1
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Jang I, Menon S, Indra I, Basith R, Beningo KA. Calpain Small Subunit Mediated Secretion of Galectin-3 Regulates Traction Stress. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1247. [PMID: 38927454 PMCID: PMC11200796 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex regulation of traction forces (TF) produced during cellular migration remains poorly understood. We have previously found that calpain 4 (Capn4), the small non-catalytic subunit of the calpain 1 and 2 proteases, regulates the production of TF independent of the proteolytic activity of the larger subunits. Capn4 was later found to facilitate tyrosine phosphorylation and secretion of the lectin-binding protein galectin-3 (Gal3). In this study, recombinant Gal3 (rGal3) was added to the media-enhanced TF generated by capn4-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Extracellular Gal3 also rescued defects in the distribution, morphology, and adhesive strength of focal adhesions present in capn4-/- MEF cells. Surprisingly, extracellular Gal3 does not influence mechanosensing. c-Abl kinase was found to affect Gal3 secretion and the production of TF through phosphorylation of Y107 on Gal3. Our study also suggests that Gal3-mediated regulation of TF occurs through signaling pathways triggered by β1 integrin but not by focal adhesion kinase (FAK) Y397 autophosphorylation. Our findings provide insights into the signaling mechanism by which Capn4 and secreted Gal3 regulate cell migration through the modulation of TF distinctly independent from a mechanosensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karen A. Beningo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (I.J.)
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2
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Chen S, Wang Y, Bao S, Yao L, Fu X, Yu Y, Lyu H, Pang H, Guo S, Zhang H, Zhou P, Zhou Y. Cerium oxide nanoparticles in wound care: a review of mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1404651. [PMID: 38832127 PMCID: PMC11145637 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1404651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin wound healing is a complex and tightly regulated process. The frequent occurrence and reoccurrence of acute and chronic wounds cause significant skin damage to patients and impose socioeconomic burdens. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement to promote interdisciplinary development in the fields of material science and medicine to investigate novel mechanisms for wound healing. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are a type of nanomaterials that possess distinct properties and have broad application prospects. They are recognized for their capabilities in enhancing wound closure, minimizing scarring, mitigating inflammation, and exerting antibacterial effects, which has led to their prominence in wound care research. In this paper, the distinctive physicochemical properties of CeO2 NPs and their most recent synthesis approaches are discussed. It further investigates the therapeutic mechanisms of CeO2 NPs in the process of wound healing. Following that, this review critically examines previous studies focusing on the effects of CeO2 NPs on wound healing. Finally, it suggests the potential application of cerium oxide as an innovative nanomaterial in diverse fields and discusses its prospects for future advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouying Chen
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Nursing, Luzhou, China
| | - Yiren Wang
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Nursing, Luzhou, China
| | - Shuilan Bao
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Nursing, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Yao
- School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Nursing, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Lyu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haowen Pang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shengmin Guo
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Wound Healing Basic Research and Clinical Application Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Nursing, Luzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Psychiatric, The Zigong Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Zigong, China
- Zigong Psychiatric Research Center, Zigong, China
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3
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Zamani S, Salehi M, Ehterami A, Fauzi MB, Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi G. Assessing the efficacy of curcumin-loaded alginate hydrogel on skin wound healing: A gene expression analysis. J Biomater Appl 2024; 38:957-974. [PMID: 38453252 DOI: 10.1177/08853282241238581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Skin tissue engineering has gained significant attention as a promising alternative to traditional treatments for skin injuries. In this study, we developed 3D hydrogel-based scaffolds, Alginate, incorporating different concentrations of Curcumin and evaluated their properties, including morphology, swelling behavior, weight loss, as well as hemo- and cytocompatibility. Furthermore, we investigated the therapeutic potential of Alginate hydrogel containing different amounts of Curcumin using an in vitro wound healing model. The prepared hydrogels exhibited remarkable characteristics, SEM showed that the pore size of hydrogels was 134.64 μm with interconnected pores, making it conducive for cellular infiltration and nutrient exchange. Moreover, hydrogels demonstrated excellent biodegradability, losing 63.5% of its weight over 14 days. In addition, the prepared hydrogels had a stable release of curcumin for 3 days. The results also show the hemocompatibility of prepared hydrogels and a low amount of blood clotting. To assess the efficacy of the developed hydrogels, 3T3 fibroblast growth was examined during various incubation times. The results indicated that the inclusion of Curcumin at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL positively influenced cellular behavior. The animal study showed that Alginate hydrogel containing 0.1 mg/mL curcumin had high wound closure(more than 80%) after 14 days. In addition, it showed up-regulation of essential wound healing genes, including TGFβ1 and VEGF, promoting tissue repair and angiogenesis. Furthermore, the treated group exhibited down-regulation of MMP9 gene expression, indicating a reduction in matrix degradation and inflammation. The observed cellular responses and gene expression changes substantiate the therapeutic efficacy of prepared hydrogels. Consequently, our study showed the healing effect of alginate-based hydrogel containing Curcumin on skin injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Zamani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Sexual Health and Fertility Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Health Technology Incubator Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Arian Ehterami
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mh Busra Fauzi
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Ghasem Abbaszadeh-Goudarzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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4
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Smandri A, Al-Masawa ME, Hwei NM, Fauzi MB. ECM-derived biomaterials for regulating tissue multicellularity and maturation. iScience 2024; 27:109141. [PMID: 38405613 PMCID: PMC10884934 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in developing human-relevant organotypic models led to the building of highly resemblant tissue constructs that hold immense potential for transplantation, drug screening, and disease modeling. Despite the progress in fine-tuning stem cell multilineage differentiation in highly controlled spatiotemporal conditions and hosting microenvironments, 3D models still experience naive and incomplete morphogenesis. In particular, existing systems and induction protocols fail to maintain stem cell long-term potency, induce high tissue-level multicellularity, or drive the maturity of stem cell-derived 3D models to levels seen in their in vivo counterparts. In this review, we highlight the use of extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived biomaterials in providing stem cell niche-mimicking microenvironment capable of preserving stem cell long-term potency and inducing spatial and region-specific differentiation. We also examine the maturation of different 3D models, including organoids, encapsulated in ECM biomaterials and provide looking-forward perspectives on employing ECM biomaterials in building more innovative, transplantable, and functional organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Smandri
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Maimonah Eissa Al-Masawa
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Ng Min Hwei
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mh Busra Fauzi
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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5
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Sone K, Sakamaki Y, Hirose S, Inagaki M, Tachikawa M, Yoshino D, Funamoto K. Hypoxia suppresses glucose-induced increases in collective cell migration in vascular endothelial cell monolayers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5164. [PMID: 38431674 PMCID: PMC10908842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood glucose levels fluctuate during daily life, and the oxygen concentration is low compared to the atmosphere. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) maintain vascular homeostasis by sensing changes in glucose and oxygen concentrations, resulting in collective migration. However, the behaviors of ECs in response to high-glucose and hypoxic environments and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the collective migration of ECs simultaneously stimulated by changes in glucose and oxygen concentrations. Cell migration in EC monolayer formed inside the media channels of microfluidic devices was observed while varying the glucose and oxygen concentrations. The cell migration increased with increasing glucose concentration under normoxic condition but decreased under hypoxic condition, even in the presence of high glucose levels. In addition, inhibition of mitochondrial function reduced the cell migration regardless of glucose and oxygen concentrations. Thus, oxygen had a greater impact on cell migration than glucose, and aerobic energy production in mitochondria plays an important mechanistic role. These results provide new insights regarding vascular homeostasis relative to glucose and oxygen concentration changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Sone
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-12 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yuka Sakamaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Satomi Hirose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-12 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mai Inagaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Sho-machi, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8505, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshino
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kenichi Funamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-12 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan.
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-1 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8597, Japan.
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6
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Donnez J, Stratopoulou CA, Dolmans MM. Endometriosis and adenomyosis: Similarities and differences. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2024; 92:102432. [PMID: 38103509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Deep endometriosis and uterine adenomyosis are two frequently encountered conditions affecting approximately 200 million women worldwide. They are closely related, showing similar histological patterns and multiple common pathogenic features, and share the same symptoms. It is therefore not surprising that they are often thought to have a common developmental origin. Indeed, both deep endometriosis and adenomyosis appear to derive from estrogen-dependent overproliferation of endometrial tissue and its subsequent implantation in ectopic sites. Although the scientific community has shown increasing interest in these diseases over recent years, neither pathogenesis has yet been elucidated, so there are currently no efficient treatment options. Understanding the mechanisms underlying disease development, as well as discerning their relationship, are key to improving clinical management for millions of patients. The aims of this review are to summarize current knowledge on deep endometriosis and adenomyosis pathogeneses and discuss the possibility that these two entities are actually differential phenotypes of the same disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Donnez
- Prof Emeritus, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium; Society for Research into Infertility (SRI), 143 Avenue Grandchamp, 1150, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Christina Anna Stratopoulou
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Madeleine Dolmans
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium; Gynecology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Park A, Choi S, Do J, Kim Y, Kim KS, Koh E, Park KS. ZO-1 regulates the migration of mesenchymal stem cells in cooperation with α-catenin in response to breast tumor cells. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:19. [PMID: 38212369 PMCID: PMC10784548 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are recruited from the bone marrow into breast tumors, contributing to the creation of a tumor microenvironment that fosters tropism for breast tumors. However, the intrinsic mechanisms underlying the recruitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the breast tumor microenvironment are still under investigation. Our discoveries identified zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) as a specific intrinsic molecule that plays a vital role in mediating the collective migration of MSCs towards breast tumor cells and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), which is a crucial factor secreted by breast tumor cells. Upon migration in response to MDA-MB-231 cells and TGF-β, MSCs showed increased formation of adherens junction-like structures (AJs) expressing N-cadherin and α-catenin at their cell-cell contacts. ZO-1 was found to be recruited into the AJs at the cell-cell contacts between MSCs. Additionally, ZO-1 collaborated with α-catenin to regulate AJ formation, dependently on the SH3 and GUK domains of the ZO-1 protein. ZO-1 knockdown led to the impaired migration of MSCs in response to the stimuli and subsequent downregulation of AJs formation at the cell-cell contacts during MSCs migration. Overall, our study highlights the novel role of ZO-1 in guiding MSC migration towards breast tumor cells, suggesting its potential as a new strategy for controlling and re-engineering the breast tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Sanghyuk Choi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Jungbeom Do
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Youngjae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sup Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Eunjin Koh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ki-Sook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
- East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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8
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Ghorbanlou M, Moradi F, Shabani R, Mehdizadeh M. Upregulation of apoptotic genes and downregulation of target genes of Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway in DAOY medulloblastoma cell line treated with arsenic trioxide. J Chemother 2023:1-14. [PMID: 38130211 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2023.2294574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastoma etiology is associated with the SHH molecular pathway activation at different levels. We investigated the effect of arsenic trioxide as a downstream-level inhibitor of the SHH signaling pathway on morphology, cytotoxicity, migration, and SHH-related and apoptotic gene expression of DAOY cells. Cells were treated at various arsenic trioxide (ATO)concentrations (1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 μM) for different times (24 and 48 hr). Following treatments, the morphology of the cells was investigated at ×20 and ×40 magnification by an inverted microscope. Then, cytotoxicity was investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and trypan blue assays. Cell migration was analyzed through the wound-healing assay. Furthermore, the expression of SHH-related (GLI1, GLI2, SMO, and MYCN) and apoptotic genes (BAX, BCL2, and TP53) was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Finally, GLI1, SMO, and MYCN markers were analyzed through immunocytochemistry. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 16) and P≤0.05 was considered significant. Morphological changes were seen at 3 and 2 μM in 24 and 48 hr of treatment, respectively. The MTT assay showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity indicating an IC50 value of 3.39±0.35 and 2.05±0.64 μM in 24 and 48hr treatment, respectively. In addition, the trypan blue assay showed higher IC50 values of 4.29±0.25 and 3.92±0.22 μM in 24 and 48 hr treatment, respectively. The wound-healing assay indicated a dose-dependent reduction of cell migration speed showing a 50% reduction at 2.89±0.26 μM. Significant downregulation of GLI1 and GLI2, as well as the upregulation of BAX, BAX/BCL2 ratio, and TP53 were evident. Significant increases in GLI1 and MYCN markers were also evident in immunocytochemistry. ATO, as a downstream effective inhibitor of the SHH pathway, substantially leads to cell death, cell migration inhibition, apoptosis upregulation, and downregulation of SHH target genes in DAOY medulloblastoma. Since ATO is a toxic chemotherapeutic agent, it must be used at low concentrations (2 μM) in order not to damage healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Ghorbanlou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ronak Shabani
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Vu R, Dragan M, Sun P, Werner S, Dai X. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity and Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cutaneous Wound Healing. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041237. [PMID: 36617638 PMCID: PMC10411868 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial and endothelial cells possess the inherent plasticity to undergo morphological, cellular, and molecular changes leading to their resemblance of mesenchymal cells. A prevailing notion has been that cutaneous wound reepithelialization involves partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of wound-edge epidermal cells to enable their transition from a stationary state to a migratory state. In this review, we reflect on past findings that led to this notion and discuss recent studies that suggest a refined view, focusing predominantly on in vivo results using mammalian excisional wound models. We highlight the concept of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP), which emphasizes a reversible conversion of epithelial cells across multiple intermediate states within the epithelial-mesenchymal spectrum, and discuss the critical importance of restricting EMT for effective wound reepithelialization. We also outline the current state of knowledge on EMP in pathological wound healing, and on endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a process similar to EMT, as a possible mechanism contributing to wound fibrosis and scar formation. Harnessing epithelial/endothelial-mesenchymal plasticity may unravel opportunities for developing new therapeutics to treat human wound healing pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Vu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
| | - Morgan Dragan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, 8093 ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xing Dai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
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10
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Zmuda H, Pathak A. Epithelial multicellular clustering enabled by polarized macrophages on soft matrices. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23059. [PMID: 37389911 PMCID: PMC10540233 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300120rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Formation of epithelial structures of variegated geometries and sizes is essential for organogenesis, tumor growth, and wound repair. Although epithelial cells are predisposed with potential for multicellular clustering, it remains unclear whether immune cells and mechanical cues from their microenvironment influence this process. To explore this possibility, we cocultured human mammary epithelial cells with prepolarized macrophages on soft or stiff hydrogels. In the presence of M1 (proinflammatory) macrophages on soft matrices, epithelial cells migrated faster and subsequently formed larger multicellular clusters compared to cocultures with M0 (unpolarized) or M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages. By contrast, stiff matrices disabled active clustering of epithelial cells due to their enhanced migration and cell-ECM adhesion, regardless of macrophage polarization. We found that the copresence of soft matrices and M1 macrophages reduced focal adhesions, but enhanced fibronectin deposition and nonmuscle myosin-IIA expression, which altogether optimize conditions for epithelial clustering. Upon ROCK inhibition, epithelial clustering was abrogated, indicating a requirement for optimized cellular forces. In these cocultures, TNF-α secretion was the highest with M1 macrophages and TGF-β secretion was exclusively detectable in case of M2 macrophages on soft gels, which indicated potential role of macrophage secreted factors in the observed epithelial clustering. Indeed, exogenous addition of TGF-β promoted epithelial clustering with M1 coculture on soft gels. According to our findings, optimization of both mechanical and immune factors can tune epithelial clustering responses, which could have implications in tumor growth, fibrosis, and would healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Zmuda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
| | - Amit Pathak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
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11
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Yang C, Zeng Y, Xu S, Zhou X. The coherent motions of thermal active Brownian particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:13027-13032. [PMID: 37114336 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05984c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Active matter exhibits many intriguing non-equilibrium characteristics, for instance, without any attractive and aligned interactions, the active Brownian particle (ABP) system undergoing motility-induced phase separation forms a high-density phase with both structural ordering and dynamical coherence. Recently, the velocity correlation among the particles in this high-density phase was found in non-thermal overdamped ABP systems. However, it seemed to disappear if thermal noises were included, bringing some confusion about the generality of the consistency between structures and dynamics in ABPs. Here, we demonstrate that the thermal noises imposing a large random term on the instantaneous velocity of ABPs hinder the observation of the inherent correlation in the motions of ABPs. By averaging the instantaneous velocity (or equivalently, calculating the displacement), we show that the inherent motions of thermal-fluctuated ABPs are highly coherent. Whether there is thermal noise or not, the inherent collective motions of ABPs do exist, and the collective motion domains are consistent spatially with the ordered clusters of ABPs in the high-density phase. At the boundary of these ordered clusters, the active forces of the particles tend to point inward and compress to sustain these clusters, thus the particles in the clusters move coherently to form some vortex-like or aligned velocity domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Mianyang Teachers' College, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Mianyang Teachers' College, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Shun Xu
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Takahashi N, Yoshino D, Sugahara R, Hirose S, Sone K, Rieu JP, Funamoto K. Microfluidic platform for the reproduction of hypoxic vascular microenvironments. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5428. [PMID: 37012295 PMCID: PMC10070331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) respond to mechanical stimuli caused by blood flow to maintain vascular homeostasis. Although the oxygen level in vascular microenvironment is lower than the atmospheric one, the cellular dynamics of ECs under hypoxic and flow exposure are not fully understood. Here, we describe a microfluidic platform for the reproduction hypoxic vascular microenvironments. Simultaneous application of hypoxic stress and fluid shear stress to the cultured cells was achieved by integrating a microfluidic device and a flow channel that adjusted the initial oxygen concentration in a cell culture medium. An EC monolayer was then formed on the media channel in the device, and the ECs were observed after exposure to hypoxic and flow conditions. The migration velocity of the ECs immediately increased after flow exposure, especially in the direction opposite to the flow direction, and gradually decreased, resulting in the lowest value under the hypoxic and flow exposure condition. The ECs after 6-h simultaneous exposure to hypoxic stress and fluid shear stress were generally aligned and elongated in the flow direction, with enhanced VE-cadherin expression and actin filament assembly. Thus, the developed microfluidic platform is useful for investigating the dynamics of ECs in vascular microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-12 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshino
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ryuji Sugahara
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-12 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satomi Hirose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-12 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sone
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-12 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jean-Paul Rieu
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Université Lyon 1-CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kenichi Funamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-12 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan.
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-1 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8597, Japan.
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13
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Nandy N, Roy JK. Rab11 negatively regulates wingless preventing JNK-mediated apoptosis in Drosophila epithelium during embryonic dorsal closure. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:485-504. [PMID: 36705747 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rab11, a small Ras like GTPase marking the recycling endosomes, plays instrumental roles in Drosophila embryonic epithelial morphogenesis where an array of reports testify its importance in the maintenance of cyto-architectural as well as functional attributes of the concerned cells. Proper Rab11 functions ensure a precise regulation of developmentally active cell signaling pathways which in turn promote the expression of morphogens and other physico-chemical cues which finally forge an embryo out of a single layer of cells. Earlier reports have established that Rab11 functions are vital for fly embryonic development where amorphic mutants such as EP3017 homozygotes show a fair degree of epithelial defects along with incomplete dorsal closure. Here, we present a detailed account of the effects of Rab11 loss of function in the dorso-lateral epithelium which resulted in severe dorsal closure defects along with an elevated JNK-Dpp expression. We further observed that the dorso-lateral epithelial cells undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition as well as apoptosis in Rab11 mutants with elevated expression levels of MMP1 and Caspase-3, where Caspase-3 contributes to the Rab11 knockout phenotype contrary to the knockdown mutants or hypomorphs. Interestingly, the elevated expressions of the core JNK-Dpp signaling could be rescued with a simultaneous knockdown of wingless in the Rab11 knockout mutants suggesting a genetic interaction of Rab11 with the Wingless pathway during dorsal closure, an ideal model of epithelial wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Nandy
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jagat Kumar Roy
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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14
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Luo S, Furuya K, Matsuda K, Tsukasa Y, Usui T, Uemura T. E-cadherin-dependent coordinated epithelial rotation on a two-dimensional discoidal pattern. Genes Cells 2023; 28:175-187. [PMID: 36562594 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, cells collectively migrate in a variety of developmental and pathological contexts. Coordinated epithelial rotation represents a unique type of collective cell migrations, which has been modeled in vitro under spatially confined conditions. Although it is known that the coordinated rotation depends on intercellular interactions, the contribution of E-cadherin, a major cell-cell adhesion molecule, has not been directly addressed on two-dimensional (2D) confined substrates. Here, using well-controlled fibronectin-coated surfaces, we tracked and compared the migratory behaviors of MDCK cells expressing or lacking E-cadherin. We observed that wild-type MDCK II cells exhibited persistent and coordinated rotations on discoidal patterns, while E-cadherin knockout cells migrated in a less coordinated manner without large-scale rotation. Our comparison of the collective dynamics between these two cell types revealed a series of changes in migratory behavior caused by the loss of E-cadherin, including a decreased global migration speed, less regularity in quantified coordination, and increased average density of topological defects. Taken together, these data demonstrate that spontaneous initiation of collective epithelial rotations depends on E-cadherin under 2D discoidal confinements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyu Luo
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanji Furuya
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimiya Matsuda
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuma Tsukasa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadao Usui
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Zmuda H, Pathak A. Epithelial multicellular clustering enabled by polarized macrophages on soft matrices. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.20.529258. [PMID: 36865200 PMCID: PMC9979985 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.20.529258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Formation of epithelial structures of variegated geometries and sizes is essential for organogenesis, tumor growth, and wound repair. Although epithelial cells are predisposed with potential for multicellular clustering, it remains unclear whether immune cells and mechanical cues from their microenvironment influence this process. To explore this possibility, we co-cultured human mammary epithelial cells with pre-polarized macrophages on soft or stiff hydrogels. In the presence of M1 (proinflammatory) macrophages on soft matrices, epithelial cells migrated faster and subsequently formed larger multicellular clusters, compared to co-cultures with M0 (unpolarized) or M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages. By contrast, stiff extracellular matrix (ECM) disabled active clustering of epithelial cells due to their enhanced migration and cell-ECM adhesion, regardless of macrophage polarization. We found that the co-presence of soft matrices and M1 macrophages reduced focal adhesions, but enhanced fibronectin deposition and non-muscle myosin-IIA expression, which altogether optimize conditions for epithelial clustering. Upon Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibition, epithelial clustering was abrogated, indicating a requirement for optimized cellular forces. In these co-cultures, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α secretion was the highest with M1 macrophages and Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β secretion was exclusively detectable in case of M2 macrophages on soft gels, which indicated potential role of macrophage secreted factors in the observed epithelial clustering. Indeed, exogenous addition of TGB-β promoted epithelial clustering with M1 co-culture on soft gels. According to our findings, optimization of both mechanical and immune factors can tune epithelial clustering responses, which could have implications in tumor growth, fibrosis, and would healing. Summary Authors show proinflammatory macrophages on soft matrices enable epithelial cells to form multicellular clusters. This phenomenon is disabled on stiff matrices due to increased stability of focal adhesions. Inflammatory cytokine secretion is macrophage-dependent, and external addition of cytokines accentuates epithelial clustering on soft matrices. Impact Statement Formation of multicellular epithelial structures is critical to tissue homeostasis. However, it has not been shown how the immune system and mechanical environment affect these structures. The present work illustrates how macrophage type affects epithelial clustering in soft and stiff matrix environments.
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16
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Martins VGFC, Alencar LMR, Souza PFN, Lorentino CMA, Frota HF, dos Santos ALS, Gemini-Piperni S, Morandi V, Rodrigues VG, Pereira JX, Ricci-Junior E, de Barros AODS, Santos-Oliveira R. Wound dressing using graphene quantum dots: a proof of concept. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-023-00612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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17
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Rai N, Gupta P, Verma A, Singh SK, Gautam V. Isolation and characterization of N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)hexadecanamide from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with apoptosis-inducing potential in breast cancer cells. Biofactors 2023. [PMID: 36744732 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are a well-established reservoir of bioactive compounds that are pharmaceutically valuable and therefore, contribute significantly to the biomedical field. The present study aims to identify the bioactive anticancer compound from ethyl acetate extract of fungal endophyte, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides associated with the leaf of the medicinal plant Oroxylum indicum. The fatty acid amide compound N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)hexadecanamide (Palmitoylethanolamide; PEA) was identified using antioxidant activity-guided fractionation assisted with tandem liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. In-Silico molecular docking analysis showed that PEA potentially docked to the active sites of apoptosis-inducing proteins including BAX, BCL-2, P21, and P53. Further validation was done using in vitro study that showed PEA inhibitsthe proliferation, alters nuclear morphology and attenuates the wound closure ability of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. PEA induces apoptosis via upregulating cell-cycle arrest (P21), tumor suppression (P53), pro-apoptotic (BAX, CASPASE-8, and FADD) genes, and downregulating anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2. The upregulation of the active form of Caspase-3 was also reported. This is the first-ever report for the isolation of PEA from C. gloeosporioides with anticancer activity against human breast cancer cells and therefore holds great potential for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Rai
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Priyamvada Gupta
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Verma
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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18
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Abstract
In this chapter, we highlight examples of the diverse array of developmental, cellular, and biochemical insights that can be gained by using Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis as a model tissue. We begin with an overview of ovary development and adult oogenesis. Then we summarize how the adult Drosophila ovary continues to advance our understanding of stem cells, cell cycle, cell migration, cytoplasmic streaming, nurse cell dumping, and cell death. We also review emerging areas of study, including the roles of lipid droplets, ribosomes, and nuclear actin in egg development. Finally, we conclude by discussing the growing conservation of processes and signaling pathways that regulate oogenesis and female reproduction from flies to humans.
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19
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Ascione F, Caserta S, Esposito S, Villella VR, Maiuri L, Nejad MR, Doostmohammadi A, Yeomans JM, Guido S. Collective rotational motion of freely expanding T84 epithelial cell colonies. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220719. [PMID: 36872917 PMCID: PMC9943890 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated rotational motion is an intriguing, yet still elusive mode of collective cell migration, which is relevant in pathological and morphogenetic processes. Most of the studies on this topic have been carried out on epithelial cells plated on micropatterned substrates, where cell motion is confined in regions of well-defined shapes coated with extracellular matrix adhesive proteins. The driver of collective rotation in such conditions has not been clearly elucidated, although it has been speculated that spatial confinement can play an essential role in triggering cell rotation. Here, we study the growth of epithelial cell colonies freely expanding (i.e. with no physical constraints) on the surface of cell culture plates and focus on collective cell rotation in such conditions, a case which has received scarce attention in the literature. One of the main findings of our work is that coordinated cell rotation spontaneously occurs in cell clusters in the free growth regime, thus implying that cell confinement is not necessary to elicit collective rotation as previously suggested. The extent of collective rotation was size and shape dependent: a highly coordinated disc-like rotation was found in small cell clusters with a round shape, while collective rotation was suppressed in large irregular cell clusters generated by merging of different clusters in the course of their growth. The angular motion was persistent in the same direction, although clockwise and anticlockwise rotations were equally likely to occur among different cell clusters. Radial cell velocity was quite low as compared to the angular velocity, in agreement with the free expansion regime where cluster growth is essentially governed by cell proliferation. A clear difference in morphology was observed between cells at the periphery and the ones in the core of the clusters, the former being more elongated and spread out as compared to the latter. Overall, our results, to our knowledge, provide the first quantitative and systematic evidence that coordinated cell rotation does not require a spatial confinement and occurs spontaneously in freely expanding epithelial cell colonies, possibly as a mechanism for the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Ascione
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sergio Caserta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Speranza Esposito
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Rachela Villella
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Maiuri
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mehrana R. Nejad
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | | | - Julia M. Yeomans
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Stefano Guido
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), Università di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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20
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Anker AM, Lenhard J, Klein SM, Felthaus O, Prantl L, Ruewe M. Standard doses of Triamcinolone do not affect fibroblast cell migration of abdominoplasty patients in-vitro1. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2023; 85:307-314. [PMID: 36502314 DOI: 10.3233/ch-229106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that local application of corticosteroids reduces wound exudation following abdominoplasty and other reconstructive surgical procedures. On the other hand, corticosteroids might provoke wound healing disturbances due to their immunosuppressive effects. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to gain further information about the impact of the corticosteroid triamcinolone on cell migration in abdominoplasty patients. METHODS An in-vitro scratch assay wound healing model was applied to observe cell migration of fibroblasts cultured with nutrient medium containing human seroma aspirate±triamcinolone. RESULTS There were no significant differences regarding cell migration when fibroblasts were incubated with triamcinolone + seroma containing culture medium compared to seroma containing culture medium without triamcinolone. CONCLUSIONS The performed in-vitro study suggests that triamcinolone does not decelerate fibroblast cell migration which is considered as a surrogate of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Anker
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg and Caritas Hospital St. Josef Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lenhard
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg and Caritas Hospital St. Josef Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Silvan M Klein
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg and Caritas Hospital St. Josef Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Felthaus
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg and Caritas Hospital St. Josef Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Prantl
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg and Caritas Hospital St. Josef Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marc Ruewe
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg and Caritas Hospital St. Josef Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Hohmann U, von Widdern JC, Ghadban C, Giudice MCL, Lemahieu G, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Dehghani F, Hohmann T. Jamming Transitions in Astrocytes and Glioblastoma Are Induced by Cell Density and Tension. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010029. [PMID: 36611824 PMCID: PMC9818602 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective behavior of cells emerges from coordination of cell-cell-interactions and is important to wound healing, embryonic and tumor development. Depending on cell density and cell-cell interactions, a transition from a migratory, fluid-like unjammed state to a more static and solid-like jammed state or vice versa can occur. Here, we analyze collective migration dynamics of astrocytes and glioblastoma cells using live cell imaging. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy, traction force microscopy and spheroid generation assays were used to study cell adhesion, traction and mechanics. Perturbations of traction and adhesion were induced via ROCK or myosin II inhibition. Whereas astrocytes resided within a non-migratory, jammed state, glioblastoma were migratory and unjammed. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a switch from an unjammed to a jammed state was induced upon alteration of the equilibrium between cell-cell-adhesion and tension from adhesion to tension dominated, via inhibition of ROCK or myosin II. Such behavior has implications for understanding the infiltration of the brain by glioblastoma cells and may help to identify new strategies to develop anti-migratory drugs and strategies for glioblastoma-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julian Cardinal von Widdern
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chalid Ghadban
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Maria Cristina Lo Giudice
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grégoire Lemahieu
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tim Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Correspondence:
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22
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Bhattacharyya SK, Nandi S, Dey T, Ray SK, Mandal M, Das NC, Banerjee S. Fabrication of a Vitamin B12-Loaded Carbon Dot/Mixed-Ligand Metal Organic Framework Encapsulated within the Gelatin Microsphere for pH Sensing and In Vitro Wound Healing Assessment. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5693-5705. [PMID: 36475584 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial invasion is a serious concern during the wound healing process. The colonization of bacteria is mainly responsible for the pH fluctuation at the wound site. Therefore, the fabrication of a proper wound dressing material with antibacterial activity and pH monitoring ability is necessary to acquire a fast healing process. Therefore, this work is dedicated to designing a vitamin B12-loaded gelatin microsphere (MS) decorated with a carbon dot (CD) metal-organic framework (MOF) for simultaneous pH sensing and advanced wound closure application. The resultant MS portrayed a high specific surface area and a hierarchically porous structure. Furthermore, the surface of the resultant MS contained numerous carboxyl groups and amine groups whose deprotonation and protonation with the pH alternation are accountable for the pH-sensitive properties. The vitamin B12 release study was speedy from the MOF structure in an acidic medium, which was checked by gelatin coating, and a controlled drug release behavior was observed. The system showed excellent cytocompatibility toward the L929 cell line and remarkable antibacterial performance against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the combined effect of Zn2+, the imidazole unit, and CDs produces an outstanding bactericidal effect on the injury sites. Finally, the in vitro wound model suggests that the presence of the vitamin B12-loaded gelatin MS accelerates the proliferation of resident fibroblast L929 cells and causes tissue regeneration in a time-dependent manner. The relative wound area, % of wound closure, and wound healing speed values are remarkable and suggest the requirement for assessing the response of the system before exploiting its prospective in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suvendu Nandi
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur721302, India
| | - Tamal Dey
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur721302, India
| | - Samit Kumar Ray
- School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur721302, India.,Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur721302, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur721302, India
| | - Narayan Chandra Das
- School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur721302, India.,Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur721302, India
| | - Susanta Banerjee
- School of Nano Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur721302, India.,Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur721302, India
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23
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Abdul Ghani N‘I, Razali RA, Chowdhury SR, Fauzi MB, Bin Saim A, Ruszymah BHI, Maarof M. Effect of Different Collection Times of Dermal Fibroblast Conditioned Medium (DFCM) on In Vitro Re-Epithelialisation Process. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123203. [PMID: 36551960 PMCID: PMC9775936 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A key event in wound healing is re-epithelialisation, which is mainly regulated via paracrine signalling of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors secreted by fibroblasts. Fibroblast-secreted factors can be collected from the used culture medium, known as dermal fibroblast conditioned medium (DFCM). The goal of this study was to optimise the culture condition to acquire DFCM and evaluate its effect on keratinocyte attachment, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Confluent fibroblasts were cultured with serum-free keratinocyte-specific (DFCM-KM) and fibroblast-specific (DFCM-FM) medium at different incubation times (Days 1, 2, and 3). DFCM collected after 3 days of incubation (DFCM-KM-3 and DFCM-FM-3) contained a higher protein concentration compared to other days. Supplementation of DFCM-KM-3 enhanced keratinocyte attachment, while DFCM-FM-3 significantly increased the keratinocyte wound-healing rate, with an increment of keratinocyte area and collective cell migration, which was distinctly different from DFCM-KM-3 or control medium. Further analysis confirmed that the presence of calcium at higher concentrations in DFCM-FM facilitated the changes. The confluent dermal fibroblasts after 3 days of incubation with serum-free culture medium produced higher proteins in DFCM, resulting in enhanced in vitro re-epithelialisation. These results suggest that the delivery of DFCM could be a potential treatment strategy for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul ‘Izzah Abdul Ghani
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Rabiatul Adawiyah Razali
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Shiplu Roy Chowdhury
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Mh Busra Fauzi
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | | | - Binti Haji Idrus Ruszymah
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Manira Maarof
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +603-91457685; Fax: +603-91457678
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Zhang Y, Xu G, Wu J, Lee RM, Zhu Z, Sun Y, Zhu K, Losert W, Liao S, Zhang G, Pan T, Xu Z, Lin F, Zhao M. Propagation dynamics of electrotactic motility in large epithelial cell sheets. iScience 2022; 25:105136. [PMID: 36185354 PMCID: PMC9523412 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional migration initiated at the wound edge leads epithelia to migrate in wound healing. How such coherent migration is achieved is not well understood. Here, we used electric fields to induce robust migration of sheets of human keratinocytes and developed an in silico model to characterize initiation and propagation of epithelial collective migration. Electric fields initiate an increase in migration directionality and speed at the leading edge. The increases propagate across the epithelial sheets, resulting in directional migration of cell sheets as coherent units. Both the experimental and in silico models demonstrated vector-like integration of the electric and default directional cues at free edge in space and time. The resultant collective migration is consistent in experiments and modeling, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The keratinocyte model thus faithfully reflects key features of epithelial migration as a coherent tissue in vivo, e.g. that leading cells lead, and that epithelium maintains cell-cell junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Guoqing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Applied Computer Science, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Jiandong Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rachel M. Lee
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Zijie Zhu
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yaohui Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Simon Liao
- Department of Applied Computer Science, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Gong Zhang
- Department of Applied Computer Science, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada
- Brain Engineering Center, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Single-molecule Detection and Instrument Development, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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25
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Liu CY, Zhang YX, I L. Two-Stage Structural and Slowing-Down Percolation Transitions in the Densifying Cancer Cell Monolayer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:148102. [PMID: 36240397 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.148102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the two-stage structural and slowing-down percolating transitions, followed by the confluent transition in the densifying cancer cell monolayers from the dilute state, and investigate their impacts on collective cell dynamics. It is found that cells aggregate into clusters at low cell density. With increasing cell number density, the structural percolation through the formation of a large cell cluster percolating through the space precedes the dynamical percolation transition of forming a percolating cluster of slow cell elements. Both percolating transitions exhibit scale-free scaling behaviors of cluster size distributions and fractal structures, similar to those of the universality class of 2D nonequilibrium systems governed by percolation theory. Dynamically, at low cell density, cell aggregation enhances cooperative motion. The structural percolation leads to slower motion, especially with stronger suppression for the high-frequency modes in the turbulent-like velocity power spectra. The following slowing-down percolation associated with the onset of cell crowding in regions occupied by cells further enhances dynamical slowing-down, and suppresses the increasing trend of dynamical heterogeneity and the steepening of the power spectrum of motion, until their reversions after the confluent transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Liu
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan 32001, Republic of China
| | - Yun-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan 32001, Republic of China
| | - Lin I
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Systems, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan 32001, Republic of China
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Effects of different protocols of defocused high-power laser on the viability and migration of myoblasts-a comparative in vitro study. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:3571-3581. [PMID: 36125659 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze for the first time the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using defocused high-power laser (DHPL) in myoblast cell line C2C12 viability and migration and compare them with low-power laser therapy. Cells were divided into 9 groups: Sham irradiation 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS); Sham irradiation 5%FBS; low-power laser 0.1 W; DHPL 810 1 W; DHPL 810 2 W; DHPL 980 1 W; DHPL 980 2 W; DHPL dual 1 W; DHPL dual 2 W. To simulate stress conditions, all groups exposed to irradiation were maintained in DMEM 5% FBS. The impact of therapies on cell viability was assessed through sulforhodamine B assay and on cells migration through scratch assays and time-lapse. Myoblast viability was not modified by PBMT protocols. All PBMT protocols were able to accelerate the scratch closure after 6 and 18 h of the first irradiation (p < 0.001). Also, an increase in migration speed, with a more pronounced effect of DHPL laser using dual-wavelength protocol with 2 W was observed (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the diverse PBMT protocols used in this study accelerated the C2C12 myoblasts migration, with 2-W dual-wavelength outstanding as the most effective protocol tested. Benefits from treating muscle injuries with PBMT appear to be related to its capacity to induce cell migration without notable impact on cell viability.
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Sentoku M, Iida K, Hashimoto H, Yasuda K. Dominant geometrical factors of collective cell migration in flexible 3D gelatin tube structures. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2022; 2:100063. [PMID: 36425328 PMCID: PMC9680702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a dynamic and interactive behavior of cell cohorts essential for diverse physiological developments in living organisms. Recent studies have revealed the importance of three-dimensional (3D) topographical confinements to regulate the migration modes of cell cohorts in tubular confinement. However, conventional in vitro assays fail to observe cells' behavior in response to 3D structural changes, which is necessary for examining the geometric regulation factors of collective migration. Here, we introduce a newly developed assay for fabricating flexible 3D structures of capillary microtunnels to examine the behavior of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) as they progress through the successive transition across wide or narrow tube structures. The microtunnels with altered diameters were formed inside gelatin-gel blocks by photo-thermal etching with micrometer-sized spot heating of the focused infrared laser absorption. The ECs migrated and spread two-dimensionally on the inner surface of gelatin capillary microtunnels as a monolayer instead of filling the entire capillary. In the straight cylindrical topographical constraint, leading ECs exhibited no apparent diameter dependence for the maximum peak migration velocity. However, widening the diameter in the narrow-wide structures caused a decrease in migration velocity following in direct proportion to the diameter increase ratio, whereas narrowing the diameter in wide-narrow microtunnels increased the speed without obvious correlation between velocity change and diameter change. The results demonstrated the ability of the newly developed flexible 3D gelatin tube structures for collective cell migration, and the findings provide insights into the dominant geometric factor of the emerging migratory modes for endothelial migration as asymmetric fluid flow-like behavior in the borderless cylindrical cell sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Sentoku
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Iida
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Yasuda
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Kar AK, Singh A, Singh D, Shraogi N, Verma R, Saji J, Jagdale P, Ghosh D, Patnaik S. Biopolymeric composite hydrogel loaded with silver NPs and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) effectively manages ROS for rapid wound healing in type II diabetic wounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:506-518. [PMID: 35817241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Delayed wound healing in patients having type-II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often results in a high rate of amputation. We report an innovative Guar Gum-based macroporous hydrogel (HG) infused with an antibacterial agent (Ag NPs), and antioxidant, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) to address rapid wound healing and interestingly could inhibit the associated pathophysical bone infection in a high-fat-diet-induced T2DM C57BL/6 mice model. The HG-Ag-EGCG elicits scar-free wound healing in subcutaneous wounds and histopathological evidence confirmed HG-Ag-EGCG hydrogel patch elicits better wound healing through enhanced cell proliferation, mature connecting tissue fiber formation, minimum void spaces formation, and better re-epithelialization when compared with a market available hydrogel patch material (Luofucon®). Supportive of the in vivo outcomes, in vitro experiments delineated better-wound closure due to improved management of ROS by the HG-Ag-EGCG. Additionally, a favorable non-toxicity outcome assessed through both in vitro and in vivo conditions confirmed its potential applicability in clinical wound care management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Kar
- Water Analysis Laboratory, System Toxicology, and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amrita Singh
- Water Analysis Laboratory, System Toxicology, and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Divya Singh
- Water Analysis Laboratory, System Toxicology, and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nikita Shraogi
- Water Analysis Laboratory, System Toxicology, and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rahul Verma
- Water Analysis Laboratory, System Toxicology, and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Joel Saji
- Water Analysis Laboratory, System Toxicology, and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Jagdale
- Regulatory Toxicology Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debabrata Ghosh
- Immunotoxicology laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - Satyakam Patnaik
- Water Analysis Laboratory, System Toxicology, and Health Risk Assessment Group, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Zheng L, Gu B, Li S, Luo B, Wen Y, Chen M, Li X, Zha Z, Zhang HT, Wang X. An antibacterial hemostatic AuNPs@corn stalk/chitin composite sponge with shape recovery for promoting wound healing. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Canet-Jourdan C, Pagès DL, Nguyen-Vigouroux C, Cartry J, Zajac O, Desterke C, Lopez JB, Gutierrez-Mateyron E, Signolle N, Adam J, Raingeaud J, Polrot M, Gonin P, Mathieu JRR, Souquere S, Pierron G, Gelli M, Dartigues P, Ducreux M, Barresi V, Jaulin F. Patient-derived organoids identify an apico-basolateral polarity switch associated with survival in colorectal cancer. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276070. [PMID: 35703098 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastatic progression of cancer remains a major issue in patient treatment. Yet, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this process remains unclear. Here, we use primary explants and organoids from patients harboring mucinous colorectal carcinoma (MUC CRC), a poor prognosis histological form of digestive cancers, to study the architecture, invasive behavior and chemoresistance of tumor cell intermediates. We report that these tumors maintain a robust apico-basolateral polarity as they spread in the peritumoral stroma or organotypic collagen-I gels. We identified two distinct topologies: MUC CRCs either display a conventional "apical-in" polarity or, more frequently, harbor an inverted "apical-out" topology. Transcriptomic analyses combined with interference experiments on organoids showed that TGFb and focal adhesion signaling pathways are the main drivers of polarity orientation. Finally, this apical-out topology is associated with increased resistance to chemotherapeutic treatments in organoids and decreased patient survival in the clinic. Thus, patient-derived organoids have the potential to bridge histological, cellular and molecular analyses to decrypt onco-morphogenic programs and stratify cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jérôme Cartry
- INSERM U-1279, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Olivier Zajac
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Nicolas Signolle
- INSERM Unit U981, Experimental Pathology, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Adam
- INSERM Unit U981, Experimental Pathology, Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Joel Raingeaud
- INSERM U-1279, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Mélanie Polrot
- Plateforme d'Evaluation Préclinique, AMMICA UMS 3655/ US 23, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Patrick Gonin
- Plateforme d'Evaluation Préclinique, AMMICA UMS 3655/ US 23, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | | | | | | | - Maximiliano Gelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Peggy Dartigues
- Pathology Department, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Michel Ducreux
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Saint-Aubin, F-91190, France
| | - Valeria Barresi
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona 37129, Italia
| | - Fanny Jaulin
- INSERM U-1279, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
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31
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Alzawi A, Iftikhar A, Shalgm B, Jones S, Ellis I, Islam M. Receptor, Signal, Nucleus, Action: Signals That Pass through Akt on the Road to Head and Neck Cancer Cell Migration. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112606. [PMID: 35681586 PMCID: PMC9179418 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The ecosystem that surrounds a tumour, the microenvironment, has a huge impact on the spread of cancer, but its exact role in the molecular mechanism of spreading is still under scrutiny. This literature review aims to focus on the evidence published on the production of growth factors or proteins from the tumour microenvironment, which initiate signals in cancer cells. This review provides evidence that when Akt, a signalling protein, is activated by different growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor α/β, vascular endothelial growth factor and nerve growth factor, head and neck cancer cell spreading is stimulated. In a nutshell, it demonstrates that the tumour microenvironment plays an important role in cancer spreading by synthesising and secreting growth factors and suggests that targeting growth-factor-activated Akt in combination therapy could be a valuable therapeutic approach in treating head and neck cancer patients. Abstract This review aims to provide evidence for the role of the tumour microenvironment in cancer progression, including invasion and metastasis. The tumour microenvironment is complex and consists of tumour cells and stromal-derived cells, in addition to a modified extracellular matrix. The cellular components synthesise growth factors such as EGF, TGFα and β, VEGF, and NGF, which have been shown to initiate paracrine signalling in head and neck cancer cells by binding to cell surface receptors. One example is the phosphorylation, and hence activation, of the signalling protein Akt, which can ultimately induce oral cancer cell migration in vitro. Blocking of Akt activation by an inhibitor, MK2206, leads to a significant decrease, in vitro, of cancer-derived cell migration, visualised in both wound healing and scatter assays. Signalling pathways have therefore been popular targets for the design of chemotherapeutic agents, but drug resistance has been observed and is related to direct tumour–tumour cell communication, the tumour–extracellular matrix interface, and tumour–stromal cell interactions. Translation of this knowledge to patient care is reliant upon a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationships present in the tumour microenvironment and could ultimately lead to the design of efficacious treatment regimens such as targeted therapy or novel therapeutic combinations.
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Mazurkiewicz J, Simiczyjew A, Dratkiewicz E, Pietraszek-Gremplewicz K, Majkowski M, Kot M, Ziętek M, Matkowski R, Nowak D. Melanoma cells with diverse invasive potential differentially induce the activation of normal human fibroblasts. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:63. [PMID: 35538545 PMCID: PMC9092709 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor microenvironment consists of stromal cells, extracellular matrix, and physicochemical properties (e.g., oxygenation, acidification). An important element of the tumor niche are cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). They may constitute up to 80% of the tumor mass and share some features with myofibroblasts involved in the process of wound healing. CAFs can facilitate cancer progression. However, their interaction with melanoma cells is still poorly understood.
Methods We obtained CAFs using conditioned media derived from primary and metastatic melanoma cells, and via co-culture with melanoma cells on Transwell inserts. Using 2D and 3D wound healing assays and Transwell invasion method we evaluated CAFs’ motile activities, while coverslips with FITC-labeled gelatin, gelatin zymography, and fluorescence-based activity assay were employed to determine the proteolytic activity of the examined cells. Western Blotting method was used for the identification of CAFs’ markers as well as estimation of the mediators of MMPs’ (matrix metalloproteinases) expression levels. Lastly, CAFs’ secretome was evaluated with cytokine and angiogenesis proteomic arrays, and lactate chemiluminescence-based assay. Results Acquired FAP-α/IL6-positive CAFs exhibited elevated motility expressed as increased migration and invasion ratio, as well as higher proteolytic activity (area of digestion, MMP2, MMP14). Furthermore, fibroblasts activated by melanoma cells showed upregulation of the MMPs’ expression mediators’ levels (pERK, p-p38, CD44, RUNX), enhanced secretion of lactate, several cytokines (IL8, IL6, CXCL1, CCL2, ICAM1), and proteins related to angiogenesis (GM-CSF, DPPIV, VEGFA, PIGF). Conclusions Observed changes in CAFs’ biology were mainly driven by highly aggressive melanoma cells (A375, WM9, Hs294T) compared to the less aggressive WM1341D cells and could promote melanoma invasion, as well as impact inflammation, angiogenesis, and acidification of the tumor niche. Interestingly, different approaches to CAFs acquisition seem to complement each other showing interactions between studied cells. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00871-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mazurkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Simiczyjew
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dratkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Michał Majkowski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kot
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Ziętek
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wrocław, Poland.,Wroclaw Comprehensive Cancer Center, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rafał Matkowski
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wrocław, Poland.,Wroclaw Comprehensive Cancer Center, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
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Kopenhagen A, Ramming I, Camp B, Hammerschmidt S, Fulde M, Müsken M, Steinert M, Bergmann S. Streptococcus pneumoniae Affects Endothelial Cell Migration in Microfluidic Circulation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:852036. [PMID: 35401456 PMCID: PMC8990767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.852036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae induce strong inflammatory and procoagulant cellular responses and affect the endothelial barrier of the vascular system. Bacterial virulence determinants, such as the cytotoxic pore-forming pneumolysin, increase the endothelial barrier permeability by inducing cell apoptosis and cell damage. As life-threatening consequences, disseminated intravascular coagulation followed by consumption coagulopathy and low blood pressure is described. With the aim to decipher the role of pneumolysin in endothelial damage and leakage of the vascular barrier in more detail, we established a chamber-separation cell migration assay (CSMA) used to illustrate endothelial wound healing upon bacterial infections. We used chambered inlets for cell cultivation, which, after removal, provide a cell-free area of 500 μm in diameter as a defined gap in primary endothelial cell layers. During the process of wound healing, the size of the cell-free area is decreasing due to cell migration and proliferation, which we quantitatively determined by microscopic live cell monitoring. In addition, differential immunofluorescence staining combined with confocal microscopy was used to morphologically characterize the effect of bacterial attachment on cell migration and the velocity of gap closure. In all assays, the presence of wild-type pneumococci significantly inhibited endothelial gap closure. Remarkably, even in the presence of pneumolysin-deficient pneumococci, cell migration was significantly retarded. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of pneumococci on the proportion of cell proliferation versus cell migration within the process of endothelial gap closure was assessed by implementation of a fluorescence-conjugated nucleoside analogon. We further combined the endothelial CSMA with a microfluidic pump system, which for the first time enabled the microscopic visualization and monitoring of endothelial gap closure in the presence of circulating bacteria at defined vascular shear stress values for up to 48 h. In accordance with our CSMA results under static conditions, the gap remained cell free in the presence of circulating pneumococci in flow. Hence, our combined endothelial cultivation technique represents a complex in vitro system, which mimics the vascular physiology as close as possible by providing essential parameters of the blood flow to gain new insights into the effect of pneumococcal infection on endothelial barrier integrity in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kopenhagen
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Isabell Ramming
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Belinda Camp
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pneumology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simone Bergmann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Derakhshani A, Hesaraki S, Nezafati N, Azami M. Wound closure, angiogenesis and antibacterial behaviors of tetracalcium phosphate/hydroxyethyl cellulose/hyaluronic acid/gelatin composite dermal scaffolds. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:605-626. [PMID: 34844507 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.2008786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric and tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP)-containing polymeric scaffolds were fabricated using a freeze-drying technique, with a homogenous solution of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)/hyaluronic acid (HA)/gelatin (G) or suspension of 15 or 20% TTCP) particles in HEC/HA/G solution. The morphology, phase composition, chemical bands, and swelling behavior of the scaffold were determined. In vitro fibroblast cell viability and migration potential of the scaffolds were determined by MTT, live/dead staining, and scratch assay for wound healing. The in vivo chick embryo angiogenesis test was also carried out. Finally, the initial antibacterial activity of the scaffolds was determined using Staphylococcus aureus. The scaffolds exhibited an enormous porous structure in which the size of pores increased by the presence of TTCP particles. While the polymeric scaffold was amorphous, the formation of low crystalline hydroxyapatite phase and the initial TTCP particles was determined in the composition of TTCP-added scaffolds. TTCP increased swelling behavior of the polymeric scaffold in PBS. The results demonstrated that the amount of TTCP was a crucial factor in cell life. A high concentration of TTCP could restrict cell viability, although all the scaffolds were nontoxic. The scratch assessments determined better cell migration and wound closure in treating with TTCP-containing scaffolds so that after 24 h, a wound closure of 100% was observed. Furthermore, TTCP-incorporated scaffolds significantly improved the angiogenesis, in the chick embryo test. The presence of TTCP had a significant effect on reducing the bacterial activity and 20% TTCP-containing scaffold exhibited better antibacterial activity than the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Derakhshani
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Hesaraki
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nader Nezafati
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jairaman A, McQuade A, Granzotto A, Kang YJ, Chadarevian JP, Gandhi S, Parker I, Smith I, Cho H, Sensi SL, Othy S, Blurton-Jones M, Cahalan MD. TREM2 regulates purinergic receptor-mediated calcium signaling and motility in human iPSC-derived microglia. eLife 2022; 11:e73021. [PMID: 35191835 PMCID: PMC8906810 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane protein TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2) regulates key microglial functions including phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Loss-of-function variants of TREM2 are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because abnormalities in Ca2+ signaling have been observed in several AD models, we investigated TREM2 regulation of Ca2+ signaling in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iPSC-microglia) with genetic deletion of TREM2. We found that iPSC-microglia lacking TREM2 (TREM2 KO) show exaggerated Ca2+ signals in response to purinergic agonists, such as ADP, that shape microglial injury responses. This ADP hypersensitivity, driven by increased expression of P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors, results in greater release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum stores, which triggers sustained Ca2+ influx through Orai channels and alters cell motility in TREM2 KO microglia. Using iPSC-microglia expressing the genetically encoded Ca2+ probe, Salsa6f, we found that cytosolic Ca2+ tunes motility to a greater extent in TREM2 KO microglia. Despite showing greater overall displacement, TREM2 KO microglia exhibit reduced directional chemotaxis along ADP gradients. Accordingly, the chemotactic defect in TREM2 KO microglia was rescued by reducing cytosolic Ca2+ using a P2Y12 receptor antagonist. Our results show that loss of TREM2 confers a defect in microglial Ca2+ response to purinergic signals, suggesting a window of Ca2+ signaling for optimal microglial motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Jairaman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Amanda McQuade
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of CaliforniaIrvineUnited States
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Alberto Granzotto
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
| | - You Jung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North CarolinaCharlotteUnited States
| | - Jean Paul Chadarevian
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Sunil Gandhi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Ian Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Ian Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Hansang Cho
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Department of Biophysics, Dept of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan UniversityGyeonggi-doRepublic of Korea
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Shivashankar Othy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of CaliforniaIrvineUnited States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Michael D Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
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Chakraborty M, Mukherjee B, N N, Biswas A, Nayak RK, Sinha B. Effect of heterogeneous substrate adhesivity of follower cells on speed and tension profile of leader cells in primary keratocyte collective cell migration. Biol Open 2022; 11:274357. [PMID: 35146504 PMCID: PMC8918985 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In single keratocyte motility, membrane tension is reported to be high at cell-fronts and believed to establish front coherence. To understand role of membrane mechanics in collective cell migration, we study membrane height fluctuations in cell sheets from fish scales using interference reflection microscopy (IRM). We report the monolayer to have cells lacking substrate adhesion and show that such ‘non-sticky’ cells can form bridges between leader cells and far-away follower cells. Do such interactions alter motility and membrane mechanics in such leaders? We find non-significant, but reduced speed for leaders with ‘non-sticky’ followers in comparison to other leaders. Cells show high phenotypic variability in their membrane fluctuation tension profiles. On average, this tension is found to be lower at cell fronts than the mid-section. However, leaders with non-sticky followers are more prone to display higher tension at their front and have a negative correlation between cell speed and front-mid tension difference. Thus, we conclude that intracellular tension gradients are heterogeneous in cell sheets and substrate adhesivity of followers can control the coupling of the gradient to cell speed. Summary: Understanding how leading cells in keratocyte cell sheets are affected when their followers ‘ride’ on them and how this alters their basal membrane's height fluctuations and fluctuation tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia - 741246, India
| | - Baishali Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia - 741246, India
| | - Nanditha N
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia - 741246, India
| | - Arikta Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia - 741246, India
| | - Rajesh Kumble Nayak
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia - 741246, India.,Center of Excellence in Space Sciences, India; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia - 741246, India
| | - Bidisha Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia - 741246, India
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Raghuraman S, Schubert A, Bröker S, Jurado A, Müller A, Brandt M, Vos BE, Hofemeier AD, Abbasi F, Stehling M, Wittkowski R, Ivaska J, Betz T. Pressure Drives Rapid Burst-Like Coordinated Cellular Motion from 3D Cancer Aggregates. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104808. [PMID: 34994086 PMCID: PMC8867140 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A key behavior observed during morphogenesis, wound healing, and cancer invasion is that of collective and coordinated cellular motion. Hence, understanding the different aspects of such coordinated migration is fundamental for describing and treating cancer and other pathological defects. In general, individual cells exert forces on their environment in order to move, and collective motion is coordinated by cell-cell adhesion-based forces. However, this notion ignores other mechanisms that encourage cellular movement, such as pressure differences. Here, using model tumors, it is found that increased pressure drove coordinated cellular motion independent of cell-cell adhesion by triggering cell swelling in a soft extracellular matrix (ECM). In the resulting phenotype, a rapid burst-like stream of cervical cancer cells emerged from 3D aggregates embedded in soft collagen matrices (0.5 mg mL-1 ). This fluid-like pushing mechanism, recorded within 8 h after embedding, shows high cell velocities and super-diffusive motion. Because the swelling in this model system critically depends on integrin-mediated cell-ECM adhesions and cellular contractility, the swelling is likely triggered by unsustained mechanotransduction, providing new evidence that pressure-driven effects must be considered to more completely understand the mechanical forces involved in cell and tissue movement as well as invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Raghuraman
- Institute of Cell BiologyZMBEUniversity of MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Straße 56D‐48149MünsterGermany
| | - Ann‐Sophie Schubert
- Institute of Cell BiologyZMBEUniversity of MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Straße 56D‐48149MünsterGermany
| | - Stephan Bröker
- Institute of Theoretical PhysicsCenter for Soft NanoscienceUniversity of MünsterBusso‐Peus‐Str. 10D‐48149MünsterGermany
| | - Alejandro Jurado
- Institute of Cell BiologyZMBEUniversity of MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Straße 56D‐48149MünsterGermany
- Third Physical InstituteUniversity of GöttingenFriedrich‐Hund‐Platz 1D‐37077GöttingenGermany
| | - Annika Müller
- Institute of Cell BiologyZMBEUniversity of MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Straße 56D‐48149MünsterGermany
| | - Matthias Brandt
- Institute of Cell BiologyZMBEUniversity of MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Straße 56D‐48149MünsterGermany
| | - Bart E. Vos
- Institute of Cell BiologyZMBEUniversity of MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Straße 56D‐48149MünsterGermany
- Third Physical InstituteUniversity of GöttingenFriedrich‐Hund‐Platz 1D‐37077GöttingenGermany
| | - Arne D. Hofemeier
- Institute of Cell BiologyZMBEUniversity of MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Straße 56D‐48149MünsterGermany
| | - Fatemeh Abbasi
- Institute of Cell BiologyZMBEUniversity of MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Straße 56D‐48149MünsterGermany
- Third Physical InstituteUniversity of GöttingenFriedrich‐Hund‐Platz 1D‐37077GöttingenGermany
| | - Martin Stehling
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular BiomedicineRöntgenstraße 20D‐48149MünsterGermany
| | - Raphael Wittkowski
- Institute of Theoretical PhysicsCenter for Soft NanoscienceUniversity of MünsterBusso‐Peus‐Str. 10D‐48149MünsterGermany
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Biosience CentreUniversity of Turku and Åbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFI‐20520Finland
- Department of Life TechnologiesUniversity of TurkuTurkuFI‐20520Finland
| | - Timo Betz
- Institute of Cell BiologyZMBEUniversity of MünsterVon‐Esmarch‐Straße 56D‐48149MünsterGermany
- Third Physical InstituteUniversity of GöttingenFriedrich‐Hund‐Platz 1D‐37077GöttingenGermany
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Ruan Y, Chen L, Xie D, Luo T, Xu Y, Ye T, Chen X, Feng X, Wu X. Mechanisms of Cell Adhesion Molecules in Endocrine-Related Cancers: A Concise Outlook. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:865436. [PMID: 35464064 PMCID: PMC9021432 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.865436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a critical treatment for endocrine-related cancers; however, chemoresistance and disease recurrence remain a challenge. The interplay between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment via cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) promotes drug resistance, known as cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR). CAMs are cell surface molecules that facilitate cell-to-cell or cell-to-extracellular matrix binding. CAMs exert an adhesion effect and trigger intracellular signaling that regulates cancer cell stemness maintenance, survival, proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and drug resistance. To understand these mechanisms, this review focuses on the role of CD44, cadherins, selectins, and integrins in CAM-DR in endocrine-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yongsheng Ruan, ; Xuedong Wu,
| | - Libai Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danfeng Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Baoan Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaona Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuedong Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yongsheng Ruan, ; Xuedong Wu,
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Han K, Wang F, Yue Y, Tan X, Tian M, Miao Y, Zhao S, Dong W, Yu M. Glycomics reveal that ST6GAL1-mediated sialylation regulates uterine lumen closure during implantation. Cell Prolif 2021; 55:e13169. [PMID: 34957619 PMCID: PMC8780930 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Implantation failure is a major cause of prenatal mortality. The uterine lumen closure contributes to embryo adhesion to the uterus, but its underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Our previous study has reported that endometrial fold extension can lead to uterine lumen closure in pigs. The objective of this study was to reveal molecular mechanisms of the uterine lumen closure by characterizing the molecular basis of the endometrial fold extension during implantation in pigs. Materials and methods Uterine and endometrium tissues during implantation were collected in pigs. MALDI‐TOF MS was used to characterize the N‐glycomic profiles. Histochemistry, siRNA transfection, Western blotting, lectin immumoprecipitation, mass spectrometry and assays of wounding healing and cell aggregation were performed to investigate the molecular basis. Results We observed that uterine luminal epithelium (LE) migrated collectively during endometrial fold extension. For the first time, we identified a large number of N‐glycan compositions from endometrium during implantation using MALDI‐TOF MS. Notably, the α2,6‐linked sialic acid and ST6GAL1 were highly expressed in uterine LE when the endometrial folds extended greatly. Subsequently, the role of ST6GAL1‐mediated 2,6‐sialylation in collective epithelial migration was demonstrated. Finally, we found that ST6GAL1‐mediated α2,6‐sialylation of E‐cadherin may participate in collective migration of uterine LE. Conclusions The study reveals a mechanism of uterine lumen closure by identifying that ST6GAL1‐mediated α2,6‐sialylation of cell adhesion molecules contributes to endometrial fold extension through regulating collective migration of uterine LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Han
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiyu Wang
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulu Yue
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xihong Tan
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Tian
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiliang Miao
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijie Dong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Sigurdardottir AK, Jonasdottir AS, Asbjarnarson A, Helgudottir HR, Gudjonsson T, Traustadottir GA. Peroxidasin Enhances Basal Phenotype and Inhibits Branching Morphogenesis in Breast Epithelial Progenitor Cell Line D492. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:321-338. [PMID: 34964086 PMCID: PMC8858314 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human breast is composed of terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) that are surrounded by stroma. In the TDLUs, basement membrane separates the stroma from the epithelial compartment, which is divided into an inner layer of luminal epithelial cells and an outer layer of myoepithelial cells. Stem cells and progenitor cells also reside within the epithelium and drive a continuous cycle of gland remodelling that occurs throughout the reproductive period. D492 is an epithelial cell line originally isolated from the stem cell population of the breast and generates both luminal and myoepithelial cells in culture. When D492 cells are embedded into 3D reconstituted basement membrane matrix (3D-rBM) they form branching colonies mimicking the TDLUs of the breast, thereby providing a well-suited in vitro model for studies on branching morphogenesis and breast development. Peroxidasin (PXDN) is a heme-containing peroxidase that crosslinks collagen IV with the formation of sulfilimine bonds. Previous studies indicate that PXDN plays an integral role in basement membrane stabilisation by crosslinking collagen IV and as such contributes to epithelial integrity. Although PXDN has been linked to fibrosis and cancer in some organs there is limited information on its role in development, including in the breast. In this study, we demonstrate expression of PXDN in breast epithelium and stroma and apply the D492 cell line to investigate the role of PXDN in cell differentiation and branching morphogenesis in the human breast. Overexpression of PXDN induced basal phenotype in D492 cells, loss of plasticity and inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as is displayed by complete inhibition of branching morphogenesis in 3D culture. This is supported by results from RNA-sequencing which show significant enrichment in genes involved in epithelial differentiation along with significant negative enrichment of EMT factors. Taken together, we provide evidence for a novel role of PXDN in breast epithelial differentiation and mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karen Sigurdardottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Arna Steinunn Jonasdottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Arni Asbjarnarson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hildur Run Helgudottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Laboratory Haematology, Landspitali - University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Asta Traustadottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Upregulation of p53 by tannic acid treatment suppresses the proliferation of human colorectal carcinoma. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2021; 71:587-602. [PMID: 36651555 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2021-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study's objective is to clarify the molecular mechanisms of tannic acid effects on the viability of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Tannic acid is stable for up to 48 h and is localized in both cytoplasm and nucleus. It dose-dependently inhibited the viability of CRC cell lines; SW-620 and HT-29 with IC 50 values of 7.2 ± 0.8 and 37.6 ± 1.4 µmol L-1. Besides, metastatic, invasive, and colony formation properties of CRC cells were significantly inhibited following the tannic acid treatment (p < 0.001). Tannic acid has been found to modulate enzyme, protein, and gene expressions of NQO1 in different levels and the upregulation of protein/gene expressions of p53 (p < 0.001), which leads the cells to trigger apoptosis. In conclusion, the present in vitro study may supply a significant background for in vivo studies in which the molecular mechanisms of antioxidant and chemopreventive activities of tannic acid will completely clarify.
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Yeo T, She DT, Nai MH, Marcelo Valerio VL, Pan Y, Middha E, Lim CT, Liu B. Differential Collective Cell Migratory Behaviors Modulated by Phospholipid Nanocarriers. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17412-17425. [PMID: 34767716 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipid nanocarriers have been widely explored for theranostic and nanomedicine applications. These amphiphilic nanocarriers possess outstanding cargo encapsulation efficiency, high water dispersibility, and excellent biocompatibility, which render them promising for drug delivery and bioimaging applications. While the biological applications of phospholipid nanocarriers have been well documented, the fundamental aspects of the phospholipid-cell interactions beyond cytotoxicity have been less investigated. In particular, the effect of phospholipid nanocarriers on collective cell behaviors has not been elucidated. Herein, we evaluate the interactions of phospholipid nanocarriers possessing different functional groups and sizes with normal and cancerous immortalized breast epithelial cell sheets with varying metastatic potential. Specifically, we examine the impact of nanocarrier treatments on the collective migratory dynamics of these cell sheets. We observe that phospholipid nanocarriers induce differential collective cell migratory behaviors, where the migration speed of normal and cancerous breast epithelial cell sheets is retarded and accelerated, respectively. To a certain extent, the nanocarriers are able to alter the migration trajectory of the cancerous breast epithelial cells. Furthermore, phospholipid nanocarriers could modulate the stiffness of the nuclei, cytoplasm, and cell-cell junctions of the breast epithelial cell sheets, remodel their actin filament arrangement, and regulate the expressions of the actin-related proteins. We anticipate that this work will further shed light on nanomaterial-cell interactions and provide guidelines for rational and safer designs and applications of phospholipid nanocarriers for cancer theranostics and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trifanny Yeo
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - David T She
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Mui Hoon Nai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Von Luigi Marcelo Valerio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Yutong Pan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Eshu Middha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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Miles RR, Amin PH, Diaz MB, Misra J, Aukerman E, Das A, Ghosh N, Guith T, Knierman MD, Roy S, Spandau DF, Wek RC. The eIF2 kinase GCN2 directs keratinocyte collective cell migration during wound healing via coordination of reactive oxygen species and amino acids. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101257. [PMID: 34597669 PMCID: PMC8554533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Healing of cutaneous wounds requires the collective migration of epithelial keratinocytes to seal the wound bed from the environment. However, the signaling events that coordinate this collective migration are unclear. In this report, we address the role of phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) and attendant gene expression during wound healing. Wounding of human keratinocyte monolayers in vitro led to the rapid activation of the eIF2 kinase GCN2. We determined that deletion or pharmacological inhibition of GCN2 significantly delayed collective cell migration and wound closure. Global transcriptomic, biochemical, and cellular analyses indicated that GCN2 is necessary for maintenance of intracellular free amino acids, particularly cysteine, as well as coordination of RAC1-GTP-driven reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lamellipodia formation, and focal adhesion dynamics following keratinocyte wounding. In vivo experiments using mice deficient for GCN2 validated the role of the eIF2 kinase during wound healing in intact skin. These results indicate that GCN2 is critical for appropriate induction of collective cell migration and plays a critical role in coordinating the re-epithelialization of cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Miles
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Parth H Amin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Miguel Barriera Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jagannath Misra
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Erica Aukerman
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Amitava Das
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nandini Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tanner Guith
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael D Knierman
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dan F Spandau
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Mukherjee S, Hansda S, Nandi S, Chakraborty T, Samanta D, Acharya K, Das D. Azide-mediated unusual in situ transformation of Mannich base to Schiff-Mannich base and isolation of their Cu(II) complexes: crystal structure, theoretical inspection and anticancer activities. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13374-13386. [PMID: 34473159 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01740c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new "end-off" compartmental Mannich ligand (HL1) namely 3-((bis(2-methoxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde containing two methoxyethyl pendant arms and one-CHO functionality has been synthesized through conventional C-C and C-N coupling reactions. On treatment with Cu(ClO4)2, HL1 yields a dinuclear μ-phenolatocopper(II) complex having the molecular formula [Cu2(L1)2](ClO4)2(H2O)1.5 (1). Surprisingly, the ligand HL1 is radically transformed into a new asymmetric Schiff-Mannich base ligand (HLF) in the presence of NaN3 and Cu(ClO4)2 forming a unique dinuclear centro-symmetric Cu(II) complex [Cu(LF)]2 (2) as evident from single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis. A probable mechanistic rationalization has been proposed on the basis of theoretical calculations, which suggests systematic fragmentation of HL1 in the presence of azide residue and re-condensation of the fragmented units to yield the final Cu-HLF complex (2). SCXRD analysis portrays a large inter-metallic distance in complex 2 in comparison with complex 1 (5.493 vs. 2.989 Å, respectively) along with other distinct structural features. After physicochemical characterization both the complexes have been exploited to evaluate their possible anticancer proficiency on lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549). Complex 1 distinctly impeded the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner more efficiently than complex 2. Due to the behavior of complex 1 as potential therapeutics, cellular transformations of A549 cells have been systematically investigated. As evidenced from various in vitro experiments, the cell death mechanism triggered by complex 1 turned out to be apoptosis, as indicated by the DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing and imbalanced cell cycle distribution as well as retard migration in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somali Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
| | - Sili Hansda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
| | - Sudeshna Nandi
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Tonmoy Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
| | - Debabrata Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra (D.N.C.) College, Aurangabad, West Bengal 742201, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Debasis Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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Hirose S, Tabata Y, Sone K, Takahashi N, Yoshino D, Funamoto K. P21-activated kinase regulates oxygen-dependent migration of vascular endothelial cells in monolayers. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 15:272-284. [PMID: 34550057 PMCID: PMC8475594 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2021.1978368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The collective migration of vascular endothelial cells plays important roles in homeostasis and angiogenesis. Oxygen tension in vivo is a key factor affecting the cellular dynamics. We previously reported hypoxic conditions promote the internalization of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and increase the collective migration of vascular endothelial cells. However, the mechanism through which cells regulate collective migration as affected by oxygen tension is not fully understood. Here, we investigated oxygen-dependent collective migration, focusing on intracellular protein p21-activated kinase (PAK) and hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF)-1α. The results indicate that the oxygen-dependent variation of the migration speed of vascular endothelial cells is mediated by the regulation of VE-cadherin through the PAK pathway, as well as other mechanisms via HIF-1α, especially under extreme hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Hirose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Japan.,Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Yugo Tabata
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Japan.,Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Kazuki Sone
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Japan.,Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Naoyuki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Japan.,Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshino
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenichi Funamoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Japan.,Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
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46
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Ghosh D, Dutta A, Kashyap A, Upmanyu N, Datta S. PLP2 drives collective cell migration via ZO-1-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling at the leading edge in human colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:271878. [PMID: 34409455 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration (CCM), in which cell-cell integrity remains preserved during movement, plays an important role in the progression of cancer. However, studies describing CCM in cancer progression are majorly focused on the effects of extracellular tissue components on moving cell plasticity. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of CCM during cancer progression remain poorly explored. Here, we report that proteolipid protein 2 (PLP2), a colonic epithelium-enriched transmembrane protein, plays a vital role in the CCM of invasive human colorectal cancer (CRC) epithelium by modulating leading-edge cell dynamics in 2D. The extracellular pool of PLP2, secreted via exosomes, was also found to contribute to the event. During CCM, the protein was found to exist in association with ZO-1 (also known as TJP1) and to be involved in the positioning of the latter at the migrating edge. PLP2-mediated positioning of ZO-1 at the leading edge further alters actin cytoskeletal organization that involves Rac1 activation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PLP2, via its association with ZO-1, drives CCM in CRC epithelium by modulating the leading-edge actin cytoskeleton, thereby opening up new avenues of cancer research. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjana Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India.,School of Pharmacy and Research, People's University, Bhopal 462037, India
| | - Ankita Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Anjali Kashyap
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Neeraj Upmanyu
- School of Pharmacy and Research, People's University, Bhopal 462037, India
| | - Sunando Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
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47
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Kashgari G, Venkatesh S, Refuerzo S, Pham B, Bayat A, Klein RH, Ramos R, Ta AP, Plikus MV, Wang PH, Andersen B. GRHL3 activates FSCN1 to relax cell-cell adhesions between migrating keratinocytes during wound reepithelialization. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e142577. [PMID: 34494554 PMCID: PMC8492311 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The migrating keratinocyte wound front is required for skin wound closure. Despite significant advances in wound healing research, we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate collective keratinocyte migration. Here, we show that, in the wound front, the epidermal transcription factor Grainyhead like-3 (GRHL3) mediates decreased expression of the adherens junction protein E-cadherin; this results in relaxed adhesions between suprabasal keratinocytes, thus promoting collective cell migration and wound closure. Wound fronts from mice lacking GRHL3 in epithelial cells (Grhl3-cKO) have lower expression of Fascin-1 (FSCN1), a known negative regulator of E-cadherin. Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) on wounded keratinocytes shows decreased wound-induced chromatin accessibility near the Fscn1 gene in Grhl3-cKO mice, a region enriched for GRHL3 motifs. These data reveal a wound-induced GRHL3/FSCN1/E-cadherin pathway that regulates keratinocyte-keratinocyte adhesion during wound-front migration; this pathway is activated in acute human wounds and is altered in diabetic wounds in mice, suggesting translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brandon Pham
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine
| | - Anita Bayat
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine
| | | | - Raul Ramos
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, and
| | - Albert Paul Ta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine (UCI), California, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, and
| | - Ping H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine (UCI), California, USA
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine (UCI), California, USA
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48
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Thwe AM, Mossey P, Ellis IR. Effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on cell migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in Asian head and neck cancer cell lines. J Oral Pathol Med 2021; 50:1031-1039. [PMID: 34358366 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor α (TGFα) on Asian head and neck cancer patient cell lines; in terms of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration to determine whether these changes could be reversed using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Gefitinib and Erlotinib). METHODS Cell migration, protrusion and EMT were assessed using both Scatter assay and Scratch assay. Protein expression and localisation were evaluated using immunofluorescence, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting techniques to identify the involvement of phosphorylated MAPK (Thr202/Tyr204), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068) and phosphorylated AKT (Ser473) protein expression. RESULTS EGF and TGFα induced an EMT-like phenotypical change, cellular protrusion and cell migration while Gefitinib and Erlotinib blocked these morphological changes and cell migration. We also examined the effect of EGF/TGF α± tyrosine kinase inhibitors on phosphorylation sites Y1068 of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Y1068 was phosphorylated in all test conditions, and all tested concentrations of inhibitors did not inhibit Y1068 phosphorylation. EGF and TGFα increased phosphorylation of MAPK (Thr202/Tyr204) residues compared with serum-free control while a one-hour pre-treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor(s) before addition of growth factors completely blocked this phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Akt Ser 473 was also induced by EGF and TGFα, and a one-hour pre-treatment with the tyrosine kinas inhibitor(s) reduced this phosphorylation. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Gefitinib and Erlotinib prevent activation of downstream signalling proteins MAPK (Thr202/Tyr204) and Akt (Ser473) thereby blocking phenotypic change and cell migration. This study supports the potential therapeutic value of Gefitinib and Erlotinib in targeting head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Myat Thwe
- Unit of Cell and Molecular Biology, Dundee Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Peter Mossey
- Unit of Cell and Molecular Biology, Dundee Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ian R Ellis
- Unit of Cell and Molecular Biology, Dundee Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Immunomodulatory Properties of Host Defence Peptides in Skin Wound Healing. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070952. [PMID: 34203393 PMCID: PMC8301823 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a vital biological process that aids skin regeneration upon injury. Wound healing failure results from persistent inflammatory conditions observed in diabetes, or autoimmune diseases like psoriasis. Chronic wounds are incurable due to factors like poor oxygenation, aberrant function of peripheral sensory nervature, inadequate nutrients and blood tissue supply. The most significant hallmark of chronic wounds is heavily aberrant immune skin function. The immune response in humans relies on a large network of signalling molecules and their interactions. Research studies have reported on the dual role of host defence peptides (HDPs), which are also often called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Their duality reflects their potential for acting as antibacterial peptides, and as immunodulators that assist in modulating several biological signalling pathways related to processes such as wound healing, autoimmune disease, and others. HDPs may differentially control gene regulation and alter the behaviour of epithelial and immune cells, resulting in modulation of immune responses. In this review, we shed light on the understanding and most recent advances related to molecular mechanisms and immune modulatory features of host defence peptides in human skin wound healing. Understanding their functional role in skin immunity may further inspire topical treatments for chronic wounds.
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50
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Lavrentovich OD. Design of nematic liquid crystals to control microscale dynamics. LIQUID CRYSTALS REVIEWS 2021; 8:59-129. [PMID: 34956738 PMCID: PMC8698256 DOI: 10.1080/21680396.2021.1919576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of small particles, both living such as swimming bacteria and inanimate, such as colloidal spheres, has fascinated scientists for centuries. If one could learn how to control and streamline their chaotic motion, that would open technological opportunities in the transformation of stored or environmental energy into systematic motion, with applications in micro-robotics, transport of matter, guided morphogenesis. This review presents an approach to command microscale dynamics by replacing an isotropic medium with a liquid crystal. Orientational order and associated properties, such as elasticity, surface anchoring, and bulk anisotropy, enable new dynamic effects, ranging from the appearance and propagation of particle-like solitary waves to self-locomotion of an active droplet. By using photoalignment, the liquid crystal can be patterned into predesigned structures. In the presence of the electric field, these patterns enable the transport of solid and fluid particles through nonlinear electrokinetics rooted in anisotropy of conductivity and permittivity. Director patterns command the dynamics of swimming bacteria, guiding their trajectories, polarity of swimming, and distribution in space. This guidance is of a higher level of complexity than a simple following of the director by rod-like microorganisms. Namely, the director gradients mediate hydrodynamic interactions of bacteria to produce an active force and collective polar modes of swimming. The patterned director could also be engraved in a liquid crystal elastomer. When an elastomer coating is activated by heat or light, these patterns produce a deterministic surface topography. The director gradients define an activation force that shapes the elastomer in a manner similar to the active stresses triggering flows in active nematics. The patterned elastomer substrates could be used to define the orientation of cells in living tissues. The liquid-crystal guidance holds a major promise in achieving the goal of commanding microscale active flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg D Lavrentovich
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Department of Physics, Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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