1
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Chopy M, Cavallini-Speisser Q, Chambrier P, Morel P, Just J, Hugouvieux V, Rodrigues Bento S, Zubieta C, Vandenbussche M, Monniaux M. Cell layer-specific expression of the homeotic MADS-box transcription factor PhDEF contributes to modular petal morphogenesis in petunia. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:324-345. [PMID: 37804091 PMCID: PMC10827313 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Floral homeotic MADS-box transcription factors ensure the correct morphogenesis of floral organs, which are organized in different cell layers deriving from distinct meristematic layers. How cells from these distinct layers acquire their respective identities and coordinate their growth to ensure normal floral organ morphogenesis is unresolved. Here, we studied petunia (Petunia × hybrida) petals that form a limb and tube through congenital fusion. We identified petunia mutants (periclinal chimeras) expressing the B-class MADS-box gene DEFICIENS in the petal epidermis or in the petal mesophyll, called wico and star, respectively. Strikingly, wico flowers form a strongly reduced tube while their limbs are almost normal, while star flowers form a normal tube but greatly reduced and unpigmented limbs, showing that petunia petal morphogenesis is highly modular. These mutants highlight the layer-specific roles of PhDEF during petal development. We explored the link between PhDEF and petal pigmentation, a well-characterized limb epidermal trait. The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was strongly downregulated in star petals, including its major regulator ANTHOCYANIN2 (AN2). We established that PhDEF directly binds to the AN2 terminator in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that PhDEF might regulate AN2 expression and therefore petal epidermis pigmentation. Altogether, we show that cell layer-specific homeotic activity in petunia petals differently impacts tube and limb development, revealing the relative importance of the different cell layers in the modular architecture of petunia petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Chopy
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Quentin Cavallini-Speisser
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Pierre Chambrier
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Patrice Morel
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Jérémy Just
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Véronique Hugouvieux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Suzanne Rodrigues Bento
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Chloe Zubieta
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Michiel Vandenbussche
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Marie Monniaux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
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2
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Sun P, Nishiyama S, Li H, Mai Y, Han W, Suo Y, Liang C, Du H, Diao S, Wang Y, Yuan J, Zhang Y, Tao R, Li F, Fu J. Genetic insights into the dissolution of dioecy in diploid persimmon Diospyros oleifera Cheng. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:606. [PMID: 38030968 PMCID: PMC10688080 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dioecy, a sexual system of single-sexual (gynoecious/androecious) individuals, is rare in flowering plants. This rarity may be a result of the frequent transition from dioecy into systems with co-sexual individuals. RESULTS In this study, co-sexual expression (monoecy and hermaphroditic development), previously thought to be polyploid-specific in Diospyros species, was identified in the diploid D. oleifeara historically. We characterized potential genetic mechanisms that underlie the dissolution of dioecy to monoecy and andro(gyno)monoecy, based on multiscale genome-wide investigations of 150 accessions of Diospyros oleifera. We found all co-sexual plants, including monoecious and andro(gyno)monoecious individuals, possessed the male determinant gene OGI, implying the presence of genetic factors controlling gynoecia development in genetically male D. oleifera. Importantly, discrepancies in the OGI/MeGI module were found in diploid monoecious D. oleifera compared with polyploid monoecious D. kaki, including no Kali insertion on the promoter of OGI, no different abundance of smRNAs targeting MeGI (a counterpart of OGI), and no different expression of MeGI between female and male floral buds. On the contrary, in both single- and co-sexual plants, female function was expressed in the presence of a genome-wide decrease in methylation levels, along with sexually distinct regulatory networks of smRNAs and their targets. Furthermore, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified a genomic region and a DUF247 gene cluster strongly associated with the monoecious phenotype and several regions that may contribute to andromonoecy. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings demonstrate stable breakdown of the dioecious system in D. oleifera, presumably also a result of genomic features of the Y-linked region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Soichiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Huawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Yini Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Weijuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Yujing Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Chengzhi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huilong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Songfeng Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Jiaying Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Ryutaro Tao
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Fangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
| | - Jianmin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of State Administration of Forestry and Grassland, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
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3
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Ramalho JJ, Jones VAS, Mutte S, Weijers D. Pole position: How plant cells polarize along the axes. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:174-192. [PMID: 34338785 PMCID: PMC8774072 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Having a sense of direction is a fundamental cellular trait that can determine cell shape, division orientation, or function, and ultimately the formation of a functional, multicellular body. Cells acquire and integrate directional information by establishing discrete subcellular domains along an axis with distinct molecular profiles, a process known as cell polarization. Insight into the principles and mechanisms underlying cell polarity has been propelled by decades of extensive research mostly in yeast and animal models. Our understanding of cell polarity establishment in plants, which lack most of the regulatory molecules identified in other eukaryotes, is more limited, but significant progress has been made in recent years. In this review, we explore how plant cells coordinately establish stable polarity axes aligned with the organ axes, highlighting similarities in the molecular logic used to polarize both plant and animal cells. We propose a classification system for plant cell polarity events and nomenclature guidelines. Finally, we provide a deep phylogenetic analysis of polar proteins and discuss the evolution of polarity machineries in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth Mutte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6703WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Huang C, Heinlein M. Function of Plasmodesmata in the Interaction of Plants with Microbes and Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:23-54. [PMID: 35349131 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells and play important roles during plant development and in the orchestration of cellular and systemic signaling responses during interactions of plants with the biotic and abiotic environment. To allow gating, PD are equipped with signaling platforms and enzymes that regulate the size exclusion limit (SEL) of the pore. Plant-interacting microbes and viruses target PD with specific effectors to enhance their virulence and are useful probes to study PD functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Huang
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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5
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Cavallini-Speisser Q, Morel P, Monniaux M. Petal Cellular Identities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:745507. [PMID: 34777425 PMCID: PMC8579033 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.745507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Petals are typified by their conical epidermal cells that play a predominant role for the attraction and interaction with pollinators. However, cell identities in the petal can be very diverse, with different cell types in subdomains of the petal, in different cell layers, and depending on their adaxial-abaxial or proximo-distal position in the petal. In this mini-review, we give an overview of the main cell types that can be found in the petal and describe some of their functions. We review what is known about the genetic basis for the establishment of these cellular identities and their possible relation with petal identity and polarity specifiers expressed earlier during petal development, in an attempt to bridge the gap between organ identity and cell identity in the petal.
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6
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Gundu S, Tabassum N, Blilou I. Moving with purpose and direction: transcription factor movement and cell fate determination revisited. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 57:124-132. [PMID: 32992134 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell diversity in a multicellular organism relies on cell-cell communication where cells must receive positional information as input signals to adopt their proper cell fate in the right place and at the right time. This process is achieved through triggering signaling cascades that drive cellular changes during development. In plants, signaling through mobile transcription factors (TF) plays a central role in development. Rather than acting cell-autonomously and exclusive to their expression domains, many TFs move between cells and deploy regulatory networks and cell type-specific effectors to achieve their biological functions. Here, we highlight a few examples of mobile TFs central to cell fate specification in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Gundu
- Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naheed Tabassum
- Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Laboratory of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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7
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Fuchs M, Lohmann JU. Aiming for the top: non-cell autonomous control of shoot stem cells in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:297-309. [PMID: 32146616 PMCID: PMC7214502 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, not all cells are created equal. Instead, organismal complexity is achieved by specialisation and division of labour between distinct cell types. Therefore, the organism depends on the presence, correct proportion and function of all cell types. It follows that early development is geared towards setting up the basic body plan and to specify cell lineages. Since plants employ a post-embryonic mode of development, the continuous growth and addition of new organs require a source of new cells, as well as a strict regulation of cellular composition throughout the entire life-cycle. To meet these demands, evolution has brought about complex regulatory systems to maintain and control continuously active stem cell systems. Here, we review recent work on the mechanisms of non cell-autonomous control of shoot stem cells in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana with a strong focus on the cell-to-cell mobility and function of the WUSCHEL homeodomain transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fuchs
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan U Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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9
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Guan D, Yan B, Thieme C, Hua J, Zhu H, Boheler KR, Zhao Z, Kragler F, Xia Y, Zhang S. PlaMoM: a comprehensive database compiles plant mobile macromolecules. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 45:D1021-D1028. [PMID: 27924044 PMCID: PMC5210661 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, various phloem-mobile macromolecules including noncoding RNAs, mRNAs and proteins are suggested to act as important long-distance signals in regulating crucial physiological and morphological transition processes such as flowering, plant growth and stress responses. Given recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies, numerous mobile macromolecules have been identified in diverse plant species from different plant families. However, most of the identified mobile macromolecules are not annotated in current versions of species-specific databases and are only available as non-searchable datasheets. To facilitate study of the mobile signaling macromolecules, we compiled the PlaMoM (Plant Mobile Macromolecules) database, a resource that provides convenient and interactive search tools allowing users to retrieve, to analyze and also to predict mobile RNAs/proteins. Each entry in the PlaMoM contains detailed information such as nucleotide/amino acid sequences, ortholog partners, related experiments, gene functions and literature. For the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, protein–protein interactions of mobile transcripts are presented as interactive molecular networks. Furthermore, PlaMoM provides a built-in tool to identify potential RNA mobility signals such as tRNA-like structures. The current version of PlaMoM compiles a total of 17 991 mobile macromolecules from 14 plant species/ecotypes from published data and literature. PlaMoM is available at http://www.systembioinfo.org/plamom/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daogang Guan
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Laboratory for Food Safety and Environmental Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bin Yan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong.,Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christoph Thieme
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Jingmin Hua
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hailong Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Laboratory for Food Safety and Environmental Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | - Zhongying Zhao
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Friedrich Kragler
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Yiji Xia
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong .,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Am Mühlenberg 1,14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Shoudong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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10
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Becker A, Ehlers K. Arabidopsis flower development--of protein complexes, targets, and transport. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:219-30. [PMID: 25845756 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been achieved over the past 25 years or more of research on the molecular mechanisms of floral organ identity, patterning, and development. While collections of floral homeotic mutants of Antirrhinum majus laid the foundation already at the beginning of the previous century, it was the genetic analysis of these mutants in A. majus and Arabidopsis thaliana that led to the development of the ABC model of floral organ identity more than 20 years ago. This intuitive model kick-started research focused on the genetic mechanisms regulating flower development, using mainly A. thaliana as a model plant. In recent years, interactions among floral homeotic proteins have been elucidated, and their direct and indirect target genes are known to a large extent. Here, we provide an overview over the advances in understanding the molecular mechanism orchestrating A. thaliana flower development. We focus on floral homeotic protein complexes, their target genes, evidence for their transport in floral primordia, and how these new results advance our view on the processes downstream of floral organ identity, such as organ boundary formation or floral organ patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Becker
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ehlers
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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11
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Huang T, Irish VF. Gene networks controlling petal organogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:61-8. [PMID: 26428062 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest unanswered questions in developmental biology is how growth is controlled. Petals are an excellent organ system for investigating growth control in plants: petals are dispensable, have a simple structure, and are largely refractory to environmental perturbations that can alter their size and shape. In recent studies, a number of genes controlling petal growth have been identified. The overall picture of how such genes function in petal organogenesis is beginning to be elucidated. This review will focus on studies using petals as a model system to explore the underlying gene networks that control organ initiation, growth, and final organ morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengbo Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave., Shenzhen 518060, PR China Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT 06520-8104. USA
| | - Vivian F Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT 06520-8104. USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8106. USA
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12
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Long Y, Goedhart J, Schneijderberg M, Terpstra I, Shimotohno A, Bouchet BP, Akhmanova A, Gadella TWJ, Heidstra R, Scheres B, Blilou I. SCARECROW-LIKE23 and SCARECROW jointly specify endodermal cell fate but distinctly control SHORT-ROOT movement. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:773-84. [PMID: 26415082 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular signaling through trafficking of regulatory proteins is a widespread phenomenon in plants and can deliver positional information for the determination of cell fate. In the Arabidopsis root meristem, the cell fate determinant SHORT-ROOT (SHR), a GRAS domain transcription factor, acts as a signaling molecule from the stele to the adjacent layer to specify endodermal cell fate. Upon exiting the stele, SHR activates another GRAS domain transcription factor, SCARCROW (SCR), which, together with several BIRD/INDETERMINATE DOMAIN proteins, restricts movement of SHR to define a single cell layer of endodermis. Here we report that endodermal cell fate also requires the joint activity of both SCR and its closest homologue SCARECROW-LIKE23 (SCL23). We show that SCL23 protein moves with zonation-dependent directionality. Within the meristem, SCL23 exhibits short-ranged movement from ground tissue to vasculature. Away from the meristem, SCL23 displays long-range rootward movement into meristematic vasculature and a bidirectional radial spread, respectively. As a known target of SHR and SCR, SCL23 also interacts with SCR and SHR and can restrict intercellular outspread of SHR without relying on nuclear retention as SCR does. Collectively, our data show that SCL23 is a mobile protein that controls movement of SHR and acts redundantly with SCR to specify endodermal fate in the root meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Long
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Goedhart
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | | | - Inez Terpstra
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Akie Shimotohno
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin P Bouchet
- Cell Biology, Department Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Theodorus W J Gadella
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Renze Heidstra
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Plant Developmental Biology, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
- Molecular Genetics, Department Biology, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3581CH, the Netherlands
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13
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Ong-Abdullah M, Ordway JM, Jiang N, Ooi SE, Kok SY, Sarpan N, Azimi N, Hashim AT, Ishak Z, Rosli SK, Malike FA, Bakar NAA, Marjuni M, Abdullah N, Yaakub Z, Amiruddin MD, Nookiah R, Singh R, Low ETL, Chan KL, Azizi N, Smith SW, Bacher B, Budiman MA, Van Brunt A, Wischmeyer C, Beil M, Hogan M, Lakey N, Lim CC, Arulandoo X, Wong CK, Choo CN, Wong WC, Kwan YY, Alwee SSRS, Sambanthamurthi R, Martienssen RA. Loss of Karma transposon methylation underlies the mantled somaclonal variant of oil palm. Nature 2015; 525:533-7. [PMID: 26352475 PMCID: PMC4857894 DOI: 10.1038/nature15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Somaclonal variation arises in plants and animals when differentiated somatic cells are induced into a pluripotent state, but the resulting clones differ from each other and from their parents. In agriculture, somaclonal variation has hindered the micropropagation of elite hybrids and genetically modified crops, but the mechanism responsible remains unknown. The oil palm fruit 'mantled' abnormality is a somaclonal variant arising from tissue culture that drastically reduces yield, and has largely halted efforts to clone elite hybrids for oil production. Widely regarded as an epigenetic phenomenon, 'mantling' has defied explanation, but here we identify the MANTLED locus using epigenome-wide association studies of the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis. DNA hypomethylation of a LINE retrotransposon related to rice Karma, in the intron of the homeotic gene DEFICIENS, is common to all mantled clones and is associated with alternative splicing and premature termination. Dense methylation near the Karma splice site (termed the Good Karma epiallele) predicts normal fruit set, whereas hypomethylation (the Bad Karma epiallele) predicts homeotic transformation, parthenocarpy and marked loss of yield. Loss of Karma methylation and of small RNA in tissue culture contributes to the origin of mantled, while restoration in spontaneous revertants accounts for non-Mendelian inheritance. The ability to predict and cull mantling at the plantlet stage will facilitate the introduction of higher performing clones and optimize environmentally sensitive land resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilina Ong-Abdullah
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jared M Ordway
- Orion Genomics, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Orion Genomics, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Siew-Eng Ooi
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sau-Yee Kok
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norashikin Sarpan
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nuraziyan Azimi
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Tarmizi Hashim
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zamzuri Ishak
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Samsul Kamal Rosli
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fadila Ahmad Malike
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azwani Abu Bakar
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Marhalil Marjuni
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norziha Abdullah
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zulkifli Yaakub
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Din Amiruddin
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajanaidu Nookiah
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eng-Ti Leslie Low
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kuang-Lim Chan
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norazah Azizi
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Steven W Smith
- Orion Genomics, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Blaire Bacher
- Orion Genomics, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | | | - Andrew Van Brunt
- Orion Genomics, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Corey Wischmeyer
- Orion Genomics, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Melissa Beil
- Orion Genomics, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Michael Hogan
- Orion Genomics, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Nathan Lakey
- Orion Genomics, 4041 Forest Park Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Chin-Ching Lim
- United Plantations Berhad, Jendarata Estate, 36009 Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Xaviar Arulandoo
- United Plantations Berhad, Jendarata Estate, 36009 Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Choo-Kien Wong
- Applied Agricultural Resources Sdn Bhd, No. 11, Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, 47810 Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin-Nee Choo
- Applied Agricultural Resources Sdn Bhd, No. 11, Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, 47810 Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Chee Wong
- Applied Agricultural Resources Sdn Bhd, No. 11, Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, 47810 Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yen-Yen Kwan
- FELDA Global Ventures R&D Sdn Bhd, c/o FELDA Biotechnology Centre, PT 23417, Lengkuk Teknologi, 71760 Bandar Enstek, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed Alwee
- FELDA Global Ventures R&D Sdn Bhd, c/o FELDA Biotechnology Centre, PT 23417, Lengkuk Teknologi, 71760 Bandar Enstek, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | | | - Robert A Martienssen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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14
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Gallagher KL, Sozzani R, Lee CM. Intercellular protein movement: deciphering the language of development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 30:207-33. [PMID: 25288113 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-012915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Development in multicellular organisms requires the coordinated production of a large number of specialized cell types through sophisticated signaling mechanisms. Non-cell-autonomous signals are one of the key mechanisms by which organisms coordinate development. In plants, intercellular movement of transcription factors and other mobile signals, such as hormones and peptides, is essential for normal development. Through a combination of different approaches, a large number of non-cell-autonomous signals that control plant development have been identified. We review some of the transcriptional regulators that traffic between cells, as well as how changes in symplasmic continuity affect and are affected by development. We also review current models for how mobile signals move via plasmodesmata and how movement is inhibited. Finally, we consider challenges in and new tools for studying protein movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Gallagher
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; ,
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15
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Kumar D, Chen H, Rim Y, Kim JY. GAL4 transactivation-based assay for the detection of selective intercellular protein movement. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:231-43. [PMID: 25287207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several plant proteins function as intercellular messenger to specify cell fate and coordinate plant development. Such intercellular communication can be achieved by direct, selective, or nonselective (diffusion-based) trafficking through plasmodesmata (PD), the symplasmic membrane-lined nanochannels adjoining two cells. A trichome rescue trafficking assay was reported to allow the detection of protein movement in Arabidopsis leaf tissue using transgenic gene expression. Here, we provide a protocol to dissect the mode of intercellular protein movement in Arabidopsis root. This assay system involves a root ground tissue-specific GAL4/UAS transactivation expression system in combination with fluorescent reporter proteins. In this system, mCherry, a red fluorescent protein, can move cell to cell via diffusion, while mCherry-H2B is tightly cell autonomous. Thus, a protein fused to mCherry-H2B that can move out from the site of synthesis likely contains a selective trafficking signal to impart a cell-to-cell gain-of-trafficking function to the cell-autonomous mCherry-H2B. This approach can be adapted to investigate the cell-to-cell trafficking properties of any protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhinesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus/WCU program), Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 27-306, 501 Jinju-Daero, Jinju, 660-701, Gyeong-Nam, Korea
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16
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Sevilem I, Yadav SR, Helariutta Y. Plasmodesmata: channels for intercellular signaling during plant growth and development. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:3-24. [PMID: 25287193 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved strategies for short- and long-distance communication to coordinate plant development and to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular nanochannels that provide an effective pathway for both selective and nonselective movement of various molecules that function in diverse biological processes. Numerous non-cell-autonomous proteins (NCAP) and small RNAs have been identified that have crucial roles in cell fate determination and organ patterning during development. Both the density and aperture size of PD are developmentally regulated, allowing formation of spatial symplastic domains for establishment of tissue-specific developmental programs. The PD size exclusion limit (SEL) is controlled by reversible deposition of callose, as well as by some PD-associated proteins. Although a large number of PD-associated proteins have been identified, many of their functions remain unknown. Despite the fact that PD are primarily membranous structures, surprisingly very little is known about their lipid composition. Thus, future studies in PD biology will provide deeper insights into the high-resolution structure and tightly regulated functions of PD and the evolution of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Sevilem
- Department of Bio and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
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17
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Kumar D, Kumar R, Hyun TK, Kim JY. Cell-to-cell movement of viruses via plasmodesmata. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:37-47. [PMID: 25527904 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses utilize plasmodesmata (PD), unique membrane-lined cytoplasmic nanobridges in plants, to spread infection cell-to-cell and long-distance. Such invasion involves a range of regulatory mechanisms to target and modify PD. Exciting discoveries in this field suggest that these mechanisms are executed by the interaction between plant cellular components and viral movement proteins (MPs) or other virus-encoded factors. Striking working analogies exist among endogenous non-cell-autonomous proteins and viral MPs, in which not only do they all use PD to traffic, but also they exploit same regulatory components to exert their functions. Thus, this review discusses on the viral strategies to move via PD and the PD-regulatory mechanisms involved in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhinesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus), Department of Biochemistry, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 27-306, 501 Jinju-Daero, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
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18
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van der Schoot C, Rinne PLH. Mapping symplasmic fields at the shoot apical meristem using iontophoresis and membrane potential measurements. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:157-71. [PMID: 25287203 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microinjections of fluorescent dyes have revealed that the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is dynamically partitioned into symplasmic fields (SFs), implying that plasmodesmata (Pd) are held shut at specific locations in the proliferating cellular matrix. The SFs are integrated into a coherent morphogenetic unit by exchange of morphogens and transcription factors via gating Pd between adjacent SFs, and by ligand-receptor interactions that operate across the extracellular space. We describe a method for the real-time mapping of SF in the SAM by iontophoresis and membrane potential measurements.
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19
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Beauzamy L, Nakayama N, Boudaoud A. Flowers under pressure: ins and outs of turgor regulation in development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1517-33. [PMID: 25288632 PMCID: PMC4204789 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turgor pressure is an essential feature of plants; however, whereas its physiological importance is unequivocally recognized, its relevance to development is often reduced to a role in cell elongation. SCOPE This review surveys the roles of turgor in development, the molecular mechanisms of turgor regulation and the methods used to measure turgor and related quantities, while also covering the basic concepts associated with water potential and water flow in plants. Three key processes in flower development are then considered more specifically: flower opening, anther dehiscence and pollen tube growth. CONCLUSIONS Many molecular determinants of turgor and its regulation have been characterized, while a number of methods are now available to quantify water potential, turgor and hydraulic conductivity. Data on flower opening, anther dehiscence and lateral root emergence suggest that turgor needs to be finely tuned during development, both spatially and temporally. It is anticipated that a combination of biological experiments and physical measurements will reinforce the existing data and reveal unexpected roles of turgor in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Beauzamy
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, UCBL Lyon I, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Naomi Nakayama
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, UCBL Lyon I, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Rd, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, UCBL Lyon I, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, CNRS, ENS de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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20
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de Oliveira RR, Cesarino I, Mazzafera P, Dornelas MC. Flower development in Coffea arabica L.: new insights into MADS-box genes. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2014; 27:79-94. [PMID: 24715004 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-014-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coffea arabica L. shows peculiar characteristics during reproductive development, such as flowering asynchrony, periods of floral bud dormancy, mucilage secretion and epipetalous stamens. The MADS-box transcription factors are known to control several developmental processes in plants, including flower and fruit development. Significant differences are found among plant species regarding reproductive development and little is known about the role of MADS-box genes in Coffea reproductive development. Thus, we used anatomical and comparative molecular analyses to explore the flowering process in coffee. The main morphological changes during flower development in coffee were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Flowering asynchrony seems to be related to two independent processes: the asynchronous development of distinct buds before the reproductive induction and the asynchronous development of floral meristems within each bud after the reproductive induction. A total of 23 C. arabica MADS-box genes were characterized by sequence comparison with putative Arabidopsis orthologs and their expression profiles were analyzed by RT-PCR in different tissues. The expression of the ABC model orthologs in Coffea during floral development was determined by in situ hybridization. The APETALA1 (AP1) ortholog is expressed only late in the perianth, which is also observed for the APETALA3 and TM6 orthologs. Conversely, the PISTILLATA ortholog is widely expressed in early stages, but restrict to stamens and carpels in later stages of flower development, while the expression of the AGAMOUS ortholog is always restricted to fertile organs. The AP1 and PISTILLATA orthologs are also expressed at specific floral organs, such as bracts and colleters, respectively, suggesting a potential role in the development of such structures. Altogether, the results from our comprehensive expression analyses showed significant differences between the spatiotemporal expression profiles of C. arabica MADS-box genes and their orthologs, which suggests differential functionalization in coffee. Moreover, these differences might also partially explain the particular characteristics of floral development in coffee, such as mucilage secretion and formation of epipetalous stamens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ricon de Oliveira
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil,
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21
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Han X, Kumar D, Chen H, Wu S, Kim JY. Transcription factor-mediated cell-to-cell signalling in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1737-49. [PMID: 24347464 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells utilize mobile transcription factors to transmit intercellular signals when they perceive environmental stimuli or initiate developmental programmes. Studies on these novel cell-to-cell signals have accumulated multiple pieces of evidence showing that non-cell-autonomous transcription factors play pivotal roles in most processes related to the formation and development of plant organs. Recent studies have explored the evolution of mobile transcription factors and proposed mechanisms for their trafficking through plasmodesmata, where a selective system exists to facilitate this process. Mobile transcription factors contribute to the diversity of the intercellular signalling network, which is also established by peptides, hormones, and RNAs. Crosstalk between mobile transcription factors and other intercellular molecules leads to the development of complex biological signalling networks in plants. The regulation of plasmodesmata appears to have been another major step in controlling the intercellular trafficking of transcription factors based on studies of many plasmodesmal components. Furthermore, diverse omics approaches are being successfully applied to explore a large number of candidate transcription factors as mobile signals in plants. Here, we review these fascinating discoveries to integrate current knowledge of non-cell-autonomous transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus/WCU Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Jinju 660-701, Korea
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22
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Paul LK, Rinne PLH, van der Schoot C. Shoot meristems of deciduous woody perennials: self-organization and morphogenetic transitions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 17:86-95. [PMID: 24507499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Shoot apical meristems of deciduous woody perennials share gross structural features with other angiosperms, but are unique in the seasonal regulation of vegetative and floral meristems. Supporting longevity, flowering is postponed to the adult phase, and restricted to some axillary meristems. In cold climates, photoperiodic timing mechanisms and chilling are recruited to schedule end-of-season growth arrest, dormancy cycling and flowering. We review recently uncovered generic meristem properties, perennial meristem fate, and the role of CENL1, FT1 and FT2 in bud formation and flowering. We also highlight novel findings, suggesting that dormancy release is mediated by mobile lipid bodies that deliver enzymes to plasmodesmata to recover symplasmic communication and meristem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laju K Paul
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Christiaan van der Schoot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
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23
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Chen H, Ahmad M, Rim Y, Lucas WJ, Kim JY. Evolutionary and molecular analysis of Dof transcription factors identified a conserved motif for intercellular protein trafficking. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:1250-1260. [PMID: 23506539 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
· Cell-to-cell trafficking of transcription factors (TFs) has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of plant developmental events, but the evolutionary relationship between cell-autonomous and noncell-autonomous (NCA) TFs remains elusive. · AtDof4.1, named INTERCELLULAR TRAFFICKING DOF 1 (ITD1), was chosen as a representative NCA member to explore this evolutionary relationship. Using domain structure-function analyses and swapping studies, we examined the cell-to-cell trafficking of plant-specific Dof TF family members across Arabidopsis and other species. · We identified a conserved intercellular trafficking motif (ITM) that is necessary and sufficient for selective cell-to-cell trafficking and can impart gain-of-function cell-to-cell movement capacity to an otherwise cell-autonomous TF. The functionality of related motifs from Dof members across the plant kingdom extended, surprisingly, to a unicellular alga that lacked plasmodesmata. By contrast, the algal homeodomain related to the NCA KNOX homeodomain was either inefficient or unable to impart such cell-to-cell movement function. · The Dof ITM appears to predate the evolution of selective plasmodesmal trafficking in the plant kingdom, which may well have acted as a molecular template for the evolution of Dof proteins as NCA TFs. However, the ability to efficiently traffic for KNOX homeodomain (HD) proteins may have been acquired during the evolution of early nonvascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Munawar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Yeonggil Rim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
| | - William J Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
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24
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Turnbull CGN, Lopez-Cobollo RM. Heavy traffic in the fast lane: long-distance signalling by macromolecules. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:33-51. [PMID: 23398598 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The two major vascular conduits in plants, the xylem and phloem, theoretically provide opportunities for the long-distance translocation of almost any type of water-borne molecule. This review focuses on the signalling functions conveyed by the movement of macromolecules. Here, a signal is defined as the communication of information from source to destination, where it modifies development, physiology or defence through altered gene expression or by direct influences on other cellular processes. Xylem and phloem sap both contain diverse classes of proteins; in addition, phloem contains many full-length and small RNA species. Only a few of these mobile molecules have proven functions in signalling. The transduction of signals typically depends on connection to appropriate signalling pathways. Incoming protein signals require specific detection systems, generally via receptors. Mobile RNAs require either the translation or presence of a homologous target. Given that phloem sieve elements are enucleate and lack translation machinery, RNA function requires subsequent unloading at least into adjacent companion cells. The binding of RNA by proteins in ribonucleoprotein complexes enables the translocation of some signals, with evidence for both sequence-specific and size-specific binding. Several examples of long-distance macromolecular signalling are highlighted, including the FT protein signal which regulates flowering time and other developmental switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G N Turnbull
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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25
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Roque E, Serwatowska J, Cruz Rochina M, Wen J, Mysore KS, Yenush L, Beltrán JP, Cañas LA. Functional specialization of duplicated AP3-like genes in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:663-75. [PMID: 23146152 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The B-class of MADS box genes has been studied in a wide range of plant species, but has remained largely uncharacterized in legumes. Here we investigate the evolutionary fate of the duplicated AP3-like genes of a legume species. To obtain insight into the extent to which B-class MADS box gene functions are conserved or have diversified in legumes, we isolated and characterized the two members of the AP3 lineage in Medicago truncatula: MtNMH7 and MtTM6 (euAP3 and paleoAP3 genes, respectively). A non-overlapping and complementary expression pattern of both genes was observed in petals and stamens. MtTM6 was expressed predominantly in the outer cell layers of both floral organs, and MtNMH7 in the inner cell layers of petals and stamens. Functional analyses by reverse genetics approaches (RNAi and Tnt1 mutagenesis) showed that the contribution of MtNMH7 to petal identity is more important than that of MtTM6, whereas MtTM6 plays a more important role in stamen identity than its paralog MtNMH7. Our results suggest that the M. truncatula AP3-like genes have undergone a functional specialization process associated with complete partitioning of gene expression patterns of the ancestral gene lineage. We provide information regarding the similarities and differences in petal and stamen development among core eudicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edelín Roque
- Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Edificio 8E, Calle Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, E-46011, Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
Genetic mosaics, or chimeras, are individual organisms composed of cells or tissues of two or more distinct genotypes. They are experimentally useful for addressing several key biological questions. These include fate mapping through analysis of marked clonal lineages, analyzing cell or tissue interactions such as the induction of developmental events, and analyzing whether a gene acts cell autonomously. Genetic mosaics can arise in many ways, including through the action of transposable elements. Naturally occurring transposons can generate genetic mosaics by somatically inserting into a gene to cause a mutant sector, somatically excising from a mutant gene to create a revertant wild-type sector, or causing chromosomal breaks or rearrangements leading to loss of a gene or genes. Transposons have also been cleverly engineered to allow the generation of marked somatic sectors, sometimes in controlled ways. Here we review ways in which transposon-induced genetic mosaics have been used experimentally, the various methods that have been used, and general considerations for designing genetic mosaic studies using transposon methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Becraft
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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27
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Bloemendal S, Kück U. Cell-to-cell communication in plants, animals, and fungi: a comparative review. Naturwissenschaften 2012; 100:3-19. [PMID: 23128987 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is a prerequisite for differentiation and development in multicellular organisms. This communication has to be tightly regulated to ensure that cellular components such as organelles, macromolecules, hormones, or viruses leave the cell in a precisely organized way. During evolution, plants, animals, and fungi have developed similar ways of responding to this biological challenge. For example, in higher plants, plasmodesmata connect adjacent cells and allow communication to regulate differentiation and development. In animals, two main general structures that enable short- and long-range intercellular communication are known, namely gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes, respectively. Finally, filamentous fungi have also developed specialized structures called septal pores that allow intercellular communication via cytoplasmic flow. This review summarizes the underlying mechanisms for intercellular communication in these three eukaryotic groups and discusses its consequences for the regulation of differentiation and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bloemendal
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, ND7/131, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, 44780, Germany
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28
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Smaczniak C, Immink RGH, Angenent GC, Kaufmann K. Developmental and evolutionary diversity of plant MADS-domain factors: insights from recent studies. Development 2012; 139:3081-98. [PMID: 22872082 DOI: 10.1242/dev.074674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Members of the MADS-box transcription factor family play essential roles in almost every developmental process in plants. Many MADS-box genes have conserved functions across the flowering plants, but some have acquired novel functions in specific species during evolution. The analyses of MADS-domain protein interactions and target genes have provided new insights into their molecular functions. Here, we review recent findings on MADS-box gene functions in Arabidopsis and discuss the evolutionary history and functional diversification of this gene family in plants. We also discuss possible mechanisms of action of MADS-domain proteins based on their interactions with chromatin-associated factors and other transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Smaczniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Davies KM, Albert NW, Schwinn KE. From landing lights to mimicry: the molecular regulation of flower colouration and mechanisms for pigmentation patterning. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2012; 39:619-638. [PMID: 32480814 DOI: 10.1071/fp12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flower colour is a key component for plant signaling to pollinators and a staggering variety of colour variations are found in nature. Patterning of flower colour, such as pigment spots or stripes, is common and is important in promoting pollination success. Developmentally programmed pigmentation patterns are of interest with respect to the evolution of specialised plant-pollinator associations and as models for dissecting regulatory signaling in plants. This article reviews the occurrence and function of flower colour patterns, as well as the molecular genetics of anthocyanin pigmentation regulation. The transcription factors controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis have been characterised for many species and an 'MBW' regulatory complex of R2R3MYB, bHLH and WD-Repeat proteins is of central importance. In particular, R2R3MYBs are key determinants of pigmentation intensity and patterning in plants. Progress is now being made on how environmental or developmental signal pathways may in turn control the production of the MBW components. Furthermore, additional regulatory proteins that interact with the MBW activation complex are being identified, including a range of proteins that repress complex formation or action, either directly or indirectly. This review discusses some of the recent data on the regulatory factors and presents models of how patterns may be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nick W Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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30
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Gan Y, Bernreiter A, Filleur S, Abram B, Forde BG. Overexpressing the ANR1 MADS-box gene in transgenic plants provides new insights into its role in the nitrate regulation of root development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1003-16. [PMID: 22523192 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the ANR1 MADS-box gene was manipulated in transgenic plants to investigate its role in the NO(3)(-)-dependent regulation of root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Constitutive overexpression of ANR1 in roots, achieved using GAL4 enhancer trap lines, resulted in more rapid early seedling development, increased lengths and numbers of lateral roots and increased shoot fresh weight. Based on results obtained with five different enhancer trap lines, the overexpression of ANR1 in the lateral root tips appears to be more important for this phenotype than its level of expression in the developing lateral root primordia. Dexamethasone-mediated induction of ANR1 in lines expressing an ANR1-GR (glucocorticoid receptor) fusion protein stimulated lateral root growth but not primary root growth. Short-term (24 h) dexamethasone treatments led to prolonged stimulation of lateral root growth, whether the lateral roots were already mature or still unemerged at the time of treatment. In split-root experiments, localized application of dexamethasone to half of the root system of an ANR1-GR line elicited a localized increase in both the length and numbers of lateral roots, mimicking the effect of a localized NO(3)(-) treatment. In both types of transgenic line, the root phenotype was strongly dependent on the presence of NO(3)(-), indicating that there are additional components involved in ANR1 function that are NO(3)(-) regulated. The implications of these results for our understanding of ANR1's mode of action in the root response to localized NO(3)(-) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinbo Gan
- Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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31
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Rim Y, Huang L, Chu H, Han X, Cho WK, Jeon CO, Kim HJ, Hong JC, Lucas WJ, Kim JY. Analysis of Arabidopsis transcription factor families revealed extensive capacity for cell-to-cell movement as well as discrete trafficking patterns. Mol Cells 2011; 32:519-26. [PMID: 22080370 PMCID: PMC3887678 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, cell-to-cell communication is pivotal for the orchestration of cell fate determination, organ development, and the integration of whole plant physiology. One of the strategies for intercellular communication uses symplasmic communication channels, called plasmodesmata (PD). These PD establish unique cytoplasmic channels for the intercellular exchange not only of metabolites and small signaling molecules, but also of regulatory proteins and RNAs to allow for local orchestration of development and physiology. A number of non-cell-autonomous transcription factors (NCATFs) have been shown to function in the coordination of specific regulatory networks. To further explore the potential of such NCATFs, a genome-wide screen was performed on the transcription factor (TF) families in Arabidopsis. We here report that, among the 76 TFs examined, 22 were shown to move beyond their sites of transcription in the root apex; these NCATFs belonged to 17 TF families, including homeobox, GRAS, and MYB. Expression studies performed on variously-sized mCherry constructs identified a range of PD size exclusion limits within tissues of the root. In addition, our studies showed that actual protein level was an important factor controlling the range of TF intercellular movement. Interestingly, our studies on CAPRICE movement revealed tissue-specificity with respect to the mode of intercellular trafficking. These findings are discussed with respect to the regulation between cell-autonomous or non-cell-autonomous action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonggil Rim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Lijun Huang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Hyosub Chu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
- Present address: Bioindustrial Process Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute of Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk 580-185, Korea
| | - Xiao Han
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Won Kyong Cho
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
- Present address: Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
- Present address: Schools of Biological Sciences, Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Hong
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - William J. Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology,Col lege of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA, Present
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21/WCU program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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32
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Ueki S, Citovsky V. To gate, or not to gate: regulatory mechanisms for intercellular protein transport and virus movement in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:782-93. [PMID: 21746703 PMCID: PMC3183397 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell signal transduction is vital for orchestrating the whole-body physiology of multi-cellular organisms, and many endogenous macromolecules, proteins, and nucleic acids function as such transported signals. In plants, many of these molecules are transported through plasmodesmata (Pd), the cell wall-spanning channel structures that interconnect plant cells. Furthermore, Pd also act as conduits for cell-to-cell movement of most plant viruses that have evolved to pirate these channels to spread the infection. Pd transport is presumed to be highly selective, and only a limited repertoire of molecules is transported through these channels. Recent studies have begun to unravel mechanisms that actively regulate the opening of the Pd channel to allow traffic. This macromolecular transport between cells comprises two consecutive steps: intracellular targeting to Pd and translocation through the channel to the adjacent cell. Here, we review the current knowledge of molecular species that are transported though Pd and the mechanisms that control this traffic. Generally, Pd traffic can occur by passive diffusion through the trans-Pd cytoplasm or through the membrane/lumen of the trans-Pd ER, or by active transport that includes protein-protein interactions. It is this latter mode of Pd transport that is involved in intercellular traffic of most signal molecules and is regulated by distinct and sometimes interdependent mechanisms, which represent the focus of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Ueki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
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33
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Abeynayake SW, Panter S, Mouradov A, Spangenberg G. A high-resolution method for the localization of proanthocyanidins in plant tissues. PLANT METHODS 2011; 7:13. [PMID: 21595992 PMCID: PMC3117829 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histochemical staining of plant tissues with 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) or vanillin-HCl is widely used to characterize spatial patterns of proanthocyanidin accumulation in plant tissues. These methods are limited in their ability to allow high-resolution imaging of proanthocyanidin deposits. RESULTS Tissue embedding techniques were used in combination with DMACA staining to analyze the accumulation of proanthocyanidins in Lotus corniculatus (L.) and Trifolium repens (L.) tissues. Embedding of plant tissues in LR White or paraffin matrices, with or without DMACA staining, preserved the physical integrity of the plant tissues, allowing high-resolution imaging that facilitated cell-specific localization of proanthocyanidins. A brown coloration was seen in proanthocyanidin-producing cells when plant tissues were embedded without DMACA staining and this was likely to have been due to non-enzymatic oxidation of proanthocyanidins and the formation of colored semiquinones and quinones. CONCLUSIONS This paper presents a simple, high-resolution method for analysis of proanthocyanidin accumulation in organs, tissues and cells of two plant species with different patterns of proanthocyanidin accumulation, namely Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil) and Trifolium repens (white clover). This technique was used to characterize cell type-specific patterns of proanthocyanidin accumulation in white clover flowers at different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila W Abeynayake
- Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Molecular Plant Breeding Co-operative Research Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Stephen Panter
- Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Molecular Plant Breeding Co-operative Research Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Aidyn Mouradov
- Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Molecular Plant Breeding Co-operative Research Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - German Spangenberg
- Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Molecular Plant Breeding Co-operative Research Centre, 1 Park Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
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34
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Prokopyk DO, Ternovska TK. Homeotic genes and their role in development of morphological traits in wheat. CYTOL GENET+ 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452711010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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35
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Dornelas MC, Patreze CM, Angenent GC, Immink RGH. MADS: the missing link between identity and growth? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:89-97. [PMID: 21144794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Size and shape are intrinsic characteristics of any given plant organ and, therefore, are inherently connected with its identity. How the connection between identity and growth is established at the molecular level remains one of the key questions in developmental biology. The identity of floral organs is determined by a hierarchical combination of transcription factors, most of which belong to the MADS box family. Recent progress in finding the target genes of these master regulators reopened the debate about the missing link between identity and floral organ growth. Here, we review these novel findings and integrate them into a model, to show how MADS proteins, in concert with co-factors, could fulfill their role at later stages of floral organ development when size and shape are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo C Dornelas
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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36
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van der Schoot C, Rinne PLH. Dormancy cycling at the shoot apical meristem: transitioning between self-organization and self-arrest. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 180:120-31. [PMID: 21421354 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To survive winter deciduous perennials of the temperate zones cease growth and acquire a cold-acclimated state. Timing of these events is guided by sensory systems in the leaves that register critical alterations in photoperiod. Growth cessation on its own is not sufficient to develop adequate freezing tolerance, which requires entry of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) into dormancy. To fully appreciate perennial dormancy as a precondition for cold acclimation it is necessary to assess how it is brought about in a timely fashion, what the nature of it is, and how it is released. Short day (SD) exposure results in growth cessation, bud set, dormancy establishment at the SAM, and a moderate to high level of freezing tolerance. Subsequent chilling releases the SAM from dormancy and enhances freezing tolerance further. Recent investigations indicate that dormancy is a state of self-arrest that is brought about by an enzyme-based system which disrupts the intrinsic signal network of the SAM. Release from this state requires a complimentary enzyme-based system that is preformed during SD and mobilized by chilling. These findings are in agreement with the paradigm of dormancy cycling, which defines the seasonal alternations at the SAM as transitions between states of self-organization and self-arrest. The success of this survival strategy is based on the adequate scheduling of a complex array of events. The appreciation is growing that this involves signal cascades that are, mutatis mutandis, also recruited in floral evocation in many annuals, including Arabidopsis. A heuristic model is presented of dormancy cycling at the SAM, which depicts crucial molecular and cellular events that drive the cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan van der Schoot
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
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37
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Burch-Smith TM, Stonebloom S, Xu M, Zambryski PC. Plasmodesmata during development: re-examination of the importance of primary, secondary, and branched plasmodesmata structure versus function. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:61-74. [PMID: 21174132 PMCID: PMC3025111 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) structure and function vary temporally and spatially during all stages of plant development. PD that originate during, or post, cell division are designated as primary or secondary according to classical terminology. PD structure may be simple, twinned, or branched. Studies of PD during leaf, root, and embryo development have lead to the generalization that cells in less mature tissues contain predominantly simple PD. New quantitative analyses reveal that twinned and branched PD also occur in immature tissues. New data also highlight the versatility of viral movement proteins as tags for labeling PD in immature tissues as well as PD in mature tissues. A summary of the formation and function of primary, secondary, and branched PD during leaf, trichome, embryo, apical meristem, vascular cambium, and root development underscores the remarkable and indispensible plant-specific intercellular communication system that is mediated by PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M. Burch-Smith
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Solomon Stonebloom
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Patricia C. Zambryski
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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38
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Niehl A, Heinlein M. Cellular pathways for viral transport through plasmodesmata. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:75-99. [PMID: 21125301 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses use plasmodesmata (PD) to spread infection between cells and systemically. Dependent on viral species, movement through PD can occur in virion or non-virion form, and requires different mechanisms for targeting and modification of the pore. These mechanisms are supported by viral movement proteins and by other virus-encoded factors that interact among themselves and with plant cellular components to facilitate virus movement in a coordinated and regulated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Niehl
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
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39
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Urbanus SL, Dinh QDP, Angenent GC, Immink RGH. Investigation of MADS domain transcription factor dynamics in the floral meristem. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1260-2. [PMID: 20861681 PMCID: PMC3115362 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.10.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To study the importance of intercellular transport for MADS domain transcription factor functioning during floral development, we analyzed the dynamic behavior of fluorescently-tagged MADS domain proteins in transgenic plants by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. These analyses, described in a recent paper in The Plant Journal, provided proof for previous suggestions that the Arabidopsis thaliana C-type protein AGAMOUS has a non-cell-autonomous role in floral meristem integrity. Furthermore, it indicated a possible non-cell-autonomous role for the B-type proteins APETALA3 and PISTILLATA, and the E-type protein SEPALLATA3, through lateral intercellular movement in the floral meristem. In this addendum we compare some of the available fluorescent protein-based technologies for the investigation of transcription factor movements and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Urbanus
- Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg, The Netherlands
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40
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Urbanus SL, Martinelli AP, Dinh QDP, Aizza LCB, Dornelas MC, Angenent GC, Immink RGH. Intercellular transport of epidermis-expressed MADS domain transcription factors and their effect on plant morphology and floral transition. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:60-72. [PMID: 20374529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During the lifetime of an angiosperm plant various important processes such as floral transition, specification of floral organ identity and floral determinacy, are controlled by members of the MADS domain transcription factor family. To investigate the possible non-cell-autonomous function of MADS domain proteins, we expressed GFP-tagged clones of AGAMOUS (AG), APETALA3 (AP3), PISTILLATA (PI) and SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) under the control of the MERISTEMLAYER1 promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Morphological analyses revealed that epidermal overexpression was sufficient for homeotic changes in floral organs, but that it did not result in early flowering or terminal flower phenotypes that are associated with constitutive overexpression of these proteins. Localisations of the tagged proteins in these plants were analysed with confocal laser scanning microscopy in leaf tissue, inflorescence meristems and floral meristems. We demonstrated that only AG is able to move via secondary plasmodesmata from the epidermal cell layer to the subepidermal cell layer in the floral meristem and to a lesser extent in the inflorescence meristem. To study the homeotic effects in more detail, the capacity of trafficking AG to complement the ag mutant phenotype was compared with the capacity of the non-inwards-moving AP3 protein to complement the ap3 mutant phenotype. While epidermal expression of AG gave full complementation, AP3 appeared not to be able to drive all homeotic functions from the epidermis, perhaps reflecting the difference in mobility of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Urbanus
- Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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41
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Busch W, Benfey PN. Information processing without brains--the power of intercellular regulators in plants. Development 2010; 137:1215-26. [PMID: 20332147 DOI: 10.1242/dev.034868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants exhibit different developmental strategies than animals; these are characterized by a tight linkage between environmental conditions and development. As plants have neither specialized sensory organs nor a nervous system, intercellular regulators are essential for their development. Recently, major advances have been made in understanding how intercellular regulation is achieved in plants on a molecular level. Plants use a variety of molecules for intercellular regulation: hormones are used as systemic signals that are interpreted at the individual-cell level; receptor peptide-ligand systems regulate local homeostasis; moving transcriptional regulators act in a switch-like manner over small and large distances. Together, these mechanisms coherently coordinate developmental decisions with resource allocation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Busch
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genome Sciences & Policy, Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Su S, Liu Z, Chen C, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhu L, Miao L, Wang XC, Yuan M. Cucumber mosaic virus movement protein severs actin filaments to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit in tobacco. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1373-87. [PMID: 20435906 PMCID: PMC2879750 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.064212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant viral movement proteins (MPs) enable viruses to pass through cell walls by increasing the size exclusion limit (SEL) of plasmodesmata (PD). Here, we report that the ability of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) MP to increase the SEL of the PD could be inhibited by treatment with the actin filament (F-actin)-stabilizing agent phalloidin but not by treatment with the F-actin-destabilizing agent latrunculin A. In vitro studies showed that CMV MP bound globular and F-actin, inhibited actin polymerization, severed F-actin, and participated in plus end capping of F-actin. Analyses of two CMV MP mutants, one with and one without F-actin severing activities, demonstrated that the F-actin severing ability was required to increase the PD SEL. Furthermore, the Tobacco mosaic virus MP also exhibited F-actin severing activity, and its ability to increase the PD SEL was inhibited by treatment with phalloidin. Our data provide evidence to support the hypothesis that F-actin severing is required for MP-induced increase in the SEL of PD. This may have broad implications in the study of the mechanisms of actin dynamics that regulate cell-to-cell transport of viral and endogenous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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43
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Immink RG, Kaufmann K, Angenent GC. The ‘ABC’ of MADS domain protein behaviour and interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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44
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Airoldi CA. Determination of sexual organ development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 23:53-62. [PMID: 20033226 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-009-0126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant sexual organ development is initiated from the floral meristem. At early stages, the activation of a set of genes that encode transcription factors determines the identity of the floral organs. These transcription factors are known as organ identity genes, and they form multimeric complexes that bind to target genes to control their expression. The transcriptional regulation of target genes triggers the formation of an organ by activating pathways required for its development initiating a cascade of events that leads to sexual plant reproduction. Here, I review the complex mechanisms involved in transcriptional regulation of organ identity genes and how they determine sexual organ development. Their expression is the result of complex interactions between repressors and activators that are often coexpressed. After the production of floral identity proteins, the formation of multimeric complexes defines target specificity and exerts a transcriptional regulatory effect on the target. Thanks to an increasing knowledge of the molecular control of sexual organ development in multiple species, we are beginning to understand how these genes evolved and how reproductive organ development occurs in different groups of plants. Comparative studies will, in future, provide a new insight into mechanisms of sexual organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara A Airoldi
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Delgado-Benarroch L, Causier B, Weiss J, Egea-Cortines M. FORMOSA controls cell division and expansion during floral development in Antirrhinum majus. PLANTA 2009; 229:1219-1229. [PMID: 19271234 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Control of organ size is the product of coordinated cell division and expansion. In plants where one of these pathways is perturbed, organ size is often unaffected as compensation mechanisms are brought into play. The number of founder cells in organ primordia, dividing cells, and the period of cell proliferation determine cell number in lateral organs. We have identified the Antirrhinum FORMOSA (FO) gene as a specific regulator of floral size. Analysis of cell size and number in the fo mutant, which has increased flower size, indicates that FO is an organ-specific inhibitor of cell division and activator of cell expansion. Increased cell number in fo floral organs correlated with upregulation of genes involved in the cell cycle. In Arabidopsis the AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) gene promotes cell division. In the fo mutant increased cell number also correlates with upregulation of an Antirrhinum ANT-like gene (Am-ANT) in inflorescences that is very closely related to ANT and shares a similar expression pattern, suggesting that they may be functional equivalents. Increased cell proliferation is thought to be compensated for by reduced cell expansion to maintain organ size. In Arabidopsis petal cell expansion is inhibited by the BIGPETAL (BPE) gene, and in the fo mutant reduced cell size corresponded to upregulation of an Antirrhinum BPE-like gene (Am-BPE). Our data suggest that FO inhibits cell proliferation by negatively regulating Am-ANT, and acts upstream of Am-BPE to coordinate floral organ size. This demonstrates that organ size is modulated by the organ-specific control of both general and local gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Delgado-Benarroch
- Genetics, ETSIA Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Alfonso XIII 48, 30203, Cartagena, Spain
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46
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Gallagher KL, Benfey PN. Both the conserved GRAS domain and nuclear localization are required for SHORT-ROOT movement. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 57:785-97. [PMID: 19000160 PMCID: PMC2762997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor movement is well established in plants. Since the initial report of KNOTTED movement, more than a dozen transcription factors have been shown to move in plants. However, the developmental significance of movement is not known. Using the SHORT-ROOT (SHR) transcription factor as a tool for studying cell-to-cell trafficking, we show that movement of SHR from its site of synthesis is necessary for normal development of the Arabidopsis root. We identify multiple regions of SHR that are required for intra- and intercellular movement of SHR, including a region that is necessary for movement but not activity. We made the surprising discovery that the capacity for intercellular movement may be conserved among other GRAS family proteins. Finally, we provide evidence that movement requires both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization, strongly suggesting a mechanistic link between nuclear transport and cell-to-cell movement.
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47
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Fulton L, Batoux M, Vaddepalli P, Yadav RK, Busch W, Andersen SU, Jeong S, Lohmann JU, Schneitz K. DETORQUEO, QUIRKY, and ZERZAUST represent novel components involved in organ development mediated by the receptor-like kinase STRUBBELIG in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000355. [PMID: 19180193 PMCID: PMC2628281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular signaling plays an important role in controlling cellular behavior in apical meristems and developing organs in plants. One prominent example in Arabidopsis is the regulation of floral organ shape, ovule integument morphogenesis, the cell division plane, and root hair patterning by the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB). Interestingly, kinase activity of SUB is not essential for its in vivo function, indicating that SUB may be an atypical or inactive receptor-like kinase. Since little is known about signaling by atypical receptor-like kinases, we used forward genetics to identify genes that potentially function in SUB-dependent processes and found recessive mutations in three genes that result in a sub-like phenotype. Plants with a defect in DETORQEO (DOQ), QUIRKY (QKY), and ZERZAUST (ZET) show corresponding defects in outer integument development, floral organ shape, and stem twisting. The mutants also show sub-like cellular defects in the floral meristem and in root hair patterning. Thus, SUB, DOQ, QKY, and ZET define the STRUBBELIG-LIKE MUTANT (SLM) class of genes. Molecular cloning of QKY identified a putative transmembrane protein carrying four C(2) domains, suggesting that QKY may function in membrane trafficking in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion. Morphological analysis of single and all pair-wise double-mutant combinations indicated that SLM genes have overlapping, but also distinct, functions in plant organogenesis. This notion was supported by a systematic comparison of whole-genome transcript profiles during floral development, which molecularly defined common and distinct sets of affected processes in slm mutants. Further analysis indicated that many SLM-responsive genes have functions in cell wall biology, hormone signaling, and various stress responses. Taken together, our data suggest that DOQ, QKY, and ZET contribute to SUB-dependent organogenesis and shed light on the mechanisms, which are dependent on signaling through the atypical receptor-like kinase SUB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Fulton
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Martine Batoux
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Prasad Vaddepalli
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ram Kishor Yadav
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, AG Lohmann, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stig U. Andersen
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, AG Lohmann, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sangho Jeong
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jan U. Lohmann
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, AG Lohmann, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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48
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Urbanus SL, de Folter S, Shchennikova AV, Kaufmann K, Immink RGH, Angenent GC. In planta localisation patterns of MADS domain proteins during floral development in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 9:5. [PMID: 19138429 PMCID: PMC2630930 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MADS domain transcription factors play important roles in various developmental processes in flowering plants. Members of this family play a prominent role in the transition to flowering and the specification of floral organ identity. Several studies reported mRNA expression patterns of the genes encoding these MADS domain proteins, however, these studies do not provide the necessary information on the temporal and spatial localisation of the proteins. We have made GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) translational fusions with the four MADS domain proteins SEPALLATA3, AGAMOUS, FRUITFULL and APETALA1 from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and analysed the protein localisation patterns in living plant tissues by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS We unravelled the protein localisation patterns of the four MADS domain proteins at a cellular and subcellular level in inflorescence and floral meristems, during development of the early flower bud stages, and during further differentiation of the floral organs. The protein localisation patterns revealed a few deviations from known mRNA expression patterns, suggesting a non-cell autonomous action of these factors or alternative control mechanisms. In addition, we observed a change in the subcellular localisation of SEPALLATA3 from a predominantly nuclear localisation to a more cytoplasmic localisation, occurring specifically during petal and stamen development. Furthermore, we show that the down-regulation of the homeodomain transcription factor WUSCHEL in ovular tissues is preceded by the occurrence of both AGAMOUS and SEPALLATA3 proteins, supporting the hypothesis that both proteins together suppress WUSCHEL expression in the ovule. CONCLUSION This approach provides a highly detailed in situ map of MADS domain protein presence during early and later stages of floral development. The subcellular localisation of the transcription factors in the cytoplasm, as observed at certain stages during development, points to mechanisms other than transcriptional control. Together this information is essential to understand the role of these proteins in the regulatory processes that drive floral development and leads to new hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Urbanus
- Plant Research International, Bornsesteeg 65, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan de Folter
- National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langebio), CINVESTAV-IPN, Campus Guanajuato, Apartado Postal 629, 36500 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Anna V Shchennikova
- Center "Bioengineering" RAS, prospect 60-letia Oktyabrya, 7, korp.1, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kerstin Kaufmann
- Plant Research International, Bornsesteeg 65, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard GH Immink
- Plant Research International, Bornsesteeg 65, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics (CBSG), PO BOX 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Plant Research International, Bornsesteeg 65, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics (CBSG), PO BOX 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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49
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Yadav RK, Fulton L, Batoux M, Schneitz K. The Arabidopsis receptor-like kinase STRUBBELIG mediates inter-cell-layer signaling during floral development. Dev Biol 2008; 323:261-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Rebocho AB, Bliek M, Kusters E, Castel R, Procissi A, Roobeek I, Souer E, Koes R. Role of EVERGREEN in the Development of the Cymose Petunia Inflorescence. Dev Cell 2008; 15:437-447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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