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Jeynes-Smith C, Araujo RP. Protein-protein complexes can undermine ultrasensitivity-dependent biological adaptation. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220553. [PMID: 36596458 PMCID: PMC9810431 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Robust perfect adaptation (RPA) is a ubiquitously observed signalling response across all scales of biological organization. A major class of network architectures that drive RPA in complex networks is the Opposer module-a feedback-regulated network into which specialized integral-computing 'opposer node(s)' are embedded. Although ultrasensitivity-generating chemical reactions have long been considered a possible mechanism for such adaptation-conferring opposer nodes, this hypothesis has relied on simplified Michaelian models, which neglect the presence of protein-protein complexes. Here we develop complex-complete models of interlinked covalent-modification cycles with embedded ultrasensitivity, explicitly capturing all molecular interactions and protein complexes. Strikingly, we demonstrate that the presence of protein-protein complexes thwarts the network's capacity for RPA in any 'free' active protein form, conferring RPA capacity instead on the concentration of a larger protein pool consisting of two distinct forms of a single protein. We further show that the presence of enzyme-substrate complexes, even at comparatively low concentrations, play a crucial and previously unrecognized role in controlling the RPA response-significantly reducing the range of network inputs for which RPA can obtain, and imposing greater parametric requirements on the RPA response. These surprising results raise fundamental new questions as to the biochemical requirements for adaptation-conferring Opposer modules within complex cellular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Jeynes-Smith
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - R. P. Araujo
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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2
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Araujo RP, Liotta LA. Design Principles Underlying Robust Adaptation of Complex Biochemical Networks. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2634:3-32. [PMID: 37074572 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3008-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical networks are often characterized by tremendous complexity-both in terms of the sheer number of interacting molecules ("nodes") and in terms of the varied and incompletely understood interactions among these molecules ("interconnections" or "edges"). Strikingly, the vast and intricate networks of interacting proteins that exist within each living cell have the capacity to perform remarkably robustly, and reproducibly, despite significant variations in concentrations of the interacting components from one cell to the next and despite mutability over time of biochemical parameters. Here we consider the ubiquitously observed and fundamentally important signalling response known as robust perfect adaptation (RPA). We have recently shown that all RPA-capable networks, even the most complex ones, must satisfy an extremely rigid set of design principles, and are modular, being decomposable into just two types of network building-blocks-opposer modules and balancer modules. Here we present an overview of the design principles that characterize all RPA-capable network topologies through a detailed examination of a collection of simple examples. We also introduce a diagrammatic method for studying the potential of a network to exhibit RPA, which may be applied without a detailed knowledge of the complex mathematical principles governing RPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn P Araujo
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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Corrales P, Vidal-Puig A, Medina-Gómez G. Obesity and pregnancy, the perfect metabolic storm. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:1723-1734. [PMID: 33911209 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a physiological stress that requires dynamic, regulated changes affecting maternal and fetal adiposity. Excessive accumulation of dysfunctional adipose tissue defined by metabolic and molecular alterations cause severe health consequences for mother and fetus. When subjected to sustained overnutrition, the cellular and lipid composition of the adipose tissue changes predisposing to insulin resistance, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders compromising the outcome of the pregnancy. Moreover, excessive maternal weight gain, usually in the context of obesity, predisposes to an increased flux of nutrients from mother to fetus throughout the placenta. The fetus of an obese mother will accumulate more adiposity and may increase the risk of future metabolic disorder later in life. Thus, further understanding of the interaction between maternal metabolism, epigenetic regulation of the adipose tissue, and their transgenerational transfer are required to mitigate the adverse health outcomes for the mother and the fetus associated with maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Corrales
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Gema Medina-Gómez
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Lelliot CJ, Campbell M, Peddinti G, Martinez-Uña M, Ingvorsen C, Dias AR, Relat J, Mora S, Hyötyläinen T, Zorzano A, Orešič M, Bjursell M, Bohlooly-Y M, Lindén D, Vidal-Puig A. Allostatic hypermetabolic response in PGC1α/β heterozygote mouse despite mitochondrial defects. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21752. [PMID: 34369602 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100262rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging, obesity, and insulin resistance are associated with low levels of PGC1α and PGC1β coactivators and defective mitochondrial function. We studied mice deficient for PGC1α and PGC1β [double heterozygous (DH)] to investigate their combined pathogenic contribution. Contrary to our hypothesis, DH mice were leaner, had increased energy dissipation, a pro-thermogenic profile in BAT and WAT, and improved carbohydrate metabolism compared to wild types. WAT showed upregulation of mitochondriogenesis/oxphos machinery upon allelic compensation of PGC1α4 from the remaining allele. However, DH mice had decreased mitochondrial OXPHOS and biogenesis transcriptomes in mitochondria-rich organs. Despite being metabolically healthy, mitochondrial defects in DH mice impaired muscle fiber remodeling and caused qualitative changes in the hepatic lipidome. Our data evidence first the existence of organ-specific compensatory allostatic mechanisms are robust enough to drive an unexpected phenotype. Second, optimization of adipose tissue bioenergetics is sufficient to maintain a healthy metabolic phenotype despite a broad severe mitochondrial dysfunction in other relevant metabolic organs. Third, the decrease in PGC1s in adipose tissue of obese and diabetic patients is in contrast with the robustness of the compensatory upregulation in the adipose of the DH mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Campbell
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gopal Peddinti
- VTT, Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Maite Martinez-Uña
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Camilla Ingvorsen
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana Rita Dias
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joana Relat
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, University of Barcelona (UB), Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- INSA-UB, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Mora
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matej Orešič
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Bjursell
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Lindén
- Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
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5
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Escasany E, Lanzón B, García-Carrasco A, Izquierdo-Lahuerta A, Torres L, Corrales P, Rodríguez Rodríguez AE, Luis-Lima S, Martínez Álvarez C, Javier Ruperez F, Ros M, Porrini E, Rydén M, Medina-Gómez G. Transforming growth factor β3 deficiency promotes defective lipid metabolism and fibrosis in murine kidney. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:271939. [PMID: 34431499 PMCID: PMC8489029 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis are pathological features of chronic kidney disease. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a key player in the development of fibrosis. However, of the three known TGFβ isoforms, only TGFβ1 has an established role in fibrosis, and the pathophysiological relevance of TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 is unknown. Because Tgfb3 deficiency in mice results in early postnatal lethality, we analyzed the kidney phenotype of heterozygous Tgfb3-knockout mice (Tgfb3+/−) and compared it with that of matched wild-type mice. Four-month-old Tgfb3+/− mice exhibited incipient renal fibrosis with epithelial–mesenchymal transition, in addition to glomerular basement membrane thickening and podocyte foot process effacement associated with albuminuria. Also evident was insulin resistance and oxidative stress at the renal level, together with aberrant renal lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function. Omics analysis revealed toxic species, such as diacylglycerides and ceramides, and dysregulated mitochondrial metabolism in Tgfb3+/− mice. Kidneys of Tgfb3+/− mice showed morphological alterations of mitochondria and overactivation of non-canonical MAPK ERK1/2 and JNK cascades. Our study indicates that renal TGFβ3 might have antifibrotic and renoprotective properties, opposing or counteracting the activity of TGFβ1. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Our study describes the renal abnormalities of heterozygous Tgfb3-targeted mice and suggests that TGFβ3 is renoprotective and may counteract the activity of TGFβ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Escasany
- Lipobeta group, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Lanzón
- Lipobeta group, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena García-Carrasco
- Lipobeta group, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Izquierdo-Lahuerta
- Lipobeta group, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Torres
- Lipobeta group, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Corrales
- Lipobeta group, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Luis-Lima
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Departamento de Nefrología e Hipertensión, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Martínez Álvarez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Ruperez
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ros
- Lipobeta group, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Porrini
- Universidad La Laguna, Instituto Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gema Medina-Gómez
- Lipobeta group, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain.,LAFEMEX laboratory, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
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Jeynes-Smith C, Araujo RP. Ultrasensitivity and bistability in covalent-modification cycles with positive autoregulation. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 477:20210069. [PMID: 35153570 PMCID: PMC8331239 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Switch-like behaviours in biochemical networks are of fundamental significance in biological signal processing, and exist as two distinct types: ultra-sensitivity and bistability. Here we propose two new models of a reversible covalent-modification cycle with positive autoregulation (PAR), a motif structure that is thought to be capable of both ultrasensitivity and bistability in different parameter regimes. These new models appeal to a modelling framework that we call complex-complete, which accounts fully for the molecular complexities of the underlying signalling mechanisms. Each of the two new models encodes a specific molecular mechanism for PAR. We demonstrate that the modelling simplifications for PAR models that have been used in previous work, which rely on Michaelian approximations, are unable to accurately recapitulate the qualitative signalling responses supported by our detailed models. Strikingly, we show that complex-complete PAR models are capable of new qualitative responses such as one-way switches and a 'prozone' effect, depending on the specific PAR-encoding mechanism, which are not supported by Michaelian simplifications. Our results highlight the critical importance of accurately representing the molecular details of biochemical signalling mechanisms, and strongly suggest that the Michaelian approximation is inadequate for predictive models of enzyme-mediated chemical reactions with added regulations such as PAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailan Jeynes-Smith
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robyn P. Araujo
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Brisbane, Australia
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Barajas-Martínez A, Bermeo K, de la Cruz L, Martínez-Vargas M, Martínez-Tapia RJ, García DE, Navarro L. Cannabinoid receptors are differentially regulated in the pancreatic islets during the early development of metabolic syndrome. Islets 2020; 12:134-144. [PMID: 33289595 PMCID: PMC7751681 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2020.1849927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is found in tissues that regulate the glycemia, including adipose tissue, muscle, and pancreatic islets. Diet-induced metabolic syndrome changes the expression of the CB receptors in muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. However, it is poorly understood whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects the expression of CB receptors in pancreatic β cells. We analyzed the expression of CB receptors in pancreatic β cells under chronic high-sucrose diet (HSD)-induced MetS. Wistar rats fed an HSD as a model of MetS were used to investigate changes in cannabinoid receptors. After 8 weeks of treatment, we evaluated the appearance of the following MetS biomarkers: glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and an increase in visceral adiposity. To determine the presence of CB1 and CB2 receptors in pancreatic β cells, immunofluorescence of primary cell cultures and pancreatic sections was performed. For whole-islet quantification of membrane-bound CB1 and CB2 receptors, western-blotting following differential centrifugation was conducted. Our results revealed that an HSD treatment closely mimics the alterations seen in MetS. We observed that in primary cell culture, CB1 and CB2 receptors were expressed at a higher level in pancreatic β cells compared with non-β cells. MetS resulted in a reduction of CB1 in the islet, whereas abundant CB2 was observed after the treatment. CB1 and CB2 receptors are differentially expressed in pancreatic β cells during MetS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barajas-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Karina Bermeo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Lizbeth de la Cruz
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marina Martínez-Vargas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Jesús Martínez-Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - David Erasmo García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luz Navarro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
- CONTACT Luz Navarro Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de MéxicoC.P. 04510, México
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Chu KY, Mellet N, Thai LM, Meikle PJ, Biden TJ. Short-term inhibition of autophagy benefits pancreatic β-cells by augmenting ether lipids and peroxisomal function, and by countering depletion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after fat-feeding. Mol Metab 2020; 40:101023. [PMID: 32504884 PMCID: PMC7322075 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigations of autophagy in β-cells have usually focused on its homeostatic function. More dynamic roles in inhibiting glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), potentially involving remodelling of cellular lipids, have been suggested from in vitro studies but not evaluated in vivo. METHODS We employed temporally-regulated deletion of the essential autophagy gene, Atg7, in β-cells. Mice were fed chow or high-fat diets (HFD), in conjunction with deletion of Atg7 for the last 3 weeks (short-term model) or 9 weeks (long-term model). Standard in vivo metabolic phenotyping was undertaken, and 450 lipid species in islets quantified ex vivo using mass spectroscopy (MS). MIN6 cells were also employed for lipidomics and secretory interventions. RESULTS β-cell function was impaired by inhibiting autophagy in the longer-term, but conversely improved by 3-week deletion of Atg7, specifically under HFD conditions. This was accompanied by augmented GSIS ex vivo. Surprisingly, the HFD had minimal effect on sphingolipid and neutral lipid species, but modulated >100 phospholipids and ether lipids, and markedly shifted the profile of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) sidechains from n3 to n6 forms. These changes were partially countered by Atg7 deletion, consistent with an accompanying upregulation of the PUFA elongase enzyme, Elovl5. Loss of Atg7 separately augmented plasmalogens and alkyl lipids, in association with increased expression of Lonp2, a peroxisomal chaperone/protease that facilitates maturation of ether lipid synthetic enzymes. Depletion of PUFAs and ether lipids was also observed in MIN6 cells chronically exposed to oleate (more so than palmitate). GSIS was inhibited by knocking down Dhrs7b, which encodes an enzyme of peroxisomal ether lipid synthesis. Conversely, impaired GSIS due to oleate pre-treatment was selectively reverted by Dhrs7b overexpression. CONCLUSIONS A detrimental increase in n6:n3 PUFA ratios in ether lipids and phospholipids is revealed as a major response of β-cells to high-fat feeding. This is partially reversed by short-term inhibition of autophagy, which results in compensatory changes in peroxisomal lipid metabolism. The short-term phenotype is linked to improved GSIS, in contrast to the impairment seen with the longer-term inhibition of autophagy. The balance between these positive and negative inputs could help determine whether β-cells adapt or fail in response to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Yi Chu
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Natalie Mellet
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Vic, 3004, Australia
| | - Le May Thai
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, Vic, 3004, Australia.
| | - Trevor J Biden
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Koelmel JP, Napolitano MP, Ulmer CZ, Vasiliou V, Garrett TJ, Yost RA, Prasad MNV, Godri Pollitt KJ, Bowden JA. Environmental lipidomics: understanding the response of organisms and ecosystems to a changing world. Metabolomics 2020; 16:56. [PMID: 32307636 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the interaction between organisms and the environment is important for predicting and mitigating the effects of global phenomena such as climate change, and the fate, transport, and health effects of anthropogenic pollutants. By understanding organism and ecosystem responses to environmental stressors at the molecular level, mechanisms of toxicity and adaptation can be determined. This information has important implications in human and environmental health, engineering biotechnologies, and understanding the interaction between anthropogenic induced changes and the biosphere. One class of molecules with unique promise for environmental science are lipids; lipids are highly abundant and ubiquitous across nearly all organisms, and lipid profiles often change drastically in response to external stimuli. These changes allow organisms to maintain essential biological functions, for example, membrane fluidity, as they adapt to a changing climate and chemical environment. Lipidomics can help scientists understand the historical and present biofeedback processes in climate change and the biogeochemical processes affecting nutrient cycles. Lipids can also be used to understand how ecosystems respond to historical environmental changes with lipid signatures dating back to hundreds of millions of years, which can help predict similar changes in the future. In addition, lipids are direct targets of environmental stressors, for example, lipids are easily prone to oxidative damage, which occurs during exposure to most toxins. AIM OF REVIEW This is the first review to summarize the current efforts to comprehensively measure lipids to better understand the interaction between organisms and their environment. This review focuses on lipidomic applications in the arenas of environmental toxicology and exposure assessment, xenobiotic exposures and health (e.g., obesity), global climate change, and nutrient cycles. Moreover, this review summarizes the use of and the potential for lipidomics in engineering biotechnologies for the remediation of persistent compounds and biofuel production. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT With the preservation of certain lipids across millions of years and our ever-increasing understanding of their diverse biological roles, lipidomic-based approaches provide a unique utility to increase our understanding of the contemporary and historical interactions between organisms, ecosystems, and anthropogenically-induced environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Koelmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 125 Buckman Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Michael P Napolitano
- CSS, Inc., under contract to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Candice Z Ulmer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Ft. Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 125 Buckman Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Richard A Yost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 125 Buckman Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - M N V Prasad
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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10
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Metabolomics Analysis of Nutrient Metabolism in β-Cells. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:1429-1445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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PPAR γ and Its Agonists in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Nephrol 2020; 2020:2917474. [PMID: 32158560 PMCID: PMC7060840 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2917474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a global healthcare issue. CKD can progress to irreversible end-stage renal diseases (ESRD) or renal failure. The major risk factors for CKD include obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the key process involved in the disease development may lead to novel interventive strategies, which is currently lagging behind. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is one of the ligand-activated transcription factor superfamily members and is globally expressed in human tissues. Its agonists such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have been applied as effective antidiabetic drugs as they control insulin sensitivity in multiple metabolic tissues. Besides, TZDs exert protective effects in multiple other CKD risk disease contexts. As PPARγ is abundantly expressed in major kidney cells, its physiological roles in those cells have been studied in both cell and animal models. The function of PPARγ in the kidney ranges from energy metabolism, cell proliferation to inflammatory suppression, although major renal side effects of existing agonists (including TZDs) have been reported, which limited their application in treating CKD. In the current review, we systemically assess the function of PPARγ in CKDs and the benefits and current limitations of its agonists in the clinical applications.
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12
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Corrales P, Vidal-Puig A, Medina-Gómez G. PPARs and Metabolic Disorders Associated with Challenged Adipose Tissue Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072124. [PMID: 30037087 PMCID: PMC6073677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of a family of nuclear hormone receptors that exert their transcriptional control on genes harboring PPAR-responsive regulatory elements (PPRE) in partnership with retinoid X receptors (RXR). The activation of PPARs coordinated by specific coactivators/repressors regulate networks of genes controlling diverse homeostatic processes involving inflammation, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance. Defects in PPARs have been linked to lipodystrophy, obesity, and insulin resistance as a result of the impairment of adipose tissue expandability and functionality. PPARs can act as lipid sensors, and when optimally activated, can rewire many of the metabolic pathways typically disrupted in obesity leading to an improvement of metabolic homeostasis. PPARs also contribute to the homeostasis of adipose tissue under challenging physiological circumstances, such as pregnancy and aging. Given their potential pathogenic role and their therapeutic potential, the benefits of PPARs activation should not only be considered relevant in the context of energy balance-associated pathologies and insulin resistance but also as potential relevant targets in the context of diabetic pregnancy and changes in body composition and metabolic stress associated with aging. Here, we review the rationale for the optimization of PPAR activation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Corrales
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n. Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Gema Medina-Gómez
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n. Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Corrales P, Izquierdo-Lahuerta A, Medina-Gómez G. Maintenance of Kidney Metabolic Homeostasis by PPAR Gamma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072063. [PMID: 30012954 PMCID: PMC6073436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear hormone receptors that control the transcription of specific genes by binding to regulatory DNA sequences. Among the three subtypes of PPARs, PPARγ modulates a broad range of physiopathological processes, including lipid metabolism, insulin sensitization, cellular differentiation, and cancer. Although predominantly expressed in adipose tissue, PPARγ expression is also found in different regions of the kidney and, upon activation, can redirect metabolism. Recent studies have highlighted important roles for PPARγ in kidney metabolism, such as lipid and glucose metabolism and renal mineral control. PPARγ is also implicated in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and, consequently, in the control of systemic blood pressure. Accordingly, synthetic agonists of PPARγ have reno-protective effects both in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. This review focuses on the role of PPARγ in renal metabolism as a likely key factor in the maintenance of systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Corrales
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Avda. de Atenas s/n. Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adriana Izquierdo-Lahuerta
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Avda. de Atenas s/n. Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gema Medina-Gómez
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Avda. de Atenas s/n. Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain.
- MEMORISM Research Unit of University Rey Juan Carlos-Institute of Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (CSIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Droz BA, Sneed BL, Jackson CV, Zimmerman KM, Michael MD, Emmerson PJ, Coskun T, Peterson RG. Correlation of disease severity with body weight and high fat diet in the FATZO/Pco mouse. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640904 PMCID: PMC5480996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity in many current pre-clinical animal models of obesity and diabetes is mediated by monogenic mutations; these are rarely associated with the development of human obesity. A new mouse model, the FATZO mouse, has been developed to provide polygenic obesity and a metabolic pattern of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, that support the presence of insulin resistance similar to metabolic disease in patients with insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes. The FATZO mouse resulted from a cross of C57BL/6J and AKR/J mice followed by selective inbreeding for obesity, increased insulin and hyperglycemia. Since many clinical studies have established a close link between higher body weight and the development of type 2 diabetes, we investigated whether time to progression to type 2 diabetes or disease severity in FATZO mice was dependent on weight gain in young animals. Our results indicate that lighter animals developed metabolic disturbances much slower and to a lesser magnitude than their heavier counterparts. Consumption of a diet containing high fat, accelerated weight gain in parallel with disease progression. A naturally occurring and significant variation in the body weight of FATZO offspring enables these mice to be identified as low, mid and high body weight groups at a young age. These weight groups remain into adulthood and correspond to slow, medium and accelerated development of type 2 diabetes. Thus, body weight inclusion criteria can optimize the FATZO model for studies of prevention, stabilization or treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Droz
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bria L. Sneed
- Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Charles V. Jackson
- Crown Bioscience - Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Karen M. Zimmerman
- Crown Bioscience - Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - M. Dodson Michael
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Emmerson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Peterson
- Crown Bioscience - Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Vivas Y, Díez-Hochleitner M, Izquierdo-Lahuerta A, Corrales P, Horrillo D, Velasco I, Martínez-García C, Campbell M, Sevillano J, Ricote M, Ros M, Ramos MP, Medina-Gomez G. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2 modulates late pregnancy homeostatic metabolic adaptations. Mol Med 2016; 22:724-736. [PMID: 27782293 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy requires the adaptation of maternal energy metabolism including expansion and functional modifications of adipose tissue. Insulin resistance (IR), predominantly during late gestation, is a physiological metabolic adaptation that serves to support the metabolic demands of fetal growth. The molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptations are not fully understood and may contribute to gestational diabetes mellitus. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) controls adipogenesis, glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The PPARγ2 isoform is mainly expressed in adipocytes and is thus likely to contribute to adipose tissue adaptation during late pregnancy. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of PPARγ2 to the metabolic adaptations occurring during the late phase of pregnancy in the context of IR. Using a model of late pregnancy in PPARγ2 knockout (KO) mice, we found that deletion of PPARγ2 exacerbated IR in association with lower serum adiponectin levels, increased body weight and enhanced lipid accumulation in liver. Lack of PPARγ2 provoked changes in the distribution of fat mass and preferentially prevented the expansion of the perigonadal depot while at the same time exacerbating inflammation. PPARγ2KO pregnant mice presented adipose tissue depot-dependent decreased expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Collectively, these data indicate that PPARγ2 is essential to promote healthy adipose tissue expansion and immune and metabolic functionality during pregnancy, contributing to the physiological adaptations that lead gestation to term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurena Vivas
- University Rey Juan Carlos, Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcon, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Díez-Hochleitner
- University Rey Juan Carlos, Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcon, 28922 Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University San Pablo-CEU, Carretera Boadilla del Monte, km 5.3, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Izquierdo-Lahuerta
- University Rey Juan Carlos, Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcon, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Corrales
- University Rey Juan Carlos, Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcon, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Horrillo
- University Rey Juan Carlos, Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcon, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Velasco
- University Rey Juan Carlos, Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcon, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-García
- University Rey Juan Carlos, Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcon, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Campbell
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Julio Sevillano
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University San Pablo-CEU, Carretera Boadilla del Monte, km 5.3, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- National Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ros
- University Rey Juan Carlos, Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcon, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Ramos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University San Pablo-CEU, Carretera Boadilla del Monte, km 5.3, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Medina-Gomez
- University Rey Juan Carlos, Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcon, 28922 Madrid, Spain.,MEMORISM Research Unit of University Rey Juan Carlos- Institute of Biomedical Research "Alberto Sols" (CSIC)
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16
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Metabolomics applied to the pancreatic islet. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 589:120-30. [PMID: 26116790 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics, the characterization of the set of small molecules in a biological system, is advancing research in multiple areas of islet biology. Measuring a breadth of metabolites simultaneously provides a broad perspective on metabolic changes as the islets respond dynamically to metabolic fuels, hormones, or environmental stressors. As a result, metabolomics has the potential to provide new mechanistic insights into islet physiology and pathophysiology. Here we summarize advances in our understanding of islet physiology and the etiologies of type-1 and type-2 diabetes gained from metabolomics studies.
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17
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Cohen G, Shamni O, Avrahami Y, Cohen O, Broner EC, Filippov-Levy N, Chatgilialoglu C, Ferreri C, Kaiser N, Sasson S. Beta cell response to nutrient overload involves phospholipid remodelling and lipid peroxidation. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1333-43. [PMID: 25810039 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Membrane phospholipids are the major intracellular source for fatty acid-derived mediators, which regulate myriad cell functions. We showed previously that high glucose levels triggered the hydrolysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids from beta cell phospholipids. These fatty acids were subjected to free radical-catalysed peroxidation to generate the bioactive aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2E-nonenal (4-HNE). The latter activated the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδ), which in turn augmented glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The present study aimed at investigating the combined effects of glucose and fatty acid overload on phospholipid turnover and the subsequent generation of lipid mediators, which affect insulin secretion and beta cell viability. METHODS INS-1E cells were incubated with increasing glucose concentrations (5-25 mmol/l) without or with palmitic acid (PA; 50-500 μmol/l) and taken for fatty acid-based lipidomic analysis and functional assays. Rat isolated islets of Langerhans were used similarly. RESULTS PA was incorporated into membrane phospholipids in a concentration- and time-dependent manner; incorporation was highest at 25 mmol/l glucose. This was coupled to a rapid exchange with saturated, mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Importantly, released arachidonic acid and linoleic acid were subjected to peroxidation, resulting in the generation of 4-HNE, which further augmented insulin secretion by activating PPARδ in beta cells. However, this adaptive increase in insulin secretion was abolished at high glucose and PA levels, which induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and cell death. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings highlight a key role for phospholipid remodelling and fatty acid peroxidation in mediating adaptive and cytotoxic interactions induced by nutrient overload in beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
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18
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Oliveira RB, Maschio DA, Carvalho CPF, Collares-Buzato CB. Influence of gender and time diet exposure on endocrine pancreas remodeling in response to high fat diet-induced metabolic disturbances in mice. Ann Anat 2015; 200:88-97. [PMID: 25819502 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated a possible sexual dimorphism regarding metabolic response and structural and functional adaptations of the endocrine pancreas after exposure to a high-fat diet (HFd). On chow diet, male and female C57BL/6/JUnib mice showed similar metabolic and morphometric parameters, except that female islets displayed a relatively lower β-cell:non-β-cell ratio. After 30 days on HFd, both male and female mice showed increased weight gain, however only the males displayed glucose intolerance associated with high postprandial glycemia when compared to their controls. After 60 days on HFd, both genders became obese, hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, insulin resistant and glucose intolerant, although the metabolic changes were more pronounced in males, while females displayed greater weight gain. In both genders, insulin resistance induced by HFd feeding was compensated by expansion of β-cell mass without changes in islet cytoarchitecture. Interestingly, we found a strong correlation between the degree of β-cell expansion and the levels of hyperglycemia in the fed state: male mice fed a 60d-HFd, showing higher glycemic levels also displayed a greater β-cell mass increase in comparison with female mice. Additionally, sexual dimorphism was also observed regarding the source of β-cell mass expansion following 60d-HFd: while in males, both hypertrophy and hyperplasia (revealed by morphometry and Ki67 immunoreaction) of β-cells were observed, female islets displayed only a significant increase in β-cell size. In conclusion, this study describes gender differences in metabolic response to high fat diet, paralleled by distinct compensatory morphometric changes in pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - D A Maschio
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - C P F Carvalho
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - C B Collares-Buzato
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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19
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Engin F, Nguyen T, Yermalovich A, Hotamisligil GS. Aberrant islet unfolded protein response in type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4054. [PMID: 24514745 PMCID: PMC3920274 DOI: 10.1038/srep04054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum adapts to fluctuations in demand and copes with stress through an adaptive signaling cascade called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Accumulating evidence indicates that the canonical UPR is critical to the survival and function of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, and alterations in the UPR may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. However, the dynamic regulation of UPR molecules in the islets of animal models and humans with type 2 diabetes remains to be elucidated. Here, we analyzed the expression of activating factor 6 (ATF6α) and spliced X-box binding protein 1 (sXBP1), and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), to evaluate the three distinct branches of the UPR in the pancreatic islets of mice with diet- or genetic-induced obesity and insulin resistance. ATF6 and sXBP1 expression was predominantly found in the β-cells, where hyperglycemia coincided with a decline in expression in both experimental models and in humans with type 2 diabetes. These data suggest alterations in the expression of UPR mediators may contribute to the decline in islet function in type 2 diabetes in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Engin
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Truc Nguyen
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alena Yermalovich
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- 1] Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 [2] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
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20
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Oresic M. Obesity and psychotic disorders: uncovering common mechanisms through metabolomics. Dis Model Mech 2013; 5:614-20. [PMID: 22915023 PMCID: PMC3424458 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary obesity and psychotic disorders are similar with respect to the associated changes in energy balance and co-morbidities, including metabolic syndrome. Such similarities do not necessarily demonstrate causal links, but instead suggest that specific causes of and metabolic disturbances associated with obesity play a pathogenic role in the development of co-morbid disorders, potentially even before obesity develops. Metabolomics – the systematic study of metabolites, which are small molecules generated by the process of metabolism – has been important in elucidating the pathways underlying obesity-associated co-morbidities. This review covers how recent metabolomic studies have advanced biomarker discovery and the elucidation of mechanisms underlying obesity and its co-morbidities, with a specific focus on metabolic syndrome and psychotic disorders. The importance of identifying metabolic markers of disease-associated intermediate phenotypes – traits modulated but not encoded by the DNA sequence – is emphasized. Such markers would be applicable as diagnostic tools in a personalized healthcare setting and might also open up novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Oresic
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland.
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21
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Abstract
Excess of adipose tissue is accompanied by an increase in the risk of developing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other complications. Nevertheless, total or partial absence of fat or its accumulation in other tissues (lipotoxicity) is also associated to these complications. White adipose tissue (WAT) was traditionally considered a metabolically active storage tissue for lipids while brown adipose tissue (BAT) was considered as a thermogenic adipose tissue with higher oxidative capacity. Nowadays, WAT is also considered an endocrine organ that contributes to energy homeostasis. Experimental evidence tends to link the malfunction of adipose mitochondria with the development of obesity and T2D. This review discusses the importance of mitochondrial function in adipocyte biology and the increased evidences of mitochondria dysfunction in these epidemics. New strategies targeting adipocyte mitochondria from WAT and BAT are also discussed as therapies against obesity and its complications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Medina-Gómez
- Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. de Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Martínez-García C, Izquierdo A, Velagapudi V, Vivas Y, Velasco I, Campbell M, Burling K, Cava F, Ros M, Orešič M, Vidal-Puig A, Medina-Gomez G. Accelerated renal disease is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome in a glucolipotoxic mouse model. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:636-48. [PMID: 22773754 PMCID: PMC3424461 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with metabolic syndrome are at high risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) through unclear pathogenic mechanisms. Obesity and diabetes are known to induce glucolipotoxic effects in metabolically relevant organs. However, the pathogenic role of glucolipotoxicity in the aetiology of diabetic nephropathy is debated. We generated a murine model, the POKO mouse, obtained by crossing the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ2) knockout (KO) mouse into a genetically obese ob/ob background. We have previously shown that the POKO mice showed: hyperphagia, insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia as early as 4 weeks of age, and developed a complete loss of normal β-cell function by 16 weeks of age. Metabolic phenotyping of the POKO model has led to investigation of the structural and functional changes in the kidney and changes in blood pressure in these mice. Here we demonstrate that the POKO mouse is a model of renal disease that is accelerated by high levels of glucose and lipid accumulation. Similar to ob/ob mice, at 4 weeks of age these animals exhibited an increased urinary albumin:creatinine ratio and significantly increased blood pressure, but in contrast showed a significant increase in the renal hypertrophy index and an associated increase in p27(Kip1) expression compared with their obese littermates. Moreover, at 4 weeks of age POKO mice showed insulin resistance, an alteration of lipid metabolism and glomeruli damage associated with increased transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) expression. At this age, levels of proinflammatory molecules, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and fibrotic factors were also increased at the glomerular level compared with levels in ob/ob mice. At 12 weeks of age, renal damage was fully established. These data suggest an accelerated lesion through glucolipotoxic effects in the renal pathogenesis in POKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martínez-García
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular, Avda. de Atenas s/n. 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Izquierdo
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular, Avda. de Atenas s/n. 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo, PO Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Yurena Vivas
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular, Avda. de Atenas s/n. 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Velasco
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular, Avda. de Atenas s/n. 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Campbell
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Keith Burling
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Fernando Cava
- Área de Laboratorio – Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, C/Budapest 1. 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ros
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular, Avda. de Atenas s/n. 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matej Orešič
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo, PO Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Gema Medina-Gomez
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular, Avda. de Atenas s/n. 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Abstract
Recent technical advances have re-invigorated the study of sphingolipid metabolism in general, and helped to highlight the varied and important roles that sphingolipids play in pancreatic β-cells. Sphingolipid metabolites such as ceramide, glycosphingolipids, sphingosine 1-phosphate and gangliosides modulate many β-cell signaling pathways and processes implicated in β-cell diabetic disease such as apoptosis, β-cell cytokine secretion, ER-to-golgi vesicular trafficking, islet autoimmunity and insulin gene expression. They are particularly relevant to lipotoxicity. Moreover, the de novo synthesis of sphingolipids occurs on many subcellular membranes, in parallel to secretory vesicle formation, traffic and granule maturation events. Indeed, the composition of the plasma membrane, determined by the activity of neutral sphingomyelinases, affects β-cell excitability and potentially insulin exocytosis while another glycosphingolipid, sulfatide, determines the stability of insulin crystals in granules. Most importantly, sphingolipid metabolism on internal membranes is also strongly implicated in regulating β-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Boslem
- Diabetes and Obesity Program; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Darlinghurst, NSW Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Peter J. Meikle
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute; Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Trevor J. Biden
- Diabetes and Obesity Program; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Darlinghurst, NSW Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW Australia
- Correspondence to: Trevor J. Biden,
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Ament Z, Masoodi M, Griffin JL. Applications of metabolomics for understanding the action of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in diabetes, obesity and cancer. Genome Med 2012; 4:32. [PMID: 22546357 PMCID: PMC3446260 DOI: 10.1186/gm331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a set of three nuclear hormone receptors that together play a key role in regulating metabolism, particularly the switch between the fed and fasted state and the metabolic pathways involving fatty-acid oxidation and lipid metabolism. In addition, they have a number of important developmental and regulatory roles outside metabolism. The PPARs are also potent targets for treating type II diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity, although a number of individual agonists have also been linked to unwanted side effects, and there is a complex relationship between the PPARs and the development of cancer. This review examines the part that metabolomics, including lipidomics, has played in elucidating the roles PPARs have in regulating systemic metabolism, as well as their role in aspects of drug-induced cancer and xenobiotic metabolism. These studies have defined the role PPARδ plays in regulating fatty-acid oxidation in adipose tissue and the interaction between aging and PPARα in the liver. The potential translational benefits of these approaches include widening the role of PPAR agonists and improved monitoring of drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ament
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK.
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25
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Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Carobbio S, Velagapudi VR, Barbarroja N, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Tinahones FJ, Fernandez-Real JM, Orešič M, Vidal-Puig A. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-dependent regulation of lipolytic nodes and metabolic flexibility. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1555-65. [PMID: 22310664 PMCID: PMC3318581 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06154-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal lipid storage and mobilization are essential for efficient adipose tissue. Nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) regulates adipocyte differentiation and lipid deposition, but its role in lipolysis and dysregulation in obesity is not well defined. This investigation aimed to understand the molecular impact of dysfunctional PPARγ on the lipolytic axis and to explore whether these defects are also confirmed in common forms of human obesity. For this purpose, we used the P465L PPARγ mouse as a model of dysfunctional PPARγ that recapitulates the human pparγ mutation (P467L). We demonstrated that defective PPARγ impairs catecholamine-induced lipolysis. This abnormal lipolytic response is exacerbated by a state of positive energy balance in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. We identified the protein kinase A (PKA) network as a PPARγ-dependent regulatory node of the lipolytic response. Specifically, defective PPARγ is associated with decreased basal expression of prkaca (PKAcatα) and d-akap1, the lipase genes Pnplaz (ATGL) and Lipe (HSL), and lipid droplet protein genes fsp27 and adrp in vivo and in vitro. Our data indicate that PPARγ is required for activation of the lipolytic regulatory network, dysregulation of which is an important feature of obesity-induced insulin resistance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Carobbio
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nuria Barbarroja
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona, CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco Jose Tinahones
- Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Fernandez-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona, CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Girona, Spain
| | - Matej Orešič
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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Vivas Y, Martínez-García C, Izquierdo A, Garcia-Garcia F, Callejas S, Velasco I, Campbell M, Ros M, Dopazo A, Dopazo J, Vidal-Puig A, Medina-Gomez G. Early peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma regulated genes involved in expansion of pancreatic beta cell mass. BMC Med Genomics 2011; 4:86. [PMID: 22208362 PMCID: PMC3315430 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progression towards type 2 diabetes depends on the allostatic response of pancreatic beta cells to synthesise and secrete enough insulin to compensate for insulin resistance. The endocrine pancreas is a plastic tissue able to expand or regress in response to the requirements imposed by physiological and pathophysiological states associated to insulin resistance such as pregnancy, obesity or ageing, but the mechanisms mediating beta cell mass expansion in these scenarios are not well defined. We have recently shown that ob/ob mice with genetic ablation of PPARγ2, a mouse model known as the POKO mouse failed to expand its beta cell mass. This phenotype contrasted with the appropriate expansion of the beta cell mass observed in their obese littermate ob/ob mice. Thus, comparison of these models islets particularly at early ages could provide some new insights on early PPARγ dependent transcriptional responses involved in the process of beta cell mass expansion RESULTS Here we have investigated PPARγ dependent transcriptional responses occurring during the early stages of beta cell adaptation to insulin resistance in wild type, ob/ob, PPARγ2 KO and POKO mice. We have identified genes known to regulate both the rate of proliferation and the survival signals of beta cells. Moreover we have also identified new pathways induced in ob/ob islets that remained unchanged in POKO islets, suggesting an important role for PPARγ in maintenance/activation of mechanisms essential for the continued function of the beta cell. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the expansion of beta cell mass observed in ob/ob islets is associated with the activation of an immune response that fails to occur in POKO islets. We have also indentified other PPARγ dependent differentially regulated pathways including cholesterol biosynthesis, apoptosis through TGF-β signaling and decreased oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurena Vivas
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular. Avda.de Atenas s/n. 28922. Alcorcón. Madrid. Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-García
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular. Avda.de Atenas s/n. 28922. Alcorcón. Madrid. Spain
| | - Adriana Izquierdo
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular. Avda.de Atenas s/n. 28922. Alcorcón. Madrid. Spain
| | - Francisco Garcia-Garcia
- Functional Genomics Node, National Institute for Bioinformatics. Centro de Investigacion Prıncipe Felipe, Camino de las Moreras, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Callejas
- Genomics Unit. CNIC (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares). Fernández Almagro, 3. 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Velasco
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular. Avda.de Atenas s/n. 28922. Alcorcón. Madrid. Spain
| | - Mark Campbell
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories. Institute of Metabolic Science, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Level 4. Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd. Cambridge CB2 OQQ. UK
| | - Manuel Ros
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular. Avda.de Atenas s/n. 28922. Alcorcón. Madrid. Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit. CNIC (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares). Fernández Almagro, 3. 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Dopazo
- Functional Genomics Node, National Institute for Bioinformatics. Centro de Investigacion Prıncipe Felipe, Camino de las Moreras, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories. Institute of Metabolic Science, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre Level 4. Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd. Cambridge CB2 OQQ. UK
| | - Gema Medina-Gomez
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Dpto. de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular. Avda.de Atenas s/n. 28922. Alcorcón. Madrid. Spain
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Ros Pérez M, Medina-Gómez G. [Obesity, adipogenesis and insulin resistance]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 58:360-9. [PMID: 21778123 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance precedes the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is also a common denominator in the so-called metabolic syndrome. Although the cause of insulin resistance has not been fully elucidated, it seems clear that lifestyle changes, including little physical exercise and constant access to food, particularly in developed and economically emergent countries, as well as genetic factors, appear to have triggered the escalating incidence of diseases related to insulin resistance, including type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Obesity is considered as a risk factor for developing insulin resistance. Increased adipose tissue has been related to an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which, together with fatty acids, appear to be responsible for the development of insulin resistance. Thus, a greater or lesser expansibility or ability of adipose tissue to store lipids also appears to play a significant role in the development of insulin resistance because overcoming of this capacity, which is variable in each case, would result in leaking of lipids to other tissues where they could interfere with insulin signaling. This article reviews various molecular mechanisms related to the development of insulin resistance and its relationship to expansibility of adipose tissue and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ros Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Fisiología y Genética Molecular, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Alcorcón, Madrid, España
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A lipidomic screen of palmitate-treated MIN6 β-cells links sphingolipid metabolites with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and impaired protein trafficking. Biochem J 2011; 435:267-76. [PMID: 21265737 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Saturated fatty acids promote lipotoxic ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress in pancreatic β-cells in association with Type 2 diabetes. To address the underlying mechanisms we employed MS in a comprehensive lipidomic screen of MIN6 β-cells treated for 48 h with palmitate. Both the overall mass and the degree of saturation of major neutral lipids and phospholipids were only modestly increased by palmitate. The mass of GlcCer (glucosylceramide) was augmented by 70% under these conditions, without any significant alteration in the amounts of either ceramide or sphingomyelin. However, flux into ceramide (measured by [3H]serine incorporation) was augmented by chronic palmitate, and inhibition of ceramide synthesis decreased both ER stress and apoptosis. ER-to-Golgi protein trafficking was also reduced by palmitate pre-treatment, but was overcome by overexpression of GlcCer synthase. This was accompanied by increased conversion of ceramide into GlcCer, and reduced ER stress and apoptosis, but no change in phospholipid desaturation. Sphingolipid alterations due to palmitate were not secondary to ER stress since they were neither reproduced by pharmacological ER stressors nor overcome using the chemical chaperone phenylbutyric acid. In conclusion, alterations in sphingolipid, rather than phospholipid, metabolism are more likely to be implicated in the defective protein trafficking and enhanced ER stress and apoptosis of lipotoxic β-cells.
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Prieur X, Mok CY, Velagapudi VR, Núñez V, Fuentes L, Montaner D, Ishikawa K, Camacho A, Barbarroja N, O’Rahilly S, Sethi JK, Dopazo J, Orešič M, Ricote M, Vidal-Puig A. Differential lipid partitioning between adipocytes and tissue macrophages modulates macrophage lipotoxicity and M2/M1 polarization in obese mice. Diabetes 2011; 60:797-809. [PMID: 21266330 PMCID: PMC3046840 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-associated insulin resistance is characterized by a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation that is associated with the accumulation of M1 proinflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue. Although different evidence explains the mechanisms linking the expansion of adipose tissue and adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) polarization, in the current study we investigated the concept of lipid-induced toxicity as the pathogenic link that could explain the trigger of this response. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We addressed this question using isolated ATMs and adipocytes from genetic and diet-induced murine models of obesity. Through transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis, we created a model integrating transcript and lipid species networks simultaneously occurring in adipocytes and ATMs and their reversibility by thiazolidinedione treatment. RESULTS We show that polarization of ATMs is associated with lipid accumulation and the consequent formation of foam cell-like cells in adipose tissue. Our study reveals that early stages of adipose tissue expansion are characterized by M2-polarized ATMs and that progressive lipid accumulation within ATMs heralds the M1 polarization, a macrophage phenotype associated with severe obesity and insulin resistance. Furthermore, rosiglitazone treatment, which promotes redistribution of lipids toward adipocytes and extends the M2 ATM polarization state, prevents the lipid alterations associated with M1 ATM polarization. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the M1 ATM polarization in obesity might be a macrophage-specific manifestation of a more general lipotoxic pathogenic mechanism. This indicates that strategies to optimize fat deposition and repartitioning toward adipocytes might improve insulin sensitivity by preventing ATM lipotoxicity and M1 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Prieur
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Crystal Y.L. Mok
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Vanessa Núñez
- Department of Regenerative Cardiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Fuentes
- Department of Regenerative Cardiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Montaner
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIFP), Functional Genomics Node (INB) at CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ko Ishikawa
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Alberto Camacho
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Nuria Barbarroja
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Jaswinder K. Sethi
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Joaquin Dopazo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIFP), Functional Genomics Node (INB) at CIPF, Valencia, Spain
| | - Matej Orešič
- Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Espoo, Finland
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Department of Regenerative Cardiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
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Dunn WB, Broadhurst DI, Atherton HJ, Goodacre R, Griffin JL. Systems level studies of mammalian metabolomes: the roles of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 40:387-426. [PMID: 20717559 DOI: 10.1039/b906712b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study of biological systems in a holistic manner (systems biology) is increasingly being viewed as a necessity to provide qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the emergent properties of the complete system. Systems biology performs studies focussed on the complex interactions of system components; emphasising the whole system rather than the individual parts. Many perturbations to mammalian systems (diet, disease, drugs) are multi-factorial and the study of small parts of the system is insufficient to understand the complete phenotypic changes induced. Metabolomics is one functional level tool being employed to investigate the complex interactions of metabolites with other metabolites (metabolism) but also the regulatory role metabolites provide through interaction with genes, transcripts and proteins (e.g. allosteric regulation). Technological developments are the driving force behind advances in scientific knowledge. Recent advances in the two analytical platforms of mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have driven forward the discipline of metabolomics. In this critical review, an introduction to metabolites, metabolomes, metabolomics and the role of MS and NMR spectroscopy will be provided. The applications of metabolomics in mammalian systems biology for the study of the health-disease continuum, drug efficacy and toxicity and dietary effects on mammalian health will be reviewed. The current limitations and future goals of metabolomics in systems biology will also be discussed (374 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick B Dunn
- Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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31
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Lage R, Vázquez MJ, Varela L, Saha AK, Vidal-Puig A, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, López M. Ghrelin effects on neuropeptides in the rat hypothalamus depend on fatty acid metabolism actions on BSX but not on gender. FASEB J 2010; 24:2670-9. [PMID: 20335227 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-150672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The orexigenic effect of ghrelin is mediated by neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). Recent evidence also indicates that ghrelin promotes feeding through a mechanism involving activation of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase (FAS). This results in decreased hypothalamic levels of malonyl-CoA, increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) activity, and mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species. We evaluated whether these molecular events are part of a unique signaling cascade or whether they represent alternative pathways mediating the orexigenic effect of ghrelin. Moreover, we examined the gender dependency of these mechanisms, because recent evidence has proposed that ghrelin orexigenic effect is reduced in female rats. We studied in both genders the effect of ghrelin on the expression of AgRP and NPY, as well as their transcription factors: cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB and its phosphorylated form, pCREB), forkhead box O1 (FoxO1 and its phosphorylated form, pFoxO1), and brain-specific homeobox transcription factor (BSX). In addition, to establish a mechanistic link between ghrelin, fatty acid metabolism, and neuropeptides, we evaluated the effect of ghrelin after blockage of hypothalamic fatty acid beta oxidation, by using the CPT1 inhibitor etomoxir. Ghrelin-induced changes in the AMPK-CPT1 pathway are associated with increased levels of AgRP and NPY mRNA expression through modulation of BSX, pCREB, and FoxO1, as well as decreased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers in a gender-independent manner. In addition, blockage of hypothalamic fatty acid beta oxidation prevents the ghrelin-promoting action on AgRP and NPY mRNA expression, also in a gender-independent manner. Notably, this effect is associated with decreased BSX expression and reduced food intake. Overall, our data suggest that BSX integrates changes in neuronal metabolic status with ARC-derived neuropeptides in a gender-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lage
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
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32
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Sørensen TI, Virtue S, Vidal-Puig A. Obesity as a clinical and public health problem: Is there a need for a new definition based on lipotoxicity effects? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:400-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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