic profile, including candidate hormone and metabolomic analyses. Results The lifestyle intervention was not associated with change in the cord blood metabolic profile. Higher maternal glycemia, specifically fasting glucose at 28 weeks gestation, had a linear association with higher cord blood concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) 16.1 (β = 0.65; 95% confidence interval: 0.03 to 0.10) and 18.1 (0.52; 0.02 to 0.80), independent of the lifestyle intervention. A principal component of cord blood phosphatidylcholines and LPCs was associated with infant z scores of birth weight (0.04; 0.02 to 0.07) and weight at age 6 months (0.05; 0.00 to 0.10). Cord blood insulin growth factor (IGF)-1 and adiponectin concentrations were positively associated with infant weight z score at birth and at 6 months. Conclusions Concentrations of LPCs and IGF-1 in cord blood are related to infant weight. These findings support the hypothesis that susceptibility to childhood obesity may be programmed in utero, but further investigation is required to establish whether these associations are causally related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashita Patel
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School
of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College
London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hellmuth
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Dr.
von Haunersches Kinderspital, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine,
University of Munich Medical Centre, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 München,
Germany
| | - Olaf Uhl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Dr.
von Haunersches Kinderspital, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine,
University of Munich Medical Centre, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 München,
Germany
| | - Keith Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton
Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital
Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Briley
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School
of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College
London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Welsh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences,
University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TD, United Kingdom
| | - Dharmintra Pasupathy
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School
of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College
London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T. Seed
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School
of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College
London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Dr.
von Haunersches Kinderspital, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine,
University of Munich Medical Centre, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 München,
Germany
| | - Lucilla Poston
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School
of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College
London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - on behalf of the UPBEAT Consortium
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School
of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College
London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Dr.
von Haunersches Kinderspital, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine,
University of Munich Medical Centre, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337 München,
Germany
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton
Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital
Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences,
University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TD, United Kingdom
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22
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Maternal high-fat diet induces sex-specific endocannabinoid system changes in newborn rats and programs adiposity, energy expenditure and food preference in adulthood. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 51:56-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Popova P, Vasilyeva L, Tkachuck A, Puzanov M, Golovkin A, Bolotko Y, Pustozerov E, Vasilyeva E, Li O, Zazerskaya I, Dmitrieva R, Kostareva A, Grineva E. A Randomised, Controlled Study of Different Glycaemic Targets during Gestational Diabetes Treatment: Effect on the Level of Adipokines in Cord Blood and ANGPTL4 Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:6481658. [PMID: 29861725 PMCID: PMC5976949 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6481658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to study the expression of adipokine-encoding genes (leptin, adiponectin, and angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4)) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and adipokine concentration in cord blood from women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) depending on glycaemic targets. GDM patients were randomised to 2 groups per target glycaemic levels: GDM1 (tight glycaemic targets, fasting blood glucose < 5.1 mmol/L and <7.0 mmol/L postprandial, N = 20) and GDM2 (less tight glycaemic targets, <5.3 mmol/L and < 7.8 mmol/L, respectively, N = 21). The control group included 25 women with normal glucose tolerance. ANGPTL4 expression was decreased in the HUVECs from GDM patients versus the control group (23.11 ± 5.71, 21.47 ± 5.64, and 98.33 ± 20.92, for GDM1, GDM2, and controls; p < 0.001) with no difference between GDM1 and GDM2. The level of adiponectin gene expression was low and did not differ among the groups. Leptin gene expression was undetectable in HUVECs. In cord blood, leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) was increased in GDM2 compared to controls and GDM1 (p = 0.038) and did not differ between GDM1 and controls. Tight glycaemic targets were associated with normalisation of increased LAR in the cord blood. ANGPTL4 expression was downregulated in HUVECs of newborns from GDM mothers and was not affected by the intensity of glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Popova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Internal Diseases and Endocrinology, St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - L. Vasilyeva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A. Tkachuck
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - M. Puzanov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A. Golovkin
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Y. Bolotko
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - E. Pustozerov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - E. Vasilyeva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - O. Li
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - I. Zazerskaya
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - R. Dmitrieva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A. Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - E. Grineva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Internal Diseases and Endocrinology, St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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24
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Perng W, Rifas-Shiman SL, McCulloch S, Chatzi L, Mantzoros C, Hivert MF, Oken E. Associations of cord blood metabolites with perinatal characteristics, newborn anthropometry, and cord blood hormones in project viva. Metabolism 2017; 76:11-22. [PMID: 28987236 PMCID: PMC5675164 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Metabolomics has emerged as a powerful tool to characterize biomarkers and elucidate physiological processes underlying adverse health outcomes. Little is known of these relationships during gestation and infancy, which are critical period for development of metabolic disease risk. OBJECTIVES To identify cord blood metabolite patterns associated with birth size; and to investigate relations of the birth size-associated metabolite patterns, and a branched chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolite pattern with a range of newborn and perinatal characteristics. METHODS Using untargeted mass-spectrometry, we quantified metabolites in cord blood of 126 mother-child pairs. After excluding 103 xenobiotics, we used principal components analysis (PCA) to consolidate the remaining 606 metabolites into principal components ("factors"). Next, we identified factors associated with gestational age-and sex-standardized birthweight z-score (BW/GA) and examined associations of the BW/GA-associated pattern(s) and the BCAA pattern with cord blood insulin, leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-2, and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) using multivariable linear regression. Finally, we examined associations of maternal/perinatal characteristics with the cord blood metabolite patterns. RESULTS Mean BW/GA z-score was 0.27±0.98 units. About half of the infants were male (52.4%) and white (57.1%). Of the 6 factors identified from PCA, one was associated with higher BW/GA: Factor 5, which comprised metabolites involved in energy production (malate, succinate, fumarate) and nucleotide turnover (inosine 5-monophosphate, adenosine 5-monophosphate, cytidine 5-monophosphate) pathways. In multivariable analysis, Factor 5 was related to higher cord blood leptin (1.64 [95% CI: 0.42, 2.87] ng/mL) and IGF-1 even after adjusting for IGFBP-3 (3.35 [0.25, 6.44] ng/mL). The BCAA pattern was associated with higher BW/GA (0.20 [0.03, 0.36] z-scores) and IGFBP-3 (106.5 [44.7, 168.2] ng/mL). No maternal characteristics were associated with either metabolite pattern; however, infants born via Cesarean delivery exhibited a higher score for Factor 5, and gestation length was inversely associated with the BCAA pattern. CONCLUSIONS Metabolites in energy production and DNA/RNA turnover pathways in cord blood are associated with larger size at birth, and higher leptin and IGF-1. Similarly, the BCAA pattern was associated with larger birth size and IGFBP-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Perng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of South California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Christos Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Li LJ, Rifas-Shiman SL, Aris IM, Young JG, Mantzoros C, Hivert MF, Oken E. Associations of maternal and cord blood adipokines with offspring adiposity in Project Viva: is there an interaction with child age? Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:608-617. [PMID: 29026216 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Higher leptin and lower adiponectin correlate with adult and childhood adiposity, but it is unclear how exposure to these adipokines during gestation relates to offspring growth. We aimed to investigate the relationships of maternal and cord adipokines with offspring adiposity across childhood to early adolescence, as well as interactions with child age. METHODS In mother-child pairs in the Project Viva cohort, we measured adipokines in mothers at second trimester (n=1106) and in cord blood at birth (n=657). We measured offspring adiposity indices at early childhood (mean 3.3±s.d. 0.3 years), mid-childhood (7.9±0.8 years) and early adolescence (13.2±0.9 years). We analyzed associations of maternal and cord adipokines with offspring longitudinal adiposity using a linear mixed model adjusting for pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG), and other confounders. RESULTS Mothers with higher BMI and GWG had higher leptin. Offspring born to mothers with the highest vs lowest quartile of leptin had lower BMI z-score (-0.49 units, 95% confidence interval (CI):-0.72,-0.26), waist circumference (-2.6 cm, 95% CI: -3.7,-1.5) and sum of subscapular and triceps skinfolds (-2.8 mm, 95% CI: -4.1,-1.4) in early life. An interaction term between maternal leptin and child age was positive, suggesting that the associations between maternal leptin and child adiposity were not constant over time. Offspring born to mothers with lowest vs highest quartile of maternal adiponectin had lower early life adiposity (BMI z-score -0.27 units, 95% CI: -0.48,-0.05). Results were similar for cord leptin but not cord adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed higher maternal and cord leptin, and lower maternal adiponectin are associated with lower offspring adiposity from childhood to early adolescence, independent of maternal BMI and GWG. However, the strength of these associations was not constant over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-J Li
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - S L Rifas-Shiman
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I M Aris
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - J G Young
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M-F Hivert
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Oken
- Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse (CoRAL), Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Chaoimh CN, Murray DM, Kenny LC, Irvine AD, Hourihane JO, Kiely M. Cord blood leptin and gains in body weight and fat mass during infancy. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:403-10. [PMID: 27528502 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low early-life leptin concentrations may promote faster weight gain in infancy. We aimed to examine the associations between cord blood leptin concentrations and changes in weight and body composition during infancy. DESIGN AND METHODS Serum leptin was measured at 15 weeks gestation, in umbilical cord blood collected at delivery and at 2 years in 334 children from the Cork Baseline Birth Cohort Study. Body composition was measured at 2 days and 2 months using air displacement plethysmography. Conditional change in weight standard deviation scores over a number of age intervals in the first 2 years and conditional change in fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) (kg/(length)m(2)) between birth and 2 months were calculated and associations with cord blood leptin were examined using linear regression. RESULTS At birth, cord blood leptin was positively correlated with FMI (r = 0.48, P < 0.001) and showed a weaker correlation with FFMI (r = 0.12, P = 0.05). After adjustment for confounders, higher cord blood leptin (per ng/mL) was associated with slower conditional weight gain between birth and 2 months (β (95% CI): -0.024 (-0.035, -0.013), P < 0.001) but not over subsequent age intervals. Cord blood leptin was also inversely associated with conditional change in FMI (-0.021 (-0.034, -0.007, P = 0.003) but not FFMI between birth and 2 months. CONCLUSIONS These are the first data to show that associations between higher cord blood leptin and slower weight gain during infancy are driven by lower increases in adiposity, at least in early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Ní Chaoimh
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition ResearchSchool of Food and Nutritional Sciences The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT)
| | - Deirdre M Murray
- The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) Department of Paediatrics and Child Health
| | - Louise C Kenny
- The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Department of Clinical MedicineTrinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, and Our Lady's Children's Hospital CrumlinDublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan O'B Hourihane
- The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT) Department of Paediatrics and Child Health
| | - Mairead Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition ResearchSchool of Food and Nutritional Sciences The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT)
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27
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Steinbrekera B, Roghair R. Modeling the impact of growth and leptin deficits on the neuronal regulation of blood pressure. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R47-R60. [PMID: 27613336 PMCID: PMC5148679 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The risk of hypertension is increased by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm birth. In the search for modifiable etiologies for this life-threatening cardiovascular morbidity, a number of pathways have been investigated, including excessive glucocorticoid exposure, nutritional deficiency and aberration in sex hormone levels. As a neurotrophic hormone that is intimately involved in the cardiovascular regulation and whose levels are influenced by glucocorticoids, nutritional status and sex hormones, leptin has emerged as a putative etiologic and thus a therapeutic agent. As a product of maternal and late fetal adipocytes and the placenta, circulating leptin typically surges late in gestation and declines after delivery until the infant consumes sufficient leptin-containing breast milk or accrues sufficient leptin-secreting adipose tissue to reestablish the circulating levels. The leptin deficiency seen in IUGR infants is a multifactorial manifestation of placental insufficiency, exaggerated glucocorticoid exposure and fetal adipose deficit. The preterm infant suffers from the same cascade of events, including separation from the placenta, antenatal steroid exposure and persistently underdeveloped adipose depots. Preterm infants remain leptin deficient beyond term gestation, rendering them susceptible to neurodevelopmental impairment and subsequent cardiovascular dysregulation. This pathologic pathway is efficiently modeled by placing neonatal mice into atypically large litters, thereby recapitulating the perinatal growth restriction-adult hypertension phenotype. In this model, neonatal leptin supplementation restores the physiologic leptin surge, attenuates the leptin-triggered sympathetic activation in adulthood and prevents leptin- or stress-evoked hypertension. Further pathway interrogation and clinical translation are needed to fully test the therapeutic potential of perinatal leptin supplementation.
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MESH Headings
- Adiposity
- Adult
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Fetal Growth Retardation/drug therapy
- Fetal Growth Retardation/metabolism
- Fetal Growth Retardation/physiopathology
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Humans
- Hypertension/etiology
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/prevention & control
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/drug therapy
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/metabolism
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology
- Leptin/deficiency
- Leptin/genetics
- Leptin/metabolism
- Leptin/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders/drug therapy
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders/metabolism
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders/physiopathology
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Leptin/agonists
- Receptors, Leptin/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiba Steinbrekera
- Stead Family Department of PediatricsCarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert Roghair
- Stead Family Department of PediatricsCarver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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28
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Laml T, Preyer O, Schulz-Lobmeyr I, Ruecklinger E, Hartmann BW, Wagenbichler P. Umbilical Venous Leptin Concentration and Gender in Newborns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760100800206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Laml
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics, Division of Special Gynecology, University of Vienna Medical School; Institute for Statistical Analyses; and Ignaz-Semmelweis-Frauenklinik der Stadt Wien, Vienna, Austria; University of Vienna Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecology, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austnra
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Wagenbichler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecology, Division of Obstetrics, Division of Special Gynecology, University of Vienna Medical School; Institute for Statistical Analyses; and Ignaz-Semmelweis-Frauenklinik der Stadt Wien, Vienna, Austria
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29
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Henn BC, Ettinger AS, Hopkins MR, Jim R, Amarasiriwardena C, Christiani DC, Coull BA, Bellinger DC, Wright RO. Prenatal Arsenic Exposure and Birth Outcomes among a Population Residing near a Mining-Related Superfund Site. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1308-15. [PMID: 26859631 PMCID: PMC4977047 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited epidemiologic data exist on prenatal arsenic exposure and fetal growth, particularly in the context of co-exposure to other toxic metals. OBJECTIVE We examined whether prenatal arsenic exposure predicts birth outcomes among a rural U.S. population, while adjusting for exposure to lead and manganese. METHODS We collected maternal and umbilical cord blood samples at delivery from 622 mother-infant pairs residing near a mining-related Superfund site in Northeast Oklahoma. Whole blood arsenic, lead, and manganese were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We modeled associations between arsenic concentrations and birth weight, gestational age, head circumference, and birth weight for gestational age. RESULTS Median (25th-75th percentile) maternal and umbilical cord blood metal concentrations, respectively, were as follows: arsenic, 1.4 (1.0-2.3) and 2.4 (1.8-3.3) μg/L; lead, 0.6 (0.4-0.9) and 0.4 (0.3-0.6) μg/dL; manganese, 22.7 (18.8-29.3) and 41.7 (32.2-50.4) μg/L. We estimated negative associations between maternal blood arsenic concentrations and birth outcomes. In multivariable regression models adjusted for lead and manganese, an interquartile range increase in maternal blood arsenic was associated with -77.5 g (95% CI: -127.8, -27.3) birth weight, -0.13 weeks (95% CI: -0.27, 0.01) gestation, -0.22 cm (95% CI: -0.42, -0.03) head circumference, and -0.14 (95% CI: -0.24, -0.04) birth weight for gestational age z-score units. Interactions between arsenic concentrations and lead or manganese were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In a population with environmental exposure levels similar to the U.S. general population, maternal blood arsenic was negatively associated with fetal growth. Given the potential for relatively common fetal and early childhood arsenic exposures, our finding that prenatal arsenic can adversely affect birth outcomes is of considerable public health importance. CITATION Claus Henn B, Ettinger AS, Hopkins MR, Jim R, Amarasiriwardena C, Christiani DC, Coull BA, Bellinger DC, Wright RO. 2016. Prenatal arsenic exposure and birth outcomes among a population residing near a mining-related Superfund site. Environ Health Perspect 124:1308-1315; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510070.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Address correspondence to B. Claus Henn, Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118 USA. Telephone: (617) 638-4653.
| | - Adrienne S. Ettinger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marianne R. Hopkins
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca Jim
- Local Environmental Action Demanded (L.E.A.D.) Agency, Inc., Vinita, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Chitra Amarasiriwardena
- Division of Environmental Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brent A. Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David C. Bellinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert O. Wright
- Division of Environmental Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Guzmán-Bárcenas J, Hernández JA, Arias-Martínez J, Baptista-González H, Ceballos-Reyes G, Irles C. Estimation of umbilical cord blood leptin and insulin based on anthropometric data by means of artificial neural network approach: identifying key maternal and neonatal factors. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016; 16:179. [PMID: 27440187 PMCID: PMC4955136 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-0967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leptin and insulin levels are key factors regulating fetal and neonatal energy homeostasis, development and growth. Both biomarkers are used as predictors of weight gain and obesity during infancy. There are currently no prediction algorithms for cord blood (UCB) hormone levels using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) that have been directly trained with anthropometric maternal and neonatal data, from neonates exposed to distinct metabolic environments during pregnancy (obese with or without gestational diabetes mellitus or lean women). The aims were: 1) to develop ANN models that simulate leptin and insulin concentrations in UCB based on maternal and neonatal data (ANN perinatal model) or from only maternal data during early gestation (ANN prenatal model); 2) To evaluate the biological relevance of each parameter (maternal and neonatal anthropometric variables). Methods We collected maternal and neonatal anthropometric data (n = 49) in normoglycemic healthy lean, obese or obese with gestational diabetes mellitus women, as well as determined UCB leptin and insulin concentrations by ELISA. The ANN perinatal model consisted of an input layer of 12 variables (maternal and neonatal anthropometric and biochemical data from early gestation and at term) while the ANN prenatal model used only 6 variables (maternal anthropometric from early gestation) in the input layer. For both networks, the output layer contained 1 variable to UCB leptin or to UCB insulin concentration. Results The best architectures for the ANN perinatal models estimating leptin and insulin were 12-5-1 while for the ANN prenatal models, 6-5-1 and 6-4-1 were found for leptin and insulin, respectively. ANN models presented an excellent agreement between experimental and simulated values. Interestingly, the use of only prenatal maternal anthropometric data was sufficient to estimate UCB leptin and insulin values. Maternal BMI, weight and age as well as neonatal birth were the most influential parameters for leptin while maternal morbidity was the most significant factor for insulin prediction. Conclusions Low error percentage and short computing time makes these ANN models interesting in a translational research setting, to be applied for the prediction of neonatal leptin and insulin values from maternal anthropometric data, and possibly the on-line estimation during pregnancy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0967-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Guzmán-Bárcenas
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinoza de los Reyes (INPerIER), Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Mexico city, C.P. 11000, Mexico
| | - José Alfredo Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas (CIICAp)-Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Joel Arias-Martínez
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Salud-Universidad de Sonora, Campus Cajeme, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Héctor Baptista-González
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinoza de los Reyes (INPerIER), Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Mexico city, C.P. 11000, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ceballos-Reyes
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudine Irles
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinoza de los Reyes (INPerIER), Montes Urales 800, Lomas de Virreyes, Mexico city, C.P. 11000, Mexico.
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Rolland-Cachera MF, Akrout M, Péneau S. Nutrient Intakes in Early Life and Risk of Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13060564. [PMID: 27275827 PMCID: PMC4924021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that environmental factors in early life predict later health. The early adiposity rebound recorded in most obese subjects suggests that factors promoting body fat development have operated in the first years of life. Birth weight, growth velocity and body mass index (BMI) trajectories seem to be highly sensitive to the environmental conditions present during pregnancy and in early life (“The first 1000 days”). Particularly, nutritional exposure can have a long-term effect on health in adulthood. The high protein-low fat diet often recorded in young children may have contributed to the rapid rise of childhood obesity prevalence during the last decades. Metabolic programming by early nutrition could explain the development of later obesity and adult diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Françoise Rolland-Cachera
- Université Paris 13, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny F-93017, France.
| | - Mouna Akrout
- Université Paris 13, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny F-93017, France.
| | - Sandrine Péneau
- Université Paris 13, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny F-93017, France.
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Karakosta P, Roumeliotaki T, Chalkiadaki G, Sarri K, Vassilaki M, Venihaki M, Malliaraki N, Kampa M, Castanas E, Kogevinas M, Mantzoros C, Chatzi L. Cord blood leptin levels in relation to child growth trajectories. Metabolism 2016; 65:874-82. [PMID: 27173466 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leptin represents a potential modulator of developmental programming of childhood obesity. We investigated the association of cord blood leptin with growth trajectories from birth to early childhood. MATERIALS/METHODS We used data from the prospective mother-child cohort "Rhea", Crete, Greece. Cord blood samples from 642 neonates were collected. 578 (90%) children had complete follow up data from birth to 4years. We measured child weight, height, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, blood pressure, and serum lipids, leptin, adiponectin and C-reactive protein in early childhood (median 4.2years). We estimated growth trajectories from 3months up to 4years using random-effects linear-spline models. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used adjusting for confounders. RESULTS Mean cord blood leptin levels were 7.3ng/mL (standard deviation: 6.3). Children with high cord blood leptin (>90th percentile) exhibited lower weight, height and body mass index from 6months to early childhood. Each SD increase in cord blood leptin was associated with lower weight at the age of 4 by 242g (95% CI: -416, -69). In a stratified analysis, the reverse association was observed in children born small for gestational age (p for interaction=0.001), and in those exhibiting rapid infant growth during the first 3months of life (p for interaction=0.002). Cord blood leptin levels were not associated with cardiometabolic risk factors at 4years. CONCLUSIONS Long term programming effects of in utero exposure to leptin extends beyond infancy into early childhood. Further studies are needed to explore potential effect modification by intrauterine and early infancy growth patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Karakosta
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgia Chalkiadaki
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katerina Sarri
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Vassilaki
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Venihaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry-Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Niki Malliaraki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry-Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elias Castanas
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Efstathiou SP. Catch-up growth in low-birthweight infants: friend or foe? Paediatr Int Child Health 2015; 35:81-2. [PMID: 25844570 DOI: 10.1179/2046905515y.0000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of cord blood leptin with body mass index (BMI) growth velocity from birth to 12 months of age among infants exposed and not exposed to over-nutrition in utero (defined as maternal overweight/obesity or presence of gestational diabetes). METHODS 185 infants enrolled in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children study (76 exposed and 109 not exposed) had leptin and insulin measured in cord blood. Longitudinal weight and length measures in the first 12 months of life (average 4 per participant) obtained from medical records were used to compute BMI growth rates. Mixed models were used to examine associations of cord blood leptin with growth. RESULTS Compared with unexposed infants, those exposed had significantly higher cord blood insulin (8.64 v. 6.97 uU/ml, P<0.01) and leptin levels (8.89 v. 5.92 ng/ml, P=0.05) as well as increased birth weights (3438.04 v. 3306.89 g, P=0.04). There was an inverse relationship between cord leptin levels and BMI growth from birth to 12 months of age (P=0.005); however, exposure to over-nutrition in utero did not significantly modify this association (P=0.59). CONCLUSION We provide support of a possible operational feedback mechanism by which lower cord blood leptin levels are associated with faster infant growth in the first year of life. Our data do not tend to support the hypothesis that this mechanism is altered in infants exposed to over-nutrition in utero; however our sample is too small to provide sufficient evidence. Larger epidemiological studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for increased propensity for obesity in exposed offspring.
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Cord leptin is inversely associated with changes in weight and adiposity in infancy. Proc Nutr Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s002966511500258x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gossai A, Lesseur C, Farzan S, Marsit C, Karagas MR, Gilbert-Diamond D. Association between maternal urinary arsenic species and infant cord blood leptin levels in a New Hampshire Pregnancy Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:180-6. [PMID: 25460635 PMCID: PMC4262605 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an important pleiotropic hormone involved in the regulation of nutrient intake and energy expenditure, and is known to influence body weight in infants and adults. High maternal levels of arsenic have been associated with reduced infant birth weight, but the mechanism of action is not yet understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between in utero arsenic exposure and infant cord blood leptin concentrations within 156 mother-infant pairs from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) who were exposed to low to moderate levels of arsenic through well water and diet. In utero arsenic exposure was obtained from maternal second trimester urinary arsenic concentration, and plasma leptin levels were assessed through immunoassay. Results indicate that urinary arsenic species concentrations were predictive of infant cord blood leptin levels following adjustment for creatinine, infant birth weight for gestational age percentile, infant sex, maternal pregnancy-related weight gain, and maternal education level amongst 149 white mother-infant pairs in multivariate linear regression models. A doubling or 100% increase in total urinary arsenic concentration (iAs+MMA+DMA) was associated with a 10.3% (95% CI: 0.8-20.7%) increase in cord blood leptin levels. A 100% increase in either monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) or dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) was also associated with an 8.3% (95% CI: -1.0-18.6%) and 10.3% (95% CI: 1.2-20.2%) increase in cord blood leptin levels, respectively. The association between inorganic arsenic (iAs) and cord blood leptin was of similar magnitude and direction as other arsenic species (a 100% increase in iAs was associated with a 6.5% (95% CI: -3.4-17.5%) increase in cord blood leptin levels), albeit not significant. These results suggest in utero exposure to low levels of arsenic influences cord blood leptin concentration and presents a potential mechanism by which arsenic may impact early childhood growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anala Gossai
- Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Corina Lesseur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Shohreh Farzan
- Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community and Family Medicine and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Carmen Marsit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7650 Remsen, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community and Family Medicine and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community and Family Medicine and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Children's Environmental Health & Disease Prevention Research Center at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Community and Family Medicine and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Yee JK, Mao CS, Ross MG, Paul Lee WN, Desai M, Toda A, Kjos SL, Hicks RA, Patterson ME. High oleic/stearic fatty-acid desaturation index in cord plasma from infants of mothers with gestational diabetes. J Perinatol 2014; 34:357-63. [PMID: 24577432 PMCID: PMC4022182 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enhanced fatty-acid desaturation by stearoyl-CoA desaturase enzyme-1 (SCD1) is associated with obesity. This study determined desaturation in the cord plasma of newborns of mothers with and without gestational diabetes (GDM). STUDY DESIGN Newborns of mothers with GDM (n=21) and without (control, n=22) were recruited. Cord plasma fatty-acid desaturation indices (palmitoleic/palmitic, oleic/stearic ratios) were compared, and correlated with anthropometrics and biochemical measures. A subset of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) desaturation indices were determined to approximate the liver SCD1 activity. RESULT The total oleic/stearic index was higher in GDM, despite adjustment for cord glucose concentrations. Among GDM and controls, the oleic/stearic index correlated with cord glucose concentrations (rs=0.36, P=0.02). Both palmitoleic/palmitic and oleic/stearic indices correlated with waist circumference (r=0.47, P=0.001; r=0.37, P=0.01). The VLDL oleic/stearic index was higher in GDM. CONCLUSION The elevated total oleic/stearic index suggests increased lipogenesis in GDM newborns. Factors in addition to glucose supply may influence fetal SCD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Yee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - Catherine S. Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - Michael G. Ross
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - W. N. Paul Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - Mina Desai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - Audrey Toda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - Siri L. Kjos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - Rebecca A. Hicks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
| | - Mary E. Patterson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
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Li H, Ye R, Pei L, Ren A, Zheng X, Liu J. Caesarean delivery, caesarean delivery on maternal request and childhood overweight: a Chinese birth cohort study of 181 380 children. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:10-6. [PMID: 23512941 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED What is already known about this subject Both rates of caesarean section and childhood overweight have been steadily increasing over the past decade in many parts of the world. Caesarean delivery on maternal request contributes remarkably to the rising trend of caesarean births. A few small-scale studies suggest that caesarean section may be associated with later overweight and obesity, whereas little is known about the impact of caesarean delivery on maternal request. What this study adds Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of childhood overweight. Children born by caesarean delivery on maternal request are also more likely to be overweight. The strength of the caesarean-overweight association is modest. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of caesarean delivery including non-medically indicated maternal request caesarean delivery on childhood overweight. METHODS We conducted a prospective investigation of a Chinese birth cohort involving 181 380 children, who were born during 1993-1996 to mothers registered in a perinatal care surveillance system and whose weight and height were measured in 2000. Information on delivery mode and covariates was obtained from the surveillance system. Overweight was defined according to the International Obesity Task Force body mass index (BMI) cutoffs. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios. Stratified analyses were done to test whether the association between caesarean section and overweight persisted across subgroups. RESULTS The adjusted odds ratio of overweight for children born by caesarean compared with vaginal delivery was 1.13 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.08, 1.18]. The association persisted in subgroups stratified by gender, maternal education, maternal BMI, weight gain during pregnancy and child birthweight (all P values for interaction test ≥0.30). The adjusted odds ratio of overweight for children born by non-medically indicated caesarean delivery compared with vaginal delivery was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.41). CONCLUSION Caesarean delivery including non-medically indicated maternal request caesarean delivery compared with vaginal delivery modestly increases childhood overweight risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Brunner S, Schmid D, Hüttinger K, Much D, Brüderl M, Sedlmeier EM, Kratzsch J, Amann-Gassnerl U, Bader BL, Hauner H. Effect of reducing the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio on the maternal and fetal leptin axis in relation to infant body composition. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:217-24. [PMID: 23596009 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of reducing the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio in maternal nutrition on the maternal and cord blood leptin axis and their association with infant body composition up to 2 years. DESIGN AND METHODS 208 healthy pregnant women were randomized to either a dietary intervention to reduce the n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio from 15th week of gestation until 4 months postpartum or a control group. Leptin, soluble leptin receptor and free leptin index were determined in maternal and cord plasma and related to infant body composition assessed by skinfold thicknesses up to 2 years. RESULTS The intervention had no effect on either the maternal or fetal leptin axis. Maternal leptin in late pregnancy was inversely related to infant weight and lean body mass (LBM) up to 2 years, after multiple adjustments. Cord leptin was positively related to weight, body fat, and LBM at birth, and inversely associated with weight, BMI, fat mass, and LBM at 2 years and weight gain up to 2 years. The contribution of cord leptin to infant outcomes was overall stronger compared with maternal leptin. CONCLUSIONS Both, maternal and fetal leptin were associated with subsequent infant anthropometry with a greater impact of fetal leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Brunner
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Flexeder C, Thiering E, Kratzsch J, Klümper C, Koletzko B, Müller MJ, Koletzko S, Heinrich J. Is a child's growth pattern early in life related to serum adipokines at the age of 10 years? Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 68:25-31. [PMID: 24169460 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Growth parameters during infancy and early childhood might predict adipokine levels later in life. This study investigates the association between peak growth velocities, body mass index (BMI) and age at adiposity rebound (AR), with leptin and adiponectin levels at age 10 years. SUBJECTS/METHODS Peak height (PHV) and weight (PWV) velocities were calculated from height and weight measurements obtained between birth and age 2 years from 2880 children participating in the GINIplus (German Infant Nutritional Intervention plus environmental and genetic influences on allergy development) and LISAplus (Influences of Lifestyle-Related Factors on the Immune System and the Development of Allergies in Childhood plus Air Pollution and Genetics) birth cohorts. BMI and age at AR were calculated using BMI measurements between age 1.5 and 12 years. Blood samples were collected during a physical examination at age 10. Adiponectin and leptin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Linear regression models were fitted after adjustment for potential confounding factors and results are presented per interquartile range increase in the exposure. RESULTS Age at AR was negatively associated with leptin in males and females (percent difference β*: -41.71%; 95% confidence interval: (-44.34;-38.96) and β*: -43.22%; (-45.59; -40.75), respectively). For both males and females PWV (β*: 14.23%; (7.60; 21.26) and β*: 18.54%; (10.76; 26.87), respectively) and BMI at AR (β*: 63.08%; (55.04; 71.53) and β*: 67.02%; (59.30; 75.10), respectively) were positively associated with leptin levels. PHV showed a positive effect on leptin in females only (β*: 10.75%; (3.73; 18.25)). Growth parameters were not significantly associated with adiponectin except for age at AR among females (β: 0.75 ng/ml; (0.42; 1.09)) and PWV among males (β: 0.45 ng/ml; (0.11; 0.79)). CONCLUSION Growth patterns in early life may be associated with leptin levels at age 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Flexeder
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - E Thiering
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Kratzsch
- University Hospital Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Klümper
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - B Koletzko
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - S Koletzko
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Heinrich
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany
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Deardorff J, Berry-Millett R, Rehkopf D, Luecke E, Lahiff M, Abrams B. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and age at menarche in daughters. Matern Child Health J 2013; 17:1391-8. [PMID: 23054446 PMCID: PMC3582726 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-012-1139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Life course theory suggests that early life experiences can shape health over a lifetime and across generations. Associations between maternal pregnancy experience and daughters' age at menarche are not well understood. We examined whether maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain (GWG) were independently related to daughters' age at menarche. Consistent with a life course perspective, we also examined whether maternal GWG, birth weight, and prepubertal BMI mediated the relationship between pre-pregnancy BMI and daughter's menarcheal age. We examined 2,497 mother-daughter pairs from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Survival analysis with Cox proportional hazards was used to estimate whether maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m(2)) and GWG adequacy (inadequate, recommended, and excessive) were associated with risk for earlier menarche among girls, controlling for important covariates. Analyses were conducted to examine the mediating roles of GWG adequacy, child birth weight and prepubertal BMI. Adjusting for covariates, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (HR = 1.20, 95 % CI 1.06, 1.36) and excess GWG (HR = 1.13, 95 % CI 1.01, 1.27) were associated with daughters' earlier menarche, while inadequate GWG was not. The association between maternal pre-pregnancy weight and daughters' menarcheal timing was not mediated by daughter's birth weight, prepubertal BMI or maternal GWG. Maternal factors, before and during pregnancy, are potentially important determinants of daughters' menarcheal timing and are amenable to intervention. Further research is needed to better understand pathways through which these factors operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Deardorff
- Division of Community Health and Human Development, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Boeke CE, Mantzoros CS, Hughes MD, L Rifas-Shiman S, Villamor E, Zera CA, Gillman MW. Differential associations of leptin with adiposity across early childhood. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1430-7. [PMID: 23408391 PMCID: PMC3659179 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations of perinatal and 3-year leptin with weight gain and adiposity through 7 years. DESIGN AND METHODS In Project Viva, plasma leptin from mothers at 26-28 weeks' gestation (n = 893), umbilical cord vein at delivery (n = 540), and children at 3 years (n = 510) was assessed in relation to BMI z-score, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, and dual X-ray absorptiometry body fat. RESULTS 50.1% of children were male and 29.5% non-white. Mean (SD) maternal, cord, and age 3 leptin concentrations were 22.9 (14.2), 8.8 (6.4), and 1.8 (1.7) ng/ml, respectively, and 3- and 7-year BMI z-scores were 0.46 (1.00) and 0.35 (0.97), respectively. After adjusting for parental and child characteristics, higher maternal and cord leptin were associated with less 3-year adiposity. For example, mean 3-year BMI z-score was 0.5 lower (95% CI: -0.7, -0.2; P-trend = 0.003) among children whose mothers' leptin concentrations were in the top versus bottom quintile. In contrast, higher age 3 leptin was associated with greater weight gain and adiposity through age 7 [e.g., change in BMI z-score from 3 to 7 years was 0.2 units (95% CI: -0.0, 0.4; P-trend =0.05)]. CONCLUSION Higher perinatal leptin was associated with lower 3-year adiposity, whereas higher age 3 leptin was associated with greater weight gain and adiposity by 7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Boeke
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Washburn L, Nixon P, Russell G, Snively BM, O'Shea TM. Adiposity in adolescent offspring born prematurely to mothers with preeclampsia. J Pediatr 2013; 162:912-7.e1. [PMID: 23211927 PMCID: PMC3785107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between maternal preeclampsia resulting in premature delivery and adiposity in the offspring during adolescence. STUDY DESIGN The 172 study participants were 14 years old and had very low birth weight. We compared height, weight, body mass index (BMI), percent fat, waist circumference, and triceps and subscapular skin fold thicknesses between those born prematurely secondary to preeclampsia (n = 51; 22 male) and those born prematurely after normotensive pregnancies (n = 121; 55 male). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to adjust for potential confounders (maternal BMI, antenatal steroid exposure, and race) and to evaluate potential explanatory variables (fetal, infancy, and childhood weight gain, and caloric intake, level of fitness, and physical activity at 14 years). RESULTS When adjusted for potential prenatal confounders (antenatal steroid exposure and race), adolescent male offspring of preeclamptic pregnancies had higher BMI (4.0 kg/m(2) [1.5, 6.6]) (mean difference [95% CI]), waist circumference (11.8 cm [3.8, 19.7]), triceps (4.6 mm [0.6, 8.6]) and subscapular skinfold thicknesses (6.2 mm [1.5, 10.9]), and percent body fat (4.1% [-0.1, 8.3]). Adjusting for infancy and childhood weight gain attenuated these group differences. There were no group differences among females. CONCLUSION Male adolescent offspring born prematurely of women with preeclampsia have higher measures of adiposity than those born prematurely of normotensive pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Washburn
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Huybregts L, Roberfroid D, Lanou H, Meda N, Taes Y, Valea I, D'Alessandro U, Kolsteren P, Van Camp J. Prenatal lipid-based nutrient supplements increase cord leptin concentration in pregnant women from rural Burkina Faso. J Nutr 2013; 143:576-83. [PMID: 23535609 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.171181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing countries, prenatal lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNSs) were shown to increase birth size; however, the mechanism of this effect remains unknown. Cord blood hormone concentrations are strongly associated with birth size. Therefore, we hypothesize that LNSs increase birth size through a change in the endocrine regulation of fetal development. We compared the effect of daily prenatal LNSs with multiple micronutrient tablets on cord blood hormone concentrations using a randomized, controlled design including 197 pregnant women from rural Burkina Faso. Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II, their binding proteins IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3, leptin, cortisol, and insulin were quantified in cord sera using immunoassays. LNS was associated with higher cord blood leptin mainly in primigravidae (+57%; P = 0.02) and women from the highest tertile of BMI at study inclusion (+41%; P = 0.02). We did not find any significant LNS effects on other measured cord hormones. The observed increase in cord leptin was associated with a significantly higher birth weight. Cord sera from small-for-gestational age newborns had lower median IGF-I (-9 μg/L; P = 0.003), IGF-II (-79 μg/L; P = 0.003), IGFBP-3 (-0.7 μg/L; P = 0.007), and leptin (-1.0 μg/L; P = 0.016) concentrations but higher median cortisol (+18 μg/L; P = 0.037) concentrations compared with normally grown newborns. Prenatal LNS resulted in increased cord leptin concentrations in primigravidae and mothers with higher BMI at study inclusion. The elevated leptin concentrations could point toward a higher neonatal fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Huybregts
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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A maternal high-protein diet predisposes female offspring to increased fat mass in adulthood whereas a prebiotic fibre diet decreases fat mass in rats. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1732-41. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The negative effects of malnourishment in utero have been widely explored; the effects of increased maternal macronutrient intake are not known in relation to high fibre, and have been inconclusive with regard to high protein. In the present study, virgin Wistar dams were fed either a control (C), high-protein (40 %, w/w; HP) or high-prebiotic fibre (21·6 %, w/w; HF) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. Pups consumed the C diet from 3 to 14·5 weeks of age, and then switched to a high-fat/sucrose diet for 8 weeks. A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan and an oral glucose tolerance test were performed and plasma satiety hormones measured. The final body weight and the percentage of body fat were significantly affected by the interaction between maternal diet and offspring sex: weight and fat mass were higher in the female offspring of the HP v. HF dams. No differences in body weight or fat mass were seen in the male offspring. There was a significant sex effect for fasting and total AUC for ghrelin and fasting GIP, with females having higher levels than males. Liver TAG content and plasma NEFA were lower in the offspring of high-prebiotic fibre dams (HF1) than in those of high-protein dams (HP1) and control dams (C1). Intestinal expression of GLUT2 was decreased in HF1 and HP1 v. C1. The maternal HP and HF diets had lasting effects on body fat and hepatic TAG accumulation in the offspring, particularly in females. Whereas the HP diet predisposes to an obese phenotype, the maternal HF diet appears to reduce the susceptibility to obesity following a high-energy diet challenge in adulthood.
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Martos-Moreno G, Kopchick J, Argente YJ. [Adipokines in healthy and obese children]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2013; 78:189.e1-189.e15. [PMID: 23228441 PMCID: PMC4307602 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents during the last decades, as well as the mounting evidence indicating that obesity is associated with an increased incidence of comorbidities and the risk of premature death, resulting in a high economic impact, has stimulated obesity focused research. These studies have highlighted the prominent endocrine activity of adipose tissue, which is exerted through the synthesis and secretion of a wide variety of peptides and cytokines, called adipokines. This review presents a summary of the current knowledge and most relevant studies of adipokine dynamics and actions in children, focusing on the control of energy homeostasis, metabolic regulation (particularly carbohydrate metabolism), and inflammation. The particularities of adipose secretion and actions in healthy children, from birth to adolescence, and the modifications induced by early onset obesity are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.A. Martos-Moreno
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús. Servicio de Endocrinología. Instituto de Investigación La Princesa. Madrid. España
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Servicio de Pediatría. Madrid, España
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid. España
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Laboratories, Ohio University. Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - J.J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Laboratories, Ohio University. Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - y J. Argente
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús. Servicio de Endocrinología. Instituto de Investigación La Princesa. Madrid. España
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Servicio de Pediatría. Madrid, España
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid. España
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Association of nutrition in early life with body fat and serum leptin at adult age. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:1116-22. [PMID: 23147117 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is overwhelming evidence that experiences during early life could have long-term health consequences. However, the role of early nutrition in programming obesity and leptin resistance is still poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed at determining whether nutritional intakes in early life are associated with body composition and hormonal status at 20 years. SUBJECTS Healthy infants participating in the two-decade-long prospective ELANCE (Etude Longitudinale Alimentation Nutrition Croissance des Enfants) study were examined at 10 months and 2 years. At 20 years, weight, height, subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) assessed via bioelectrical impedance analysis, and serum leptin concentration were recorded in 73 subjects still participating in the follow-up. RESULTS In adjusted linear regression models, an increase by 100 kcal in energy intake at 2 years was associated with higher subscapular skinfold thickness (β=6.4% SF, 95% confidence interval 2.53-10.30, P=0.002) and higher FFM (0.50 kg, 0.06-0.95, P=0.03) at 20 years. An increase by 1% energy from fat at 2 years was associated with lower subscapular skinfold thickness (-2.3% SF, -4.41 to -0.18, P=0.03), lower FM (-0.31 kg, -0.60 to -0.01, P=0.04) and lower serum leptin concentration (-0.21 μg l(-1), -0.39 to -0.03, P=0.02) at 20 years. CONCLUSIONS Low-fat intake in early life was negatively associated with body fat (particularly at the trunk site) and serum leptin concentration at 20 years, suggesting that early low-fat intake could increase the susceptibility to develop overweight and leptin resistance at later ages. These findings substantiate current recommendations against restricting fat intake in early life and open new directions for investigating the origin of obesity.
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Chemerin is present in human cord blood and is positively correlated with birthweight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207:412.e1-10. [PMID: 22925375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemerin, a novel adipokine, has been implicated in adipogenesis, inflammation, and metabolism. The aims of this study were to determine the presence of chemerin in cord blood and its association with birthweight. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study included the following: (1) twins with (n = 24) or without (n = 28) birthweight discordancy; and (2) singletons subclassified into small-for-gestational-age (SGA; n = 18); appropriate for gestational age (AGA; n = 33); and large-for-gestational-age (LGA; n = 8). Cord blood chemerin was determined. Parametric and nonparametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS The results of the study included the following: (1) within the discordant twins group, the median chemerin concentration was significantly lower in the SGA group than in their cotwins; (2) within singletons, the median chemerin concentration was significantly higher in the LGA than the AGA newborns; and (3) the regression model revealed that chemerin was independently associated with birthweight. CONCLUSION Cord blood chemerin is present in cord blood and its concentrations are positively correlated with birthweight. These novel findings support a role of adipokines in fetal growth.
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Achard V, Boullu-Ciocca S, Desbriére R, Grino M. Perinatal programming of central obesity and the metabolic syndrome: role of glucocorticoids. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 4:129-37. [PMID: 18370759 DOI: 10.1089/met.2006.4.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is associated with increased prevalence, at the adult age, of central obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and its complications (type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease). Programming of the corticotropic function is one of the mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned phenomenon. An increased passage of active glucocorticoids from the mother to the fetus can act, at the central nervous system level, to program an enhanced response to stress and, at the peripheral level, in adipose tissue to induce an increased local glucocorticoid exposure and sensitivity. In addition to an improvement of the health of pregnant women, early diagnosis of metabolic and hormonal disturbances is important in children with IUGR, in order to prevent a compensatory catch-up growth and its subsequent obesity, and to set up a therapeutic intervention against the deleterious consequences of hypercorticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Achard
- Inserm U626, Marseille, France., Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Wild SH, Byrne CD. Evidence for fetal programming of obesity with a focus on putative mechanisms. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 17:153-62. [PMID: 19079923 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome (a clustering of three or more of increased waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose and fasting plasma triacylglycerol levels and reduced HDL levels), and a marked increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes and CHD. The impact of obesity differs between individuals, particularly between men and women and between ethnic groups. For example, in South Asians, although overall obesity is less prevalent, central obesity and the metabolic syndrome are more prevalent than in Europeans and this pattern is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes and CHD at an earlier age. It is important to examine individual risk factors contributing to obesity because they may have a different impact in population subgroups. Many factors contribute to the aetiology of obesity and there is increasing evidence to suggest that altered early development is one such factor and is associated with abnormal fat accumulation, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in later life. The present review presents this evidence and discusses some of the mechanisms that may be involved in the pathogenesis of the programming of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Wild
- Public Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
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