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Motta CM, Rosati L, Cretì P, Montinari MR, Denre P, Simoniello P, Fogliano C, Scudiero R, Avallone B. Histopathological effects of long-term exposure to realistic concentrations of cadmium in the hepatopancreas of Sparus aurata juveniles. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 268:106858. [PMID: 38325058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, cadmium has emerged as an environmental stressor in aquatic ecosystems due to its persistence and toxicity. It can enter water bodies from various natural and anthropogenic sources and, once introduced into aquatic systems, can accumulate in sediments and biota, leading to bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the food chain. For this reason, the effects of cadmium on aquatic life remain an area of ongoing research and concern. In this paper, a multidisciplinary approach was used to assess the effects of long-term exposure to an environmental concentration on the hepatopancreas of farmed juveniles of sea bream, Sparus aurata. After determining metal uptake, metallothionein production was assessed to gain insight into the organism's defence response. The effects were also assessed by histological and ultrastructural analyses. The results indicate that cadmium accumulates in the hepatopancreas at significant concentrations, inducing structural and functional damage. Despite the parallel increase in metallothioneins, fibrosis, alterations in carbohydrate distribution and endocrine disruption were also observed. These effects would decrease animal fitness although it did not translate into high mortality or reduced growth. This could depend on the fact that the animals were farmed, protected from the pressure deriving from having to search for food or escape from predators. Not to be underestimated is the return to humans, as this species is edible. Understanding the behaviour of cadmium in aquatic systems, its effects at different trophic levels and the potential risks to human health from the consumption of contaminated seafood would therefore be essential for informed environmental management and policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cretì
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Montinari
- Chair of History of Medicine, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Pabitra Denre
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Palma Simoniello
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Fogliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Scudiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Bice Avallone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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2
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Jiang H, Jiang FX. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived β cells: Truly immature islet β cells for type 1 diabetes therapy? World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:182-195. [PMID: 37180999 PMCID: PMC10173812 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i4.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A century has passed since the Nobel Prize winning discovery of insulin, which still remains the mainstay treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to this day. True to the words of its discoverer Sir Frederick Banting, “insulin is not a cure for diabetes, it is a treatment”, millions of people with T1DM are dependent on daily insulin medications for life. Clinical donor islet transplantation has proven that T1DM is curable, however due to profound shortages of donor islets, it is not a mainstream treatment option for T1DM. Human pluripotent stem cell derived insulin-secreting cells, pervasively known as stem cell-derived β cells (SC-β cells), are a promising alternative source and have the potential to become a T1DM treatment through cell replacement therapy. Here we briefly review how islet β cells develop and mature in vivo and several types of reported SC-β cells produced using different ex vivo protocols in the last decade. Although some markers of maturation were expressed and glucose stimulated insulin secretion was shown, the SC-β cells have not been directly compared to their in vivo counterparts, generally have limited glucose response, and are not yet fully matured. Due to the presence of extra-pancreatic insulin-expressing cells, and ethical and technological issues, further clarification of the true nature of these SC-β cells is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Jiang
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Fang-Xu Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia
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3
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Musazadeh V, Kavyani Z, Mirhosseini N, Dehghan P, Vajdi M. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on type 2 diabetes biomarkers: an umbrella of interventional meta-analyses. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:76. [PMID: 37072813 PMCID: PMC10114333 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D supplementation exerts several supporting effects on improving glycemic status, however, results are inconclusive. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to conduct an umbrella of meta-analysis regarding the impact of vitamin D on type 2 diabetes (T2DM) biomarkers. METHODS The Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar online databases were searched up to March 2022. All meta-analyses evaluating the impact of vitamin D supplementation on T2DM biomarkers were considered eligible. Overall, 37 meta-analyses were included in this umbrella meta-analysis. RESULTS Our findings indicated that vitamin D supplementation significantly decreased fasting blood sugar (FBS) (WMD = - 3.08; 95% CI: - 3.97, - 2.19, p < 0.001, and SMD = - 0.26; 95% CI: - 0.38, - 0.14, p < 0.001), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (WMD = - 0.05; 95% CI: - 0.10, - 0.01, p = 0.016, and SMD = - 0.16; 95% CI: - 0.27, - 0.05, p = 0.004), insulin concentrations (WMD = - 2.62; 95% CI: - 4.11, - 1.13; p < 0.001, and SMD = - 0.33; 95% CI: - 0.56, - 0.11, p = 0.004), and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD = - 0.67; 95% CI: - 1.01, - 0.32, p < 0.001, and SMD = - 0.31; 95% CI: - 0.46, - 0.16, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This umbrella meta-analysis proposed that vitamin D supplementation may improve T2DM biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vali Musazadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeynab Kavyani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Parvin Dehghan
- Associate of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Vajdi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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4
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Yoshihara E. Adapting Physiology in Functional Human Islet Organogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:854604. [PMID: 35557947 PMCID: PMC9086403 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.854604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of three-dimensional (3D)-structured functional human islets is expected to be an alternative cell source for cadaveric human islet transplantation for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), such as human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), offer infinite resources for newly synthesized human islets. Recent advancements in hPSCs technology have enabled direct differentiation to human islet-like clusters, which can sense glucose and secrete insulin, and those islet clusters can ameliorate diabetes when transplanted into rodents or non-human primates (NHPs). However, the generated hPSC-derived human islet-like clusters are functionally immature compared with primary human islets. There remains a challenge to establish a technology to create fully functional human islets in vitro, which are functionally and transcriptionally indistinguishable from cadaveric human islets. Understanding the complex differentiation and maturation pathway is necessary to generate fully functional human islets for a tremendous supply of high-quality human islets with less batch-to-batch difference for millions of patients. In this review, I summarized the current progress in the generation of 3D-structured human islets from pluripotent stem cells and discussed the importance of adapting physiology for in vitro functional human islet organogenesis and possible improvements with environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yoshihara
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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5
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Kobiita A, Godbersen S, Araldi E, Ghoshdastider U, Schmid MW, Spinas G, Moch H, Stoffel M. The Diabetes Gene JAZF1 Is Essential for the Homeostatic Control of Ribosome Biogenesis and Function in Metabolic Stress. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107846. [PMID: 32640216 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of pancreatic β-cells to respond to increased demands for insulin during metabolic stress critically depends on proper ribosome homeostasis and function. Excessive and long-lasting stimulation of insulin secretion can elicit endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unfolded protein response, and β-cell apoptosis. Here we show that the diabetes susceptibility gene JAZF1 is a key transcriptional regulator of ribosome biogenesis, global protein, and insulin translation. JAZF1 is excluded from the nucleus, and its expression levels are reduced upon metabolic stress and in diabetes. Genetic deletion of Jazf1 results in global impairment of protein synthesis that is mediated by defects in ribosomal protein synthesis, ribosomal RNA processing, and aminoacyl-synthetase expression, thereby inducing ER stress and increasing β-cell susceptibility to apoptosis. Importantly, JAZF1 function and its pleiotropic actions are impaired in islets of murine T2D and in human islets exposed to metabolic stress. Our study identifies JAZF1 as a central mediator of metabolic stress in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kobiita
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, HPL H36, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Godbersen
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, HPL H36, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Araldi
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, HPL H36, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Umesh Ghoshdastider
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, HPL H36, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marc W Schmid
- MWSchmid GmbH, Möhrlistrasse 25, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giatgen Spinas
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitäts-Spital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, HPL H36, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Sexual hormones and diabetes: The impact of estradiol in pancreatic β cell. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33832654 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases and its incidence is increasing throughout the world. Data from World Health Organization (WHO) point-out that diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation and estimated 1.6 million deaths were directly caused by it in 2016. Population studies show that the incidence of this disease increases in women after menopause, when the production of estrogen is decreasing in them. Knowing the impact that estrogenic signaling has on insulin-secreting β cells is key to prevention and design of new therapeutic targets. This chapter explores the role of estrogen and their receptors in the regulation of insulin secretion and biosynthesis, proliferation, regeneration and survival in pancreatic β cells. In addition, delves into the genetic animal models developed and its application for the specific study of the different estrogen signaling pathways. Finally, discusses the impact of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on pancreatic β cell function.
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7
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Behrouz V, Dastkhosh A, Sohrab G. Overview of dietary supplements on patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:325-334. [PMID: 32298985 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The primary approach for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) involves lifestyle modification and diet therapy along with pharmacologic interventions. Many patients are interested to identify nutritional supplements that may provide benefit in prevention and management of diabetes. However, the efficacy and safety of nutritional supplements such as chromium, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin D, zinc and magnesium in disease treatment is a worrying and controversial matter. In this narrative review, patients and health care providers are introduced to the effects of mentioned dietary supplements that may help in choosing or not choosing these supplements in treatment of diabetes. METHODS This review was carried out using comprehensive and systematic literature reports on the dietary supplements in the management of diabetes. Empirical searches were conducted using Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed databases. Searches were also undertaken using keywords, in English, such as "chromium" OR "vitamin D" OR "omega-3 fatty acids" OR "zinc" OR "magnesium" in combination with "type 2 diabetes". RESULTS The available evidence is insufficient to create a definite conclusion that nutritional supplements including chromium, n-3 PUFAs, vitamin D, zinc and magnesium might be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of T2DM and therefore, the general recommendation to use these supplements in the management of diabetes cannot be justified. The results of most studies lack uniformity across multiple aspects, including different dose and formation of supplements, duration, and subjects under intervention. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for well-designed, high quality, large and long-term studies to strengthen the available evidence and ensure the safety and efficacy of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Behrouz
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Dastkhosh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Golbon Sohrab
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Gauthier BR. Time for a paradigm shift in treating type 1 diabetes mellitus: coupling inflammation to islet regeneration. Metabolism 2020; 104:154137. [PMID: 31904355 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease that targets the destruction of islet beta-cells resulting in insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia and death if untreated. Despite advances in medical devices and longer-acting insulin, there is still no robust therapy to substitute and protect beta-cells that are lost in T1DM. Attempts to refrain from the autoimmune attack have failed to achieve glycemic control in patients highlighting the necessity for a paradigm shift in T1DM treatment. Paradoxically, beta-cells are present in T1DM patients indicating a disturbed equilibrium between the immune attack and beta-cell regeneration reminiscent of unresolved wound healing that under normal circumstances progression towards an anti-inflammatory milieu promotes regeneration. Thus, the ultimate T1DM therapy should concomitantly restore immune self-tolerance and replenish the beta-cell mass similar to wound healing. Recently the agonistic activation of the nuclear receptor LRH-1/NR5A2 was shown to induce immune self-tolerance, increase beta-cell survival and promote regeneration through a mechanism of alpha-to-beta cell phenotypic switch. This trans-regeneration process appears to be facilitated by a pancreatic anti-inflammatory environment induced by LRH-1/NR5A2 activation. Herein, we review the literature on the role of LRH1/NR5A2 in immunity and islet physiology and propose that a cross-talk between these cellular compartments is mandatory to achieve therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, 28029 Spain.
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9
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Li J, Xu S, Liu Y, Yan Z, Zhang F, Lv Q, Tong N. Activated PPARβ/δ Protects Pancreatic β Cells in Type 2 Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats from Lipoapoptosis via GPR40. Lipids 2019; 54:603-616. [PMID: 31364177 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
GW501516-activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ and G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 40 were shown to protect pancreatic β cells against lipoapoptosis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether activated PPARβ/δ could protect type 2 diabetic rats from lipoapoptosis through regulation of GPR40 and to compare the protective effects of activated PPARβ/δ and PPARγ. We made an animal model of type 2 diabetic lipoapoptosis by feeding spontaneously type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats with a high-fat diet (HFD) to evaluate the effects of PPARβ/δ on islet β cell apoptosis. And, treated INS-1 cells with 0.5 mM palmitate (PAM) in the absence/presence of GW501516 (a specific agonist of PPAR β/δ) and with/without transfection of GPR40 siRNA to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. HFD aggravated GK rats' poorer INSR30, lower mass, greater apoptosis of β cells, lower mass, and lower expression of GPR40, which were similarly improved by GW501516 at 3 or 6 mg/kg day and pioglitazone. Compared with pioglitazone, GW501516 caused more weight loss and had no effect on insulin resistance. GW501516 protected INS-1 cells from PAM-induced apoptosis by upregulating GPR40 and activating Akt/Bcl-2/caspase-3. Activated extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) was relevant to the lipoapoptosis in INS-1 cells, but was not involved in the antilipoapoptotic effect of GW501516. These results showed that the PPARβ/δ agonist GW501516 protected β cells from lipoapoptosis and improved β cell mass by upregulating GPR40 and activating the Akt/Bcl-2/caspase-3 pathway, but not the ERK-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shishi Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhe Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qingguo Lv
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Nanwei Tong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Grammatiki M, Karras S, Kotsa K. The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. Hormones (Athens) 2019; 18:37-48. [PMID: 30255482 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder associated with chronic complications, is traditionally classified into two main subtypes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from gradual pancreatic islet β cell autoimmune destruction, extending over months or years. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous disorder, with both insulin resistance and impairment in insulin secretion contributing to its pathogenesis. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin with an established role in calcium metabolism. Recently, several studies have provided evidence suggesting a role for it in various non-skeletal metabolic conditions, including both types of diabetes mellitus. Preclinical studies of vitamin D action on insulin secretion, insulin action, inflammatory processes, and immune regulation, along with evidence of an increase of hypovitaminosis D worldwide, have prompted several epidemiological, observational, and supplementation clinical studies investigating a potential biological interaction between hypovitaminosis D and diabetes. This narrative review aims to summarize current knowledge on the effect of vitamin D on T1DM and T2DM pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment, as well as on micro- and macrovascular complications of the disease. Furthermore, on the basis of current existing evidence, we aim to highlight areas for potential future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grammatiki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, S. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spiros Karras
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, S. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism-Diabetes Center, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, S. Kiriakidi 1, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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11
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Liu Z, Chen Y, Chen G, Mao X, Wei X, Li X, Xu Y, Jiang F, Wang K, Liu C. Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Young Offspring of Female Rats with Hypothyroidism. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:4713906. [PMID: 30918900 PMCID: PMC6409023 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4713906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Because thyroid hormones from the maternal thyroid glands are known to influence the growth, development, and metabolic functioning of offspring, we used a rat model to preliminarily investigate the effects of maternal hypothyroidism on glucose metabolism, pancreas cell proliferation, and insulin production in young male offspring and the possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS Female rats were divided into a maternal hypothyroidism (MH) group, which received water containing 0.02% 6-propyl-2-thiouracil before and during pregnancy to induce hypothyroidism, and a control group which consumed tap water. RESULTS Our results showed that there were no differences of islets structure between the offspring from the two groups, but glucose metabolism was impaired with higher plasma glucose concentrations at 0 and 15 min in the OGTT in 8-week-old offspring of the MH group. From birth to 8 weeks, pancreatic TRβ1 and TRβ2 mRNA level declined significantly in MH offspring, accompanied by decreased Ki67 and insulin mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Maternal hypothyroidism results in impaired pancreatic insulin synthesis and pancreatic cell proliferation in neonatal offspring and subsequent glucose intolerance in young offspring, which may be related to TRβ gene downregulation in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoujun Liu
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Endocrine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guofang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Mao
- Endocrine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Endocrine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingjia Li
- Endocrine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijiao Xu
- Endocrine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- The Third College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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12
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Kjalarsdottir L, Tersey SA, Vishwanath M, Chuang JC, Posner BA, Mirmira RG, Repa JJ. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mouse and human islets: a role for transcriptional regulation of voltage-gated calcium channels by the vitamin D receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:17-26. [PMID: 30071248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Vitamin D deficiency in rodents negatively affects glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and human epidemiological studies connect poor vitamin D status with type 2 diabetes. Previous studies performed primarily in rat islets have shown that vitamin D can enhance GSIS. However the molecular pathways linking vitamin D and insulin secretion are currently unknown. Therefore, experiments were undertaken to elucidate the transcriptional role(s) of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in islet function. METHODS Human and mouse islets were cultured with vehicle or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (1,25D3) and then subjected to GSIS assays. Insulin expression, insulin content, glucose uptake and glucose-stimulated calcium influx were tested. Microarray analysis was performed. In silico analysis was used to identify VDR response elements (VDRE) within target genes and their activity was tested using reporter assays. RESULTS Vdr mRNA is abundant in islets and Vdr expression is glucose-responsive. Preincubation of mouse and human islets with 1,25D3 enhances GSIS and increases glucose-stimulated calcium influx. Microarray analysis identified the R-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) gene, Cacna1e, which is highly upregulated by 1,25D3 in human and mouse islets and contains a conserved VDRE in intron 7. Results from GSIS assays suggest that 1,25D3 might upregulate a variant of R-type VGCC that is resistant to chemical inhibition. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the role of 1,25D3 in regulating calcium influx acts through the R-Type VGCC during GSIS, thereby modulating the capacity of beta cells to secrete insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilja Kjalarsdottir
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, United States.
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States; Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Mridula Vishwanath
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, United States
| | - Jen-Chieh Chuang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, United States
| | - Bruce A Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, United States
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Joyce J Repa
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, United States.
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Savastio S, Cadario F, Beux S, Giorgis A, Genoni G, Bagnati M, Bellomo G, Bona G, Maiuri L. Vitamin D and Type I Diabetes. Open Rheumatol J 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1874312901812010289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in bone metabolism but is also endowed with the capability of modulating inflammatory and immune function. Recent studies reported a relationship between low vitamin D levels and several autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 Diabetes. Vitamin D regulates the expression of over 200 genes, also related to immune modulation, suggesting a putative role in these diseases pathogenesis. This review overviews the most recent advances on the association between vitamin D and increased risk of Type 1 Diabetes as well as between vitamin D and either glucose homeostasis or insulin sensitivity. The effects of vitamin D in modulating the immune response and balancing anti-inflammatory cytokines, suggest that vitamin D system may represent an unforeseen target for the design of novel strategies for the treatment of patients with autoimmune diseases and in particular Type 1 Diabetes.
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Kalwat MA, Hwang IH, Macho J, Grzemska MG, Yang JZ, McGlynn K, MacMillan JB, Cobb MH. Chromomycin A 2 potently inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. J Gen Physiol 2018; 150:1747-1757. [PMID: 30352794 PMCID: PMC6279362 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that target insulin secretion are useful to understand β cell function and the pathogenesis of diabetes. Kalwat et al. investigate an aureolic acid that inhibits insulin secretion and reveal that it disrupts Wnt signaling, interferes with gene expression, and suppresses Ca2+ influx in β cells. Modulators of insulin secretion could be used to treat diabetes and as tools to investigate β cell regulatory pathways in order to increase our understanding of pancreatic islet function. Toward this goal, we previously used an insulin-linked luciferase that is cosecreted with insulin in MIN6 β cells to perform a high-throughput screen of natural products for chronic effects on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In this study, using multiple phenotypic analyses, we found that one of the top natural product hits, chromomycin A2 (CMA2), potently inhibited insulin secretion by at least three potential mechanisms: disruption of Wnt signaling, interference of β cell gene expression, and partial suppression of Ca2+ influx. Chronic treatment with CMA2 largely ablated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion even after washout, but it did not inhibit glucose-stimulated generation of ATP or Ca2+ influx. However, by using the KATP channel opener diazoxide, we uncovered defects in depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx that may contribute to the suppressed secretory response. Glucose-responsive ERK1/2 and S6 phosphorylation were also disrupted by chronic CMA2 treatment. By querying the FUSION bioinformatic database, we revealed that the phenotypic effects of CMA2 cluster with a number of Wnt–GSK3 pathway-related genes. Furthermore, CMA2 consistently decreased GSK3β phosphorylation and suppressed activation of a β-catenin activity reporter. CMA2 and a related compound, mithramycin, are known to have DNA interaction properties, possibly abrogating transcription factor binding to critical β cell gene promoters. We observed that CMA2 but not mithramycin suppressed expression of PDX1 and UCN3. However, neither expression of INSI/II nor insulin content was affected by chronic CMA2. The mechanisms of CMA2-induced insulin secretion defects may involve components both proximal and distal to Ca2+ influx. Therefore, CMA2 is an example of a chemical that can simultaneously disrupt β cell function through both noncytotoxic and cytotoxic mechanisms. Future therapeutic applications of CMA2 and similar aureolic acid analogues should consider their potential effects on pancreatic islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kalwat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - In Hyun Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Jocelyn Macho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Magdalena G Grzemska
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jonathan Z Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kathleen McGlynn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - John B MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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15
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Hiebl V, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1657-1698. [PMID: 29548878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent attractive targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In addition, natural products are an interesting pool of potential ligands since they have been refined under evolutionary pressure to interact with proteins or other biological targets. This review aims to briefly summarize current basic knowledge regarding the liver X (LXR) and farnesoid X receptors (FXR) that form permissive heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). Natural product-based ligands for these receptors are summarized and the potential of LXR, FXR and RXR as targets in precision medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hiebl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Latkolik
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Exploring Binding Mechanisms in Nuclear Hormone Receptors by Monte Carlo and X-ray-derived Motions. Biophys J 2017; 112:1147-1156. [PMID: 28355542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed an extensive exploration of the ligand entry mechanism for members of the steroid nuclear hormone receptor family (androgen receptor, estrogen receptor α, glucocorticoid receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor, and progesterone receptor) and their endogenous ligands. The exploration revealed a shared entry path through the helix 3, 7, and 11 regions. Examination of the x-ray structures of the receptor-ligand complexes further showed two distinct folds of the helix 6-7 region, classified as "open" and "closed", which could potentially affect ligand binding. To improve sampling of the helix 6-7 loop, we incorporated motion modes based on principal component analysis of existing crystal structures of the receptors and applied them to the protein-ligand sampling. A detailed comparison with the anisotropic network model (an elastic network model) highlights the importance of flexibility in the entrance region. While the binding (interaction) energy of individual simulations can be used to score different ligands, extensive sampling further allows us to predict absolute binding free energies and analyze reaction kinetics using Markov state models and Perron-cluster cluster analysis, respectively. The predicted relative binding free energies for three ligands binding to the progesterone receptor are in very good agreement with experimental results and the Perron-cluster cluster analysis highlighted the importance of a peripheral binding site. Our analysis revealed that the flexibility of the helix 3, 7, and 11 regions represents the most important factor for ligand binding. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of the ligand influences the transition between the peripheral and the active binding site.
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17
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Gonzalez-Sanchez E, Firrincieli D, Housset C, Chignard N. Expression patterns of nuclear receptors in parenchymal and non-parenchymal mouse liver cells and their modulation in cholestasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1699-1708. [PMID: 28390947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NR), the largest family of transcription factors, control many physiological and pathological processes. To gain insight into hepatic NR and their potential as therapeutic targets in cholestatis, we determined their expression in individual cell types of the mouse liver in normal and cholestatic conditions. Hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSC), sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC) and Kupffer cells (KC) were isolated from the liver of mice with acute or chronic cholestasis (i.e. bile duct-ligated or Abcb4-/- mice, respectively) and healthy controls. The expression of 43 out of the 49 NR was evidenced by RT-qPCR in one or several liver cell types. Expression of four NR was restricted to non-parenchymal liver cells. In normal conditions, NR were expressed at higher levels in individual cell types when compared to total liver. Half of the NR expressed in the liver had maximal expression in non-parenchymal cells. After bile duct ligation, NR mRNA changes occurred mostly in non-parenchymal cells and mainly consisted in down-regulations. In Abcb4-/- mice, NR mRNA changes were equally frequent in hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells. Essentially down-regulations were found in hepatocytes, HSC and cholangiocytes, as opposed to up-regulations in SEC and KC. While undetectable in total liver, Vdr expression was up-regulated in all non-parenchymal cells in Abcb4-/- mice. In conclusion, non-parenchymal liver cells are a major site of NR expression. During cholestasis, NR expression is markedly altered mainly by down-regulations, suggesting major changes in metabolic activity. Thus, non-parenchymal cells are important new targets to consider in NR-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Firrincieli
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - Chantal Housset
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75012 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares des Maladies Inflammatoires des Voies Biliaires & Service d'Hépatologie, F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Chignard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), F-75012 Paris, France; Inovarion, F-75013 Paris, France.
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18
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Grammatiki M, Rapti E, Karras S, Ajjan RA, Kotsa K. Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus: Causal or casual association? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2017; 18:227-241. [PMID: 28062940 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of both type 2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus has been increasing worldwide. Vitamin D deficiency, or the awareness of its prevalence, has also been increasing. Vitamin D may have a role in the pathogenic mechanisms predisposing to type 2 diabetes by modulating insulin resistance and/or pancreatic β-cell function. Vitamin D status or elements involved in its activation or transport may also be involved in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus through immunomodulatory role . Based on these observations a potential association between vitamin D and diabetes has been hypothesized. In this review we discuss up to date evidence linking vitamin D with the development of diabetes. Moreover, the role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of both types of diabetes is analysed together with its role in improving glycemic control in diabetic patients. We also address the potential role of vitamin D deficiency in the development of macro- and microvascular complications in diabetes. Finally, we provide recommendation for Vitamin D therapy in diabetes in view of current evidence and highlight areas for potential future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grammatiki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism - Diabetes Center, 1st Clinic of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Rapti
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism - Diabetes Center, 1st Clinic of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S Karras
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism - Diabetes Center, 1st Clinic of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R A Ajjan
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds Ringgold Standard Institution, Leeds, UK
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism - Diabetes Center, 1st Clinic of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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19
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Munkacsi AB, Hammond N, Schneider RT, Senanayake DS, Higaki K, Lagutin K, Bloor SJ, Ory DS, Maue RA, Chen FW, Hernandez-Ono A, Dahlson N, Repa JJ, Ginsberg HN, Ioannou YA, Sturley SL. Normalization of Hepatic Homeostasis in the Npc1nmf164 Mouse Model of Niemann-Pick Type C Disease Treated with the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Vorinostat. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:4395-4410. [PMID: 28031458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease is a fatal genetic lipidosis for which there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapy. Vorinostat, an FDA-approved inhibitor of histone deacetylases, ameliorates lysosomal lipid accumulation in cultured NP-C patient fibroblasts. To assess the therapeutic potential of histone deacetylase inhibition, we pursued these in vitro observations in two murine models of NP-C disease. Npc1nmf164 mice, which express a missense mutation in the Npc1 gene, were treated intraperitoneally, from weaning, with the maximum tolerated dose of vorinostat (150 mg/kg, 5 days/week). Disease progression was measured via gene expression, liver function and pathology, serum and tissue lipid levels, body weight, and life span. Transcriptome analyses of treated livers indicated multiple changes consistent with reversal of liver dysfunction that typifies NP-C disease. Significant improvements in liver pathology and function were achieved by this treatment regimen; however, NPC1 protein maturation and levels, disease progression, weight loss, and animal morbidity were not detectably altered. Vorinostat concentrations were >200 μm in the plasma compartment of treated animals but were almost 100-fold lower in brain tissue. Apolipoprotein B metabolism and the expression of key components of lipid homeostasis in primary hepatocytes from null (Npc1-/-) and missense (Npc1nmf164 ) mutant mice were altered by vorinostat treatment, consistent with a response by these cells independent of the status of the Npc1 locus. These results suggest that HDAC inhibitors have utility to treat visceral NP-C disease. However, it is clear that improved blood-brain barrier penetration will be required to alleviate the neurological symptoms of human NP-C disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Munkacsi
- From the School of Biological Sciences and .,Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Katsumi Higaki
- the Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | | | | | - Daniel S Ory
- the Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Robert A Maue
- the Department of Physiology and Neurobiology and the Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Fannie W Chen
- the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | | | - Nicole Dahlson
- the Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, and
| | - Joyce J Repa
- the Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, and
| | | | - Yiannis A Ioannou
- the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Stephen L Sturley
- the Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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20
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Yoshihara E, Wei Z, Lin CS, Fang S, Ahmadian M, Kida Y, Tseng T, Dai Y, Yu RT, Liddle C, Atkins AR, Downes M, Evans RM. ERRγ Is Required for the Metabolic Maturation of Therapeutically Functional Glucose-Responsive β Cells. Cell Metab 2016; 23:622-34. [PMID: 27076077 PMCID: PMC4832237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells undergo postnatal maturation to achieve maximal glucose-responsive insulin secretion, an energy intensive process. We identify estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) expression as a hallmark of adult, but not neonatal β cells. Postnatal induction of ERRγ drives a transcriptional network activating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, the electron transport chain, and ATP production needed to drive glucose-responsive insulin secretion. Mice deficient in β cell-specific ERRγ expression are glucose intolerant and fail to secrete insulin in response to a glucose challenge. Notably, forced expression of ERRγ in iPSC-derived β-like cells enables glucose-responsive secretion of human insulin in vitro, obviating in vivo maturation to achieve functionality. Moreover, these cells rapidly rescue diabetes when transplanted into β cell-deficient mice. These results identify a key role for ERRγ in β cell metabolic maturation, and offer a reproducible, quantifiable, and scalable approach for in vitro generation of functional human β cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yoshihara
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zong Wei
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chun Shi Lin
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sungsoon Fang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 143-762, Korea
| | - Maryam Ahmadian
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Kida
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 4, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8562, Japan
| | - Tiffany Tseng
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yang Dai
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Annette R Atkins
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Zostautiene I, Jorde R, Schirmer H, Mathiesen EB, Njølstad I, Løchen ML, Wilsgaard T, Joakimsen RM, Kamycheva E. Genetic Variations in the Vitamin D Receptor Predict Type 2 Diabetes and Myocardial Infarction in a Community-Based Population: The Tromsø Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145359. [PMID: 26699871 PMCID: PMC4689352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though the associations between low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and health outcomes such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), myocardial infarction (MI), cancer, and mortality are well-studied, the effect of supplementation with vitamin D is uncertain. This may be related to genetic differences. Thus, rs7968585, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), has recently been reported as a predictor of composite health outcome. We therefore aimed to evaluate whether rs7968585 predicts separate clinical outcomes such as T2D, MI, cancer, and mortality in a community-based Norwegian population. METHODS AND FINDINGS Measurements and DNA were obtained from the participants in the Tromsø Study in 1994-1995, registered with the outcomes of interest and a randomly selected control group. The impact of the rs7968585 genotypes was evaluated with Cox proportional hazards. A total of 8,461 subjects were included among whom 1,054 subjects were registered with T2D, 2,287 with MI, 3,166 with cancer, and 4,336 with death. Mean follow-up time from birth was 60.8 years for T2D and MI, 61.2 years for cancer, while mean follow-up time from examination date was 16.5 years for survival. Mean serum 25(OH)D levels did not differ across the rs7968585 genotypes. With the major homozygote genotype as reference, the minor homozygote subjects had hazard ratios of 1.25 (95% CI 1.05-1.49) for T2D and 1.14 (1.02-1.28) for MI (P = 0.011 and 0.023, respectively, without the Bonferroni correction). No significant interaction between serum 25(OH)D status and the rs7968585 genotype was found for any of the endpoints. CONCLUSIONS The VDR-related SNP rs7968585 minor allele is a significant and positive predictor for T2D and possibly for MI. Since the functional mechanism of this SNP is not yet understood, and the association with T2D is reported for the first time, confirmatory studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Zostautiene
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Rolf Jorde
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Henrik Schirmer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ellisiv Bøgeberg Mathiesen
- Brain and Circulation Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maja-Lisa Løchen
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ragnar Martin Joakimsen
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elena Kamycheva
- Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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22
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Celikbilek A, Gocmen AY, Tanik N, Borekci E, Adam M, Celikbilek M, Suher M, Delibas N. Decreased serum vitamin D levels are associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in a rural area of Turkey. Acta Neurol Belg 2015; 115:47-52. [PMID: 24841640 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-014-0304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Data examining the association between vitamin D and diabetic peripheral neuropathy are limited. This study investigated the serum levels of vitamin D, vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in diabetics in the Yozgat region of Turkey, and assessed their relationships with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. 69 diabetic patients and 49 age- and sex-matched control subjects were enrolled in this clinical prospective study. All the diabetics underwent conventional sensory and motor nerve conduction studies, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy was confirmed or ruled out according to the electromyography findings and Douleur Neuropathique 4 questions. Serum vitamin D, VDBP and VDR levels were measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The serum vitamin D levels (p = 0.001) were significantly lower, while the VDR levels (p = 0.003) were higher, in diabetics than in controls. The serum VDBP levels were similar in both groups (p > 0.05). The serum vitamin D levels were significantly lower in diabetics with diabetic peripheral neuropathy than in those without (p = 0.032), whereas the serum VDBP and VDR levels were similar in these two groups (p > 0.05). The lower serum vitamin D levels in diabetics, especially in those with peripheral neuropathy, may suggest a neurotrophic effect of vitamin D.
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Luther JM. Effects of aldosterone on insulin sensitivity and secretion. Steroids 2014; 91:54-60. [PMID: 25194457 PMCID: PMC4252580 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Conn originally reported an increased risk of diabetes in patients with hyperaldosteronism in the 1950s, although the mechanism remains unclear. Aldosterone-induced hypokalemia was initially described to impair glucose tolerance by impairing insulin secretion. Correction of hypokalemia by potassium supplementation only partially restored insulin secretion and glucose tolerance, however. Aldosterone also impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets via reactive oxygen species in a mineralocorticoid receptor-independent manner. Aldosterone-induced mineralocorticoid receptor activation also impairs insulin sensitivity in adipocytes and skeletal muscle. Aldosterone may produce insulin resistance secondarily by altering potassium, increasing inflammatory cytokines, and reducing beneficial adipokines such as adiponectin. Renin-angiotensin system antagonists reduce circulating aldosterone concentrations and also the risk of type 2 diabetes in clinical trials. These data suggest that primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism may contribute to worsening glucose tolerance by impairing insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion in humans. Future studies should define the effects of MR antagonists and aldosterone on insulin secretion and sensitivity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Luther
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
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24
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Everett LJ, Lazar MA. Nuclear receptor Rev-erbα: up, down, and all around. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:586-92. [PMID: 25066191 PMCID: PMC4252361 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rev-erbα is a nuclear receptor that links circadian rhythms to transcriptional control of metabolic pathways. Rev-erbα is a potent transcriptional repressor and plays an important role in the core mammalian molecular clock while also serving as a key regulator of clock output in metabolic tissues including liver and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Recent findings have shed new light on the role of Rev-erbα and its paralog Rev-erbβ in rhythm generation, as well as additional regulatory roles for Rev-erbα in other tissues that contribute to energy expenditure, inflammation, and behavior. This review highlights physiological functions of Rev-erbα and β in multiple tissues and discusses the therapeutic potential and challenges of targeting these pathways in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan J Everett
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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25
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Kilic G, Alvarez-Mercado AI, Zarrouki B, Opland D, Liew CW, Alonso LC, Myers MG, Jonas JC, Poitout V, Kulkarni RN, Mauvais-Jarvis F. The islet estrogen receptor-α is induced by hyperglycemia and protects against oxidative stress-induced insulin-deficient diabetes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87941. [PMID: 24498408 PMCID: PMC3912162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The female steroid, 17β-estradiol (E2), is important for pancreatic β-cell function and acts via at least three estrogen receptors (ER), ERα, ERβ, and the G-protein coupled ER (GPER). Using a pancreas-specific ERα knockout mouse generated using the Cre-lox-P system and a Pdx1-Cre transgenic line (PERαKO−/−), we previously reported that islet ERα suppresses islet glucolipotoxicity and prevents β-cell dysfunction induced by high fat feeding. We also showed that E2 acts via ERα to prevent β-cell apoptosis in vivo. However, the contribution of the islet ERα to β-cell survival in vivo, without the contribution of ERα in other tissues is still unclear. Using the PERαKO−/− mouse, we show that ERα mRNA expression is only decreased by 20% in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, without a parallel decrease in the VMH, making it a reliable model of pancreas-specific ERα elimination. Following exposure to alloxan-induced oxidative stress in vivo, female and male PERαKO−/− mice exhibited a predisposition to β-cell destruction and insulin deficient diabetes. In male PERαKO−/− mice, exposure to E2 partially prevented alloxan-induced β-cell destruction and diabetes. ERα mRNA expression was induced by hyperglycemia in vivo in islets from young mice as well as in cultured rat islets. The induction of ERα mRNA by hyperglycemia was retained in insulin receptor-deficient β-cells, demonstrating independence from direct insulin regulation. These findings suggest that induction of ERα expression acts to naturally protect β-cells against oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Kilic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ana I. Alvarez-Mercado
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Bader Zarrouki
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM and Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Darren Opland
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Section of Islet Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura C. Alonso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin G. Myers
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM and Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Section of Islet Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Ogawa D, Eguchi J, Wada J, Terami N, Hatanaka T, Tachibana H, Nakatsuka A, Horiguchi CS, Nishii N, Makino H. Nuclear hormone receptor expression in mouse kidney and renal cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85594. [PMID: 24465611 PMCID: PMC3899020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) are transcription factors that regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, immune responses, and inflammation. Although several NHRs, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and PPARα, demonstrate a renoprotective effect in the context of diabetic nephropathy (DN), the expression and role of other NHRs in the kidney are still unrecognized. To investigate potential roles of NHRs in the biology of the kidney, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to profile the expression of all 49 members of the mouse NHR superfamily in mouse kidney tissue (C57BL/6 and db/m), and cell lines of mesangial (MES13), podocyte (MPC), proximal tubular epithelial (mProx24) and collecting duct (mIMCD3) origins in both normal and high-glucose conditions. In C57BL/6 mouse kidney cells, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) and COUP-TFIII were highly expressed. During hyperglycemia, the expression of the NHR 4A subgroup including neuron-derived clone 77 (Nur77), nuclear receptor-related factor 1, and neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 significantly increased in diabetic C57BL/6 and db/db mice. In renal cell lines, PPARδ was highly expressed in mesangial and proximal tubular epithelial cells, while COUP-TFs were highly expressed in podocytes, proximal tubular epithelial cells, and collecting duct cells. High-glucose conditions increased the expression of Nur77 in mesangial and collecting duct cells, and liver x receptor α in podocytes. These data demonstrate NHR expression in mouse kidney cells and cultured renal cell lines and suggest potential therapeutic targets in the kidney for the treatment of DN.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- COUP Transcription Factor II/genetics
- COUP Transcription Factor II/metabolism
- COUP Transcription Factors/genetics
- COUP Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetic Nephropathies/genetics
- Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Kidney/cytology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules/cytology
- Kidney Tubules/metabolism
- Male
- Mesangial Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Podocytes/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/classification
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Diabetic Nephropathy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Jun Eguchi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoto Terami
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Hatanaka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tachibana
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakatsuka
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Diabetic Nephropathy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chikage Sato Horiguchi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoko Nishii
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Makino
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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27
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Ding L, Pang S, Sun Y, Tian Y, Yu L, Dang N. Coordinated Actions of FXR and LXR in Metabolism: From Pathogenesis to Pharmacological Targets for Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:751859. [PMID: 24872814 PMCID: PMC4020365 DOI: 10.1155/2014/751859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the most prevalent metabolic disease, and many people are suffering from its complications driven by hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-inducible transcription factors that mediate changes to metabolic pathways within the body. As metabolic regulators, the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the liver X receptor (LXR) play key roles in the pathogenesis of T2D, which remains to be clarified in detail. Here we review the recent progress concerning the physiological and pathophysiological roles of FXRs and LXRs in the regulation of bile acid, lipid and glucose metabolism and the implications in T2D, taking into account that these two nuclear receptors are potential pharmaceutical targets for the treatment of T2D and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- Endocrinology Department, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Shuguang Pang
- Endocrinology Department, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
- *Shuguang Pang:
| | - Yongmei Sun
- Endocrinology Department, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Yuling Tian
- Endocrinology Department, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Li Yu
- Endocrinology Department, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Ningning Dang
- Endocrinology Department, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
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28
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So WY, Cheng Q, Chen L, Evans-Molina C, Xu A, Lam KS, Leung PS. High glucose represses β-klotho expression and impairs fibroblast growth factor 21 action in mouse pancreatic islets: involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ signaling. Diabetes 2013; 62:3751-9. [PMID: 23897951 PMCID: PMC3806592 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels are elevated in diabetic subjects and correlate directly with abnormal glucose metabolism, while pharmacologically administered FGF21 can ameliorate hyperglycemia. The pancreatic islet is an FGF21 target, yet the actions of FGF21 in the islet under normal and diabetic conditions are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of high glucose on islet FGF21 actions in a diabetic mouse model by investigating db/db mouse islet responses to exogenous FGF21, the direct effects of glucose on FGF21 signaling, and the involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in FGF21 pathway activation. Results showed that both adult db/db mouse islets and normal islets treated with high glucose ex vivo displayed reduced β-klotho expression, resistance to FGF21, and decreased PPARγ expression. Rosiglitazone, an antidiabetic PPARγ ligand, ameliorated these effects. Our data indicate that hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus may lead to FGF21 resistance in pancreatic islets, probably through reduction of PPARγ expression, which provides a novel mechanism for glucose-mediated islet dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qianni Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen S.L. Lam
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Corresponding author: Po Sing Leung,
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29
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Ozeki J, Choi M, Endo-Umeda K, Sakurai K, Amano S, Makishima M. Enhanced transcription of pancreatic peptide YY by 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 administration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:329-32. [PMID: 23899497 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) is a peptide hormone secreted from L cells in the intestine in response to food intake that regulates appetite and gastrointestinal function. PYY is also produced in the pancreatic islets. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a nuclear receptor for the active form of vitamin D3 that regulates numerous physiological processes. VDR is expressed in the pancreatic islets and pharmacological VDR activation increases PYY expression in mouse peripheral islet cells. Although VDR is present in insulin-producing β cells as well as non-β cells, the role of β cell VDR in Pyy transcription remains unknown. We treated mice with streptozotocin to ablate β cells in the pancreas. Pancreatic Vdr mRNA expression was decreased in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Interestingly, streptozotocin-treated mice exhibited increased basal Pyy expression and 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment further increased expression. Moreover, 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 increased mRNA expression of pancreatic polypeptide and decreased that of neuropeptide Y in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice but not in control mice. 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D3 slightly increased mRNA expression of insulin but transcript levels were nearly undetectable in the pancreas of streptozotocin-treated mice. Thus, VDR in non-β islet cells is involved in Pyy expression in the mouse pancreas. The findings from this β cell ablation study suggest a hormone transcription regulatory network composed of β cells and non-β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ozeki
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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30
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Beaven SW, Matveyenko A, Wroblewski K, Chao L, Wilpitz D, Hsu TW, Lentz J, Drew B, Hevener AL, Tontonoz P. Reciprocal regulation of hepatic and adipose lipogenesis by liver X receptors in obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2013; 18:106-17. [PMID: 23823481 PMCID: PMC4089509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) regulate lipogenesis and inflammation, but their contribution to the metabolic syndrome is unclear. We show that LXRs modulate key aspects of the metabolic syndrome in mice. LXRαβ-deficient-ob/ob (LOKO) mice remain obese but show reduced hepatic steatosis and improved insulin sensitivity compared to ob/ob mice. Impaired hepatic lipogenesis in LOKO mice is accompanied by reciprocal increases in adipose lipid storage, reflecting tissue-selective effects on the SREBP, PPARγ, and ChREBP lipogenic pathways. LXRs are essential for obesity-driven SREBP-1c and ChREBP activity in liver, but not fat. Furthermore, loss of LXRs in obesity promotes adipose PPARγ and ChREBP-β activity, leading to improved insulin sensitivity. LOKO mice also exhibit defects in β cell mass and proliferation despite improved insulin sensitivity. Our data suggest that sterol sensing by LXRs in obesity is critically linked with lipid and glucose homeostasis and provide insight into the complex relationships between LXR and insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W Beaven
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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31
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Hectors TLM, Vanparys C, Pereira-Fernandes A, Martens GA, Blust R. Evaluation of the INS-1 832/13 cell line as a beta-cell based screening system to assess pollutant effects on beta-cell function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60030. [PMID: 23555872 PMCID: PMC3605429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants have recently emerged as potential risk factors for metabolic diseases, urging systematic investigation of pollutant effects on metabolic disease processes. To enable risk assessment of these so-called metabolic disruptors the use of stable, robust and well-defined cell based screening systems has recently been encouraged. Since beta-cell (dys)functionality is central in diabetes pathophysiology, the need to develop beta-cell based pollutant screening systems is evident. In this context, the present research evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of the INS-1 832/13 pancreatic beta-cell line as diabetogenic pollutant screening system with a focus on beta-cell function. After optimization of exposure conditions, positive (exendin-4, glibenclamide) and negative (diazoxide) control compounds for acute insulin secretion responses were tested and those with the most profound effects were selected to allow potency estimations and ranking of pollutants. This was followed by a first explorative screening of acute bisphenol A and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate effects. The same approach was applied for chronic exposures, focusing primarily on evaluation of acknowledged chronic stimulators (diazoxide, T0901317, exendin-4) or inhibitors (glibenclamide) of insulin secretion responses to select the most responsive ones for use as control compounds in a chronic pollutant testing framework. Our results showed that INS-1 832/13 cells responded conform previous observations regarding acute effects of control compounds on insulin secretion, while bisphenol A and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate had limited acute effects. Furthermore, chronic exposure to known beta-cell reactive compounds resulted in deviating insulin secretion and insulin content profiles compared to previous reports. In conclusion, this INS-1 subclone appears to lack certain characteristics needed to respond appropriately to acute pollutant exposure or long term exposure to known beta-cell reactive compounds and thus seems to be, in our setting, inadequate as a diabetogenic pollutant screening system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine L M Hectors
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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32
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Tanigaki K, Vongpatanasin W, Barrera JA, Atochin DN, Huang PL, Bonvini E, Shaul PW, Mineo C. C-reactive protein causes insulin resistance in mice through Fcγ receptor IIB-mediated inhibition of skeletal muscle glucose delivery. Diabetes 2013; 62:721-31. [PMID: 23069625 PMCID: PMC3581204 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevations in C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance. Whether CRP plays a causal role is unknown. Here we show that CRP transgenic mice and wild-type mice administered recombinant CRP are insulin resistant. Mice lacking the inhibitory Fcγ receptor IIB (FcγRIIB) are protected from CRP-induced insulin resistance, and immunohistochemistry reveals that FcγRIIB is expressed in skeletal muscle microvascular endothelium and is absent in skeletal muscle myocytes, adipocytes, and hepatocytes. The primary mechanism in glucose homeostasis disrupted by CRP is skeletal muscle glucose delivery, and CRP attenuates insulin-induced skeletal muscle blood flow. CRP does not impair skeletal muscle glucose delivery in FcγRIIB(-/-) mice or in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knock-in mice with phosphomimetic modification of Ser1176, which is normally phosphorylated by insulin signaling to stimulate nitric oxide-mediated skeletal muscle blood flow and glucose delivery and is dephosphorylated by CRP/FcγRIIB. Thus, CRP causes insulin resistance in mice through FcγRIIB-mediated inhibition of skeletal muscle glucose delivery.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- C-Reactive Protein/genetics
- C-Reactive Protein/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Glucose/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microvessels/cytology
- Microvessels/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, IgG/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Tanigaki
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Wanpen Vongpatanasin
- Hypertension Section, Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jose A. Barrera
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Dmitriy N. Atochin
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul L. Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Philip W. Shaul
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Corresponding author: Chieko Mineo,
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Choi M, Ozeki J, Hashizume M, Kato S, Ishihara H, Makishima M. Vitamin D receptor activation induces peptide YY transcription in pancreatic islets. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5188-99. [PMID: 22962257 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) is a peptide hormone secreted from L cells in the intestine after food intake and regulates appetite and intestinal function. PYY is also expressed in the pancreas, but the mechanisms of regulation of pancreatic PYY expression have not been elucidated. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a nuclear receptor for the active form of vitamin D(3) and regulates numerous physiological processes. Because VDR is expressed in the pancreas, we investigated the role of pancreatic VDR activation and found that Pyy is a VDR target gene in the mouse pancreas. Treatment of mice with 1α-hydroxyvitamin D(3) increased plasma PYY levels. VDR activation increased mRNA and protein expression of PYY in the pancreatic islets of mice and pancreatic endocrine cell lines but did not change intestinal PYY expression. 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D(3)-dependent induction of pancreatic and plasma PYY was abolished in VDR-null mice. We identified a functional vitamin D-responsive element in the mouse Pyy promoter using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, EMSA, and luciferase promoter assay. Thus, Pyy is a tissue-specific VDR target gene. The pancreatic VDR-PYY pathway may mediate a regulatory function of vitamin D in the neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Choi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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34
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Martinerie L, Munier M, Le Menuet D, Meduri G, Viengchareun S, Lombès M. The mineralocorticoid signaling pathway throughout development: expression, regulation and pathophysiological implications. Biochimie 2012; 95:148-57. [PMID: 23026756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid signaling pathway has gained interest over the past few years, considering not only its implication in numerous pathologies but also its emerging role in physiological processes during kidney, brain, heart and lung development. This review aims at describing the setting and regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis and the expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a nuclear receptor mediating aldosterone action in target tissues, during the perinatal period. Specificities concerning MR expression and regulation during the development of several major organs are highlighted. We provide evidence that MR expression is tightly controlled in a tissue-specific manner during development, which could have major pathophysiological implications in the neonatal period.
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Jones RD, Taylor AM, Tong EY, Repa JJ. Carboxylesterases are uniquely expressed among tissues and regulated by nuclear hormone receptors in the mouse. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:40-9. [PMID: 23011759 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.048397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES) are a well recognized, yet incompletely characterized family of proteins that catalyze neutral lipid hydrolysis. Some CES have well-defined roles in xenobiotic clearance, pharmacologic prodrug activation, and narcotic detoxification. In addition, emerging evidence suggests other CES may have roles in lipid metabolism. Humans have six CES genes, whereas mice have 20 Ces genes grouped into five isoenzyme classes. Perhaps due to the high sequence similarity shared by the mouse Ces genes, the tissue-specific distribution of expression for these enzymes has not been fully addressed. Therefore, we performed studies to provide a comprehensive tissue distribution analysis of mouse Ces mRNAs. These data demonstrated that while the mouse Ces family 1 is highly expressed in liver and family 2 in intestine, many Ces genes have a wide and unique tissue distribution defined by relative mRNA levels. Furthermore, evaluating Ces gene expression in response to pharmacologic activation of lipid- and xenobiotic-sensing nuclear hormone receptors showed differential regulation. Finally, specific shifts in Ces gene expression were seen in peritoneal macrophages following lipopolysaccharide treatment and in a steatotic liver model induced by high-fat feeding, two model systems relevant to disease. Overall these data show that each mouse Ces gene has its own distinctive tissue expression pattern and suggest that some CES may have tissue-specific roles in lipid metabolism and xenobiotic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Jones
- Departments of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
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Ehrlund A, Treuter E. Ligand-independent actions of the orphan receptors/corepressors DAX-1 and SHP in metabolism, reproduction and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 130:169-79. [PMID: 21550402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DAX-1 and SHP are two closely related atypical orphan members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family that make up the NR0B subfamily. They combine properties of typical NRs and of NR-associated coregulators: both carry the characteristic NR ligand-binding domain but instead of a NR DNA-binding domain they have unique N-terminal regions that contain LxxLL-related NR-binding motifs often found in coregulators. Recent structural data indicate that DAX-1 lacks a ligand-binding pocket and thus should rely on ligand-independent mechanisms of regulation. This might be true, but remains to be proven, for SHP as well. DAX-1 and SHP have in common that they act as transcriptional corepressors of cholesterol metabolism pathways that are related on a molecular level. However, the expression patterns of the two NRs are largely different, with some notable exceptions, and so are the physiological processes they regulate. DAX-1 is mainly involved in steroidogenesis and reproductive development, while SHP plays major roles in maintaining cholesterol and glucose homeostasis. This review highlights the key similarities and differences between DAX-1 and SHP with regard to structure, function and biology and considers what can be learnt from recent research advances in the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Orphan Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ehrlund
- Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, S-14183 Huddinge/Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Luther JM, Luo P, Kreger MT, Brissova M, Dai C, Whitfield TT, Kim HS, Wasserman DH, Powers AC, Brown NJ. Aldosterone decreases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo in mice and in murine islets. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2152-63. [PMID: 21519965 PMCID: PMC3216479 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Aldosterone concentrations increase in obesity and predict the onset of diabetes. We investigated the effects of aldosterone on glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro. METHODS We assessed insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in aldosterone synthase-deficient (As [also known as Cyp11b2](-/-)) and wild-type mice using euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic and hyperglycaemic clamps, respectively. We also conducted studies during high sodium intake to normalise renin activity and potassium concentration in As (-/-) mice. We subsequently assessed the effect of aldosterone on insulin secretion in vitro in the presence or absence of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in isolated C57BL/6J islets and in the MIN6 beta cell line. RESULTS Fasting glucose concentrations were reduced in As (-/-) mice compared with wild-type. During hyperglycaemic clamps, insulin and C-peptide concentrations increased to a greater extent in As (-/-) than in wild-type mice. This was not attributable to differences in potassium or angiotensin II, as glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was enhanced in As (-/-) mice even during high sodium intake. There was no difference in insulin sensitivity between As (-/-) and wild-type mice in euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies. In islet and MIN6 beta cell studies, aldosterone inhibited glucose- and isobutylmethylxanthine-stimulated insulin secretion, an effect that was not blocked by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism, but was prevented by the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We demonstrated that aldosterone deficiency or excess modulates insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro via reactive oxygen species and in a manner that is independent of mineralocorticoid receptors. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of glucose intolerance in conditions of relative aldosterone excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Luther
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2200 Pierce Ave, 560 RRB, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.
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Chuang JC, Sakata I, Kohno D, Perello M, Osborne-Lawrence S, Repa JJ, Zigman JM. Ghrelin directly stimulates glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha-cells. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1600-11. [PMID: 21719535 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that the peptide hormone ghrelin raises blood glucose. Such has been attributed to ghrelin's ability to enhance GH secretion, restrict insulin release, and/or reduce insulin sensitivity. Ghrelin's reported effects on glucagon have been inconsistent. Here, both animal- and cell-based systems were used to determine the role of glucagon in mediating ghrelin's effects on blood glucose. The tissue and cell distribution of ghrelin receptors (GHSR) was evaluated by quantitative PCR and histochemistry. Plasma glucagon levels were determined following acute acyl-ghrelin injections and in pharmacological and/or transgenic mouse models of ghrelin overexpression and GHSR deletion. Isolated mouse islets and the α-cell lines αTC1 and InR1G9 were used to evaluate ghrelin's effects on glucagon secretion and the role of calcium and ERK in this activity. GHSR mRNA was abundantly expressed in mouse islets and colocalized with glucagon in α-cells. Elevation of acyl-ghrelin acutely (after sc administration, such that physiologically relevant plasma ghrelin levels were achieved) and chronically (by slow-releasing osmotic pumps and as observed in transgenic mice harboring ghrelinomas) led to higher plasma glucagon and increased blood glucose. Conversely, genetic GHSR deletion was associated with lower plasma glucagon and reduced fasting blood glucose. Acyl-ghrelin increased glucagon secretion in a dose-dependent manner from mouse islets and α-cell lines, in a manner requiring elevation of intracellular calcium and phosphorylation of ERK. Our study shows that ghrelin's regulation of blood glucose involves direct stimulation of glucagon secretion from α-cells and introduces the ghrelin-glucagon axis as an important mechanism controlling glycemia under fasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9077, USA
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Makaji E, Raha S, Wade MG, Holloway AC. Effect of Environmental Contaminants on Beta Cell Function. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:410-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581811405544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing concern that chemicals in the environment are contributing to the global rise in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is limited evidence for direct effects of these chemicals on beta cell function. Therefore, the goals of this study were (1) to test the hypothesis that environmental contaminants can directly affect beta cell function and (2) examine mechanistic pathways by which these contaminants could affect beta cell function. Using mouse beta TC-6 cells, we examined the acute effects of 6 substances (benzo[a]pyrene, bisphenol A [BPA], propylparaben, methylparaben, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctyl sulfone) on insulin secretion. Only BPA treatment directly affected insulin secretion. Furthermore, chronic exposure to BPA altered the expression of key proteins in the cellular and endoplasmic reticulum stress response. These data suggest that long-term BPA exposure may be detrimental to beta cell function and ultimately be an important contributor to the etiology of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilija Makaji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G. Wade
- Systemic Toxcology and Pharmacokinetics Section, Environmental and Occupational Division, Environmental Health Science Bureau, Health Canada, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison C. Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Baquié M, St-Onge L, Kerr-Conte J, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Lorenzo PI, Jimenez Moreno CM, Cederroth CR, Nef S, Borot S, Bosco D, Wang H, Marchetti P, Pattou F, Wollheim CB, Gauthier BR. The liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is expressed in human islets and protects {beta}-cells against stress-induced apoptosis. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2823-33. [PMID: 21536586 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog (LRH-1) is an orphan nuclear receptor (NR5A2) that regulates cholesterol homeostasis and cell plasticity in endodermal-derived tissues. Estrogen increases LRH-1 expression conveying cell protection and proliferation. Independently, estrogen also protects isolated human islets against cytokine-induced apoptosis. Herein, we demonstrate that LRH-1 is expressed in islets, including β-cells, and that transcript levels are modulated by 17β-estradiol through the estrogen receptor (ER)α but not ERβ signaling pathway. Repression of LRH-1 by siRNA abrogated the protective effect conveyed by estrogen on rat islets against cytokines. Adenoviral-mediated overexpression of LRH-1 in human islets did not alter proliferation but conferred protection against cytokines and streptozotocin-induced apoptosis. Expression levels of the cell cycle genes cyclin D1 and cyclin E1 as well as the antiapoptotic gene bcl-xl were unaltered in LRH-1 expressing islets. In contrast, the steroidogenic enzymes CYP11A1 and CYP11B1 involved in glucocorticoid biosynthesis were both stimulated in transduced islets. In parallel, graded overexpression of LRH-1 dose-dependently impaired glucose-induced insulin secretion. Our results demonstrate the crucial role of the estrogen target gene nr5a2 in protecting human islets against-stressed-induced apoptosis. We postulate that this effect is mediated through increased glucocorticoid production that blunts the pro-inflammatory response of islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathurin Baquié
- Department of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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Vacca M, Degirolamo C, Mariani-Costantini R, Palasciano G, Moschetta A. Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors in the pathophysiology and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:562-87. [PMID: 21755605 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of different diseases, namely central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, together with a pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory state. These metabolic abnormalities are often associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. Dietary and lifestyle modifications are currently believed more effective than pharmacological therapies in the management of MS patients. Nevertheless, the relatively low grade of compliance of patients to these recommendations, as well as the failure of current therapies, highlights the need for the discovery of new pharmacological and nutraceutic approaches. A deeper knowledge of the patho-physiological events that initiate and support the MS is mandatory. Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors (NRs) are the master transcriptional regulators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and inflammatory responses, thus standing as suitable targets. This review focuses on the physiological relevance of the NRs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, liver X receptors, and farnesoid X receptor) in the control of whole-body homeostasis, with a special emphasis on lipid and glucose metabolism, and on the relationships between metabolic unbalances, systemic inflammation, and the onset of CVD. Future perspectives and possible clinical applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Vacca
- Clinica Medica Augusto Murri, Aldo Moro University of Bari, and Department of Translational Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (CH), Italy
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Gupta D, Kono T, Evans-Molina C. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in pancreatic β cell function and survival: therapeutic implications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12:1036-47. [PMID: 20977574 PMCID: PMC3764483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus involves both peripheral insulin resistance and dysfunctional insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cell. Currently, there is intense research focus on delineating the etiologies of pancreatic β cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. However, there remains an unmet clinical need to establish therapeutic guidelines and strategies that emphasize the preservation of pancreatic β cell function in at-risk and affected individuals. Thiazolidinediones are orally active agents approved for use in type 2 diabetes and act as agonists of the nuclear hormone receptor PPAR-γ. These drugs improve insulin sensitivity, but there is also a growing appreciation of PPAR-γ actions within the β cell. PPAR-γ has been shown to regulate directly key β cell genes involved in glucose sensing, insulin secretion and insulin gene transcription. Further, pharmacologic PPAR-γ activation has been shown to protect against glucose-, lipid-, cytokine- and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)-induced activation of numerous stress pathways. This article will review the mechanisms by which PPAR-γ activation acts to maintain β cell function and survival in type 2 diabetes mellitus and highlight some of the current controversies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gupta
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Identification of 9-cis-retinoic acid as a pancreas-specific autacoid that attenuates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21884-9. [PMID: 21115832 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1008859107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) isomer, 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA), activates retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) in vitro. RARs control multiple genes, whereas RXRs serve as partners for RARs and other nuclear receptors that regulate metabolism. Physiological function has not been determined for 9cRA, because it has not been detected in serum or multiple tissues with analytically validated assays. Here, we identify 9cRA in mouse pancreas by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), and show that 9cRA decreases with feeding and after glucose dosing and varies inversely with serum insulin. 9cRA reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in mouse islets and in the rat β-cell line 832/13 within 15 min by reducing glucose transporter type 2 (Glut2) and glucokinase (GK) activities. 9cRA also reduces Pdx-1 and HNF4α mRNA expression, ∼8- and 80-fold, respectively: defects in Pdx-1 or HNF4α cause maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY4 and 1, respectively), as does a defective GK gene (MODY2). Pancreas β-cells generate 9cRA, and mouse models of reduced β-cell number, heterozygous Akita mice, and streptozotocin-treated mice have reduced 9cRA. 9cRA is abnormally high in glucose-intolerant mice, which have β-cell hypertropy, including mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) and ob/ob and db/db mice. These data establish 9cRA as a pancreas-specific autacoid with multiple mechanisms of action and provide unique insight into GSIS.
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McKenna NJ. Discovery-driven research and bioinformatics in nuclear receptor and coregulator signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:808-17. [PMID: 21029773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors that interact with coregulators and other transcription factors to direct tissue-specific programs of gene expression. Recent years have witnessed a rapid acceleration of the output of high-content data platforms in this field, generating discovery-driven datasets that have collectively described: the organization of the NR superfamily (phylogenomics); the expression patterns of NRs, coregulators and their target genes (transcriptomics); ligand- and tissue-specific functional NR and coregulator sites in DNA (cistromics); the organization of nuclear receptors and coregulators into higher order complexes (proteomics); and their downstream effects on homeostasis and metabolism (metabolomics). Significant bioinformatics challenges lie ahead both in the integration of this information into meaningful models of NR and coregulator biology, as well as in the archiving and communication of datasets to the global nuclear receptor signaling community. While holding great promise for the field, the ascendancy of discovery-driven research in this field brings with it a collective responsibility for researchers, publishers and funding agencies alike to ensure the effective archiving and management of these data. This review will discuss factors lying behind the increasing impact of discovery-driven research, examples of high-content datasets and their bioinformatic analysis, as well as a summary of currently curated web resources in this field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translating nuclear receptors from health to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J McKenna
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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45
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Basic techniques for pancreatic research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010. [PMID: 20700840 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9060-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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46
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The nuclear receptor FXR is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and protects human islets from lipotoxicity. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2845-51. [PMID: 20447400 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is highly expressed in liver and intestine where it controls bile acid (BA), lipid and glucose homeostasis. Here we show that FXR is expressed and functional, as assessed by target gene expression analysis, in human islets and beta-cell lines. FXR is predominantly cytosolic-localized in the islets of lean mice, but nuclear in obese mice. Compared to FXR+/+ mice, FXR-/- mice display a normal architecture and beta-cell mass but the expression of certain islet-specific genes is altered. Moreover, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is impaired in the islets of FXR-/- mice. Finally, FXR activation protects human islets from lipotoxicity and ameliorates their secretory index.
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47
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Renga B, Mencarelli A, Vavassori P, Brancaleone V, Fiorucci S. The bile acid sensor FXR regulates insulin transcription and secretion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:363-72. [PMID: 20060466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Ogihara T, Chuang JC, Vestermark GL, Garmey JC, Ketchum RJ, Huang X, Brayman KL, Thorner MO, Repa JJ, Mirmira RG, Evans-Molina C. Liver X receptor agonists augment human islet function through activation of anaplerotic pathways and glycerolipid/free fatty acid cycling. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:5392-404. [PMID: 20007976 PMCID: PMC2820768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.064659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in rodent models suggest that liver X receptors (LXRs) may play an important role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and islet function. To date, however, no studies have comprehensively examined the role of LXRs in human islet biology. Human islets were isolated from non-diabetic donors and incubated in the presence or absence of two synthetic LXR agonists, TO-901317 and GW3965, under conditions of low and high glucose. LXR agonist treatment enhanced both basal and stimulated insulin secretion, which corresponded to an increase in the expression of genes involved in anaplerosis and reverse cholesterol transport. Furthermore, enzyme activity of pyruvate carboxylase, a key regulator of pyruvate cycling and anaplerotic flux, was also increased. Whereas LXR agonist treatment up-regulated known downstream targets involved in lipogenesis, we observed no increase in the accumulation of intra-islet triglyceride at the dose of agonist used in our study. Moreover, LXR activation increased expression of the genes encoding hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase, two enzymes involved in lipolysis and glycerolipid/free fatty acid cycling. Chronically, insulin gene expression was increased after treatment with TO-901317, and this was accompanied by increased Pdx-1 nuclear protein levels and enhanced Pdx-1 binding to the insulin promoter. In conclusion, our data suggest that LXR agonists have a direct effect on the islet to augment insulin secretion and expression, actions that should be considered either as therapeutic or unintended side effects, as these agents are developed for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ogihara
- From the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research and
- the Departments of Pediatrics and
| | | | | | | | - Robert J. Ketchum
- the Department of Structural Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, Colorado 80134
| | - Xiaolun Huang
- Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, and
| | | | | | - Joyce J. Repa
- the Departments of Physiology and
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- From the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research and
- the Departments of Pediatrics and
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- From the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research and
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN 46202. Tel.: 317-274-4145; Fax: 317-274-4107; E-mail:
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Modica S, Gofflot F, Murzilli S, D'Orazio A, Salvatore L, Pellegrini F, Nicolucci A, Tognoni G, Copetti M, Valanzano R, Veschi S, Mariani-Costantini R, Palasciano G, Schoonjans K, Auwerx J, Moschetta A. The intestinal nuclear receptor signature with epithelial localization patterns and expression modulation in tumors. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:636-48, 648.e1-12. [PMID: 19818784 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The WNT-adenomatous polyposis coli system controls cell fate in the intestinal epithelium, where compartment-specific genes tightly regulate proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Nuclear receptors are transcription factors functioning as sensors of hormones and nutrients that are known to contribute to colon cancer progression. Here we mapped the messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance and the epithelial localization of the entire nuclear receptor family in mouse and human intestine. METHODS We used complementary high-resolution in situ hybridization and systematic real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in samples of normal distal ileum and proximal colon mucosa and tumors obtained from mouse and human adenomatous polyposis coli-initiated tumor models (ie, Apc(Min/+) mice and familial adenomatous polyposis patients) and in cellular models of human colon cancer. RESULTS We first defined for each receptor an expression pattern based on its transcript localization in the distal ileum and the proximal colon. Then, we compared the mRNA levels between normal intestinal epithelium and neoplastic intestinal tissue. After analyzing the correspondence between mouse and human tumor samples plus genetically modified human colon cancer cells, we used complementary graphic and statistical approaches to present a comprehensive overview with several classification trees for the nuclear hormone receptor intestinal transcriptome. CONCLUSIONS We defined the intestinal nuclear hormone receptor map, which indicates that the localization pattern of a receptor in normal intestine predicts the modulation of its expression in tumors. Our results are useful to select those nuclear receptors that could be used eventually as early diagnostic markers or targeted for clinical intervention in intestinal polyposis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Modica
- Department of Translational Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
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Zhang Y. Farnesoid X receptor-Acting through bile acids to treat metabolic disorders. DRUG FUTURE 2010; 35:635-642. [PMID: 24465082 DOI: 10.1358/dof.2010.035.08.1520865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and plays an important role in maintaining bile acid, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Bile acids are endogenous ligands for FXR. However, bile acids may also activate pathways independent of FXR. The development of specific FXR agonists has provided important insights into the role of FXR in metabolism. Recent data have demonstrated that FXR is a therapeutic target for treatment of certain metabolic disorders. This review will focus on recent advances in the role of FXR in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine 4209 State Route 44 Rootstown, OH 44272
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