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Roohi TF, Mehdi S, Aarfi S, Krishna KL, Pathak S, Suhail SM, Faizan S. Biomarkers and signaling pathways of diabetic nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy: possible therapeutic intervention of rutin and quercetin. Diabetol Int 2024; 15:145-169. [PMID: 38524936 PMCID: PMC10959902 DOI: 10.1007/s13340-023-00680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy are the two main complications of chronic diabetes that contribute to high morbidity and mortality. These conditions are characterized by the dysregulation of multiple molecular signaling pathways and the presence of specific biomarkers such as inflammatory cytokines, indicators of oxidative stress, and components of the renin-angiotensin system. In this review, we systematically collected and collated the relevant information from MEDLINE, EMBASE, ELSEVIER, PUBMED, GOOGLE, WEB OF SCIENCE, and SCOPUS databases. This review was conceived with primary objective of revealing the functions of these biomarkers and signaling pathways in the initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy. We also highlighted the potential therapeutic effectiveness of rutin and quercetin, two plant-derived flavonoids known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The findings of our study demonstrated that both flavonoids can regulate important disease-promoting systems, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Importantly, rutin and quercetin have shown protective benefits against nephropathy and neuropathy in diabetic animal models, suggesting them as potential therapeutic agents. These findings provide a solid foundation for further comprehensive investigations and clinical trials to evaluate the potential of rutin and quercetin in the management of diabetic nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy. This may contribute to the development of more efficient and comprehensive treatment approaches for diabetes-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsheel Fatima Roohi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, Karnataka 570015 India
| | - Seema Mehdi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, Karnataka 570015 India
| | - Sadaf Aarfi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - K. L. Krishna
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, Karnataka 570015 India
| | - Suman Pathak
- Department of Dravyaguna, Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College, Shimoga, Karnataka 577 201 India
| | - Seikh Mohammad Suhail
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, Karnataka 570015 India
| | - Syed Faizan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, Karnataka 570015 India
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Dong R, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhao T, Sun Z, Liu P, Xiang Q, Xiong J, Du X, Yang X, Gui D, Xu Y. Rutin alleviates EndMT by restoring autophagy through inhibiting HDAC1 via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in diabetic kidney disease. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 112:154700. [PMID: 36774842 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a primary microvascular complication of diabetes. However, a complete cure for DKD has not yet been found. Although there is evidence that Rutin can delay the onset of DKD, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. PURPOSE To investigate the renoprotective effect of Rutin in the process of DKD and to explore its potential molecular mechanisms. METHODS Db/db mice and high glucose (HG)-induced human renal glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs) were used as in vivo and in vitro models, respectively. Western blot (WB), Immunohistochemistry (IHC)and Immunofluorescence (IF) staining were used to identify the expression level of proteins associated with endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and autophagy. Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based proteomics analysis was utilized to reveal the mechanism of Rutin in DKD. Transfection with small interfering RNA (siRNA) to reveal the role of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) in HG-induced GEnCs. RESULTS Following 8 weeks of Rutin administration, db/db mice's kidney function and structure significantly improved. In HG-induced GEnCs, activation of autophagy attenuates cellular EndMT. Rutin could alleviate EndMT and restore autophagy in vivo and in vitro models. Proteomics analysis results showed that HDAC1 significantly downregulated in the 200 mg/kg/d Rutin group compared with the db/db group. Transfection with si-HDAC1 in GEnCs partially blocked HG-induced EndMT and restored autophagy. Furthermore, Rutin inhibits the phosphorylation of the PI3K / AKT/ mTOR pathway. HDAC1 overexpression was suppressed in HG-induced GEnCs after using Rapamycin, a specific mTOR inhibitor, verifying the correlation between mTOR and HDAC1. CONCLUSION Rutin alleviates EndMT by restoring autophagy through inhibiting HDAC1 via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Dong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Yadi Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Zhongyan Sun
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Peiyu Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Jianfeng Xiong
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Xinwen Du
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dingkun Gui
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Youhua Xu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao, China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao, China; Department of Endocrinology, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, China; Zhuhai MUST Science and Technology Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, China.
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Zaghloul RA, Abdelghany AM, Samra YA. Rutin and selenium nanoparticles protected against STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats through downregulating Jak-2/Stat3 pathway and upregulating Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175289. [PMID: 36122758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a renal complication of diabetic hyperglycemia. The Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a center molecule of the chronic inflammation causing DN progression. Therefore, the study investigated the possible inhibitory effects of Rutin (Ru) and Selenium (Se), formulated as nanoparticles (SeNPs), on Stat3 pathway in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN in Sprague-Dawley rats. Ru (100 mg/kg/orally) and SeNPs (equivalent to 5 mg of Se/kg/orally) were given as treatment for eight weeks. An assessment of fasting blood glucose, renal function biomarkers, GSH, and MDA was carried out spectrophotometrically. ELISA assessment of renal IL-6, NF-κB, TNF-α, Jak-2, and p-Stat3 was performed. Sirt-1, Nrf-2, and HO-1 were assessed immunohistochemically. DN group receiving Ru + SeNPs showed a decrease in fasting blood glucose, serum creatinine, and urea (163.8 ± 22.8, 0.54 ± 0.1, and 53.6 ± 25.7 mg/dl, respectively), compared to the DN group (443.8 ± 42.72, 1.58 ± 0.4, and 281.8 ± 47.35 mg/dl, respectively). In addition, it exhibited elevation in the levels of Sirt-1, Nrf-2 and HO-1 compared to the DN group. Finally, Ru + SeNPs exhibited a significant reduction in IL-6, NF-κB, TNF-α, Jak-2, and p-Stat3 (42.8 ± 10.3, 1.2 ± 0.1, 53.4 ± 3.87, 0.8 ± 0.06 and 1.1 ± 0.2 U/g tissue, respectively) when compared to the DN group (155.3 ± 13.97, 2.8 ± 0.3, 105.5 ± 32.84, 2.03 ± 0.2 and 2.56 ± 0.15 U/g tissue, respectively). Therefore, combining Ru with SeNPs has a potential renoprotective effect against DN by upregulating Nrf-2/HO-1 and downregulating Jak-2/Stat3 Pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa A Zaghloul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Amr M Abdelghany
- Spectroscopy Department, Physics Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 Elbehouth St., Dokki, 12311, Egypt; Basic Science Department, Horus University, New Damietta, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Yara A Samra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt; Biochemistry Dept., Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Cairo, Egypt
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Tanase DM, Gosav EM, Anton MI, Floria M, Seritean Isac PN, Hurjui LL, Tarniceriu CC, Costea CF, Ciocoiu M, Rezus C. Oxidative Stress and NRF2/KEAP1/ARE Pathway in Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD): New Perspectives. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091227. [PMID: 36139066 PMCID: PMC9496369 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most debilitating chronic diseases worldwide, with increased prevalence and incidence. In addition to its macrovascular damage, through its microvascular complications, such as Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD), DM further compounds the quality of life of these patients. Considering DKD is the main cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in developed countries, extensive research is currently investigating the matrix of DKD pathophysiology. Hyperglycemia, inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) are the main mechanisms behind this disease. By generating pro-inflammatory factors (e.g., IL-1,6,18, TNF-α, TGF-β, NF-κB, MCP-1, VCAM-1, ICAM-1) and the activation of diverse pathways (e.g., PKC, ROCK, AGE/RAGE, JAK-STAT), they promote a pro-oxidant state with impairment of the antioxidant system (NRF2/KEAP1/ARE pathway) and, finally, alterations in the renal filtration unit. Hitherto, a wide spectrum of pre-clinical and clinical studies shows the beneficial use of NRF2-inducing strategies, such as NRF2 activators (e.g., Bardoxolone methyl, Curcumin, Sulforaphane and their analogues), and other natural compounds with antioxidant properties in DKD treatment. However, limitations regarding the lack of larger clinical trials, solubility or delivery hamper their implementation for clinical use. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss DKD mechanisms, especially oxidative stress (OS) and NRF2/KEAP1/ARE involvement, while highlighting the potential of therapeutic approaches that target DKD via OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Maria Tanase
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Evelina Maria Gosav
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Madalina Ioana Anton
- Department of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- I Rheumatology Clinic, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Floria
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Petronela Nicoleta Seritean Isac
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Loredana Liliana Hurjui
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Physiology Discipline, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Hematology Laboratory, “St. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Claudia Cristina Tarniceriu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Discipline of Anatomy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Hematology Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Claudia Florida Costea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- 2nd Ophthalmology Clinic, “Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700309 Iași, Romania
| | - Manuela Ciocoiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ciprian Rezus
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Clinic, “Sf. Spiridon” County Clinical Emergency Hospital Iasi, 700111 Iasi, Romania
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Cao YL, Lin JH, Hammes HP, Zhang C. Flavonoids in Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072365. [PMID: 35408760 PMCID: PMC9000519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive systemic disease, which changes the function and structure of the kidneys irreversibly over months or years. The final common pathological manifestation of chronic kidney disease is renal fibrosis and is characterized by glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. In recent years, numerous studies have reported the therapeutic benefits of natural products against modern diseases. Substantial attention has been focused on the biological role of polyphenols, in particular flavonoids, presenting broadly in plants and diets, referring to thousands of plant compounds with a common basic structure. Evidence-based pharmacological data have shown that flavonoids play an important role in preventing and managing CKD and renal fibrosis. These compounds can prevent renal dysfunction and improve renal function by blocking or suppressing deleterious pathways such as oxidative stress and inflammation. In this review, we summarize the function and beneficial properties of common flavonoids for the treatment of CKD and the relative risk factors of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China;
| | - Ji-Hong Lin
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (J.-H.L.); (H.-P.H.)
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; (J.-H.L.); (H.-P.H.)
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-027-85726712
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Arora SK, Verma PR, Itankar PR, Prasad SK, Nakhate KT. Evaluation of pancreatic regeneration activity of Tephrosia purpurea leaves in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:435-445. [PMID: 34522638 PMCID: PMC8427475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Flavonoid rich plant Tephrosia purpurea (T. purpurea), commonly known as Sarpunkha has been used in traditional systems of medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. However, its effectiveness in promoting regeneration of pancreas in diabetes has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate pancreatic β-cells regeneration, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic potentials of T. purpurea leaves extract, its fractions and main constituent Rutin in diabetic rats. Experimental procedure The leaves extract and its fractions were first screened for acute and sub-chronic antidiabetic activity in a dose range of 250–500 mg/kg orally. Further, fractions with potent antidiabetic activity were screened for pancreatic β-cells regeneration activity using histopathological studies and morphometric analysis, which was followed by estimation of biochemical parameters. Results and conclusion The most significant antidiabetic, pancreatic regeneration and antihyperlipidemic activity was exhibited by n-butanol soluble fraction of ethanol extract at the dose level of 500 mg/kg. Histopathology revealed that treatment with this fraction improved the β-cell granulation of islets and prevented the β-cells damage which was further confirmed by morphometric analysis. Thus, the present study validated the traditional use of T. purpurea plant in the treatment of diabetes, which might be attributed to pancreatic β-cells regeneration potential of its active constituent Rutin. Taxonomy (classification by EVISE) Traditional Medicine; Metabolic Disorder; Experimental Design; Cell Regeneration and Histopathology. Polyphenol rich extract possesses potent in vitro antioxidant activity. Extract and its fractions are having pancreatic regeneration potential in STZ induced diabetic model. Histopathological study of the pancreas extract and fraction treated diabetic rats showed islets expansion and decreased fatty infiltrate of the islets. Study validates the use of plant in treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Arora
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Gurunanak College of Pharmacy, Nari, Nagpur, 440026, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prashant R Verma
- Research and Development Department, Lifespan Industries, Plot No. 49, Phase III, Biotech Park, Genome Valley, Karkapatla, 502279, Telangana, India
| | - Prakash R Itankar
- Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur, 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satyendra K Prasad
- Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Amravati Road, Nagpur, 440033, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelvani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, 424001, India
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Hu Q, Qu C, Xiao X, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Wu Z, Song D, Peng X, Ma X, Zhao Y. Flavonoids on diabetic nephropathy: advances and therapeutic opportunities. Chin Med 2021; 16:74. [PMID: 34364389 PMCID: PMC8349014 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advances in biomedical technologies, natural products have attracted substantial public attention in the area of drug discovery. Flavonoids are a class of active natural products with a wide range of pharmacological effects that are used for the treatment of several diseases, in particular chronic metabolic diseases. Diabetic nephropathy is a complication of diabetes with a particularly complicated pathological mechanism that affects at least 30% of diabetic patients and represents a great burden on public health. A large number of studies have shown that flavonoids can alleviate diabetic nephropathy. This review systematically summarizes the use of common flavonoids for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. We found that flavonoids play a therapeutic role in diabetic nephropathy mainly by regulating oxidative stress and inflammation. Nrf-2/GSH, ROS production, HO-1, TGF-β1 and AGEs/RAGE are involved in the process of oxidative stress regulation. Quercetin, apigenin, baicalin, luteolin, hesperidin, genistein, proanthocyanidin and eriodictyol were found to be capable of alleviating oxidative stress related to the aforementioned factors. Regarding inflammatory responses, IL-1, IL-6β, TNF-α, SIRT1, NF-κB, and TGF-β1/smad are thought to be essential. Quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, rutin, genistein, proanthocyanidin and eriodictyol were confirmed to influence the above targets. As a result, flavonoids promote podocyte autophagy and inhibit the overactivity of RAAS by suppressing the upstream oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, ultimately alleviating DN. The above results indicate that flavonoids are promising drugs for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. However, due to deficiencies in the effect of flavonoids on metabolic processes and their lack of structural stability in the body, further research is required to address these issues. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Caiyan Qu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiaolin Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Dan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - YanLing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Impact of Rutin and Vitamin C combination on oxidative stress and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 35:128-135. [PMID: 31987106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the effect of Vitamin C alone and in combination with Rutin on the glycemic control, insulin resistance, lipid profile and oxidative stress markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS A prospective, randomized, controlled study conducted on 53 type 2 diabetes patients randomized into 3 groups; (group A) 20 received Rutin with vitamin C, (group B) 20receivedvitamin C and (group C)13 received antidiabetic treatment only. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting insulin, Malondialdehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Lipid profile and patients' quality of life (QOL) using SF-36 questionnaire were assessed in all patients at baseline and after 8 weeks. RESULTS At baseline, the 3 groups were comparable while FBG was lower in group C versus group A and B (p = 0.0021). After 8 weeks, a significant reduction was observed in % change of FBG in groups A and B versus group C (p = 0.0165, 0.0388 respectively). Low Density Lipoprotien-cholesterol (LDL-c) and Total cholesterol (TC) levels significantly improved in group B versus baseline (p = 0.0239,0.0166 respectively). QOL, physical functioning and energy domains improved significantly in group A versus group C (p = 0.0049, 0.0253 respectively), while role limitation to physical health and to emotional problem improved significantly in group B versus group C (p = 0.0267,0.0280 respectively). CONCLUSION Vitamin C supplementation alone or with Rutin significantly reduced the % change of FBG compared to controls but had no effect on HbA1c, FBG,TC, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR or oxidative stress in T2DMpatients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03437902.
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Nasri Nasrabadi P, Zareian S, Nayeri Z, Salmanipour R, Parsafar S, Gharib E, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Zali MR. A detailed image of rutin underlying intracellular signaling pathways in human SW480 colorectal cancer cells based on miRNAs-lncRNAs-mRNAs-TFs interactions. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15570-15580. [PMID: 30697726 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural dietary ingredients like flavonoids are important for body improvement against diseases. The flavonol rutin is widely found in fruits and vegetables and shows significant anticancer properties. However, the underlined signaling pathways have not been elucidated yet. In this study, the impacts of various doses of rutin (400-700 mM/ml) have been examined on human colon cancer SW480 cells metabolism, cell cycle, and apoptosis. The transcriptome was analyzed by bioinformatics tools and the interactions between rutin modulated microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and transcription factors (TFs) were built, filtered and enriched. A dose of 600 mM of rutin significantly decreased cells metabolic activity, halved the population and arrested the cell cycle at the sub-G1 phase. The enrichment analysis of miRNAs-lncRNAs-mRNAs-TFs network showed that these effects were mediated through alteration of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism, modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress responses, negative regulation of cell cycle process, and inducing the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways. Additionally, the key parent nodes of each annotation were illustrated. These findings create a detailed image of rutin underlying intracellular signaling pathways in CRC and also help us to better understand the role of dietary natural compounds in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Nasri Nasrabadi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Zareian
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Nayeri
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Salmanipour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soha Parsafar
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Gharib
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Vahid H, Rakhshandeh H, Ghorbani A. Antidiabetic properties of Capparis spinosa L. and its components. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 92:293-302. [PMID: 28551550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing line of evidence confirmed that apart from conventional hypoglycemic drugs, diet and medicinal plants have beneficial effects on diabetes. Capparis spinosa L. (Caper) is a perennial shrub in the Capparidaceae family. It grows in different regions of the world, particularly in Asian and African countries. A wide range of biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic effects have been reported for this plant. In this review, it is focused on beneficial effects of C. spinosa on diabetes. Several studies have showed the antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of C. spinosa. The putative mechanisms involved in the antihyperglycemic effects of C. spinosa include reducing carbohydrate absorption from the small intestine, inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver, enhancing glucose uptake by tissues, and beta cell protection/regeneration. This plant also ameliorates cardiovascular disorders, liver damage, and nephropathy in animal models of diabetes, which are attributed to its antioxidant phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids, tocopherols, and terpenes. Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of C. spinose, along with its beneficial effects on diabetic complications, make it a good candidate for the management of diabetes. Well-designed clinical trials are necessary to define the advantages and disadvantages of C. spinose for diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Vahid
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Rakhshandeh
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghorbani
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Ghorbani A. Mechanisms of antidiabetic effects of flavonoid rutin. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:305-312. [PMID: 29017142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that flavonoids that originated from vegetables and medicinal plants have beneficial effects on diabetes by improving glycemic control, lipid profile, and antioxidant status. Rutin is a flavonoid found in many plants and shows a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. In this review, the antihyperglycemic property of rutin and its protective effects against the development of diabetic complications are discussed. Proposed mechanisms for the antihyperglycemic effect of rutin include a decrease of carbohydrates absorption from the small intestine, inhibition of tissue gluconeogenesis, an increase of tissue glucose uptake, stimulation of insulin secretion from beta cells, and protecting Langerhans islet against degeneration. Rutin also decreases the formation of sorbitol, reactive oxygen species, advanced glycation end-product precursors, and inflammatory cytokines. These effects are considered to be responsible for the protective effect of rutin against hyperglycemia- and dyslipidemia-induced nephropathy, neuropathy, liver damage, and cardiovascular disorders. Taken together, the results of current experimental studies support the potential of rutin to prevent or treat pathologies associated with diabetes. Well-designed clinical studies are suggested to evaluate advantages and limits of rutin for managing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ghorbani
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Youssef FS, Ashour ML, Ebada SS, Sobeh M, El-Beshbishy HA, Singab AN, Wink M. Antihyperglycaemic activity of the methanol extract from leaves of Eremophila maculata (Scrophulariaceae) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:733-742. [PMID: 28321889 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to evaluate the antihyperglycaemic activity of the methanol leaf extract of Eremophila maculata (EMM) both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The antihyperglycaemic activity was assessed in vitro using differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, whereas in-vivo effect was evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Chemical profiling of EMM was done using LC-ESI-MS techniques. Molecular modelling experiments of the identified compounds were performed using C-Docker protocol. KEY FINDINGS Eremophila maculata slightly enhanced cellular glucose uptake and utilization in vitro by 3.92% relative to the untreated control. A stronger in-vivo effect was observed for EMM and its dichloromethane fraction. A pronounced elevation in serum insulin by 88.89 and 66.67%, respectively, accompanied by an apparent decline in fasting blood glucose (FBG) level by 65.60 and 70.37% comparable to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was observed. This effect was stronger than that of the reference drug glibenclamide (GLB). Chemical profiling of EMM revealed that leucoseptoside A, verbascoside, syringaresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and pinoresinol-4-O-[6″-O-(E)-feruloyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside are the major compounds. Molecular modelling showed that martynoside, verbascoside and phillygenin exhibited the highest inhibition to human pancreatic α-amylase (HPA), maltase glucoamylase (MGAM) and aldose reductase (AR), respectively. CONCLUSION Eremophila maculata offers an interesting relatively safer antihyperglycaemic candidate comparable to synthetic analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadia S Youssef
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed L Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sherif S Ebada
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hesham A El-Beshbishy
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sceinces, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel Nasser Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Wang B, Liu D, Zhu QH, Li M, Chen H, Guo Y, Fan LP, Yue LS, Li LY, Zhao M. Rutin ameliorates kidney interstitial fibrosis in rats with obstructive nephropathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The contemporary scientific community has presently recognized flavonoids to be a unique class of therapeutic molecules due to their diverse therapeutic properties. Of these, rutin, also known as vitamin P or rutoside, has been explored for a number of pharmacological effects. Tea leaves, apples, and many more possess rutin as one of the active constituents. Today, rutin has been observed for its nutraceutical effect. The present review highlights current information and health-promoting effects of rutin. Along with this, safety pharmacology issues and SAR of the same have also been discussed.
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Kyei S, Koffuor GA, Ramkissoon P, Afari C, Asiamah EA. The Claim of Anti-Cataract Potential of Heliotropium indicum: A Myth or Reality? Ophthalmol Ther 2015; 4:115-28. [PMID: 26596277 PMCID: PMC4675728 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-015-0042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heliotropium indicum has several uses in traditional medicine attributable to its numerous bioactive compounds. It is used as a traditional remedy for cataracts in Ghana without any scientific verification. This study aimed at verifying the anti-cataract properties of an aqueous whole plant extract of H. indicum. Methods The effect (cataract score) of 30, 100, and 300 mg kg−1 extract (bid for 21 days, per os) on the development of 30 µmol kg−1 sodium selenite-induced cataract in 10-day-old rat pups was investigated. Soluble lens proteins alpha A and alpha B crystallins, total lens protein, total lens glutathione, and aquaporin 0 in enucleated lens homogenates were determined spectrophotometrically using commercially available kits. Histopathological studies on the lenses were also performed. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging effect and linoleic acid autoxidation (antioxidant properties) of the extract (0.1–3.0 mg ml−1), compared to n-propyl gallate, were ascertained using standard procedures. Results Cataract scores showed that the extract, at all dose levels, significantly alleviated selenite-induced cataracts (P ≤ 0.001). Markers of lens transparency (aquaporin 0, alpha A and B crystallins), as well as total lens proteins and lens glutathione levels, were significantly preserved (P ≤ 0.01–0.001). The extract exhibited activity relevant for scavenging free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Epithelial and lens fiber integrity in the histopathological assessment were maintained with HIE treatment. Conclusion The aqueous whole plant extract of H. indicum significantly inhibited the development of cataracts in rats via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kyei
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. .,Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, College Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - George Asumeng Koffuor
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Paul Ramkissoon
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Clement Afari
- Department of Optometry and Visual Sciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Tang YQ, Jaganath IB, Manikam R, Sekaran SD. Phyllanthus spp. Exerts Anti-Angiogenic and Anti-Metastatic Effects Through Inhibition on Matrix Metalloproteinase Enzymes. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:783-95. [PMID: 25996262 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis are the major causes for high morbidity and mortality rates in cancer patient. Modulation on tumor angiogenesis and metastasis provides opportunities to halt progression of cancer. From our previous findings, Phyllanthus plant possesses antiproliferative effects on melanoma and prostate cancer cell lines and induction of apoptosis. The main aims of the present work were further investigated on the antimetastatic and antiangiogenic effects on cancer cells (MeWo and PC-3) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) of 4 Phyllanthus species (P.amarus, P.niruri, P.urinaria and P.watsonii). Phyllanthus extracts significantly inhibited cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and transendothelial migration activities of cancer (MeWo and PC-3) cells in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05) by cell-matrix adhesion, Transwell migration, invasion, and transendothelial migration assays. Phyllanthus extracts were exhibited low cytotoxicity on HUVECs up to a concentration of 500.0 μg/ml by MTS reduction assay. Phyllanthus extracts also exhibited antiangiogenic effects through inhibition of migration, invasion, and microcapillary like-tube structure formation in HUVECs. These observations were due to alteration in activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2, -7, -9, and -26 in treated-endothelial and cancer cells by zymographies. These findings suggest that Phyllanthus plant has the potential to inhibit tumour metastasis and angiogenesis through the suppression of MMP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Quan Tang
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Habtemariam S. Investigation into the Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Moringa stenopetala: Identification of the Active Principles. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fresh leaves of Moringa stenopetala (family, Moringaceae) are commonly eaten as cabbage while dried leaves are used as nutritional supplement and for treating a variety of disease conditions including diabetes. The present investigation into the therapeutic potential of the leaves and seeds of the plant revealed no inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase enzyme up to the concentration of 200 μg/mL but the leaves extract displayed potent DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging effect (IC50, 59.5 ± 4.1 μg/mL). An activity directed fractionation and isolation procedure resulted in the identification of the major antioxidant compound as rutin and minor active component, neochlorogenic acid. Both the crude extract (0.8–200 μg/mL) and rutin (0.8–200 μM) but not neochlorogenic acid displayed a concentration-dependent protection of human pancreatic β-cells (1.4E7 cells) from oxidant-induced cell death. The identification of these compounds along with their potential role in the nutritional and medicinal significance of the plant is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
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Hosseinzadeh H, Nassiri-Asl M. Review of the protective effects of rutin on the metabolic function as an important dietary flavonoid. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:783-8. [PMID: 24879037 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, flavonoids have been revealed to be helpful in the treatment of many diseases. Rutin (3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone-3-rhamnoglucoside) is an important flavonoid that is consumed in the daily diet. It is also known as vitamin P and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside. In addition, it is found in many food items, vegetables, and beverages. The cytoprotective effects of rutin, including gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-diabetic effects, have been shown in several studies. Furthermore, rutin has several pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory and anti-glycation activities. AIM This work reviewed characteristic, pharmacokinetic, and metabolic effects of rutin in all experimental and human studies. CONCLUSIONS Based on the above summarized effects of rutin, this flavonoid appears to be a potent component that could be considered in the treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Chua LS. A review on plant-based rutin extraction methods and its pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:805-17. [PMID: 24184193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rutin is a common dietary flavonoid that is widely consumed from plant-derived beverages and foods as traditional and folkloric medicine worldwide. Rutin is believed to exhibit significant pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic, neuroprotective and hormone therapy. Till date, over 130 registered therapeutic medicinal preparations are containing rutin in their formulations. This article aims to critically review the extraction methods for plant-based rutin and its pharmacological activities. This review provides comprehensive data on the performance of rutin extraction methods and the extent of its pharmacological activities using various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literatures including journals, patents, books and leaflets reporting on rutin from natural resources are systematically reviewed, particularly in the aspect of its extraction methods and biological activities. Factors affecting the efficiency of rutin extraction such as extraction temperature, duration and solvent to sample ratio are presented based on the findings of previous studies. The observed biological activities followed by clear explanation are also provided accordingly. RESULTS The biological activities of rutin varied largely dependent on the geographical and plant origins. The complexity of natural rutin has impeded the development of rutin derived drugs. The detail mechanism of rutin in human body after consumption is still unclear. Therefore, studies are intensively carried out both in vitro and in vivo for the better understanding of the underlying mechanism. The studies are not limited to the pharmacological properties, but also on the extraction methods of rutin. Many studies have focused on the optimization of extraction method to increase the extraction yield of rutin. Currently, the performances of modern extraction approaches have also been compared to the conventional heat reflux method as a benchmark. CONCLUSION There are various extraction methods for plant-based rutin ranging from conventional method up to the use of modern techniques such as ultrasound, mechanochemical, microwave, infrared and pressurized assisted methods. However, proper comparison between the methods is very difficult because of the variance in plant origin and extraction conditions. It is important to optimize the extraction method in order to produce high yield and acceptable purity of rutin with a reasonable cost. Even though rutin has been proven to be effective in numerous pharmacological activities, the dosage and toxicity of rutin for such activities are still unknown. Future research should relate the dosage and toxicity of rutin for the ethnobotanical claims based on the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Suan Chua
- Metabolites Profiling Laboratory, Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
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Hsieh CL, Peng CC, Chen KC, Peng RY. Rutin (quercetin rutinoside) induced protein-energy malnutrition in chronic kidney disease, but quercetin acted beneficially. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7258-7267. [PMID: 23876017 DOI: 10.1021/jf304595p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nutraceutically, much of the literature has indicated that an aglycon and its related glycoside would act similarly. However, controversial reports are accumulating. We hypothesize that rutin (RT) and quercetin (QT) pharmacodynamically could act differently. To confirm this, doxorubicin (DR) (8.5 mg/kg) was used to induce rat chronic kidney disease (CKD) and then treated with QT and RT (each 70 mg/kg body weight per day) for 13 weeks. QT exhibited better body weight gaining effect (420 ± 45) vs RT, 350 ± 57 g/rat (p < 0.001). DR raised the ratio kidney-to-body weight (%) to 0.82 (p < 0.001) vs RT, 0.62 (p < 0.01), and QT, 0.35 (p < 0.01). DR reduced the glomerular filtration rate to 25.2 vs RT, 48 ± 11.3; QT, 124.7 ± 12.8 (p < 0.001) and the control, 191.5 ± 15.7 mL/h (p < 0.001). DRCKD reduced hematocrit to 29 ± 5; RT, to 28 ± 5 (p < 0.05); QT, to 36 ± 6 vs the control 37.5 ± 4%, (p < 0.01). DRCKD reduced the serum albumin (s-Ab) to 2.1 ± 0.2 (p < 0.001); QT, to 2.7 ± 0.2 (p < 0.05) vs the normal 4.3 ± 0.5 g/dL, yet RT was totally ineffective. DRCKD raised serum cholesterol level to 340 ± 30; vs RT, 260 ± 12; QT, 220 ± 25; and the normal value, 70 ± 25 mg/dL. DRCKD increased serum triglyceride to 260 ± 15 (p < 0.001), RT and QT restored it to 170 ± 25 and 200 ± 15 (p < 0.05) vs the normal 26-145 mg/dL. DRCKD elevated blood urea nitrogen to 38 ± 3 vs RT, to 98 ± 6 mg/dL (p < 0.001), implicating "protein-energy malnutrition". RT stimulated serum creatinine (sCr) production to reach 6.0 ± 0.9 mg/dL (p < 0.001). QT did not alter the sCr level. RT but not QT induced uremia and hypercreatininemia. DR significantly downregulated Bcl-2, but highly upregulated Bax, Bad, and cleaved caspase-3, implicating the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. DR damaged DNA, but QT completely rescued such an effect and recovered renal amyloidosis and collagen deposition. Conclusively, RT and QT act differently, and RT is inferior to QT with respect to treating CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Lan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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Sadeghnia HR, Yousefsani BS, Rashidfar M, Boroushaki MT, Asadpour E, Ghorbani A. Protective effect of rutin on hexachlorobutadiene-induced nephrotoxicity. Ren Fail 2013; 35:1151-5. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.815546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Gao M, Ma Y, Liu D. Rutin suppresses palmitic acids-triggered inflammation in macrophages and blocks high fat diet-induced obesity and fatty liver in mice. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2940-50. [PMID: 23783345 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the mechanism of rutin in blocking macrophage-mediated inflammation and high fat diet-induced obesity and fatty liver. METHODS Both in vitro and in vivo approaches were taken in evaluating the effects of rutin on palmitic acids-triggered inflammation in cultured macrophages, and on weight gain and development of fatty liver of mice fed a high fat diet. RESULTS Palmitic acids increase mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and elevate the production of TNFα in cultured macrophages. Pre-exposure of rutin to cells greatly suppressed these elevations. The suppressed inflammation by rutin was correlated with a decrease in transcription of genes responsible for ER stress and production of reactive oxygen species. In vivo, rutin protects mice from high fat diet-induced obesity, fatty liver and insulin resistance. The protective effects were associated with lack of hypertrophy and crown-like structures in the white adipose tissue, decreased mRNA levels of marker genes for macrophages including F4/80, Cd11c and Cd68, and repressed transcription of genes involved in chronic inflammation such as Mcp1 and Tnfα in white adipose tissue. In addition, rutin increases the expression of genes responsible for energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue including Pgc1α and Dio2. Furthermore, rutin suppresses transcription of Srebp1c and Cd36 in the liver, leading to a blockade of fatty liver development. CONCLUSION These results suggest that supplementation of rutin is a promising strategy for blocking macrophage-mediated inflammation and inflammation-induced obesity and its associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 450 Pharmacy South 250 West Green Street, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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Hao HH, Shao ZM, Tang DQ, Lu Q, Chen X, Yin XX, Wu J, Chen H. Preventive effects of rutin on the development of experimental diabetic nephropathy in rats. Life Sci 2012; 91:959-67. [PMID: 23000098 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is an important microvascular complication and one of the main causes of end-stage renal disease. In this study, the preventive effect and mechanism of rutin on the development of DN in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were investigated. MAIN METHODS After an early DN model was induced by STZ, rats were orally administered rutin at 3 doses for 10 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urine protein, kidney index, antioxidase, advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), extracellular matrix (ECM) including collagen IV and laminin, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), phosphorylated Smad 2/3 (p-Smad 2/3) and Smad 7 (p-Smad 7), and transforming growth factor-β(1) (TGF-β(1)) were determined by different methods, respectively. The ultrastructural morphology was observed by a transmission electron microscope. KEY FINDINGS Compared with the DN group, rutin decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose, Cr, BUN, urine protein, the intensity of oxidative stress and p-Smad 7 significantly. The expression of AGEs, collagen IV and laminin, TGF-β(1), p-Smad 2/3 and CTGF was inhibited by rutin significantly. Moreover, rutin was observed to inhibit proliferation of mesangial cells and decrease thickness of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) by electron microscopy. SIGNIFICANCE The preventive effect of rutin on the development of DN is closely related to oxidative stress and the TGF-β(1)/Smad/ECM and TGF-β(1)/CTGF/ECM signaling pathways. Those results suggest that rutin can prevent the development of experimental DN in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-hui Hao
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
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Peng CC, Hsieh CL, Ker YB, Wang HY, Chen KC, Peng RY. Selected nutraceutic screening by therapeutic effects on doxorubicin-induced chronic kidney disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1541-58. [PMID: 22945467 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are increasing. Interventions such as controlling hypertension and specific pharmacologic options are recommended. Some nutraceutics may have benefits in this regard. METHODS AND RESULTS Naringenin (a flavanon), catechin (a flavanol), and quercetin (a flavonol) and rutin (a flavonol rutinoside) were tried on CKD in a Sprague Dawley rat model. Results indicated quercetin to be the most effective therapeutic candidate with respect to renal edema, hypertension, serum creatinine, hematocrit, cardiopathy, aorta calcification, glomerular amyloidosis, erythrocyte depletion in bone marrow, collagen deposition, expressions of TNF-α, cleaved caspase-3, IκBα, PPARα, and serum insulin. But quercetin was only partially effective in restoring glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase; urinary BUN and urinary creatinine. As for signaling, quercetin was completely effective in alleviating the cleaved caspase-3, being only partially effective in suppressing Bax and Bad, restoring Bcl-2, and rescuing DNA damage. CONCLUSION The CKD status cannot to be ameliorated by naringenin, rutin, and catechin. Comparatively, quercetin may be a better therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hu QH, Zhang X, Pan Y, Li YC, Kong LD. Allopurinol, quercetin and rutin ameliorate renal NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipid accumulation in fructose-fed rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:113-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tang DQ, Wei YQ, Gao YY, Yin XX, Yang DZ, Mou J, Jiang XL. Retracted
: Protective Effects of Rutin on Rat Glomerular Mesangial Cells Cultured in High Glucose Conditions. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1640-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dao-quan Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Ya-qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Yuan-yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Xiao-xing Yin
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Dong-zhi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Jie Mou
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
| | - Xiang-lan Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou 221004 China
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Stanely Mainzen Prince P, Priya S. Preventive effects of rutin on lysosomal enzymes in isoproterenol induced cardio toxic rats: Biochemical, histological and in vitro evidences. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 649:229-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li J, Lee YS, Choi JS, Sung HY, Kim JK, Lim SS, Kang YH. Roasted licorice extracts dampen high glucose-induced mesangial hyperplasia and matrix deposition through blocking Akt activation and TGF-beta signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:800-810. [PMID: 20382513 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) characterized as nephrotic syndrome and diffuse glomerulosclerosis can cause renal failure and end-stage kidney disease. Expansion of mesangial matrix around capillaries in the kidney glomeruli is a prominent feature of DN. This study investigated whether licorice extracts inhibited mesangial cell (MC) proliferation and matrix accumulation induced by high glucose (HG). Human renal MC were cultured in media containing 5.5 mM glucose plus 27.5 mM mannitol as an osmotic control or 33 mM glucose for 3 d in the presence of water or ethanol extracts from raw licorice (LW, LE) or roasted licorice (RLW, RLE). Non-polar components including glycyrrhetic acid were elevated during licorice roasting, whereas polar components soluble in water extracts were diminished. Exposure of cells to HG caused significant increases in collagen IV secretion and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression, which was appeased by RLW and RLE at transcriptional levels. The inhibitory potency was high in the order of RLE > or = RLW > or = LE > > LW. Non-polar glycyrrhetic acid but not glycyrrhizin retarded HG-stimulated mesangial matrix deposition through diminishing CTGF expression. In addition, RLW and RLE but not LW modulated membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT-1 MMP) expression, MMP-2 activity and tissue inhibitor of MMP-2 (TIMP-2), which facilitated the degradation of mesangial matrix. Furthermore, the augmented expression of CTGF and TIMP-2 in HG-exposed cells was mediated by Akt activation and TGF-beta/Smad signaling through PKCbeta2-responsive signaling pathways. However, HG-down-regulated MT-1 MMP expression was independent of activation of ERK1/2 and Akt when using their inhibitors of DB98059 (ERK1/2) and LY294002 (Akt) alone or in combination. These results demonstrate that extracts from roasted licorice may be highly potent therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of mesangial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis leading to diabetes nephropathy due to longstanding diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 200-702, South Korea
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Li J, Kang SW, Kim JL, Sung HY, Kwun IS, Kang YH. Isoliquiritigenin entails blockade of TGF-beta1-SMAD signaling for retarding high glucose-induced mesangial matrix accumulation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:3205-3212. [PMID: 20146476 DOI: 10.1021/jf9040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy characterized as mesangial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis results in renal failure and end-stage renal diseases. Enhanced expression and secretion of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) play an important role in the expansion of glomerular mesangial matrix mostly composed of type IV collagen. Isoliquiritigenin can prevent various renal injuries via its anti-inflammatory action. However, the effect of isoliquiritigenin on diabetic nephropathy has never been explored. The present study was to investigate whether nontoxic isoliquiritigenin inhibited high glucose (HG)-induced mesangial fibrosis by retarding formation of type IV collagen as well as CTGF in human mesangial cells (HRMC). Serum starved cells were cultured in media containing 5.5 mM glucose plus 27.5 mM mannitol as an osmotic control or 33 mM glucose for 3 days with and without 1-20 microM isoliquiritigenin. Exposure of cells to HG caused marked increases in collagen secretion and CTGF expression, which was dose-dependently reversed by isoliquiritigenin at the transcriptional levels. Additionally, isoliquiritigenin boosted HG-plummeted type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT-1 MMP) expression and dampened HG-elevated tissue inhibitor of MMP-2 (TIMP-2) expression, facilitating the degradation of mesangial matrix. Isoliquiritigenin inhibited HG-upregulated CTGF and TIMP-2 expression via disturbing TGF-beta1 signaling in HRMC, as evidenced by TGF-beta receptor I kinase (TGF-beta RI) inhibitor. HG-activated SMAD2 through autocrine TGF-beta signaling was repealed by > or =10 microM isoliquiritigenin. HG induced SMAD4 expression of HRMC and obliterated antagonistic SMAD7, whereas isoliquiritigenin suppressed induction of TGF-beta RII and TGF-beta RI with blunting their downstream SMAD signaling. The results demonstrate that the bioactive isoliquiritigenin in licorice diminished mesangial matrix accumulation in response to ambient HG through retarding TGF-beta1-SMAD signaling transduction. Therefore, isoliquiritigenin may be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of mesangial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis leading to diabetic nephropathy due to longstanding diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 200-702 Korea
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Stanely Mainzen Prince P, Kannan NK. Protective effect of rutin on lipids, lipoproteins, lipid metabolizing enzymes and glycoproteins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:1373-83. [PMID: 17034661 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.10.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The protective role of rutin on lipids, lipoproteins, lipid metabolizing enzymes and glycoproteins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats has been studied. A single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg kg−1) to rats led to a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the levels of lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids) in plasma and tissues (liver, kidney, heart and brain). The levels of low density and very low density lipoprotein (LDL and VLDL, respectively) cholesterol were increased, whereas the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in plasma. The activity of 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase increased significantly (P < 0.05) in liver, kidney and heart, and the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the plasma of diabetic rats. Streptozotocin injection also increased the levels of glycoproteins such as hexose, hexosamine, fucose and sialic acid in plasma, liver and kidney. Oral administration of rutin to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the levels of lipids in plasma and tissues. The levels of plasma HDL-cholesterol increased and the levels of LDL- and VLDL-cholesterol decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The activity of HMG CoA reductase decreased in the tissues and the activity of plasma LPL and LCAT increased significantly (P < 0.05). The levels of glycoproteins were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in plasma, liver and kidney of rutin-treated diabetic rats. Rutin administration to normal rats did not exhibit any significant (P < 0.05) changes in any of the parameters studied. In conclusion, the beneficial effect of rutin on lipids, lipoproteins, lipid metabolizing enzymes and glycoproteins could be due to its antioxidant property.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/blood
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Lipoprotein Lipase/blood
- Lipoproteins/blood
- Lipoproteins/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, HDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, HDL/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, LDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, VLDL/blood
- Lipoproteins, VLDL/metabolism
- Male
- Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase/blood
- Phospholipids/blood
- Phospholipids/metabolism
- Protective Agents/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Rutin/pharmacology
- Streptozocin
- Triglycerides/blood
- Triglycerides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stanely Mainzen Prince
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamilnadu, India.
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da Cunha AM, Menon S, Menon R, Couto AG, Bürger C, Biavatti MW. Hypoglycemic activity of dried extracts of Bauhinia forficata Link. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:37-41. [PMID: 19577450 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of the pantropical genus Bauhinia (Fabaceae) are known popularly as cow's foot, due to their unique characteristic bilobed aspect. The species Bauhinia forficata (Brazilian Orchid-tree) is widely used in folk medicine as an antidiabetic. The present work investigates the hypoglycemic activity of the dried extracts of Bauhinia forficata leaves in vivo, as well as the influence of the drying and granulation processes on this activity. The fluid extract was dried to generate oven-dried (ODE), spray-dried (SDE) and wet granulation (WGE) extracts, with the aid of colloidal silicon dioxide and/or cellulose:lactose mixture. The dried extracts were characterized by spectrophotometric, chromatographic and photo microscopy image analysis. 200 mg/kg body wt., p.o. of each dried product were administered orally to male Wistar rats over 7 days old, for biomonitoring of the hypoglycemic activity profile. The effect of the extracts was studied in STZ-induced diabetic rats. After 7 days of treatment, fasting glucose was determined, and the livers were removed, dried on tissue paper, weighed, and stored at -20 degrees C to estimate hepatic glycogen. Our results show that spray-drying or oven-drying processes applied to B. forficata extracts did not significantly alter its flavonoid profile or its hypoglycemic activity. Indeed, the dried extracts of B. forficata act differently from glibenclamide. Despite the lower active content in WGE, because of the higher concentration of adjuvants, the use of the granulation process improved the manufacturing properties of the ODE, making this material more appropriate for use in tablets or capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M da Cunha
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Curso de Farmácia, CCS, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Santa Catarina (SC), 88302-202, Brazil
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Hu QH, Wang C, Li JM, Zhang DM, Kong LD. Allopurinol, rutin, and quercetin attenuate hyperuricemia and renal dysfunction in rats induced by fructose intake: renal organic ion transporter involvement. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1080-91. [PMID: 19605544 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90767.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructose consumption has been recently related to an epidemic of metabolic syndrome, and hyperuricemia plays a pathogenic role in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. Fructose-fed rats showed hyperuricemia and renal dysfunction with reductions of the urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio and fractional excretion of uric acid (FE(ur)), as well as other features of metabolic syndrome. Lowering serum uric acid levels with allopurinol, rutin, and quercetin increased the urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio and FE(ur) and attenuated other fructose-induced metabolic abnormalities in rats, demonstrating that hyperuricemia contributed to the deficiency of renal uric acid excretion in this model. Furthermore, we found that fructose upregulated the expression levels of rSLC2A9v2 and renal-specific transporter (rRST), downregulated the expression levels of organic anion transporters (rOAT1 and rUAT) and organic cation transporters (rOCT1 and rOCT2), with the regulators prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) elevation and nitric oxide (NO) reduction in rat kidney. Allopurinol, rutin, and quercetin reversed dysregulations of these transporters with PGE(2) reduction and NO elevation in the kidney of fructose-fed rats. These results suggested that dysregulations of renal rSLC2A9v2, rRST, rOAT1, rUAT, rOCT1, and rOCT2 contributed to fructose-induced hyperuricemia and renal dysfunction. Therefore, these renal transporters may represent novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of hyperuricemia and renal dysfunction in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Goestemeyer AK, Marks J, Srai SK, Debnam ES, Unwin RJ. GLUT2 protein at the rat proximal tubule brush border membrane correlates with protein kinase C (PKC)-betal and plasma glucose concentration. Diabetologia 2007; 50:2209-17. [PMID: 17694297 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS GLUT2 is the main renal glucose transporter upregulated by hyperglycaemia, when it becomes detectable at the brush border membrane (BBM). Since glucose-induced protein kinase C (PKC) activation in the kidney is linked to diabetic nephropathy, we investigated the effect of glycaemic status on the protein levels of PKC isoforms alpha, betaI, betaII, delta and epsilon in the proximal tubule, as well as the relationship between them and changes in GLUT2 production at the BBM. METHODS Plasma glucose concentrations were modulated in rats by treatment with nicotinamide 15 min prior to induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. Levels of GLUT2 protein and PKC isoforms in BBM were measured by western blotting. Additionally, the role of calcium signalling and PKC activation on facilitative glucose transport was examined by measuring glucose uptake in BBM vesicles prepared from proximal tubules that had been incubated either with thapsigargin, which increases cytosolic calcium, or with the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate,13-acetate (PMA). RESULTS Thapsigargin and PMA enhanced GLUT-mediated glucose uptake, but had no effect on sodium-dependent glucose transport. Diabetes significantly increased the protein levels of GLUT2 and PKC-betaI at the BBM. Levels of GLUT2 and PKC-betaI correlated positively with plasma glucose concentration. Diabetes had no effect on BBM levels of alpha, betaII, delta or epsilon isoforms of PKC. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Enhanced GLUT2-mediated glucose transport across the proximal tubule BBM during diabetic hyperglycaemia is closely associated with increased PKC-betaI. Thus, altered levels of GLUT2 and PKC-betaI proteins in the BBM may be important factors in the pathogenic processes underlying diabetic renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Goestemeyer
- Department of Physiology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Hampstead Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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