1
|
Demay MB, Pittas AG, Bikle DD, Diab DL, Kiely ME, Lazaretti-Castro M, Lips P, Mitchell DM, Murad MH, Powers S, Rao SD, Scragg R, Tayek JA, Valent AM, Walsh JME, McCartney CR. Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:1907-1947. [PMID: 38828931 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies demonstrate associations between serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and a variety of common disorders, including musculoskeletal, metabolic, cardiovascular, malignant, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. Although a causal link between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and many disorders has not been clearly established, these associations have led to widespread supplementation with vitamin D and increased laboratory testing for 25(OH)D in the general population. The benefit-risk ratio of this increase in vitamin D use is not clear, and the optimal vitamin D intake and the role of testing for 25(OH)D for disease prevention remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE To develop clinical guidelines for the use of vitamin D (cholecalciferol [vitamin D3] or ergocalciferol [vitamin D2]) to lower the risk of disease in individuals without established indications for vitamin D treatment or 25(OH)D testing. METHODS A multidisciplinary panel of clinical experts, along with experts in guideline methodology and systematic literature review, identified and prioritized 14 clinically relevant questions related to the use of vitamin D and 25(OH)D testing to lower the risk of disease. The panel prioritized randomized placebo-controlled trials in general populations (without an established indication for vitamin D treatment or 25[OH]D testing), evaluating the effects of empiric vitamin D administration throughout the lifespan, as well as in select conditions (pregnancy and prediabetes). The panel defined "empiric supplementation" as vitamin D intake that (a) exceeds the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and (b) is implemented without testing for 25(OH)D. Systematic reviews queried electronic databases for publications related to these 14 clinical questions. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used to assess the certainty of evidence and guide recommendations. The approach incorporated perspectives from a patient representative and considered patient values, costs and resources required, acceptability and feasibility, and impact on health equity of the proposed recommendations. The process to develop this clinical guideline did not use a risk assessment framework and was not designed to replace current DRI for vitamin D. RESULTS The panel suggests empiric vitamin D supplementation for children and adolescents aged 1 to 18 years to prevent nutritional rickets and because of its potential to lower the risk of respiratory tract infections; for those aged 75 years and older because of its potential to lower the risk of mortality; for those who are pregnant because of its potential to lower the risk of preeclampsia, intra-uterine mortality, preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age birth, and neonatal mortality; and for those with high-risk prediabetes because of its potential to reduce progression to diabetes. Because the vitamin D doses in the included clinical trials varied considerably and many trial participants were allowed to continue their own vitamin D-containing supplements, the optimal doses for empiric vitamin D supplementation remain unclear for the populations considered. For nonpregnant people older than 50 years for whom vitamin D is indicated, the panel suggests supplementation via daily administration of vitamin D, rather than intermittent use of high doses. The panel suggests against empiric vitamin D supplementation above the current DRI to lower the risk of disease in healthy adults younger than 75 years. No clinical trial evidence was found to support routine screening for 25(OH)D in the general population, nor in those with obesity or dark complexion, and there was no clear evidence defining the optimal target level of 25(OH)D required for disease prevention in the populations considered; thus, the panel suggests against routine 25(OH)D testing in all populations considered. The panel judged that, in most situations, empiric vitamin D supplementation is inexpensive, feasible, acceptable to both healthy individuals and health care professionals, and has no negative effect on health equity. CONCLUSION The panel suggests empiric vitamin D for those aged 1 to 18 years and adults over 75 years of age, those who are pregnant, and those with high-risk prediabetes. Due to the scarcity of natural food sources rich in vitamin D, empiric supplementation can be achieved through a combination of fortified foods and supplements that contain vitamin D. Based on the absence of supportive clinical trial evidence, the panel suggests against routine 25(OH)D testing in the absence of established indications. These recommendations are not meant to replace the current DRIs for vitamin D, nor do they apply to people with established indications for vitamin D treatment or 25(OH)D testing. Further research is needed to determine optimal 25(OH)D levels for specific health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie B Demay
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anastassios G Pittas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dima L Diab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Mairead E Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences and INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, T12 Y337, Ireland
| | - Marise Lazaretti-Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04220-00, Brazil
| | - Paul Lips
- Endocrine Section, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Internal Medicine, 1007 MB Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Deborah M Mitchell
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M Hassan Murad
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shelley Powers
- Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation, Los Gatos, CA 95032, USA
| | - Sudhaker D Rao
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone & Mineral Disorders, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert Scragg
- School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - John A Tayek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
- The Lundquist Institute, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Amy M Valent
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Judith M E Walsh
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christopher R McCartney
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Misicka E, Huang Y, Loomis S, Sadhu N, Fisher E, Gafson A, Runz H, Tsai E, Jia X, Herman A, Bronson PG, Bhangale T, Briggs FB. Adaptive and Innate Immunity Are Key Drivers of Age at Onset of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Genet 2024; 10:e200159. [PMID: 38817245 PMCID: PMC11139017 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Multiple sclerosis (MS) age at onset (AAO) is a clinical predictor of long-term disease outcomes, independent of disease duration. Little is known about the genetic and biological mechanisms underlying age of first symptoms. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to investigate associations between individual genetic variation and the MS AAO phenotype. Methods The study population was comprised participants with MS in 6 clinical trials: ADVANCE (N = 655; relapsing-remitting [RR] MS), ASCEND (N = 555; secondary-progressive [SP] MS), DECIDE (N = 1,017; RRMS), OPERA1 (N = 581; RRMS), OPERA2 (N = 577; RRMS), and ORATORIO (N = 529; primary-progressive [PP] MS). Altogether, 3,905 persons with MS of European ancestry were analyzed. GWAS were conducted for MS AAO in each trial using linear additive models controlling for sex and 10 principal components. Resultant summary statistics across the 6 trials were then meta-analyzed, for a total of 8.3 × 10-6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across all trials after quality control and filtering for heterogeneity. Gene-based tests of associations, pathway enrichment analyses, and Mendelian randomization analyses for select exposures were also performed. Results Four lead SNPs within 2 loci were identified (p < 5 × 10-8), including a) 3 SNPs in the major histocompatibility complex and their effects were independent of HLA-DRB1*15:01 and b) a LOC105375167 variant on chromosome 7. At the gene level, the top association was HLA-C (p = 1.2 × 10-7), which plays an important role in antiviral immunity. Functional annotation revealed the enrichment of pathways related to T-cell receptor signaling, autoimmunity, and the complement cascade. Mendelian randomization analyses suggested a link between both earlier age at puberty and shorter telomere length and earlier AAO, while there was no evidence for a role for either body mass index or vitamin D levels. Discussion Two genetic loci associated with MS AAO were identified, and functional annotation demonstrated an enrichment of genes involved in adaptive and complement immunity. There was also evidence supporting a link with age at puberty and telomere length. The findings suggest that AAO in MS is multifactorial, and the factors driving onset of symptoms overlap with those influencing MS risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Misicka
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Stephanie Loomis
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Nilanjana Sadhu
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Elizabeth Fisher
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Arie Gafson
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Heiko Runz
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Ellen Tsai
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Xiaoming Jia
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Ann Herman
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Paola G Bronson
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Tushar Bhangale
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| | - Farren B Briggs
- From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (E.M.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Biogen (Y.H., S.L., N.S., E.F., A.G., H.R., E.T., P.G.B.), Cambridge, MA; Human Genetics and Bioinformatics (X.J., A.H., T.B.), Genentech, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Public Health Sciences (F.B.B.), University of Miami, FL
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fang A, Zhao Y, Yang P, Zhang X, Giovannucci EL. Vitamin D and human health: evidence from Mendelian randomization studies. Eur J Epidemiol 2024; 39:467-490. [PMID: 38214845 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-023-01075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
We summarized the current evidence on vitamin D and major health outcomes from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies. PubMed and Embase were searched for original MR studies on vitamin D in relation to any health outcome from inception to September 1, 2022. Nonlinear MR findings were excluded due to concerns about the validity of the statistical methods used. A meta-analysis was preformed to synthesize study-specific estimates after excluding overlapping samples, where applicable. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated according to the STROBE-MR checklist. A total of 133 MR publications were eligible for inclusion in the analyses. The causal association between vitamin D status and 275 individual outcomes was examined. Linear MR analyses showed genetically high 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were associated with reduced risk of multiple sclerosis incidence and relapse, non-infectious uveitis and scleritis, psoriasis, femur fracture, leg fracture, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anorexia nervosa, delirium, heart failure, ovarian cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, and bacterial pneumonia, but increased risk of Behçet's disease, Graves' disease, kidney stone disease, fracture of radium/ulna, basal cell carcinoma, and overall cataracts. Stratified analyses showed that the inverse association between genetically predisposed 25(OH)D concentrations and multiple sclerosis risk was significant and consistent regardless of the genetic instruments GIs selected. However, the associations with most of the other outcomes were only pronounced when using genetic variants not limited to those in the vitamin D pathway as GIs. The methodological quality of the included MR studies was substantially heterogeneous. Current evidence from linear MR studies strongly supports a causal role of vitamin D in the development of multiple sclerosis. Suggestive support for a number of other health conditions could help prioritize conditions where vitamin D may be beneficial or harmful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Fang
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kresge HA, Blostein F, Goleva S, Albiñana C, Revez JA, Wray NR, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Zhu Z, McGrath JJ, Davis LK. Phenomewide Association Study of Health Outcomes Associated With the Genetic Correlates of 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Vitamin D Binding Protein Concentration. Twin Res Hum Genet 2024; 27:69-79. [PMID: 38644690 PMCID: PMC11138239 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2024.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
While it is known that vitamin D deficiency is associated with adverse bone outcomes, it remains unclear whether low vitamin D status may increase the risk of a wider range of health outcomes. We had the opportunity to explore the association between common genetic variants associated with both 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and the vitamin D binding protein (DBP, encoded by the GC gene) with a comprehensive range of health disorders and laboratory tests in a large academic medical center. We used summary statistics for 25OHD and DBP to generate polygenic scores (PGS) for 66,482 participants with primarily European ancestry and 13,285 participants with primarily African ancestry from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Biobank (BioVU). We examined the predictive properties of PGS25OHD, and two scores related to DBP concentration with respect to 1322 health-related phenotypes and 315 laboratory-measured phenotypes from electronic health records. In those with European ancestry: (a) the PGS25OHD and PGSDBP scores, and individual SNPs rs4588 and rs7041 were associated with both 25OHD concentration and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations; (b) higher PGS25OHD was associated with decreased concentrations of triglycerides and cholesterol, and reduced risks of vitamin D deficiency, disorders of lipid metabolism, and diabetes. In general, the findings for the African ancestry group were consistent with findings from the European ancestry analyses. Our study confirms the utility of PGS and two key variants within the GC gene (rs4588 and rs7041) to predict the risk of vitamin D deficiency in clinical settings and highlights the shared biology between vitamin D-related genetic pathways a range of health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailey A. Kresge
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Freida Blostein
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Slavina Goleva
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Clara Albiñana
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joana A. Revez
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bjarni J. Vilhjálmsson
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - John J. McGrath
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Lea K. Davis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Neurology, Pharmacology and Special Education, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Loginovic P, Wang F, Li J, Ferrat L, Mirshahi UL, Rao HS, Petzold A, Tyrrell J, Green HD, Weedon MN, Ganna A, Tuomi T, Carey DJ, Oram RA, Braithwaite T. Applying a genetic risk score model to enhance prediction of future multiple sclerosis diagnosis at first presentation with optic neuritis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1415. [PMID: 38418465 PMCID: PMC10902342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) is associated with numerous immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, but 50% patients are ultimately diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). Differentiating MS-ON from non-MS-ON acutely is challenging but important; non-MS ON often requires urgent immunosuppression to preserve vision. Using data from the United Kingdom Biobank we showed that combining an MS-genetic risk score (GRS) with demographic risk factors (age, sex) significantly improved MS prediction in undifferentiated ON; one standard deviation of MS-GRS increased the Hazard of MS 1.3-fold (95% confidence interval 1.07-1.55, P < 0.01). Participants stratified into quartiles of predicted risk developed incident MS at rates varying from 4% (95%CI 0.5-7%, lowest risk quartile) to 41% (95%CI 33-49%, highest risk quartile). The model replicated across two cohorts (Geisinger, USA, and FinnGen, Finland). This study indicates that a combined model might enhance individual MS risk stratification, paving the way for precision-based ON treatment and earlier MS disease-modifying therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Loginovic
- University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2HZ, UK
| | - Feiyi Wang
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jiang Li
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Lauric Ferrat
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - H Shanker Rao
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Axel Petzold
- Neuro-ophthalmology Expert Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuro-ophthalmology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Neuro-ophthalmology service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Harry D Green
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes Research (EXCEED), University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Michael N Weedon
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - David J Carey
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Richard A Oram
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2LU, UK.
- Academic Kidney Unit, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.
| | - Tasanee Braithwaite
- King's College London, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences and School of Life Course and Population Sciences, London, UK
- Medical Eye Unit, St Thomas' Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Adams C, Manouchehrinia A, Quach HL, Quach DL, Olsson T, Kockum I, Schaefer C, Ponting CP, Alfredsson L, Barcellos LF. Evidence supports a causal association between allele-specific vitamin D receptor binding and multiple sclerosis among Europeans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2302259121. [PMID: 38346204 PMCID: PMC10895341 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302259121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Although evidence exists for a causal association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) serum levels, and multiple sclerosis (MS), the role of variation in vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding in MS is unknown. Here, we leveraged previously identified variants associated with allele imbalance in VDR binding (VDR-binding variant; VDR-BV) in ChIP-exo data from calcitriol-stimulated lymphoblastoid cell lines and 25(OH)D serum levels from genome-wide association studies to construct genetic instrumental variables (GIVs). GIVs are composed of one or more genetic variants that serve as proxies for exposures of interest. Here, GIVs for both VDR-BVs and 25(OH)D were used in a two-sample Mendelian Randomization study to investigate the relationship between VDR binding at a locus, 25(OH)D serum levels, and MS risk. Data for 13,598 MS cases and 38,887 controls of European ancestry from Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Swedish MS studies, and the UK Biobank were included. We estimated the association between each VDR-BV GIV and MS. Significant interaction between a VDR-BV GIV and a GIV for serum 25OH(D) was evidence for a causal association between VDR-BVs and MS unbiased by pleiotropy. We observed evidence for associations between two VDR-BVs (rs2881514, rs2531804) and MS after correction for multiple tests. There was evidence of interaction between rs2881514 and a 25(OH)D GIV, providing evidence of a causal association between rs2881514 and MS. This study is the first to demonstrate evidence that variation in VDR binding at a locus contributes to MS risk. Our results are relevant to other autoimmune diseases in which vitamin D plays a role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Adams
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Ali Manouchehrinia
- Division of Neuro, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, StockholmSE-171 77, Sweden
- The Karolinska Neuroimmunology & Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, StockholmSE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Hong L. Quach
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Diana L. Quach
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Division of Neuro, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, StockholmSE-171 77, Sweden
- The Karolinska Neuroimmunology & Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, StockholmSE-171 77, Sweden
- Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm113 65, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Division of Neuro, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, StockholmSE-171 77, Sweden
- The Karolinska Neuroimmunology & Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, StockholmSE-171 77, Sweden
- Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm113 65, Sweden
| | - Catherine Schaefer
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA94612
| | - Chris P. Ponting
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, The Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, EdinburghEH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Division of Neuro, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, StockholmSE-171 77, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm113 65, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, StockholmSE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Lisa F. Barcellos
- Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA94612
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Siddiqui A, Yang JH, Hua LH, Graves JS. Clinical and Treatment Considerations for the Pediatric and Aging Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Clin 2024; 42:255-274. [PMID: 37980118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronologic aging is associated with multiple pathologic and immunologic changes that impact the clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS). Clinical phenotypes evolve across the lifespan, from a highly inflammatory course in the very young to a predominantly neurodegenerative phenotype in older patients. Thus, unique clinical considerations arise for the diagnosis and management of the two age extremes of pediatric and geriatric MS populations. This review covers epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for these populations with nuanced discussions on therapeutic approaches to effectively care for patients living with MS at critical transition points during their lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areeba Siddiqui
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 W. Bonneville Avenue, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Jennifer H Yang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0662, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital, 3020 Children's Way MC 5009, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Le H Hua
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, 888 W. Bonneville Avenue, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA.
| | - Jennifer S Graves
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0662, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital, 3020 Children's Way MC 5009, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Neale RE, Beedle V, Ebeling PR, Elliott T, Francis D, Girgis CM, Gordon L, Janda M, Jones G, Lucas RM, Mason RS, Monnington PK, Morahan J, Paxton G, Sinclair C, Shumack S, Smith J, Webb AR, Whiteman DC. Balancing the risks and benefits of sun exposure: A revised position statement for Australian adults. Aust N Z J Public Health 2024; 48:100117. [PMID: 38350754 DOI: 10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the development of a new position statement regarding balancing the risks and benefits of sun exposure for Australian adults. METHODS We conducted a Sun Exposure Summit in March 2021, with presentations from invited experts and a workshop including representation from academic, clinical, policy, and patient stakeholder organisations. The group considered advice about balancing the risks and benefits of sun exposure for Australian adults and developed a revised consensus position statement. RESULTS The balance of risks and benefits of sun exposure is not the same for everybody. For people at very high risk of skin cancer, the risks of exposure likely outweigh the benefits; sun protection is essential. Conversely, people with deeply pigmented skin are at low risk of skin cancer but at high risk of vitamin D deficiency; routine sun protection is not recommended. For those at intermediate risk of skin cancer, sun protection remains a priority, but individuals may obtain sufficient sun exposure to maintain adequate vitamin D status. CONCLUSIONS The new position statement provides sun exposure advice that explicitly recognises the differing needs of Australia's diverse population. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Mass communication campaigns should retain the focus on skin cancer prevention. The new position statement will support the delivery of personalised advice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Neale
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | - Peter R Ebeling
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Healthy Bones Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Elliott
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Christian M Girgis
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Australa and New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society, Australia
| | - Louisa Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Graeme Jones
- Australa and New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society, Australia; University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca S Mason
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Healthy Bones Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jane Smith
- Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, Australia
| | - Ann R Webb
- University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David C Whiteman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bouillon R, LeBoff MS, Neale RE. Health Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation: Lessons Learned From Randomized Controlled Trials and Mendelian Randomization Studies. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1391-1403. [PMID: 37483080 PMCID: PMC10592274 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays an important role in calcium homeostasis and many cellular processes. Although vitamin D supplements are widely recommended for community-dwelling adults, definitive data on whether these supplements benefit clinically important skeletal and extraskeletal outcomes have been conflicting. Although observational studies on effects of vitamin D on musculoskeletal and extraskeletal outcomes may be confounded by reverse causation, randomized controlled studies (RCTs) and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies can help to elucidate causation. In this review, we summarize the recent findings from large RCTs and/or MR studies of vitamin D on bone health and risk of fractures, falls, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, disorders of the immune system, multiple sclerosis, and mortality in community-dwelling adults. The primary analyses indicate that vitamin D supplementation does not decrease bone loss, fractures, falls, cancer incidence, hypertension, or cardiovascular risk in generally healthy populations. Large RCTs and meta-analyses suggest an effect of supplemental vitamin D on cancer mortality. The existence of extraskeletal benefits of vitamin D supplementations are best documented for the immune system especially in people with poor vitamin D status, autoimmune diseases, and multiple sclerosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that vitamin D may reduce all-cause mortality. These findings, in mostly vitamin D-replete populations, do not apply to older adults in residential communities or adults with vitamin D deficiency or osteoporosis. The focus of vitamin D supplementation should shift from widespread use in generally healthy populations to targeted vitamin D supplementation in select individuals, good nutritional approaches, and elimination of vitamin D deficiency globally. © 2023 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Bouillon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Mebabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Meryl S LeBoff
- Calcium and Bone Section, Endocrine, Diabetes and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel E Neale
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prajjwal P, M.D.M. M, Natarajan B, Inban P, Gadam S, Sowndarya D, John J, Abbas R, Vaja H, A.D.M. M, Amir Hussin O. Juvenile multiple sclerosis: addressing epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutic, and prognostic updates along with cognitive dysfunction and quality of life. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:4433-4441. [PMID: 37663711 PMCID: PMC10473341 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile multiple sclerosis (JMS) is a rare but significant subtype of multiple sclerosis (MS) that affects a small percentage of patients under the age of 10 and 3-5% of all MS patients. Despite its rarity, JMS poses unique challenges in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and management, as it can significantly impact a child or adolescent's physical, cognitive, and emotional development. JMS presents with a varying spectrum of signs and symptoms such as coordination difficulties and permanent cognitive dysfunctions and may include atypical clinical features such as seizures, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and optic neuritis, making diagnostic evaluations challenging. Whilst the biology of JMS shares similarities with adult-onset MS, there exist notable distinctions in disease progression, clinical manifestations, and ultimate prognoses. The International Pediatric MS Study Group (IPMSSG) was founded in 2005 to improve understanding of JMS, but there remains a lack of knowledge and guidelines on the management of this condition. This review summarizes the current knowledge on JMS, including its epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic challenges, current treatment options, and outcomes. Current treatment options for JMS include disease-modifying therapies, but JMS can also result in impaired quality of life and psychiatric comorbidity, highlighting the need for comprehensive care for affected children. Through gathering and analyzing scattered studies and recent updates on JMS, the authors aim to address the gaps in current knowledge on JMS and provide an improved understanding of appropriate care for affected children. By doing so, this review hopes to contribute to improving the quality of life and outcomes for JMS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marsool M.D.M.
- University of Baghdad, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Balaganesh Natarajan
- St. George’s University School of Medicine, University Centre Grenada, West Indies
| | - Pugazhendi Inban
- Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Omandurar, Chennai
| | - Srikanth Gadam
- Internal Medicine, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Mayo Clinic, USA
| | | | - Jobby John
- Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College and Hospital, Karakonam, Trivandrum
| | - Rahim Abbas
- Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - HariOm Vaja
- Internal Medicine, BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Marsool A.D.M.
- University of Baghdad, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vasileiou ES, Fitzgerald KC. Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Updates in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:481-496. [PMID: 37402064 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide a comprehensive update on current scientific advances and emerging therapeutic approaches in the field of multiple sclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common disorder characterized by inflammation and degeneration within the central nervous system (CNS). MS is the leading cause of non-traumatic disability in the young adult population. Through ongoing research, an improved understanding of the disease underlying mechanisms and contributing factors has been achieved. As a result, therapeutic advancements and interventions have been developed specifically targeting the inflammatory components that influence disease outcome. Recently, a new type of immunomodulatory treatment, known as Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, has surfaced as a promising tool to combat disease outcomes. Additionally, there is a renewed interested in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as a major potentiator of MS. Current research efforts are focused on addressing the gaps in our understanding of the pathogenesis of MS, particularly with respect to non-inflammatory drivers. Significant and compelling evidence suggests that the pathogenesis of MS is complex and requires a comprehensive, multilevel intervention strategy. This review aims to provide an overview of MS pathophysiology and highlights the most recent advances in disease-modifying therapies and other therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni S Vasileiou
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn C Fitzgerald
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bugbee E, Wang AA, Gommerman JL. Under the influence: environmental factors as modulators of neuroinflammation through the IL-10/IL-10R axis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188750. [PMID: 37600781 PMCID: PMC10435745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-10/IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) axis plays an important role in attenuating neuroinflammation in animal models of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and increased IL-10 has been associated with a positive response to MS disease modifying therapy. Because environmental factors play an important role in MS susceptibility and disease course, identification of environmental factors that impact the IL-10/IL-10R axis has therapeutic potential. In this review, we provide historical and updated perspectives of how IL-10R signaling impacts neuroinflammation, discuss environmental factors and intestinal microbes with known impacts on the IL-10/IL-10R axis, and provide a hypothetical model for how B cells, via their production of IL-10, may be important in conveying environmental "information" to the inflamed central nervous system.
Collapse
|
13
|
Pereira A, Adekunle RD, Zaman M, Wan MJ. Association Between Vitamin Deficiencies and Ophthalmological Conditions. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:2045-2062. [PMID: 37489231 PMCID: PMC10363387 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s401262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin deficiencies can have adverse effects on health, including on the visual system. The ocular manifestations of a vitamin deficiency are related to the underlying biochemical function of the particular nutrient. While vitamin deficiencies are not common in developed counties, they are still prevalent in parts of the developing world and in specific, vulnerable populations. Vitamin deficiencies can cause or contribute to many ophthalmological conditions and eye diseases may even be the first presenting finding of a vitamin deficiency. As such, it is important for ophthalmologists to be aware of the ocular manifestations of vitamin deficiencies, especially given that the complications can be severe and effectively treated if identified early. This review summarizes the literature on the main vitamins known to have characteristic ocular manifestations: vitamins A, B1, B2, B9, B12, C, D, E and K. The function, epidemiology, manifestations, workup, and management of each vitamin is discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Pereira
- University of Toronto Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Damilola Adekunle
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Michele Zaman
- Queen’s School of Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Wan
- University of Toronto Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oddsson A, Sulem P, Sveinbjornsson G, Arnadottir GA, Steinthorsdottir V, Halldorsson GH, Atlason BA, Oskarsson GR, Helgason H, Nielsen HS, Westergaard D, Karjalainen JM, Katrinardottir H, Fridriksdottir R, Jensson BO, Tragante V, Ferkingstad E, Jonsson H, Gudjonsson SA, Beyter D, Moore KHS, Thordardottir HB, Kristmundsdottir S, Stefansson OA, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Sonderby IE, Didriksen M, Stridh P, Haavik J, Tryggvadottir L, Frei O, Walters GB, Kockum I, Hjalgrim H, Olafsdottir TA, Selbaek G, Nyegaard M, Erikstrup C, Brodersen T, Saevarsdottir S, Olsson T, Nielsen KR, Haraldsson A, Bruun MT, Hansen TF, Steingrimsdottir T, Jacobsen RL, Lie RT, Djurovic S, Alfredsson L, Lopez de Lapuente Portilla A, Brunak S, Melsted P, Halldorsson BV, Saemundsdottir J, Magnusson OT, Padyukov L, Banasik K, Rafnar T, Askling J, Klareskog L, Pedersen OB, Masson G, Havdahl A, Nilsson B, Andreassen OA, Daly M, Ostrowski SR, Jonsdottir I, Stefansson H, Holm H, Helgason A, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K, Gudbjartsson DF. Deficit of homozygosity among 1.52 million individuals and genetic causes of recessive lethality. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3453. [PMID: 37301908 PMCID: PMC10257723 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotypes causing pregnancy loss and perinatal mortality are depleted among living individuals and are therefore difficult to find. To explore genetic causes of recessive lethality, we searched for sequence variants with deficit of homozygosity among 1.52 million individuals from six European populations. In this study, we identified 25 genes harboring protein-altering sequence variants with a strong deficit of homozygosity (10% or less of predicted homozygotes). Sequence variants in 12 of the genes cause Mendelian disease under a recessive mode of inheritance, two under a dominant mode, but variants in the remaining 11 have not been reported to cause disease. Sequence variants with a strong deficit of homozygosity are over-represented among genes essential for growth of human cell lines and genes orthologous to mouse genes known to affect viability. The function of these genes gives insight into the genetics of intrauterine lethality. We also identified 1077 genes with homozygous predicted loss-of-function genotypes not previously described, bringing the total set of genes completely knocked out in humans to 4785.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gudny A Arnadottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Henriette Svarre Nielsen
- Deptartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Westergaard
- Deptartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Methods and Analysis, Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juha M Karjalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kristjan H S Moore
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Helga B Thordardottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Ida Elken Sonderby
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Didriksen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernilla Stridh
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bergen Center of Brain Plasticity, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Laufey Tryggvadottir
- Icelandic Cancer Registry, Icelandic Cancer Society, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, BMC, Laeknagardur, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ingrid Kockum
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Geir Selbaek
- Norwegian National Centre of Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tonsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Deptartment of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thorsten Brodersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Koge, Denmark
| | - Saedis Saevarsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaspar Rene Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Asgeir Haraldsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Children's Hospital Iceland, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Mie Topholm Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Folkmann Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Thora Steingrimsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Rikke Louise Jacobsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rolv T Lie
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Soren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pall Melsted
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Bjarni V Halldorsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Leonid Padyukov
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Johan Askling
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole Birger Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Koge, Denmark
| | | | - Alexandra Havdahl
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjorn Nilsson
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mark Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Deptartment of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Agnar Helgason
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Karimi S, Derakhshan M, Tondro A. Frequency of Registered Cases of Multiple Sclerosis. MAEDICA 2023; 18:216-221. [PMID: 37588820 PMCID: PMC10427107 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2023.18.2.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective: Multiple sclerosis is a chronic neurological disease causing debilitating physical symptoms and a reduced quality of life, which incurs staggering costs of treatment not only to patients and their family but also to the healthcare system. Thus, getting familiar with the prevalence of this disease is considered essential for developing screening programs. Method:This is a descriptive analytical cross-sectional study. Samples were chosen via the census sampling method. The investigation was based on data provided by the unit of special diseases of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected via a predesigned checklist and further analyzed by SPSS 24 software. Results:A total of 1426 patients who developed MS between 2009 and 2019 and had archived medical files in the center of special diseases of Kermanshah medical sciences were studied. Among all MS participants, the ratio of female to male participants was 1.5:1, and 52.14% (n=747) of all studied patients were persons aged over 60 years. Discussion and conclusion:Based on our findings and patients' data provided by the center of special diseases of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, it can be stated that Kermanshah is one of the regions with a high prevalence of MS. This necessitates intervention by the healthcare system of Kermanshah province for screening and controlling the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Karimi
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Department of Nursing and Midwifery School,Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Student Research Committee,Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Derakhshan
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery School,Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Student Research Committee,Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Tondro
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery School,Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Student Research Committee,Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rebelos E, Tentolouris N, Jude E. The Role of Vitamin D in Health and Disease: A Narrative Review on the Mechanisms Linking Vitamin D with Disease and the Effects of Supplementation. Drugs 2023; 83:665-685. [PMID: 37148471 PMCID: PMC10163584 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency (VDD) is a very prevalent condition in the general population. Vitamin D is necessary for optimal bone mineralization, but apart from the bone effects, preclinical and observational studies have suggested that vitamin D may have pleiotropic actions, whereas VDD has been linked to several diseases and higher all-cause mortality. Thus, supplementing vitamin D has been considered a safe and inexpensive approach to generate better health outcomes-and especially so in frail populations. Whereas it is generally accepted that prescribing of vitamin D in VDD subjects has demonstrable health benefits, most randomized clinical trials, although with design constraints, assessing the effects of vitamin D supplementation on a variety of diseases have failed to demonstrate any positive effects of vitamin D supplementation. In this narrative review, we first describe mechanisms through which vitamin D may exert an important role in the pathophysiology of the discussed disorder, and then provide studies that have addressed the impact of VDD and of vitamin D supplementation on each disorder, focusing especially on randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses. Despite there already being vast literature on the pleiotropic actions of vitamin D, future research approaches that consider and circumvent the inherent difficulties in studying the effects of vitamin D supplementation on health outcomes are needed to assess the potential beneficial effects of vitamin D. The evaluation of the whole vitamin D endocrine system, rather than only of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels before and after treatment, use of adequate and physiologic vitamin D dosing, grouping based on the achieved vitamin D levels rather than the amount of vitamin D supplementation subjects may receive, and sufficiently long follow-up are some of the aspects that need to be carefully considered in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Rebelos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Tentolouris
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Edward Jude
- Department of Medicine, Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Ashton-under-Lyne , England.
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Radiological Benefits of Vitamin D Status and Supplementation in Patients with MS—A Two-Year Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061465. [PMID: 36986195 PMCID: PMC10052720 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Current data emphasize the immunomodulating role of vitamin D in enhancing the anti-inflammatory response. Vitamin D deficiency is an established risk factor for developing multiple sclerosis—the autoimmune demyelinating and degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Several studies confirmed that higher vitamin D serum level is associated with better clinical and radiological outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis, whereas vitamin D supplementation benefits in multiple sclerosis remain inconclusive. Despite that, many experts suggest regular measurements of vitamin D serum levels and supplementation in patients with multiple sclerosis. In this study, 133 patients with multiple sclerosis (relapsing–remitting subtype) were prospectively observed in a 0-, 12- and 24-month time span in a clinical setting. The study group consisted of 71.4% of patients (95 out of 133) supplementing vitamin D. The associations between vitamin D serum levels, clinical outcomes (disability status expressed by EDSS, number of relapses and time to relapse) and radiological outcomes (new T2-weighted lesions and number of gadolinium-enhanced lesions) were evaluated. There were no statistically significant correlations between clinical outcomes and vitamin D serum levels or supplementations. Fewer new T2-weighted lesions were observed in patients with vitamin D supplementations (p = 0.034) in 24 months of observation. Moreover, an optimal or higher level of vitamin D (>30 ng/mL) maintained throughout the entire observation period was associated with a lower number of new T2-weighted lesions in 24 months of observation (p = 0.045). These results support vitamin D implementation commencement and amelioration in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
|
18
|
de Klein N, Tsai EA, Vochteloo M, Baird D, Huang Y, Chen CY, van Dam S, Oelen R, Deelen P, Bakker OB, El Garwany O, Ouyang Z, Marshall EE, Zavodszky MI, van Rheenen W, Bakker MK, Veldink J, Gaunt TR, Runz H, Franke L, Westra HJ. Brain expression quantitative trait locus and network analyses reveal downstream effects and putative drivers for brain-related diseases. Nat Genet 2023; 55:377-388. [PMID: 36823318 PMCID: PMC10011140 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Identification of therapeutic targets from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) requires insights into downstream functional consequences. We harmonized 8,613 RNA-sequencing samples from 14 brain datasets to create the MetaBrain resource and performed cis- and trans-expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) meta-analyses in multiple brain region- and ancestry-specific datasets (n ≤ 2,759). Many of the 16,169 cortex cis-eQTLs were tissue-dependent when compared with blood cis-eQTLs. We inferred brain cell types for 3,549 cis-eQTLs by interaction analysis. We prioritized 186 cis-eQTLs for 31 brain-related traits using Mendelian randomization and co-localization including 40 cis-eQTLs with an inferred cell type, such as a neuron-specific cis-eQTL (CYP24A1) for multiple sclerosis. We further describe 737 trans-eQTLs for 526 unique variants and 108 unique genes. We used brain-specific gene-co-regulation networks to link GWAS loci and prioritize additional genes for five central nervous system diseases. This study represents a valuable resource for post-GWAS research on central nervous system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niek de Klein
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ellen A Tsai
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martijn Vochteloo
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Life Science and Technology, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denis Baird
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sipko van Dam
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Ancora Health, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Oelen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Deelen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier B Bakker
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Omar El Garwany
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Eric E Marshall
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria I Zavodszky
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark K Bakker
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Veldink
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Heiko Runz
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Clarke SLN, Mitchell RE, Sharp GC, Ramanan AV, Relton CL. Vitamin D Levels and Risk of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2023; 75:674-681. [PMID: 34748291 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Observational studies report mixed findings regarding the association between vitamin D and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) incidence or activity; however, such studies are susceptible to considerable bias. Because low vitamin D levels are common within the general population and easily corrected, there is potential public health benefit in identifying a causal association between vitamin D insufficiency and JIA incidence. To limit bias due to confounding and reverse causation, we examined the causal effect of the major circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-[OH]D), on JIA incidence using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS In this 2-sample MR analysis, we used summary level data from the largest and most recent genome-wide association study of 25-(OH)D levels (sample size 443,734), alongside summary data from 2 JIA genetic studies (sample sizes 15,872 and 12,501), all from European populations. To test and account for potential bias due to pleiotropy, we employed multiple MR methods and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS We found no evidence of a causal relationship between genetically predicted 25-(OH)D levels and JIA incidence (odds ratio 1.00 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.76, 1.33] per SD increase in standardized natural-log transformed 25-[OH]D levels). This estimate was consistent across all methods tested. Additionally, there was no evidence that genetically predicted JIA causally influences 25-(OH)D levels (-0.002 SD change in standardized natural-log transformed 25-[OH]D levels per doubling odds in genetically predicted JIA [95% CI -0.006, 0.002]). CONCLUSION Given the lack of a causal relationship between 25-(OH)D levels and JIA, population level vitamin D supplementation is unlikely to reduce JIA incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L N Clarke
- University of Bristol and Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Gemma C Sharp
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, and University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Albiñana C, Zhu Z, Borbye-Lorenzen N, Boelt SG, Cohen AS, Skogstrand K, Wray NR, Revez JA, Privé F, Petersen LV, Bulik CM, Plana-Ripoll O, Musliner KL, Agerbo E, Børglum AD, Hougaard DM, Nordentoft M, Werge T, Mortensen PB, Vilhjálmsson BJ, McGrath JJ. Genetic correlates of vitamin D-binding protein and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in neonatal dried blood spots. Nat Commun 2023; 14:852. [PMID: 36792583 PMCID: PMC9932173 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D binding protein (DBP), encoded by the group-specific component (GC) gene, is a component of the vitamin D system. In a genome-wide association study of DBP concentration in 65,589 neonates we identify 26 independent loci, 17 of which are in or close to the GC gene, with fine-mapping identifying 2 missense variants on chromosomes 12 and 17 (within SH2B3 and GSDMA, respectively). When adjusted for GC haplotypes, we find 15 independent loci distributed over 10 chromosomes. Mendelian randomization analyses identify a unidirectional effect of higher DBP concentration and (a) higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, and (b) a reduced risk of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. A phenome-wide association study confirms that higher DBP concentration is associated with a reduced risk of vitamin D deficiency. Our findings provide valuable insights into the influence of DBP on vitamin D status and a range of health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Albiñana
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Nis Borbye-Lorenzen
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne Grundvad Boelt
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Arieh S Cohen
- Testcenter Denmark, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Kristin Skogstrand
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joana A Revez
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Florian Privé
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Liselotte V Petersen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Oleguer Plana-Ripoll
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Katherine L Musliner
- Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- CIRRAU - Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck Center for Geogenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- CIRRAU - Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjarni J Vilhjálmsson
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - John J McGrath
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark.
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, 4076, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhang H, Han Z, Wang T, Wang L, Liu G. Causal association of genetically determined circulating vitamin D metabolites and calcium with multiple sclerosis in participants of European descent. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023; 77:481-489. [PMID: 36635366 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is an important regulator of calcium. Mendelian randomization (MR) studies exclusively focused on the circulating total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) as a biomarker of vitamin D status, and have found the causal association between 25(OH)D and the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, it currently remains unclear about the causal association of the 25(OH)D subtypes including 25(OH)D3 and C3-epi-25(OH)D3, as well as calcium with the risk of MS. METHODS We performed a two-sample MR study to evaluate the causal association of circulating total 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D3, C3-epi-25(OH)D3, and calcium with the risk of MS using large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) datasets from total 25(OH)D (n = 417,580), 25(OH)D3 (n = 40,562), C3-epi-25(OH)D3 (n = 40,562), calcium (n = 305,349), and MS (14,802 MS and 26,703 controls). We selected five MR methods including inverse-variance weighted (IVW), simple median, weighted median, MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO (Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier), and contamination mixture method. RESULTS IVW showed that the genetically increased circulating 25(OH)D level (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.70-0.94, P = 4.00E-03), circulating 25(OH)D3 level (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.76-0.95, P = 5.00E-03), and circulating C3-epi-25(OH)D3 level (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.98, P = 2.30E-02) were causally associated with reduced risk of MS. However, IVW showed no causal association between circulating calcium level and the risk of MS with OR = 2.85, 95% CI: 0.42-19.53, P = 2.85E-01. CONCLUSIONS Our current findings together with evidence from other MR studies support the use of vitamin D but not calcium supplementation for the prevention of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Haijie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Haihua Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhifa Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Longcai Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Guiyou Liu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong; Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital; Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory of Internet Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vasileiou ES, Hu C, Bernstein CN, Lublin F, Wolinsky JS, Cutter GR, Sotirchos ES, Kowalec K, Salter A, Saidha S, Mowry EM, Calabresi PA, Marrie RA, Fitzgerald KC. Association of Vitamin D Polygenic Risk Scores and Disease Outcome in People With Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY - NEUROIMMUNOLOGY NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:10/1/e200062. [DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and ObjectivesObservational studies suggest low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) may be associated with increased disease activity in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) suggest 25(OH)D levels are partly genetically determined. The resultant polygenic scores (PGSs) could serve as a proxy for 25(OH)D levels, minimizing potential confounding and reverse causation in analyses with outcomes. Herein, we assess the association of genetically determined 25(OH)D and disease outcomes in MS.MethodsWe generated 25(OH)D PGS for 1,924 PwMS with available genotyping data pooled from 3 studies: the CombiRx trial (n = 575), Johns Hopkins MS Center (n = 1,152), and Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases study (n = 197). 25(OH)D-PGS were derived using summary statistics (p < 5 × 10−8) from a large GWAS including 485,762 individuals with circulating 25(OH)D levels measured. We included clinical and imaging outcomes: Expanded disability status scale (EDSS), timed 25-foot walk (T25FW), nine-hole peg test (9HPT), radiologic activity, and optical coherence tomography-derived ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness. A subset (n = 935) had measured circulating 25(OH)D levels. We fitted multivariable models based on the outcome of interest and pooled results across studies using random effects meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses included a modifiedpvalue threshold for inclusion in the PGS (5 × 10−5) and applying Mendelian randomization (MR) rather than using PGS.ResultsInitial analyses demonstrated a positive association between generated 25(OH)D-PGS and circulating 25(OH)D levels (per 1SD increase in 25[OH]D PGS: 3.08%, 95% CI: 1.77%, 4.42%;p= 4.33e-06; R2= 2.24%). In analyses with outcomes, we did not observe an association between 25(OH)D-PGS and relapse rate (per 1SD increase in 25[OH]D-PGS: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.87–1.10), EDSS worsening (per 1SD: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.87–1.28), change in T25FW (per 1SD: 0.07%; 95% CI: −0.34 to 0.49), or change in 9HPT (per 1SD: 0.09%; 95% CI: −0.15 to 0.33). 25(OH)D-PGS was not associated with new lesion accrual, lesion volume or other imaging-based outcomes (whole brain, gray, white matter volume loss or GCIPL thinning). The results were similarly null in analyses using otherpvalue thresholds or those applying MR.DiscussionGenetically determined lower 25(OH)D levels were not associated with worse disease outcomes in PwMS and raises questions about the plausibility of a treatment effect of vitamin D in established MS.
Collapse
|
23
|
Vitamin D Supplementation Practices among Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Professionals. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247278. [PMID: 36555896 PMCID: PMC9787609 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D serum level increase is associated with a reduction in clinical relapse rate, gadolinium-enhancing lesions, new or enlarging T2 lesions and new active lesions in the MRI in MS patients. However, current RCTs assessing the vitamin D supplementation therapeutic effect in MS provide inconclusive results. Experts recommend vitamin D measurements and implementations among patients with MS. This article discusses an observational study, performed without any intervention to evaluate the vitamin D status and practices among MS patients and professionals in the clinical setting. A total of 139 patients with MS treated by disease-modifying therapy were recruited and fulfilled the standardized questionnaire assessing the vitamin D supplementation practices and vitamin D level influencing factors such as education, insolation, smoking, obesity and current treatment. The collected data were then compared to the patients' vitamin D serum levels available in medical records at the baseline and after 12 months of observation. Professionals' practices and recommendations were also assessed. A total of 74.1% patients confirmed vitamin D supplementation, and all patients were administered cholecalciferol, taken orally. However, only 43.69% of the patients achieved an optimal vitamin D concentration (30-50 ng/mL). The lack of a doctor's recommendation was the most frequent reason for the absence of vitamin D supplementation. The most often recommended vitamin D daily dose was 4000 IU. There was no adverse effect of supplementation observed. Vitamin D status in patients with MS is currently better than in the general population, but still, a significant percentage of patients do not implement vitamin D.
Collapse
|
24
|
Trends in the environmental risks associated with earlier onset in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 68:104250. [PMID: 36544313 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several environmental and lifestyle factors relating to sunlight/vitamin D, body mass index (BMI), and smoking are associated with the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). However, their relation to disease progression, particularly age at symptomatic onset, remains inconsistent, which may be the result of significant changes in human-environment interactions over the last century. This study investigates historical trends in the association between common MS environmental risk factors and age at disease onset. METHODS Using a narrative approach, we evaluated the current literature for published studies assessing the association between vitamin-D, BMI, and tobacco smoking exposures with the risk of early/pediatric-onset MS and direct correlations with age at MS onset using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Measures were plotted by the average calendar year of disease onset for each cohort to examine trends over time. In total, 25, 9, and 11 articles were identified for vitamin D, BMI, and smoking-related exposures, respectively. RESULTS Higher sun exposure habits and residential solar radiation were associated with older age at onset. On the contrary, two studies observed a negative correlation between age at onset and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. Higher adolescent BMI was generally associated with younger age at onset, although genetic susceptibility for childhood obesity was not significantly associated. Tobacco smoking was associated with later disease onset, despite being a risk factor for MS. Association with age at onset was inflated for more recent studies relating to smoking, while often weaker for serum vitamin D and BMI. CONCLUSION Current findings indicate a likely association between age at onset and environmental risk factors, such as sun exposure, adolescent BMI, and tobacco smoking, in certain populations. However, findings are often inconsistent and assessment of the relationships and potential changes over time require further investigation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Susarla G, Chan W, Li A, Davoudi S, Ahmadi T, Sathe S, Tom L, Papaliodis GN, Mercader JM, Leong A, Sobrin L. Mendelian Randomization Shows a Causal Effect of Low Vitamin D on Non-infectious Uveitis and Scleritis Risk. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 244:11-18. [PMID: 35948088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate a causal relationship between Vitamin D levels and non-infectious uveitis and scleritis using Mendelian randomization (MR) techniques. DESIGN Two-sample Mendelian randomization case-control study. METHODS The study setting was a biobank of an academic, integrated health care system. The patient population comprised 375 case patients with a non-infectious uveitis and/or scleritis diagnosis and no diagnosis of infectious, trauma-related, or drug-induced uveitis/scleritis. In addition, there were 4167 controls with no uveitis or scleritis diagnosis. Causal effect estimates of low 25-hydroxy Vitamin D (25OHD) on uveitis/scleritis risk were calculated. RESULTS We found an association of genetically decreased 25OHD with uveitis/scleritis risk (odds ratio [OR] = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.01-4.64, P = .049, per SD decrease in log25OHD). In a first sensitivity MR analysis excluding the genetic variants that are unlikely to have a role in biologically active 25OHD, effect estimates were consistent with those from the primary analysis (OR = 2.38, 95% CI =1.06-5.36, P = 0.035, per SD of log25OHD). Furthermore, in a second sensitivity analysis using only the 6 variants within the CYP2R1 locus (which encodes 25OHD hydroxylase, the liver enzyme responsible for converting Vitamin D to 25OHD), genetically decreased 25OHD was strongly associated with increased uveitis/scleritis risk (OR = 6.42, 95% CI = 3.19-12.89, P = 1.7 × 10-7, per SD of log25OHD). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a causal relationship between low Vitamin D levels and higher risk of non-infectious uveitis and scleritis. Vitamin D supplementation may be a low-cost, low-risk intervention to mitigate non-infectious uveitis and scleritis risk, and should be explored in a prospective trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Susarla
- From the Retina Department (G.S., W.C., A.L., S.D., T.A., S.S., L.S.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Weilin Chan
- From the Retina Department (G.S., W.C., A.L., S.D., T.A., S.S., L.S.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashley Li
- From the Retina Department (G.S., W.C., A.L., S.D., T.A., S.S., L.S.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samaneh Davoudi
- From the Retina Department (G.S., W.C., A.L., S.D., T.A., S.S., L.S.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tina Ahmadi
- From the Retina Department (G.S., W.C., A.L., S.D., T.A., S.S., L.S.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shaleen Sathe
- From the Retina Department (G.S., W.C., A.L., S.D., T.A., S.S., L.S.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lisa Tom
- Department of Ophthalmology (L.T.), University of Miami Health System, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - George N Papaliodis
- Uveitis Department (G.N.P.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Josep M Mercader
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine (J.M.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine (J.M.M., A.L.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics (J.M.M., A.L.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron Leong
- Department of Medicine (J.M.M., A.L.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics (J.M.M., A.L.), Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Diabetes Unit (A.L.), Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine (A.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucia Sobrin
- From the Retina Department (G.S., W.C., A.L., S.D., T.A., S.S., L.S.), Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim D, Witt EE, Schubert S, Sotirchos E, Bhargava P, Mowry EM, Sachs K, Bilen B, Steinman L, Awani A, He Z, Calabresi PA, Van Haren K. Peripheral T-Cells, B-Cells, and Monocytes from Multiple Sclerosis Patients Supplemented with High-Dose Vitamin D Show Distinct Changes in Gene Expression Profiles. Nutrients 2022; 14:4737. [PMID: 36432424 PMCID: PMC9694020 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that has been widely studied as a potential therapy for multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory disorders. Pre-clinical studies have implicated vitamin D in the transcription of thousands of genes, but its influence may vary by cell type. A handful of clinical studies have failed to identify an in vivo gene expression signature when using bulk analysis of all peripheral immune cells. We hypothesized that vitamin D's gene signature would vary by immune cell type, requiring the analysis of distinct cell types. Multiple sclerosis patients (n = 18) were given high-dose vitamin D (10,400 IU/day) for six months as part of a prospective clinical trial (NCT01024777). We collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells from participants at baseline and again after six months of treatment. We used flow cytometry to isolate three immune cell types (CD4+ T-cells, CD19+ B-cells, CD14+ monocytes) for RNA microarray analysis and compared the expression profiles between baseline and six months. We identified distinct sets of differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways between baseline and six months for each cell type. Vitamin D's in vivo gene expression profile in the immune system likely differs by cell type. Future clinical studies should consider techniques that allow for a similar cell-type resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dohyup Kim
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Simone Schubert
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elias Sotirchos
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pavan Bhargava
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ellen M. Mowry
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Karen Sachs
- Next Generation Analytics, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
| | - Biter Bilen
- Data Science and Engineering Consultant, Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Avni Awani
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zihuai He
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Keith Van Haren
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pitt D, Lo CH, Gauthier SA, Hickman RA, Longbrake E, Airas LM, Mao-Draayer Y, Riley C, De Jager PL, Wesley S, Boster A, Topalli I, Bagnato F, Mansoor M, Stuve O, Kister I, Pelletier D, Stathopoulos P, Dutta R, Lincoln MR. Toward Precision Phenotyping of Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/6/e200025. [PMID: 36041861 PMCID: PMC9427000 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The classification of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been established by Lublin in 1996 and revised in 2013. The revision includes clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting, primary progressive and secondary progressive MS, and has added activity (i.e., formation of white matter lesions or clinical relapses) as a qualifier. This allows for the distinction between active and nonactive progression, which has been shown to be of clinical importance. We propose that a logical extension of this classification is the incorporation of additional key pathological processes, such as chronic perilesional inflammation, neuroaxonal degeneration, and remyelination. This will distinguish MS phenotypes that may present as clinically identical but are driven by different combinations of pathological processes. A more precise description of MS phenotypes will improve prognostication and personalized care as well as clinical trial design. Thus, our proposal provides an expanded framework for conceptualizing MS and for guiding development of biomarkers for monitoring activity along the main pathological axes in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Pitt
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada.
| | - Chih Hung Lo
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Susan A Gauthier
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Richard A Hickman
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Erin Longbrake
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Laura M Airas
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Claire Riley
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Philip Lawrence De Jager
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Wesley
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Boster
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Ilir Topalli
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Francesca Bagnato
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Mohammad Mansoor
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Olaf Stuve
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Ilya Kister
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Pelletier
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Panos Stathopoulos
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| | - Matthew R Lincoln
- From the Yale University (David Pitt, C.H.L., E.L., M.M., M.R.L.), New Haven; Nanyang Technological University (C.H.L.), Singapore; Weill Cornell Medicine (S.A.G.), New York; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (R.A.H.), New York; University of Turku (L.M.A.), Finland; University of Michigan Medical School (Y.M.-D.), Ann Arbor; Columbia University Medical Center (C.R., P.L.D.J., S.W.), New York; The Boster Center for Multiple Sclerosis (A.B.), Columbus, OH; Cerneris Inc (I.T.), Wilmington, DE; Vanderbilt University Medical Center (F.B.), Nashville, TN; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (O.S.), Dallas; NYU Langone Medical Center (I.K.), New York; University of Southern California (Daniel Pelletier), Los Angeles; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School (P.S.), Greece; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (R.D.), Case Western Reserve University, OH; and University of Toronto and St. Michael's Hospital (M.L.), ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fatima M, Lamis A, Siddiqui SW, Ashok T, Patni N, Fadiora OE. Therapeutic Role of Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis: An Essentially Contested Concept. Cureus 2022; 14:e26186. [PMID: 35911285 PMCID: PMC9311493 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the nervous system with incredibly intricate etiopathogenesis involving numerous genetic, epigenetic, and environmental risk factors. Major environmental risk factors include ultraviolet (UV) radiation, vitamin D, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, smoking, and high body mass index (BMI). Vitamin D, in particular, can be viewed as one piece of this puzzle, with various tabs and pockets, occupying a sequential site. In this article, we have briefly discussed the neuroimmunology of MS and the role of vitamin D in regulating immune responses. Various observational studies and clinical trials were reviewed and discussed according to stages of disease activity and course of the disease. The data reviewed in this article implied that serum vitamin D levels greatly influence the risk of developing MS and disease activity. Long-term follow-up studies indicated that low serum vitamin D levels correlate with worse disability outcomes. Since clinical trials did not provide significant evidence, the role of vitamin D in controlling disease activity remains unresolved. Larger clinical trials are needed to support the findings of observational studies and provide significant evidence in favour of vitamin D.
Collapse
|
29
|
Grut V, Biström M, Salzer J, Stridh P, Lindam A, Alonso-Magdalena L, Andersen O, Jons D, Gunnarsson M, Vrethem M, Hultdin J, Sundström P. Free Vitamin D 3 Index and Vitamin D-binding protein in multiple sclerosis - a presymptomatic case-control study. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:2335-2342. [PMID: 35582958 PMCID: PMC9545920 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose High levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) are associated with a lower risk for multiple sclerosis (MS). The bioavailability of 25(OH)D3 is regulated by its main plasma carrier, vitamin D‐binding protein (DBP). Free 25(OH)D3 can be estimated by also measuring DBP concentration. In addition, DBP has immunomodulatory functions that may independently affect MS pathogenesis. No previous studies have assessed free 25(OH)D3 or DBP in presymptomatically collected samples. This study was undertaken to assess free 25(OH)D3 and DBP as risk factors for MS. Methods A nested case–control study was performed with presymptomatic serum samples identified through cross‐linkage of MS registries and Swedish biobanks. Concentration of 25(OH)D3 was measured with liquid chromatography and DBP levels with sandwich immunoassay. Free 25(OH)D3 was approximated as free vitamin D3 index: (25[OH]D3/DBP) × 103. MS risk was analyzed by conditional logistic regression, calculating odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Serum samples from 660 pairs of matched cases and controls were included. At <20 years of age, high levels of free vitamin D3 index were associated with a lower risk of MS (highest vs. lowest quintile: OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.15–0.91, p for trend across quintiles = 0.04). At age 30–39 years, high levels of DBP were associated with a lower MS risk (highest vs. lowest quintile: OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.15–0.85, p for trend = 0.02). Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that high levels of free 25(OH)D3 at a young age reduce the risk of MS later in life. They also implicate a role for DBP in MS etiology. The association of free vitamin D3 index, vitamin D‐binding protein, and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis was assessed in a case–control study of presymptomatically collected samples. High free vitamin D3 index before the age of 20 years was associated with a lower risk of developing multiple sclerosis later in life. High levels of vitamin D binding protein after the age of 30 years were associated with a lower risk of developing multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Grut
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Biström
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Salzer
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Stridh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindam
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Research, Education and Development Östersund Hospital, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lucia Alonso-Magdalena
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital in Malmö/Lund and Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oluf Andersen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Jons
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Gunnarsson
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Magnus Vrethem
- Department of Neurology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Hultdin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Peter Sundström
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Vandebergh M, Dubois B, Goris A. Effects of Vitamin D and Body Mass Index on Disease Risk and Relapse Hazard in Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/3/e1165. [PMID: 35393342 PMCID: PMC8990978 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Decreased vitamin D levels and obesity are associated with an increased risk for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, whether they also affect the disease course after onset remains unclear. With larger data sets now available, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) to determine whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and body mass index (BMI) are causally associated with MS risk and, moving beyond susceptibility toward heterogeneity, with relapse hazard. Methods We used genetic variants from 4 distinct genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for serum 25OHD in up to 416,247 individuals and for BMI from a GWAS in 681,275 individuals. Applying 2-sample MR, we examined associations of 25OHD and BMI with the risk of MS, with summary statistics from the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium GWAS in 14,802 MS cases and 26,703 controls. In addition, we examined associations with relapse hazard, with data from our GWAS in 506 MS cases. Results A 1-SD increase in genetically predicted natural-log transformed 25OHD levels decreased odds of MS up to 28% (95% CI: 12%–40%, p = 0.001) and decreased hazard for a relapse occurring up to 43% (95% CI: 15%–61%, p = 0.006). A 1-SD increase in genetically predicted BMI, corresponding to roughly 5 kg/m2, increased risk for MS with 30% (95% CI: 15%–47%, p = 3.76 × 10−5). On the contrary, we did not find evidence for a causal role of higher BMI with an increased hazard for occurrence of a relapse. Discussion This study supports causal effects of genetically predicted serum 25OHD concentrations and BMI on risk of MS. In contrast, serum 25OHD but not BMI is significantly associated with relapse hazard after onset. These findings might offer clinical implications for both prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijne Vandebergh
- From the Laboratory for Neuroimmunology (M.V., B.D., A.G.), Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven; and Department of Neurology (B.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Dubois
- From the Laboratory for Neuroimmunology (M.V., B.D., A.G.), Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven; and Department of Neurology (B.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Goris
- From the Laboratory for Neuroimmunology (M.V., B.D., A.G.), Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven; and Department of Neurology (B.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vandebergh M, Degryse N, Dubois B, Goris A. Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis: bridging Mendelian randomization and observational studies. J Neurol 2022; 269:4565-4574. [PMID: 35366084 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease with both genetic variants and environmental factors involved in disease susceptibility. The main environmental risk factors associated with MS in observational studies include obesity, vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr virus infection and smoking. As modifying these environmental and lifestyle factors may enable prevention, it is important to pinpoint causal links between these factors and MS. Leveraging genetics through the Mendelian randomization (MR) paradigm is an elegant way to inform prevention strategies in MS. In this review, we summarize MR studies regarding the impact of environmental factors on MS susceptibility, thereby paying attention to quality criteria which will aid readers in interpreting any MR studies. We draw parallels and differences with observational studies and randomized controlled trials and look forward to the challenges that such work presents going forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijne Vandebergh
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1022, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Degryse
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1022, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Dubois
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1022, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Goris
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1022, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vandebergh M, Becelaere S, Dubois B, Goris A. Body Mass Index, Interleukin-6 Signaling and Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834644. [PMID: 35386698 PMCID: PMC8978959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We explored whether genetically predicted increased body mass index (BMI) modulates multiple sclerosis (MS) risk through interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling. Methods We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study using multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) datasets for BMI, IL-6 signaling, IL-6 levels and c-reactive protein (CRP) levels as exposures and estimated their effects on risk of MS from GWAS data from the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (IMSGC) in 14,802 MS cases and 26,703 controls. Results In univariable MR analyses, genetically predicted increased BMI and IL-6 signaling were associated with higher risk of MS (BMI: odds ratio (OR) = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15-1.47, p = 3.76 × 10-5; IL-6 signaling: OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.11-2.04, p = 0.01). Furthermore, higher BMI was associated with increased IL-6 signaling (β = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.32,0.41, p = 1.58 × 10-65). In multivariable MR analyses, the effect of IL-6 signaling on MS risk remained after adjusting for BMI (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.11-1.68, p = 0.003) and higher BMI remained associated with an increased risk for MS after adjustment for IL-6 signaling (OR = 1.16, 95% CI =1.00-1.34, p = 0.046). The proportion of the effect of BMI on MS mediated by IL-6 signaling corresponded to 43% (95% CI = 25%-54%). In contrast to IL-6 signaling, there was little evidence for an effect of serum IL-6 levels or CRP levels on risk of MS. Conclusion In this study, we identified IL-6 signaling as a major mediator of the association between BMI and risk of MS. Further explorations of pathways underlying the association between BMI and MS are required and will, together with our findings, improve the understanding of MS biology and potentially lead to improved opportunities for targeted prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijne Vandebergh
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Becelaere
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Human Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bénédicte Dubois
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Goris
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hardy D, Chitnis T, Waubant E, Banwell B. Preventing Multiple Sclerosis: The Pediatric Perspective. Front Neurol 2022; 13:802380. [PMID: 35280298 PMCID: PMC8913516 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.802380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) is a predominantly relapsing-remitting neuroinflammatory disorder characterized by frequent relapses and high magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion burden early in the disease course. Current treatment for pediatric MS relies on early initiation of disease-modifying therapies designed to prevent relapses and slow progression of disability. When considering the concept of MS prevention, one can conceptualize primary prevention (population- or at-risk population interventions that prevent the earliest facet of MS pathobiology and hence reduce disease incidence), or secondary prevention (prevention of disease consequence, such as reducing relapse frequency and lesion accrual, enhancing focal lesion repair, promoting CNS resilience against the more global facets of disease injury, and ultimately, preventing progression of neurological disability). Studying the pediatric MS population provides a unique opportunity to explore early-life exposures that contribute to the development of MS including perinatal and environmental risk determinants. Research is ongoing related to targeting these risk factors for potential MS primary prevention. Here we review these key risk factors, their proposed role in the pathogenesis of MS, and their potential implications for primary MS prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duriel Hardy
- Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Duriel Hardy
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Waubant
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- San Francisco Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics, and Multiple Sclerosis Division, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Horton MK, McCurdy S, Shao X, Bellesis K, Chinn T, Schaefer C, Barcellos LF. Case-control study of adverse childhood experiences and multiple sclerosis risk and clinical outcomes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262093. [PMID: 35025951 PMCID: PMC8757911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to numerous health conditions but understudied in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study’s objective was to test for the association between ACEs and MS risk and several clinical outcomes. Methods We used a sample of adult, non-Hispanic MS cases (n = 1422) and controls (n = 1185) from Northern California. Eighteen ACEs were assessed including parent divorce, parent death, and abuse. Outcomes included MS risk, age of MS onset, Multiple Sclerosis Severity Scale score, and use of a walking aid. Logistic and linear regression estimated odds ratios (ORs) (and beta coefficients) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ACEs operationalized as any/none, counts, individual events, and latent factors/patterns. Results Overall, more MS cases experienced ≥1 ACE compared to controls (54.5% and 53.8%, respectively). After adjusting for sex, birthyear, and race, this small difference was attenuated (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.18). There were no trends of increasing or decreasing odds of MS across ACE count categories. Consistent associations between individual ACEs between ages 0–10 and 11–20 years and MS risk were not detected. Factor analysis identified five latent ACE factors, but their associations with MS risk were approximately null. Age of MS onset and other clinical outcomes were not associated with ACEs after multiple testing correction. Conclusion Despite rich data and multiple approaches to operationalizing ACEs, no consistent and statistically significant effects were observed between ACEs with MS. This highlights the challenges of studying sensitive, retrospective events among adults that occurred decades before data collection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. Horton
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shannon McCurdy
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Xiaorong Shao
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Kalliope Bellesis
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Terrence Chinn
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Catherine Schaefer
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, United States of America
| | - Lisa F. Barcellos
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
- Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bouillon R, Manousaki D, Rosen C, Trajanoska K, Rivadeneira F, Richards JB. The health effects of vitamin D supplementation: evidence from human studies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:96-110. [PMID: 34815552 PMCID: PMC8609267 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D supplementation can prevent and cure nutritional rickets in infants and children. Preclinical and observational data suggest that the vitamin D endocrine system has a wide spectrum of skeletal and extra-skeletal activities. There is consensus that severe vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration <30 nmol/l) should be corrected, whereas most guidelines recommend serum 25OHD concentrations of >50 nmol/l for optimal bone health in older adults. However, the causal link between vitamin D and many extra-skeletal outcomes remains unclear. The VITAL, ViDA and D2d randomized clinical trials (combined number of participants >30,000) indicated that vitamin D supplementation of vitamin D-replete adults (baseline serum 25OHD >50 nmol/l) does not prevent cancer, cardiovascular events, falls or progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Post hoc analysis has suggested some extra-skeletal benefits for individuals with vitamin D deficiency. Over 60 Mendelian randomization studies, designed to minimize bias from confounding, have evaluated the consequences of lifelong genetically lowered serum 25OHD concentrations on various outcomes and most studies have found null effects. Four Mendelian randomization studies found an increased risk of multiple sclerosis in individuals with genetically lowered serum 25OHD concentrations. In conclusion, supplementation of vitamin D-replete individuals does not provide demonstrable health benefits. This conclusion does not contradict older guidelines that severe vitamin D deficiency should be prevented or corrected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Bouillon
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Despoina Manousaki
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cliff Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Translational Skeletal Genomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Brent Richards
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tremlett H, Munger KL, Makhani N. The Multiple Sclerosis Prodrome: Evidence to Action. Front Neurol 2022; 12:761408. [PMID: 35173664 PMCID: PMC8841819 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.761408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of work points toward the existence of a clinically symptomatic prodromal phase in multiple sclerosis (MS) that might span 5–10 years or more. A prodrome is an early set of signs or symptoms predating the onset of classical disease, which in turn predates a definitive diagnosis. Evidence for a prodromal phase in MS could have major implications for prevention, earlier recognition and treatment, as well as an improved disease course or prognosis. This Perspective provides a succinct overview of the recent advances in our understanding of the MS prodrome and current key challenges. Many of the MS prodromal features characterized thus far are non-specific and are common in the general population; no single feature alone is sufficient to identify an individual with prodromal MS. Biomarkers may increase specificity and accuracy for detecting individuals in the MS prodromal phase, but are yet to be discovered or formally validated. Progress made in the elucidation of prodromal phases in other neurological and immune-mediated diseases suggests that these barriers can be overcome. Therefore, while knowledge of a prodromal phase in MS remains nascent, how best to move from the rapidly growing evidence to research-related action is critical. Immediate implications include refining the concept of the MS continuum to include a prodromal phase. This will help inform the true “at risk” period when considering exposures that might cause MS. Major long-term implications include the earlier recognition of MS, improved prognosis, through earlier disease management, and the future possibility of MS disease prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Tremlett
- Faculty of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Helen Tremlett
| | | | - Naila Makhani
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Genetics and functional genomics of multiple sclerosis. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:63-79. [PMID: 35022889 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease with genetic predisposition. Over the last decade, genome-wide association studies with increasing sample size led to the discovery of robustly associated genetic variants at an exponential rate. More than 200 genetic loci have been associated with MS susceptibility and almost half of its heritability can be accounted for. However, many challenges and unknowns remain. Definitive studies of disease progression and endophenotypes are yet to be performed, whereas the majority of the identified MS variants are not yet functionally characterized. Despite these shortcomings, the unraveling of MS genetics has opened up a new chapter on our understanding MS causal mechanisms.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang R. Mendelian randomization study updates the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on the risk of multiple sclerosis. J Transl Med 2022; 20:3. [PMID: 34980161 PMCID: PMC8722044 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Observational studies and previous Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have shown that genetically low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels are associated with a high susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS). The present MR study aims to update the causal estimates for the effects of 25OHD levels on MS risk. Methods To date, the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) for serum 25OHD (n = 401,460) and MS (14,498 MS cases and 24,091 controls) was used to assess the effect of serum 25OHD levels on MS. All participants were of European ancestry. The MR-egger_intercept test and Cochran’s Q statistic were used to determine the pleiotropy and the heterogeneity, respectively. MR-egger, weighted median, inverse variance weighted (multiplicative random effects), simple mode, and weighted mode methods were used to evaluate the causal association of serum 25OHD levels with MS. Finally, the effect of a single 25OHD SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) on MS was used to test the SNP bias. Results One hundred and fifteen newly identified serum 25OHD genetic variants were extracted from a large-scale serum 25OHD GWAS dataset. The 20 most effective and independent 25OHD genetic instrumental variables were extracted from the MS GWAS summary statistics. Pleiotropy analysis suggested no significant pleiotropic variant among the 20 selected 25OHD genetic instrument variants in MS GWAS datasets. As serum levels of 25OHD based on genetic changes increased, the risk of MS decreased using MR-egger (Beta = − 0.940, p = 0.001; OR = 0.391), weighted median (Beta = − 0.835, p = 0.000; OR = 0.434), IVW (Beta = − 0.781, p = 0.000; OR = 0.458), simple mode (Beta = − 1.484, p = 0.016; OR = 0.227), and weighted mode (Beta = − 0.913, p = 0.000; OR = 0.401). Our results were robust, with no obvious bias based on investigating the single 25OHD SNP on MS. Conclusions Our analysis suggested a causal association between genetically increased serum 25OHD levels and reduced MS in the European population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03205-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renxi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Genetic Variation and Mendelian Randomization Approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:327-342. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
40
|
Mimpen M, Rolf L, Poelmans G, van den Ouweland J, Hupperts R, Damoiseaux J, Smolders J. Vitamin D related genetic polymorphisms affect serological response to high-dose vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261097. [PMID: 34855907 PMCID: PMC8638856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A poor 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status is a much replicated risk factor for developing multiple sclerosis (MS), and several vitamin D-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with a higher risk of MS. However, studies on the benefit of vitamin D supplementation in MS show inconclusive results. Here, we explore whether vitamin D-associated SNPs and MS risk alleles confound serological response to vitamin D supplementation. Methods 34 participants from the SOLARIUM study consented to genotyping, of which 26 had vitamin D data available. The SOLARIUM study randomised relapsing-remitting MS patients to placebo or 14,000 IU vitamin D3 for 48 weeks. Participants were categorised as either ‘carriers’ or ‘non-carriers’ of the risk allele for 4 SNPs: two related to D binding protein (DBP) and associated with lower 25(OH)D levels (rs4588 and rs7041), and two related to vitamin D metabolism enzymes CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 and associated with a higher risk of MS (rs12368653; rs2248359, respectively). 25(OH)D levels were determined at baseline and after 48 weeks. Results The DBP-related SNPs showed no difference in 25(OH)D status at baseline, but carriers of the rs7041 risk allele showed lower 25(OH)D-levels compared to non-carriers after 48 weeks of supplementation (median 224.2 vs. 332.0 nmol/L, p = 0.013). For CYP related SNPs, neither showed a difference at baseline, but carriers of the rs12368653 risk allele showed higher 25(OH)D-levels compared to non-carriers after 48 weeks of supplementation (median 304.1 vs. 152.0 nmol/L, p = 0.014). Discussion Vitamin D-related SNPs affect the serological response to high-dose vitamin D supplementation. The effects on more common doses of vitamin D, as well as the clinical consequence of this altered response, need to be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Mimpen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Linda Rolf
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Geert Poelmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jody van den Ouweland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Damoiseaux
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joost Smolders
- MS Center ErasMS, Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Liu D, Meng X, Tian Q, Cao W, Fan X, Wu L, Song M, Meng Q, Wang W, Wang Y. Vitamin D and Multiple Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Observational Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials, and Mendelian Randomization Studies. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:1044-1062. [PMID: 34999745 PMCID: PMC9340982 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have yielded inconsistent results on the associations of vitamin D concentrations with multiple health outcomes. In the present umbrella review we aimed to evaluate the effects of low vitamin D concentrations and vitamin D supplementation on multiple health outcomes. We summarized current evidence obtained from meta-analyses of observational studies that examined associations between vitamin D concentrations and multiple health outcomes, meta-analyses of RCTs that investigated the effect of vitamin D supplementation on multiple health outcomes, and MR studies that explored the causal associations of vitamin D concentrations with various diseases (international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO registration number CRD42018091434). A total of 296 meta-analyses of observational studies comprising 111 unique outcomes, 139 meta-analyses of RCTs comprising 46 unique outcomes, and 73 MR studies comprising 43 unique outcomes were included in the present umbrella review. Twenty-eight disease outcomes were identified by both meta-analyses of observational studies and MR studies. Seventeen of these reported disease outcomes had consistent results, demonstrating that lower concentrations of vitamin D were associated with a higher risk for all-cause mortality, Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, schizophrenia, and type 2 diabetes. The combinations of consistent evidence obtained by meta-analyses of observational studies and MR studies together with meta-analyses of RCTs showed that vitamin D supplementation was associated with a decreased risk for all-cause mortality but not associated with the risk for Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, schizophrenia, or type 2 diabetes. The results indicated that vitamin D supplementation is a promising strategy with long-term preventive effects on multiple chronic diseases and thus has the potential to decrease all-cause mortality. However, the current vitamin D supplementation strategy might not be an efficient intervention approach for these diseases, suggesting that new strategies are highly needed to improve the intervention outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Centre for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoni Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Manshu Song
- Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Qun Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia,School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Stridh P, Kockum I, Huang J. Seasonal variability of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D on multiple sclerosis onset. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20989. [PMID: 34697348 PMCID: PMC8546079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, its effect on the age of disease onset remains unclear. This study examines the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and age of first symptom onset among recently diagnosed MS patients. Serum 25(OH)D was measured from forty MS patients sampled near disease onset. After correcting seasonal variability, the association between 25(OH)D levels, along with other clinical measures such as IgG index, and age at MS onset was examined using multivariable linear regression. Serum 25(OH)D was not correlated with age at onset (P > 0.5). We observed bias among previously reported associations between 25(OH)D and MS disease measures resulting from non-random distribution of sampling by season. After correcting for seasonal 25(OH)D and other clinical measures, only CSF IgG index remained significantly associated with age at disease onset (β = − 5.35, P = 0.028). In summary, we observed no association between age at onset and serum 25(OH)D levels but observed a negative correlation with CSF IgG index, although this will require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Stridh
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jesse Huang
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Stridh P, Huang J, Hedström AK, Alfredsson L, Olsson T, Hillert J, Manouchehrinia A, Kockum I. Season of birth is associated with multiple sclerosis and disease severity. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2021; 7:20552173211065730. [PMID: 35035988 PMCID: PMC8753082 DOI: 10.1177/20552173211065730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The latitude gradient in multiple sclerosis incidence indicates that low sun exposure and therefore vitamin D deficiency is associated with multiple sclerosis risk. OBJECTIVE Investigation of the effect of month of birth, which influences postnatal vitamin D levels, on multiple sclerosis risk and severity in Sweden. METHODS Patients and population-based controls were included from three nationwide cohorts. Differences in month of birth between cases and controls were analyzed using logistic regression and examined for effect modification by calendar year and geographic region at birth. RESULTS Males had a reduced risk of multiple sclerosis if born in the winter and increased risk if born in the early fall. Individuals born before 1960 had an increased risk if born in summer or fall. Being born in late summer and early fall was associated with more severe disease. CONCLUSIONS We identified a birth cohort effect on the association between the month of birth and multiple sclerosis, with a more significant effects for births before 1960. This coincides with a period of lower breastfeeding rates, recommended intake of vitamin D, and sun exposure, resulting in a lower vitamin D exposure during the fall/winter season for infants born in the summer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Stridh
- Pernilla Stridh, Centrum for
Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, L8:05, SE-171 76
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Huang
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University
Hospital, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - L Alfredsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - I Kockum
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University
Hospital, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Oczkowicz M, Szymczyk B, Świątkiewicz M, Furgał-Dzierżuk I, Koseniuk A, Wierzbicka A, Steg A. Analysis of the effect of vitamin D supplementation and sex on Vdr, Cyp2r1 and Cyp27b1 gene expression in Wistar rats' tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105918. [PMID: 34004333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D supplementation is widely recommended for animals and humans. However, its effects on extra-skeletal disorders have not been well proven. Our research aimed to analyse the effect of supplementation with standard and increased doses of vitamin D on the health status, biochemical and haematological parameters of blood as well as on the level of expression of genes metabolising vitamin D and the Vdr gene in the kidney, liver, fat and brain of rats of different sexes. 36 Wistars rats (18 males and 18 females) divided into three supplementation groups (I-O vitamin D, II- 1000 U / kg of vitamin D, III - 5000 U / Kg of vitamin D) were analysed. Vitamin D supplementation had little effect on growth traits and biochemical blood indices; slight decrease in a heart size was observed in females supplemented with high doses of vitamin D (p = 0.0075), moreover male rats tended to have increased level of triglyceride (TG) (p = 0.0516)). In our study we observed that vitamin D supplementation did not change the expression of Vdr gene in any of analysed tissue. However, we noticed evident downregulation of Cyp27b1 gene by vitamin D supplementation in the liver and kidney in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, we observed that in the female's liver, Vdr and Cyp2r1 were upregulated, in the female's kidney Vdr was upregulated while Cyp27b1 was downregulated compared to males. Moreover, in the female's brain and fat Cyp27b1 and Cyp2r1 tended to be upregulated compared to males. Our results confirm that Vdr and vitamin D metabolising genes are regulated by sex in the kidney and several extra-renal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oczkowicz
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland.
| | - Beata Szymczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
| | - Iwona Furgał-Dzierżuk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
| | - Anna Koseniuk
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
| | - Alicja Wierzbicka
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
| | - Anna Steg
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska 1, 32-083, Balice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Clarke KE, Hurst EA, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D metabolism and disorders in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:935-947. [PMID: 34323302 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating calcium metabolism and in the development and maintenance of skeletal health of companion animals. There is also a growing interest in understanding the role vitamin D plays in non-skeletal health in both human and veterinary patients. This review provides an update of our current understanding of vitamin D biology in dogs and cats and gives an overview of how vitamin D metabolism can be assessed in companion animals. Congenital and acquired vitamin D disorders are then summarised before the review concludes with a summary of recent studies which have explored the role of vitamin D in the development and outcomes of non-skeletal diseases of dogs and cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Clarke
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - E A Hurst
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Boltjes R, Knippenberg S, Gerlach O, Hupperts R, Damoiseaux J. Vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis: an expert opinion based on the review of current evidence. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:715-725. [PMID: 34058936 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1935878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin D has long been known for its immune-modulating effects, next to its function in calcium metabolism. As a consequence, poor vitamin D status has been associated with many diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Epidemiological studies suggest an association between a poor vitamin D status and development of MS and a poor vitamin D status is associated with more relapses and faster progression after patients are diagnosed with MS. AREA’S COVERED The aim of the authors was to review the role of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of MS. Pubmed was used to review literature with a focus of vitamin D supplementation trials and meta-analyses in MS. EXPERT OPINION There is no solid evidence to support the application of vitamin D therapy, based on current available supplementation trials, although there are some promising results in the clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients and young MS patients early after initial diagnosis. The authors recommend further larger clinical trials with selected patient groups, preferable CIS patients and young patients at the time of diagnosis, using vitamin D3 supplements to reach a 100 nmol/l level, to further investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Boltjes
- Academic MS Center Limburg, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Knippenberg
- Academic MS Center Limburg, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Gerlach
- Academic MS Center Limburg, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- Academic MS Center Limburg, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Damoiseaux
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sarmadi M, Saravani H, Azizi O, Najafi F, Hadei M, Momeni J, Bazrafshan E. Temporal trends of incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Razavi Khorasan Province, Northeast Iran. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:583-591. [PMID: 33939041 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in the Persian Gulf countries has been significantly increasing during the past decades. This study was conducted for investigating the prevalence and incidence of MS in Northeast Iran (Khorasan Razavi province). METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted during 1 January 1988 and 23 September 2018. All patients with a clinically definite diagnosis of MS according to the McDonald criteria (2005) and MRI along with the medical diagnosis, recorded in the Khorasan MS society, were considered for calculation of crude and age-standardized prevalence, and incidence rates of MS. The periodic incidence rates were calculated based on the year of onset of MS. Also, we calculated gender ratios for prevalence and incidence rates. RESULTS The mean age-standardized prevalence and incidence rates of MS in the Khorasan Razavi were 8.69 (95% CI 8.05-9.41) per 100,000 (3.99 (95% CI 3.39-4.74) for males, 13.49 (95% CI 12.37-14.76) for females). Age-standardized prevalence was 48.87 (95% CI 48.37-49.35) per 100,000 (22.47 (95% CI 22.01-22.93) for males, 75.65 (95% CI 74.80-76.51) for females). Also, the mean incidence and prevalence for Mashhad County as capital of province were 11.38 and 59.09 per 100,000 populations, respectively. The female/male ratio was 3.33 for all age groups. CONCLUSION Our results showed that this region is a high-risk area for MS like central region of Iran. Our results revealed that the prevalence and incidence of MS in the study area have increased during the recent decades with a sharp slope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sarmadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
| | - Hanie Saravani
- Student of Emergency Nurse, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Imam Ali Research Hospital, School of nursing and midwifery, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Omid Azizi
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hadei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Momeni
- Student Research Committee, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Edris Bazrafshan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sunlight exposure exerts immunomodulatory effects to reduce multiple sclerosis severity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018457118. [PMID: 33376202 PMCID: PMC7817192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018457118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease risk is associated with reduced sun-exposure. This study assessed the relationship between measures of sun exposure (vitamin D [vitD], latitude) and MS severity in the setting of two multicenter cohort studies (n NationMS = 946, n BIONAT = 990). Additionally, effect-modification by medication and photosensitivity-associated MC1R variants was assessed. High serum vitD was associated with a reduced MS severity score (MSSS), reduced risk for relapses, and lower disability accumulation over time. Low latitude was associated with higher vitD, lower MSSS, fewer gadolinium-enhancing lesions, and lower disability accumulation. The association of latitude with disability was lacking in IFN-β-treated patients. In carriers of MC1R:rs1805008(T), who reported increased sensitivity toward sunlight, lower latitude was associated with higher MRI activity, whereas for noncarriers there was less MRI activity at lower latitudes. In a further exploratory approach, the effect of ultraviolet (UV)-phototherapy on the transcriptome of immune cells of MS patients was assessed using samples from an earlier study. Phototherapy induced a vitD and type I IFN signature that was most apparent in monocytes but that could also be detected in B and T cells. In summary, our study suggests beneficial effects of sun exposure on established MS, as demonstrated by a correlative network between the three factors: Latitude, vitD, and disease severity. However, sun exposure might be detrimental for photosensitive patients. Furthermore, a direct induction of type I IFNs through sun exposure could be another mechanism of UV-mediated immune-modulation in MS.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ames BN, Grant WB, Willett WC. Does the High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in African Americans Contribute to Health Disparities? Nutrients 2021; 13:499. [PMID: 33546262 PMCID: PMC7913332 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African Americans have higher incidence of, and mortality from, many health-related problems than European Americans. They also have a 15 to 20-fold higher prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency. Here we summarize evidence that: (i) this health disparity is partly due to insufficient vitamin D production, caused by melanin in the skin blocking the UVB solar radiation necessary for its synthesis; (ii) the vitamin D insufficiency is exacerbated at high latitudes because of the combination of dark skin color with lower UVB radiation levels; and (iii) the health of individuals with dark skin can be markedly improved by correcting deficiency and achieving an optimal vitamin D status, as could be obtained by supplementation and/or fortification. Moderate-to-strong evidence exists that high 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and/or vitamin D supplementation reduces risk for many adverse health outcomes including all-cause mortality rate, adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, cancer, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease and dementia, multiple sclerosis, acute respiratory tract infections, COVID-19, asthma exacerbations, rickets, and osteomalacia. We suggest that people with low vitamin D status, which would include most people with dark skin living at high latitudes, along with their health care provider, consider taking vitamin D3 supplements to raise serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels to 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) or possibly higher.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce N. Ames
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sallinen RJ, Dethlefsen O, Ruotsalainen S, Mills RD, Miettinen TA, Jääskeläinen TE, Lundqvist A, Kyllönen E, Kröger H, Karppinen JI, Lamberg-Allardt C, Viljakainen H, Kaunisto MA, Kallioniemi O. Genetic Risk Score for Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Helps to Guide Personalized Vitamin D Supplementation in Healthy Finnish Adults. J Nutr 2021; 151:281-292. [PMID: 33382404 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors modify serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration and can affect the optimal intake of vitamin D. OBJECTIVES We aimed to personalize vitamin D supplementation by applying knowledge of genetic factors affecting serum 25(OH)D concentration. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study of serum 25(OH)D concentration in the Finnish Health 2011 cohort (n = 3339) using linear regression and applied the results to develop a population-matched genetic risk score (GRS) for serum 25(OH)D. This GRS was used to tailor vitamin D supplementation for 96 participants of a longitudinal Digital Health Revolution (DHR) Study. The GRS, serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and personalized supplementation and dietary advice were electronically returned to participants. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were assessed using immunoassays and vitamin D intake using FFQs. In data analyses, cross-sectional and repeated-measures statistical tests and models were applied as described in detail elsewhere. RESULTS GC vitamin D-binding protein and cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily R polypeptide 1 genes showed genome-wide significant associations with serum 25(OH)D concentration. One single nucleotide polymorphism from each locus (rs4588 and rs10741657) was used to develop the GRS. After returning data to the DHR Study participants, daily vitamin D supplement users increased from 32.6% to 60.2% (P = 6.5 × 10-6) and serum 25(OH)D concentration from 64.4 ± 20.9 nmol/L to 68.5 ± 19.2 nmol/L (P = 0.006) between August and November. Notably, the difference in serum 25(OH)D concentrations between participants with no risk alleles and those with 3 or 4 risk alleles decreased from 20.7 nmol/L to 8.0 nmol/L (P = 0.0063). CONCLUSIONS We developed and applied a population-matched GRS to identify individuals genetically predisposed to low serum 25(OH)D concentration. We show how the electronic return of individual genetic risk, serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and factors affecting vitamin D status can be used to tailor vitamin D supplementation. This model could be applied to other populations and countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riitta J Sallinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Dethlefsen
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanni Ruotsalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert D Mills
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo A Miettinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuija E Jääskeläinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Public Health Solutions, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Lundqvist
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Public Health Solutions, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kyllönen
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Division, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Kröger
- Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Handsurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaro I Karppinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Heli Viljakainen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari A Kaunisto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Kallioniemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|