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Kim M, Kim Y. NMR Structural Study of Syndecan-4 Transmembrane Domain with Cytoplasmic Region. Molecules 2023; 28:7855. [PMID: 38067582 PMCID: PMC10708377 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-4 (SDC4) consists of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) belonging to the syndecan family. It is present in most cell types of Mammalia. Its structure contains a heparan-sulfate-modified extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, and a short C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. Regarding the overall cellular function of SDC4, other cells or ligands can bind to its ecto-domain. In addition, 4,5-bisphosphate phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) or protein kinase Cα can bind to its cyto-domain to activate downstream signaling pathways. To understand the signal transduction mechanism of syndecan, it is important to know the interactions between their actual structure and function in vivo. Therefore, it is important to identify the structure of SDC4 to understand the ligand binding behavior of SDC4. In this study, expression and purification were performed to reveal structures of the short ecto-domain, the transmembrane domain, and the cytoplasmic domain of Syd4-eTC (SDC4). Solution-state NMR spectroscopy and solid-state NMR spectroscopy were used to study the structure of Syd4-eTC in membrane environments and to demonstrate the interaction between Syd4-eTC and PIP2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 81 Oedae-ro, Mohyeon, Yongin 17035, Republic of Korea;
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Zandonadi FS, Castañeda Santa Cruz E, Korvala J. New SDC function prediction based on protein-protein interaction using bioinformatics tools. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 83:107087. [PMID: 31351242 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The precise roles for SDC have been complex to specify. Assigning and reanalyzing protein and peptide identification to novel protein functions is one of the most important challenges in postgenomic era. Here, we provide SDC molecular description to support, contextualize and reanalyze the corresponding protein-protein interaction (PPI). From SDC-1 data mining, we discuss the potential of bioinformatics tools to predict new biological rules of SDC. Using these methods, we have assembled new possibilities for SDC biology from PPI data, once, the understanding of biology complexity cannot be capture from one simple question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia S Zandonadi
- Laboratory of Bioanalytics and Integrated Omics (LaBIOmics), Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Castañeda Santa Cruz
- Laboratory of Bioanalytics and Integrated Omics (LaBIOmics), Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Johanna Korvala
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Soliman NA, Yussif SM, Shebl AM. Syndecan-1 could be added to hormonal receptors and HER2/neu in routine assessment of invasive breast carcinoma, relation of its expression to prognosis and clinicopathological parameters. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:977-982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Clark RL. Genesis of placental sequestration in malaria and possible targets for drugs for placental malaria. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:569-583. [PMID: 30919596 PMCID: PMC7432169 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Malaria during pregnancy results in intrauterine growth restriction, fetal anemia, and infant mortality. Women are more susceptible to malaria during pregnancy due to malaria‐induced inflammation and the sequestration of infected red blood cells in the placenta, which bind to the chondroitin sulfate portion of syndecan‐1 on the syncytiotrophoblast and in the intervillous space. Syndecan‐1 is a dimeric proteoglycan with an extracellular ectodomain that is cleaved from the transmembrane domain (referred to as “shedding”) by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), likely the secreted MMP‐9. The ectodomain includes four binding sites for chondroitin sulfate, which are proximal to the transmembrane domain, and six distal binding sites primarily for heparan sulfate. This “shedding” of syndecan‐1 is inhibited by the presence of the heparan sulfate chains, which can be removed by heparanase. The intervillous space contains fibrin strands and syndecan‐1 ectodomains free of heparan sulfate. The following is proposed as the sequence of events that leads to and is primarily responsible for sequestration in the intervillous space of the placenta. Inflammation associated with malaria triggers increased heparanase activity that degrades the heparan sulfate on the membrane‐bound syndecan‐1. Inflammation also upregulates MMP‐9 and the removal of heparan sulfate gives MMP‐9 access to cleave syndecan‐1, thereby releasing dimeric syndecan‐1 ectodomains with at least four chondroitin sulfate chains attached. These multivalent ectodomains bind infected RBCs together leading to their aggregation and entrapment in intervillous fibrin. This mechanism suggests possible new targets for anti‐placental malaria drugs such as the inhibition of MMP‐9. Doxycycline is an antimalarial drug which inhibits MMP‐9.
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Bertrand J, Bollmann M. Soluble syndecans: biomarkers for diseases and therapeutic options. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:67-81. [PMID: 29931674 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndecans are important mediators of signalling by transmitting external stimuli into the cells. This role in signal transduction has been attributed mainly to the membrane-bound syndecans. In the last years, however, the soluble ectodomain of syndecans generated by shedding has come into the focus of research as this process has been show to modulate the syndecan-dependent signalling pathways, as well as other pathways. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the induction of syndecan shedding and the different pathways modulated by shed syndecan proteins. This review summarizes the known and putative sheddases for each syndecan and describes the exemplary conditions of sheddase activity for some syndecans. This review summarizes the proposed use of shed syndecans as biomarkers for various diseases, as the shedding process of syndecans depends crucially on tissue- and disease-specific activation of the sheddases. Furthermore, the potential use of soluble syndecans as a therapeutic option is discussed, on the basis of the current literature. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Translating the Matrix. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.1/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bertrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Bollmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Lee L, Draper B, Chaplin N, Philip B, Chin M, Galas-Filipowicz D, Onuoha S, Thomas S, Baldan V, Bughda R, Maciocia P, Kokalaki E, Neves MP, Patel D, Rodriguez-Justo M, Francis J, Yong K, Pule M. An APRIL-based chimeric antigen receptor for dual targeting of BCMA and TACI in multiple myeloma. Blood 2018; 131:746-758. [PMID: 29284597 PMCID: PMC5922275 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-781351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a promising therapeutic target for multiple myeloma (MM), but expression is variable, and early reports of BCMA targeting chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) suggest antigen downregulation at relapse. Dual-antigen targeting increases targetable tumor antigens and reduces the risk of antigen-negative disease escape. "A proliferation-inducing ligand" (APRIL) is a natural high-affinity ligand for BCMA and transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand (TACI). We quantified surface tumor expression of BCMA and TACI on primary MM cells (n = 50). All cases tested expressed BCMA, and 39 (78%) of them also expressed TACI. We engineered a third-generation APRIL-based CAR (ACAR), which killed targets expressing either BCMA or TACI (P < .01 and P < .05, respectively, cf. control, effector-to-target [E:T] ratio 16:1). We confirmed cytolysis at antigen levels similar to those on primary MM, at low E:T ratios (56.2% ± 3.9% killing of MM.1s at 48 h, E:T ratio 1:32; P < .01) and of primary MM cells (72.9% ± 12.2% killing at 3 days, E:T ratio 1:1; P < .05, n = 5). Demonstrating tumor control in the absence of BCMA, we maintained cytolysis of primary tumor expressing both BCMA and TACI in the presence of a BCMA-targeting antibody. Furthermore, using an intramedullary myeloma model, ACAR T cells caused regression of an established tumor within 2 days. Finally, in an in vivo model of tumor escape, there was complete ACAR-mediated tumor clearance of BCMA+TACI- and BCMA-TACI+ cells, and a single-chain variable fragment CAR targeting BCMA alone resulted in outgrowth of a BCMA-negative tumor. These results support the clinical potential of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lee
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Draper
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Chaplin
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Philip
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melody Chin
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daria Galas-Filipowicz
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Maciocia
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Kokalaki
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Margarida P Neves
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Patel
- Department of Histopathology, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kwee Yong
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Pule
- Department of Haematology, University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Autolus Ltd., London, United Kingdom; and
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Motta G, Tersariol ILS. Modulation of the Plasma Kallikrein-Kinin System Proteins Performed by Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans. Front Physiol 2017; 8:481. [PMID: 28744223 PMCID: PMC5504176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human plasma kallikrein-kinin system proteins are related to inflammation through bradykinin. In the proximity of its target cells, high molecular weight kininogen (H-kininogen) is the substrate of plasma kallikrein, which releases bradykinin from H-kininogen. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play a critical role in either recruiting kinin precursors from the plasma, or in the assembly of kallikrein-kinin system components on the cell surface. Furthermore, HSPGs mediate the endocytosis and activation of H-kininogen and plasma prekallikrein. In the presence of HSPGs (Chinese hamster ovary cell, CHO-K1, wild type cells) both heparin and heparan sulfate strongly inhibit the H-kininogen interaction with the cell membrane. H-kininogen is internalized in endosomal acidic vesicles in CHO-K1 but not in CHO-745 cells (mutant cells deficient in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis). The endocytosis process is lipid raft-mediated and is dependent on caveolae. Both types of CHO cells do not internalize bradykinin-free H-kininogen. At pH 7.35, bradykinin is released from H-kininogen on the surface of CHO-745 cells only by serine proteases; however, in CHO-K1 cells either serine or cysteine proteases are found to be involved. The CHO-K1 cell lysate contains different kininogenases. Plasma prekallikrein endocytosis in CHO-K1 cells is independent of H-kininogen, and also prekallikrein is not internalized by CHO-745 cells. Plasma prekallikrein cleavage/activation is independent of glycosaminoglycans but plasma kallikrein formation is more specific on H-kininogen assembled on the cell surface through glycosaminoglycans. In this mini-review, the importance of HSPGs in the regulation of plasma kallikrein-kinin system proteins is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guacyara Motta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivarne L S Tersariol
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São PauloSao Paulo, Brazil
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Choi SS, Kim JS, Jeong JH, Kim Y. Structural Change in Transmembrane Region of Syndecan-4 by Mutation. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MAGNETIC RESONANCE SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.6564/jkmrs.2016.20.4.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Surviladze Z, Sterkand RT, Ozbun MA. Interaction of human papillomavirus type 16 particles with heparan sulfate and syndecan-1 molecules in the keratinocyte extracellular matrix plays an active role in infection. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2232-2241. [PMID: 26289843 PMCID: PMC4681067 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) attach predominantly to extracellular matrix (ECM) components during infection of cultured keratinocytes and in the rodent vaginal challenge model in vivo. However, the mechanism of virion transfer from the ECM to receptors that mediate entry into host cells has not been determined. In this work we strove to assess the role of heparan sulfate (HS) chains in HPV16 binding to the ECM and determine how HPV16 release from the ECM is regulated. We also assessed the extent to which capsids released from the ECM are infectious. We show that a large fraction of HPV16 particles binds to the ECM via HS chains, and that syndecan-1 (snd-1) molecules present in the ECM are involved in virus binding. Inhibiting the normal processing of snd-1 and HS molecules via matrix metalloproteinases and heparanase dramatically reduces virus release from the ECM, cellular uptake and infection. Conversely, exogenous heparinase activates each of these processes. We confirm that HPV16 released from the ECM is infectious in keratinocytes. Use of a specific inhibitor shows furin is not involved in HPV16 release from ECM attachment factors and corroborates other studies showing only the intracellular activity of furin is responsible for modulating HPV infectivity. These data suggest that our recently proposed model, describing the action of HS proteoglycan processing enzymes in releasing HPV16 from the cell surface in complex with the attachment factor snd-1, is also relevant to the release of HPV16 particles from the ECM to promote efficient infection of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurab Surviladze
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Rosa T. Sterkand
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Michelle A. Ozbun
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Choi SS, Jeong JH, Kim JS, Kim Y. Structure Determination of Syndecan-4 Transmembrane Domain using PISA Wheel Pattern and Molecular Dynamics simulation. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MAGNETIC RESONANCE SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.6564/jkmrs.2014.18.2.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Okolicsanyi RK, Buffiere A, Jacinto JME, Chacon-Cortes D, Chambers SK, Youl PH, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR. Association of heparan sulfate proteoglycans SDC1 and SDC4 polymorphisms with breast cancer in an Australian Caucasian population. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:1731-8. [PMID: 25361632 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common disease in both developing and developed countries with early identification and treatment improving prognosis and survival. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are key components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that mediate cell adhesion, motility, proliferation, invasion and cell signalling. Members of the syndecan family of HSPGs have been identified to be involved in breast cancer progression through their varied interactions with a number of growth factors, ligands and receptors. Specifically, high expression levels of syndecan-1 (SDC1) have been demonstrated in more invasive breast tumours while elevated syndecan-4 (SDC4) levels have been identified to correspond with improved prognosis. With genetic changes in the syndecans and their association with breast cancers plausible, we examined two single nucleotide polymorphisms in SDC1 (rs1131351) and SDC4 (rs67068737) within an Australian Caucasian breast cancer case/control population. No association was found with SDC4 and breast cancer in our population. However, a significant association between SDC1 and breast cancer was identified in both our case/control population and in a replication cohort. When both populations were combined for analysis, this association became more significant (genotype, p = 0.0003; allele, p = 0.0001). This data suggests an increased risk of developing breast cancer associated with the presence of the C allele of the SDC1 rs1131351 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and may provide a marker toward early breast cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Okolicsanyi
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
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Bone marrow plasma cell assessment before peripheral blood stem cell mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:982504. [PMID: 24895639 PMCID: PMC4033341 DOI: 10.1155/2014/982504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current definition of complete response (CR) in multiple myeloma (MM) includes negative serum and urine immunofixation (IFE) tests and <5% bone marrow plasma cells (BMPCs). However, many studies of the prognostic impact of pretransplant response have not included BMPCs. We evaluated the prognostic impact of BMPC assessment before peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization on subsequent transplant outcomes. BMPCs were assessed by CD138, kappa, and lambda immunostaining in 106 patients. After a median followup of 24.5 months, patients with <5% BMPCs had a significantly better progression-free survival (PFS) compared to those with ≥5% BMPCs (P = 0.005). Patients with <5% BMPCs + serologic CR showed superior PFS compared to those with <5% BMPCs + serologic non-CR (P = 0.050) or ≥5% BMPCs + serologic non-CR (P = 0.001). Interestingly, the prognostic impact of BMPCs was more apparent for patients who did not achieve a serologic CR (P = 0.042) compared to those with a serologic CR (P = 0.647). We concluded that IFE negativity and <5% BMPCs before PBSC mobilization were important factors to predict PFS in patients with MM undergoing ASCT. Particularly, a significant impact of <5% BMPCs was observed in patients who did not achieve IFE negativity.
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Mesenchymal stem cells, neural lineage potential, heparan sulfate proteoglycans and the matrix. Dev Biol 2014; 388:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Nikitovic D, Mytilinaiou M, Berdiaki A, Karamanos NK, Tzanakakis GN. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans and heparin regulate melanoma cell functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2471-81. [PMID: 24486410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The solid melanoma tumor consists of transformed melanoma cells, and the associated stromal cells including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, as well as, soluble macro- and micro-molecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM) forming the complex network of the tumor microenvironment. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an important component of the melanoma tumor ECM. Importantly, there appears to be both a quantitative and a qualitative shift in the content of HSPGs, in parallel to the nevi-radial growth phase-vertical growth phase melanoma progression. Moreover, these changes in HSPG expression are correlated to modulations of key melanoma cell functions. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review will critically discuss the roles of HSPGs/heparin in melanoma development and progression. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We have correlated HSPGs' expression and distribution with melanoma cell signaling and functions as well as angiogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The current knowledge of HSPGs/heparin biology in melanoma provides a foundation we can utilize in the ongoing search for new approaches in designing anti-tumor therapy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nikitovic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - M Mytilinaiou
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Ai Berdiaki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - N K Karamanos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - G N Tzanakakis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
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Nguyen TL, Grizzle WE, Zhang K, Hameed O, Siegal GP, Wei S. Syndecan-1 overexpression is associated with nonluminal subtypes and poor prognosis in advanced breast cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 2013; 140:468-74. [PMID: 24045542 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpz1d8calhdxcj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Syndecan-1 expression is decreased in diverse tumor types but remains controversial in breast carcinomas. The goal of the study was to examine syndecan-1 expression in breast carcinoma and its prognostic significance. METHODS The epithelial expression of syndecan-1 was examined in tissue microarrays constructed from 62 consecutive breast carcinoma cases diagnosed between 1997 and 2004 with distant organ metastasis and 10 consecutive control cases (breast carcinoma with no distant metastasis after at least 8 years of follow-up). The prognostic significance of syndecan-1 was estimated by utilizing a Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS Among tumors with distant metastasis, syndecan-1 expression was significantly associated with a higher histologic grade and inversely related to hormonal receptor status. The HER2 subtype and triple-negative carcinomas exhibited markedly higher syndecan-1 levels than those of luminal subtypes, while the latter remained significantly higher than nonmetastatic control cases. Furthermore, high syndecan-1 expression had a negative impact on both overall and disease-free survival rates. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that syndecan-1 may regulate breast cancer cell behavior and thus deserves further investigation to ascertain its potential as a therapeutic target, especially in metastatic, triple-negative carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy L. Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - William E. Grizzle
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Omar Hameed
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Gene P. Siegal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Grund LZ, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C. The hierarchical process of differentiation of long-lived antibody-secreting cells is dependent on integrated signals derived from antigen and IL-17A. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74566. [PMID: 24058589 PMCID: PMC3776816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Switched CD19-positive memory B cells purified from mice with chronic immune response against Thalassophrynenattereri venom proteins were cultured with venom or cytokines. Our results confirm the existence of a hierarchic process of differentiation: activated memory B cells progressively acquire increasing levels of CD138 and decreasing levels of CD45R/B220 to finally arrive at ASC with B220neg phenotype, which are IgG1-secreting cells. Only Bmem from peritoneal cavity or bone marrow of VTn immunized mice presented the capacity to generate ASC functionally active. IL-17A or IL-21/IL-23/IL-33 improves the ability of venom to induce intracellular IgG of peritoneal derived-ASC. Cognate stimulation with venom and IL-17A is sufficient to down-regulate the expression of CD45R/B220. BAFF-R is up-regulated in splenic or medullar derived-ASC stimulated by venom, CpG or cytokines. Only splenic derived-ASC up-regulate Bcl-2 expression after CpG or the combination of IL-21/IL-23/IL-33 stimulation. Finally, the activation of ASC for IgG1 secretion is triggered by venom proteins in peritoneal cavity and by IL-17A in medullar niche. These results show the importance of the integration of signals downstream of BCR and IL17-A receptors in modulating ASC differentiation, focusing in the microenvironment niche of their generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Zito Grund
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute and Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute and Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute and Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Choi SS, Kim JS, Song J, Kim Y. High-yield Expression and Characterization of Syndecan-4 Extracellular, Transmembrane and Cytoplasmic Domains. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.4.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Griffin JR, Wriston CC, Peters MS, Lehman JS. Decreased expression of intercellular adhesion molecules in acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma compared with invasive well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Am J Clin Pathol 2013; 139:442-7. [PMID: 23525614 DOI: 10.1309/ajcptn4bnjyiruwo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion proteins are poorly characterized in acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC), a more aggressive tumor than nonacantholytic invasive well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. In this study we compared expression of Dsg3, E-cadherin, and syndecan-1 in ASCC and SCC. Immunohistochemical detection of Dsg3, E-cadherin, and syndecan-1 in 22 ASCCs and 22 SCCs was graded on a semiquantitative scale for intensity of staining (SI) and degree of circumferential staining (CS) about the cell membrane. Results were assessed by means of conditional logistic regression and χ(2) analysis. Dsg3 and E-cadherin expression (SI, CS) was significantly decreased (P < .05) in ASCC compared with SCC, whereas staining for syndecan-1 was similar in the 2 tumor types. Differences in expression of adhesion markers between ASCC and SCC may contribute to the development of acantholysis in ASCC and its more aggressive biologic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margot S. Peters
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Julia S. Lehman
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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20
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Cui H, Freeman C, Jacobson GA, Small DH. Proteoglycans in the central nervous system: role in development, neural repair, and Alzheimer's disease. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:108-20. [PMID: 23297096 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are major components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix and play critical roles in development and maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS). PGs are a family of proteins, all of which contain a core protein to which glycosaminoglycan side chains are covalently attached. PGs possess diverse physiological roles, particularly in neural development, and are also implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main functions of PGs in the CNS are reviewed as are the roles of PGs in brain injury and in the development or treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cui
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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21
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Szatmári T, Mundt F, Heidari-Hamedani G, Zong F, Ferolla E, Alexeyenko A, Hjerpe A, Dobra K. Novel genes and pathways modulated by syndecan-1: implications for the proliferation and cell-cycle regulation of malignant mesothelioma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48091. [PMID: 23144729 PMCID: PMC3483307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a highly malignant tumor, originating from mesothelial cells of the serous cavities. In mesothelioma the expression of syndecan-1 correlates to epithelioid morphology and inhibition of growth and migration. Our previous data suggest a complex role of syndecan-1 in mesothelioma cell proliferation although the exact underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely elucidated. The aim of this study is therefore to disclose critical genes and pathways affected by syndecan-1 in mesothelioma; in order to better understand its importance for tumor cell growth and proliferation. We modulated the expression of syndecan-1 in a human mesothelioma cell line via both overexpression and silencing, and followed the transcriptomic responses with microarray analysis. To project the transcriptome analysis on the full-dimensional picture of cellular regulation, we applied pathway analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and a novel method of network enrichment analysis (NEA) which elucidated signaling relations between differentially expressed genes and pathways acting via various molecular mechanisms. Syndecan-1 overexpression had profound effects on genes involved in regulation of cell growth, cell cycle progression, adhesion, migration and extracellular matrix organization. In particular, expression of several growth factors, interleukins, and enzymes of importance for heparan sulfate sulfation pattern, extracellular matrix proteins and proteoglycans were significantly altered. Syndecan-1 silencing had less powerful effect on the transcriptome compared to overexpression, which can be explained by the already low initial syndecan-1 level of these cells. Nevertheless, 14 genes showed response to both up- and downregulation of syndecan-1. The "cytokine - cytokine-receptor interaction", the TGF-β, EGF, VEGF and ERK/MAPK pathways were enriched in both experimental settings. Most strikingly, nearly all analyzed pathways related to cell cycle were enriched after syndecan-1 silencing and depleted after syndecan-1 overexpression. Syndecan-1 regulates proliferation in a highly complex way, although the exact contribution of the altered pathways necessitates further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Szatmári
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Abstract
Syndecans are transmembrane heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that have gained increasing interest as regulators of a variety of tissue responses, including cartilage development and remodelling. These proteoglycans are composed of a core protein to which extracellular glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are attached. Through these GAG chains, syndecans can interact with a variety of extracellular matrix molecules and bind to a number of soluble mediators including morphogens, growth factors, chemokines and cytokines. The structure and post-translational modification of syndecan GAG chains seem to differ not only from cell to cell, but also during different stages of cellular differentiation, leading to a complexity of syndecan function that is unique among membrane-bound HSPGs. Unlike other membrane-bound HSPGs, syndecans contain intracellular signalling motifs that can initiate signalling mainly through protein kinase C. This Review summarizes our knowledge of the biology of syndecans and the mechanisms by which binding of molecules to syndecans exert different biological effects, particularly in the joints. On the basis of the structural and functional peculiarities of syndecans, we discuss the regulation of syndecans and their roles in the developing joint as well as during degenerative and inflammatory cartilage remodelling as understood from expression studies and functional analyses involving syndecan-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pap
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstraße 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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23
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Kopper L, Sebestyén A, Gallai M, Kovalszky I. Syndecan-1 - A new piece in B-cell puzzle. Pathol Oncol Res 2012; 3:183-91. [PMID: 18470728 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/1997] [Accepted: 09/10/1997] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Syndecans are transmembrane proteoglycans, with core proteins mainly decorated with heparan sulfate chains. Syndecan-1 is expressed in a tissue-, cell-and differentiation-specific manner. Its extra-cellular domain can bind via HS chains to matrix elements, to growth factors (especially "heparin-binding" proteins) and to certain biological agents. The ectodomain released by proteolysis can also be functionally active. The cytoplasmic domain can take part in signaling processes as well as in modifying cell shape. In hematopoietic cells syndecan-1 is expressed in normal pre-B-cells and plasma cells, as well as in plasmocytoid and lymphoplasmocytoid malignancies. According to our study syndecan-1 is expressed in B-CLL cells both in tissue environment and in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kopper
- 1st Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Uo;i út 26, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary,
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24
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Song Y, McFarland DC, Velleman SG. Syndecan-4 cytoplasmic domain regulation of turkey satellite cell focal adhesions and apoptosis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8251-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Nunez AL, Siegal GP, Reddy VV, Wei S. CD138 (syndecan-1) expression in bone-forming tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 137:423-8. [PMID: 22338054 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp6v4ypfbocyxg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CD138 (syndecan-1), a cell surface proteoglycan, is sensitive and specific for plasmacytic differentiation in hematologic disorders. Expression of CD138 has been observed in a majority of epithelial neoplasms and, rarely, soft tissue tumors. However, its expression in bone tumors has not been evaluated. We studied CD138 expression in 27 osteosarcomas, 12 benign bone-forming tumors (osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma), and 17 reactive bone cases. CD138 expression was also evaluated in a tissue microarray (TMA) constructed from 24 osteosarcomas, 24 chondrosarcomas, 12 giant cell tumors of bone, and 9 normal bone samples. Membranous expression of CD138 was found in an average of 31% of osteosarcoma cases (16/51; 14/27 [52%] in in-house cases; 2/24 [8%] in TMA cases) and in 83% of osteoid osteoma/osteoblastoma cases (10/12). Subsequent immunoglobulin κ and λ stains were negative in the CD138+ cases. All cases of chondrosarcoma, giant cell tumor of bone, and normal/reactive bone tested were nonreactive with anti-CD138. Our results show that CD138 reactivity for neoplastic cells in bone is not a definitive marker for plasmacytic origin, and caution is required to interpret CD138+ cells from a bony lesion for which a hematologic etiology has not been established.
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26
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Surviladze Z, Dziduszko A, Ozbun MA. Essential roles for soluble virion-associated heparan sulfonated proteoglycans and growth factors in human papillomavirus infections. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002519. [PMID: 22346752 PMCID: PMC3276557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is causally related to the development of human epithelial tumors and cancers. Like a number of pathogens, HPV entry into target cells is initiated by first binding to heparan sulfonated proteoglycan (HSPG) cell surface attachment factors. The virus must then move to distinct secondary receptors, which are responsible for particle internalization. Despite intensive investigation, the mechanism of HPV movement to and the nature of the secondary receptors have been unclear. We report that HPV16 particles are not liberated from bound HSPG attachment factors by dissociation, but rather are released by a process previously unreported for pathogen-host cell interactions. Virus particles reside in infectious soluble high molecular weight complexes with HSPG, including syndecan-1 and bioactive compounds, like growth factors. Matrix mellatoproteinase inhibitors that block HSPG and virus release from cells interfere with virus infection. Employing a co-culture assay, we demonstrate HPV associated with soluble HSPG-growth factor complexes can infect cells lacking HSPG. Interaction of HPV-HSPG-growth factor complexes with growth factor receptors leads to rapid activation of signaling pathways important for infection, whereas a variety of growth factor receptor inhibitors impede virus-induced signaling and infection. Depletion of syndecan-1 or epidermal growth factor and removal of serum factors reduce infection, while replenishment of growth factors restores infection. Our findings support an infection model whereby HPV usurps normal host mechanisms for presenting growth factors to cells via soluble HSPG complexes as a novel method for interacting with entry receptors independent of direct virus-cell receptor interactions. A subset of the >120 different types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the most common cause of sexually transmitted infections. Certain HPVs are also associated with approximately 5% of all cancers worldwide. Like many pathogens, HPVs bind first to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on cells before moving to more specific uptake receptors. However, relatively little is known about the mechanism(s) that triggers the translocation of HPV from HSPGs to the receptors that facilitate entry. As obligate parasites, viruses have evolved numerous means to hijack host cell functions to cause infection. We report two novel mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions. First, bound HPV particles are liberated from cells in an active complex with HSPGs and growth factors rather than dissociating from the sugars to engage secondary receptors. Second, HPV uses the specificity of the associated growth factors to bridge to their cognate receptors as opposed to direct binding to a cell internalization receptor. Signals transduced during these interactions are important for HPV infection. Our study provides new insights into the transmission of a significant viral pathogen and reveals novel means whereby microbes may repurpose normal cell functions during infection of their hosts. Likewise, this work uncovers new targets for HPV prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurab Surviladze
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZS); (MAO)
| | - Agnieszka Dziduszko
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Michelle A. Ozbun
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZS); (MAO)
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27
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Ishii S, Ohbu M, Toomine Y, Nishimura Y, Hattori M, Yokoyama M, Toyonaga M, Kakinuma H, Matsumoto K. Immunohistochemical, molecular, and clinicopathological analyses of urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant. Pathol Int 2011; 61:723-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Park TJ, Lee MH, Choi SS, Kim YA. Optimization of Expression, Purification, and NMR Measurement for Structural Studies of Syndecan-4 Transmembrane Region. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MAGNETIC RESONANCE SOCIETY 2011. [DOI: 10.6564/jkmrs.2011.15.1.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Mythreye K, Blobe GC. Proteoglycan signaling co-receptors: roles in cell adhesion, migration and invasion. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1548-58. [PMID: 19427900 PMCID: PMC2735586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signaling co-receptors are diverse, multifunctional components of most major signaling pathways, with roles in mediating and regulating signaling in both physiological and pathophysiological circumstances. Many of these signaling co-receptors, including CD44, glypicans, neuropilins, syndecans and TssRIII/betaglycan are also proteoglycans. Like other co-receptors, these proteoglycan signaling co-receptors can bind multiple ligands, promoting the formation of receptor signaling complexes and regulating signaling at the cell surface. The proteoglycan signaling co-receptors can also function as structural molecules to regulate adhesion, cell migration, morphogenesis and differentiation. Through a balance of these signaling and structural roles, proteoglycan signaling co-receptors can have either tumor promoting or tumor suppressing functions. Defining the role and mechanism of action of these proteoglycan signaling co-receptors should enable more effective targeting of these co-receptors and their respective pathways for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard C. Blobe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27708
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27708
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30
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31
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Zong F, Fthenou E, Wolmer N, Hollósi P, Kovalszky I, Szilák L, Mogler C, Nilsonne G, Tzanakakis G, Dobra K. Syndecan-1 and FGF-2, but not FGF receptor-1, share a common transport route and co-localize with heparanase in the nuclei of mesenchymal tumor cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7346. [PMID: 19802384 PMCID: PMC2750749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 forms complexes with growth factors and their cognate receptors in the cell membrane. We have previously reported a tubulin-mediated translocation of syndecan-1 to the nucleus. The transport route and functional significance of nuclear syndecan-1 is still incompletely understood. Here we investigate the sub-cellular distribution of syndecan-1, FGF-2, FGFR-1 and heparanase in malignant mesenchymal tumor cells, and explore the possibility of their coordinated translocation to the nucleus. To elucidate a structural requirement for this nuclear transport, we have transfected cells with a syndecan-1/EGFP construct or with a short truncated version containing only the tubulin binding RMKKK sequence. The sub-cellular distribution of the EGFP fusion proteins was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Our data indicate that syndecan-1, FGF-2 and heparanase co-localize in the nucleus, whereas FGFR-1 is enriched mainly in the perinuclear area. Overexpression of syndecan-1 results in increased nuclear accumulation of FGF-2, demonstrating the functional importance of syndecan-1 for this nuclear transport. Interestingly, exogenously added FGF-2 does not follow the route taken by endogenous FGF-2. Furthermore, we prove that the RMKKK sequence of syndecan-1 is necessary and sufficient for nuclear translocation, acting as a nuclear localization signal, and the Arginine residue is vital for this localization. We conclude that syndecan-1 and FGF-2, but not FGFR-1 share a common transport route and co-localize with heparanase in the nucleus, and this transport is mediated by the RMKKK motif in syndecan-1. Our study opens a new perspective in the proteoglycan field and provides more evidence of nuclear interactions of syndecan-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Eleni Fthenou
- Department of Histology, Division of Morphology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nina Wolmer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Péter Hollósi
- 1st Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Szilák
- 1st Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Department of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gustav Nilsonne
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgios Tzanakakis
- Department of Histology, Division of Morphology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katalin Dobra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Bologna-Molina R, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Lopez-Corella E, Almeida OP, Carrasco-Daza D, Garcia-Vazquez F, Farfan-Morales JE, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Damián-Matsumura P. Syndecan-1 (CD138) and Ki-67 expression in different subtypes of ameloblastomas. Oral Oncol 2008; 44:805-11. [PMID: 18207448 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is the most frequent odontogenic tumor and is considered a benign, but locally invasive, neoplasm with variable clinico-pathological expression. Syndecan-1 is a cell surface proteoglycan that binds cells to the extracellular matrix and its expression is down-regulated in many cellular transformation models. The aims of this study were to examine the pattern of syndecan-1 expression, to evaluate the proliferating activity in a large series of solid/multicystic (SA) and unicystic ameloblastomas (UA), and to study its possible correlation to their biological behavior. Immunohistochemical studies were performed for syndecan-1 (clone MI15) and Ki-67 (clone MIB-1) in 120 ameloblastomas (75 SA and 45 UA). The salient finding was that expression of syndecan-1 was related to the histological subtype of tumors, as there was a lower expression in SA (40.2%) as compared to UA (49.7%) (p<0.05). These findings did not correlate with Ki-67 expression, as this was similar in both types of ameloblastomas. Our results suggest that the reduced expression of syndecan-1 supports the view that SA has a more aggressive biological behavior than the UA. The lack of correlation between reduction of the syndecan-1 and Ki-67 index may be due to the different histomorphologies of both types of ameloblastoma, and more studies are necessary to better understand the role of this protein in the biological behavior of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bologna-Molina
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico.
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33
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Agren MS, Werthén M. The extracellular matrix in wound healing: a closer look at therapeutics for chronic wounds. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2007; 6:82-97. [PMID: 17558006 DOI: 10.1177/1534734607301394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Disappointing results with the use of exogenous recombinant growth factors in chronic wounds have redirected the focus to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Newer research has clearly changed our view on the role of the ECM in tissue repair and dismissed the dogma that the sole function of ECM is a passive physical support for cells. It is now clear that intact or fragmented ECM molecules are capable of transducing signals pivotal for cell processes in wound healing primarily via integrin interactions in concert with growth factor activation. In addition, our knowledge about ECM molecules in minute concentrations with biological activity, but devoid of significant structural influence, is increasing. This article reviews the multifaceted molecular roles of ECM in the normal wound-healing process and some molecular abnormalities in chronic wounds, and touches on potential therapies based on the developments of tissue biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus S Agren
- Department of Surgery K, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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34
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Mochizuki M, Philp D, Hozumi K, Suzuki N, Yamada Y, Kleinman HK, Nomizu M. Angiogenic activitiy of syndecan-binding laminin peptide AG73 (RKRLQVQLSIRT). Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 459:249-55. [PMID: 17286955 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The AG73 peptide (RKRLQVQLSIRT, mouse laminin alpha 1 chain 2719-2730) promotes cell adhesion and tumor metastasis, and interacts with transmembrane syndecan proteoglycans. Here, we demonstrate AG73 peptide angiogenic activity using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. AG73 induced murine endothelial cell (SVEC4-10) tube formation on Cultrex Basement Membrane Extract (Cultrex BME) and stimulated sprouting of aortic rings. None of the homologous sequences from the laminin alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, or alpha5 chains was as active as AG73 in promoting sprouting formation. AG73 also mediated angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantonic membrane (CAM) assay. Using subcutaneously injected Cultrex BME supplemented with AG73, we observed a large angiogenic response. Furthermore, AG73-conjugated to a chitosan membrane promoted a strong angiogenic response in the CAM assay. These results indicate that the AG73 peptide is a potent syndecan-binding angiogenesis stimulator and may be useful for therapeutic application to treat ischemic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Mochizuki
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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35
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Stoff A, Rivera AA, Banerjee NS, Mathis JM, Espinosa-de-los-Monteros A, Le LP, De la Torre JI, Vasconez LO, Broker TR, Richter DF, Stoff-Khalili MA, Curiel DT. Strategies to enhance transductional efficiency of adenoviral-based gene transfer to primary human fibroblasts and keratinocytes as a platform in dermal wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 14:608-17. [PMID: 17014674 PMCID: PMC2203209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified keratinocytes and fibroblasts are suitable for delivery of therapeutic genes capable of modifying the wound healing process. However, efficient gene delivery is a prerequisite for successful gene therapy of wounds. Whereas adenoviral vectors (Ads) exhibit superior levels of in vivo gene transfer, their transductional efficiency to cells resident within wounds may nonetheless be suboptimal, due to deficiency of the primary adenovirus receptor, coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR). We explored CAR-independent transduction to fibroblasts and keratinocytes using a panel of CAR-independent fiber-modified Ads to determine enhancement of infectivity. These fiber-modified adenoviral vectors included Ad 3 knob (Ad5/3), canine Ad serotype 2 knob (Ad5CAV-2), RGD (Ad5.RGD), polylysine (Ad5.pK7), or both RGD and polylysine (Ad5.RGD.pK7). To evaluate whether transduction efficiencies of the fiber-modified adenoviral vectors correlated with the expression of their putative receptors on keratinocytes and fibroblasts, we analyzed the mRNA levels of CAR, alpha upsilon integrin, syndecan-1, and glypican-1 using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Analysis of luciferase and green fluorescent protein transgene expression showed superior transduction efficiency of Ad5.pK7 in keratinocytes and Ad5.RGD.pK7 in fibroblasts. mRNA expression of alpha upsilon integrin, syndecan-1 and glypican-1 was significantly higher in primary fibroblasts than CAR. In keratinocytes, syndecan-1 expression was significantly higher than all the other receptors tested. Significant infectivity enhancement was achieved in keratinocytes and fibroblasts using fiber-modified adenoviral vectors. These strategies to enhance infectivity may help to achieve higher clinical efficacy of wound gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Stoff
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dreifaltigkeits-Hospital, Wesseling, Germany
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Angel A. Rivera
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - N. S. Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - J. Michael Mathis
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | | | - Long P. Le
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jorge I. De la Torre
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Luis O. Vasconez
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Thomas R. Broker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dirk F. Richter
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dreifaltigkeits-Hospital, Wesseling, Germany
| | - Mariam A. Stoff-Khalili
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duesseldorf, Medical Center, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - David T. Curiel
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pathology, Surgery, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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36
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Wołowiec D, Dybko J, Wróbel T, Urbaniak-Kujda D, Jaźwiec B, Tomaszewska-Toporska B, Kapelko-Słowik K, Potoczek S, Kuliczkowski K. Circulating sCD138 and some angiogenesis-involved cytokines help to anticipate the disease progression of early-stage B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mediators Inflamm 2006; 2006:42394. [PMID: 16951490 PMCID: PMC1592593 DOI: 10.1155/mi/2006/42394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 (CD138) is a transmembrane heparin sulfate proteoglycan
expressed on distinct stages of differentiation of B-lymphoid
cells. Its prognostic value in B-cell chronic lymphocytic
leukemia (B-CLL) has not been evaluated so far. The serum
concentration of sCD138 and some angiogenesis-involved cytokines:
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basis fibroblast growth
factor (bFGF), and endostatin were studied in 52 previously
untreated patients with B-CLL. We found that bFGF and sCD138
levels were significantly higher in B-CLL patients than in
controls. In patients with sCD138 level or endostatin level below
the median value the lymphocyte count was higher than in patients
with serum level of those cytokines above the median value. In
patients with progressive disease bFGF level was significantly
higher and sCD138 level significantly lower than in patients with
stable one. Moreover, high sCD138 level was associated with longer
lymphocyte doubling-free survival, and, on the limit of
statistical significance, a high endostatin level was associated
with shorter progression-free survival. We conclude that serum
sCD138 level is increased in early stage B-CLL patients and may
have a positive prognostic value as to the dynamics of the
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Wołowiec
- Department of Hematology, Wrocław Medical University, Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
- *Dariusz Wołowiec:
| | - Jarosław Dybko
- Department of Hematology, Wrocław Medical University, Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wróbel
- Department of Hematology, Wrocław Medical University, Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Donata Urbaniak-Kujda
- Department of Hematology, Wrocław Medical University, Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bożena Jaźwiec
- Department of Hematology, Wrocław Medical University, Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Stanisław Potoczek
- Department of Hematology, Wrocław Medical University, Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Kuliczkowski
- Department of Hematology, Wrocław Medical University, Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
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Bischof D, Elsawa SF, Mantchev G, Yoon J, Michels GE, Nilson A, Sutor SL, Platt JL, Ansell SM, von Bulow G, Bram RJ. Selective activation of TACI by syndecan-2. Blood 2005; 107:3235-42. [PMID: 16357320 PMCID: PMC1895754 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-01-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocyte homeostasis and function are regulated by complementary actions of the TNFR family members TACI, BCMA, and BAFF-R, which are expressed by mature B cells. How these receptors are differentially activated is not entirely understood, because the primary ligand BAFF binds to all three. We searched for alternative ligands for TACI using recombinant TACI-Fc fusion protein as a probe and identified syndecan-2 as a new binding partner. TACI binding appears to require heparan sulfate posttranslational modifications of syndecan-2, because free heparin or pretreatment with heparitinase blocked the interaction. Syndecan-2 bound TACI but bound neither BAFF-R nor BCMA. Transfected cells expressing syndecan-2 activated signaling through TACI, as indicated by an NFAT-specific reporter. Syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 were also able to induce TACI signaling in a similar manner. This is the first identification of ligands that selectively activate TACI without simultaneously triggering BCMA or BAFF-R. This finding may help explain the alternative outcomes of signaling from this family of receptors in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bischof
- Mayo Clinic, Mayo Medical School, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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38
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Huang JW, Chen CL, Chuang NN. Trap RACK1 with Ras to mobilize Src signaling at syndecan-2/p120-GAP upon transformation with oncogenic ras. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 330:1087-94. [PMID: 15823555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HiTrap-syndecan-2/p120-GAP and HiTrap-syndecan-2/RACK1 affinity columns were applied to reveal that Src tyrosine kinase was highly expressed in BALB/3T3 cells transfected with plasmids pcDNA3.1-[S-ras(Q(61)K)] of shrimp Penaeus japonicus. Both columns were effective to isolate Src tyrosine kinase. The selective molecular affinity for Src was found to be stronger with HiTrap-syndecan-2/RACK1, as revealed with competitive RACK1 to dislodge Src from HiTrap-syndecan-2/p120-GAP. We thus challenged the syndecan-2/p120-GAP and syndecan-2/RACK1 with GTP-K(B)-Ras(Q(61)K). The reaction between RACK1 and syndecan-2 was sustained in the presence of mutant Ras proteins, but not the reaction between p120-GAP and syndecan-2. In the presence of syndecan-2, GTP-K(B)-Ras(Q(61)K) exhibited sufficient reactivity with p120-GAP to discontinue the reaction between p120-GAP and syndecan-2. But the interference of mutant Ras disappeared when Src tyrosine kinase was introduced to stabilize the syndecan-2/p120-GAP complex. On the other hand, in the absence of syndecan-2, GTP-K(B)-Ras(Q(61)K) was found to react with RACK1. The reaction between GTP-K(B)-Ras(Q(61)K) and RACK1 could provide a mechanism to deprive RACK1 for the organization of syndecan-2/RACK1 complex and to facilitate the formation of syndecan-2/p120-GAP complex, as well as to provide docking sites for Src signaling upon transformation with oncogenic ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wen Huang
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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39
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SAGNELLA SHARON, ANDERSON ERIC, SANABRIA NAOMI, MARCHANT ROGERE, KOTTKE-MARCHANT KANDICE. Human endothelial cell interaction with biomimetic surfactant polymers containing Peptide ligands from the heparin binding domain of fibronectin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:226-36. [PMID: 15738677 PMCID: PMC1236992 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2005.11.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic materials that mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) provide a means to control cellular functions such as adhesion and growth, which are vital to successful engineering of tissue-incorporated biomaterials. Novel "ECM-like" biomimetic surfactant polymers consisting of a poly(vinyl amine) backbone with pendant cell-adhesive peptides derived from one of the heparin-binding domains of fibronectin were developed to improve endothelial cell adhesion and growth on vascular biomaterials. Heparin-binding peptide (HBP) sequences, alone and in combination with RGD peptides, were examined for their ability to promote human pulmonary artery endothelial cell (HPAEC) adhesion and growth (HBP1, WQPPRARI; HBP2, SPPRRARVT; HBP1:RGD; and HBP2:RGD) and compared with cell adhesion and growth on fibronectin and on negative control polymer surfaces in which alanines were substituted for the positively charged arginine residues in the two peptides. The results showed that HPAECs adhered and spread equally well on all HBP-containing polymers and the positive fibronectin control, showing similar stress fiber and focal adhesion formation. However, the HBP alone was unable to support long-term HPAEC growth and survival, showing a loss of focal adhesions and cytoskeletal disorganization by 24 h after seeding. With the addition of RGD, the surfaces behaved similarly or better than fibronectin. The negative control polymers showed little to no initial cell attachment, and the addition of soluble heparin to the medium reduced initial cell adhesion on both the HBP2 and HBP2:RGD surfaces. These results indicate that the HBP surfaces promote initial HPAEC adhesion and spreading, but not long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- SHARON SAGNELLA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - ERIC ANDERSON
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - NAOMI SANABRIA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - ROGER E. MARCHANT
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Address reprint requests to: Roger E. Marchant, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wickenden Building 202, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7207, E-mail:
| | - KANDICE KOTTKE-MARCHANT
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
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40
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Chu LY, Chen YH, Chuang NN. Dimerize RACK1 upon transformation with oncogenic ras. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 330:474-82. [PMID: 15796907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
From our previous studies, we learned that syndecan-2/p120-GAP complex provided docking site for Src to prosecute tyrosine kinase activity upon transformation with oncogenic ras. And, RACK1 protein was reactive with syndecan-2 to keep Src inactivated, but not when Ras was overexpressed. In the present study, we characterized the reaction between RACK1 protein and Ras. RACK1 was isolated from BALB/3T3 cells transfected with plasmids pcDNA3.1-[S-ras(Q61K)] of shrimp Penaeus japonicus and RACK1 was revealed to react with GTP-K(B)-Ras(Q61K), not GDP-K(B)-Ras(Q61K). This selective interaction between RACK1 and GTP-K(B)-Ras(Q61K) was further confirmed with RACK1 of human placenta and mouse RACK1-encoded fusion protein. We found that RACK1 was dimerized upon reaction with GTP-K(B)-Ras(Q61K), as well as with 14-3-3beta and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, as revealed by phosphorylation with Src tyrosine kinase. We reported the complex of RACK1/GTP-K(B)-Ras(Q61K) reacted selectively with p120-GAP. This interaction was sufficient to dissemble RACK1 into monomers, a preferred form to compete for the binding of syndecan-2. These data indicate that the reaction of GTP-K(B)-Ras(Q61K) with RACK1 in dimers may operate a mechanism to deplete RACK1 from reaction with syndecan-2 upon transformation by oncogenic ras and the RACK1/GTP-Ras complex may provide a route to react with p120-GAP and recycle monomeric RACK1 to syndecan-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yun Chu
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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41
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Nascimento FD, Rizzi CCA, Nantes IL, Stefe I, Turk B, Carmona AK, Nader HB, Juliano L, Tersariol ILS. Cathepsin X binds to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 436:323-32. [PMID: 15797245 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans have been shown to be important regulators of activity of several papain-like cathepsins. Binding of glycosaminoglycans to cathepsins thus directly affects catalytic activity, stability or the rate of autocatalytic activation of cathepsins. The interaction between cathepsin X and heparin has been revealed by affinity chromatography using heparin-Sepharose. Conformational changes were observed to accompany heparin-cathepsin X interaction by far UV-circular dichroism at both acidic (4.5) and neutral (7.4) pH. These conformational changes promoted a 4-fold increase in the dissociation constant of the enzyme-substrate interaction and increased 2.6-fold the kcat value also. The interaction between cathepsin X and heparin or heparan sulfate is specific since dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid had no effect on the cathepsin X activity. Using flow cytometry cathepsin X was shown to bind cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans in wild-type CHO cells but not in CHO-745 cells, which are deficient in glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Moreover, fluorescently labeled cathepsin X was shown by confocal microscopy to be endocytosed by wild-type CHO cells, but not by CHO-745 cells. These results demonstrate the existence of an endocytosis mechanism of cathepsin X by the CHO cells dependent on heparan sulfate proteoglycans present at the cell surface, thus strongly suggesting that heparan sulfate proteoglycans can regulate the cellular trafficking and the enzymatic activity of cathepsin X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio D Nascimento
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
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42
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Huang JW, Chen CL, Chuang NN. P120-GAP associated with syndecan-2 to function as an active switch signal for Src upon transformation with oncogenic ras. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:855-62. [PMID: 15752734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BALB/3T3 cells transfected with plasmids pcDNA3.1-[S-ras(Q(61)K)] of shrimp Penaeus japonicus were applied to reveal a complex of p120-GAP/syndecan-2 being highly expressed upon transformation. Of interest, most of the p120-GAP/syndecan-2 complex was localized at caveolae, a membrane microdomain enriched with caveolin-1. To confirm the molecular interaction between syndecan-2 and p120-GAP, we further purified p120-GAP protein from mouse brains by using an affinity column of HiTrap-RACK1 and expressed mouse RACK1-encoded fusion protein and mouse syndecan-2-encoded fusion protein in bacteria. We report molecular affinities exist between p120-GAP and RACK1, syndecan-2 and RACK1 as well as p120-GAP and syndecan-2. The selective affinity between p120-GAP and syndecan-2 was found to be sufficient to detach RACK1. The p120-GAP/syndecan-2 complex was demonstrated to keep Src tyrosine kinase in an activated form. On the other hand, the syndecan-2/RACK1 complex was found to have Src in an inactivated form. These data indicate that the p120-GAP/syndecan-2 complex at caveolae could provide a docking site for Src to transmit tyrosine signaling, implying that syndecan-2/p120-GAP functions as a tumor promoter upon transformation with oncogenic ras of shrimp P. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wen Huang
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Science, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
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43
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Lee PHA, Trowbridge JM, Taylor KR, Morhenn VB, Gallo RL. Dermatan Sulfate Proteoglycan and Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis Is Induced in Fibroblasts by Transfer to a Three-dimensional Extracellular Environment. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:48640-6. [PMID: 15347686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407241200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Composition and architecture of the extracellular matrix dictate cell behavior. Proteoglycans bind multiple components of the extracellular matrix by serving as important regulators of cell behavior. Given the influence of culture architecture on cell function, we investigated whether switching NIH3T3 fibroblasts from growth on type 1 collagen in monolayer to a collagen gel might influence dermatan sulfate expression. Immunofluorescent staining, immunoblot, and Western blot demonstrated an induction in decorin expression in cells switched to collagen gels. This induction was associated with a 40-fold increase in decorin transcript expression determined by quantitative real time PCR. Disaccharide analysis of extracted glycosaminoglycans from collagen gels showed an increase in total glycosaminoglycan and in the ratio of chondroitin sulfate to heparan sulfate compared with monolayer culture. The ratio of chondroitin sulfate to heparan sulfate likewise increased on syndecan-1 from gel culture. Digestion with chondroitinase B showed that this induced chondroitin sulfate was dermatan sulfate. Syndecan-1 extracted from wounded mouse skin also displayed an increase in dermatan sulfate synthesis compared with unwounded skin. Furthermore, glycosaminoglycans from collagen gel culture activated keratinocyte growth factor, whereas glycosaminoglycans from monolayer culture lacked this ability. These findings suggest that regulation of dermatan sulfate and dermatan sulfate proteoglycan is dependent on extracellular matrix architecture. The ability of collagen gel culture to mimic better the in vivo dermal environment may be due in part to this influence on dermatan sulfate and dermatan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip H A Lee
- Division of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, 92161, USA
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44
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Elenius V, Götte M, Reizes O, Elenius K, Bernfield M. Inhibition by the soluble syndecan-1 ectodomains delays wound repair in mice overexpressing syndecan-1. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:41928-35. [PMID: 15220342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404506200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound repair is a tightly regulated process stimulated by proteases, growth factors, and chemokines, which are modulated by heparan sulfate. To characterize further the role of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 in wound repair, we generated mice overexpressing syndecan-1 (Snd/Snd) and studied dermal wound repair. Wound closure, reepithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and remodeling were delayed in Snd/Snd mice. Soluble syndecan-1 was increased, and shedding was prolonged in wounds from Snd/Snd mice. Excess syndecan-1 increased the elastolytic activity of wound fluids. Additionally, cells in the granulation tissue and keratinocytes at wound edges showed markedly reduced proliferation rates in Snd/Snd mice. Skin grafting experiments between Snd/Snd and control mice indicated that the slower growth rate was mainly due to a soluble factor in the Snd/Snd mouse skin. Syndecan-1 immunodepletion and further degradation experiments identified syndecan-1 ectodomain as a dominant negative inhibitor of cell proliferation. These studies indicate that shed syndecan-1 ectodomain may enhance proteolytic activity and inhibit cell proliferation during wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varpu Elenius
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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45
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Yuan K, Hong TM, Chen JJW, Tsai WH, Lin MT. Syndecan-1 up-regulated by ephrinB2/EphB4 plays dual roles in inflammatory angiogenesis. Blood 2004; 104:1025-33. [PMID: 15126321 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
EphrinB2 and EphB4, its cognate receptor, are important in the vascular development of the mouse embryo. Their roles in human inflammatory angiogenesis, however, are not well understood. By examining hyperinflammatory lesions, we saw that ephrinB2 was predominantly expressed in macrophage-like cells and EphB4 in small venules. Because macrophages usually transmigrate through postcapillary venules during inflammation, we wanted to explore the downstream effects of EphB4 after binding to ephrinB2. By using cDNA microarray technique and following reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we found that syntenin and syndecan-1 were up-regulated in EphB4-positive endothelial cells dose dependently and time dependently after stimulation with preclustered ephrinB2. In vitro, ephrinB2 suppressed the angiogenic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on EphB4-positive endothelial cells, partially due to syndecan-1's competition with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) for bFGF. However, ephrinB2 exhibited angiogenic effects in vivo, possibly due to an inflammation-associated enzyme-heparanase. The enzymes could convert the inhibitory effect of ephrinB2 on EphB4-positive endothelial cells to an activating effect by removing poorly sulfated side chains of up-regulated syndecan-1 ectodomain. Depending on the presence of heparanases, the roles of syndecan-1 may be opposite in different physiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Yuan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, No. 701, Jung-Yang Rd, Section 3, Hualien, Taiwan 970
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46
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Horst A, Hunzelmann N, Arce S, Herber M, Manz RA, Radbruch A, Nischt R, Schmitz J, Assenmacher M. Detection and characterization of plasma cells in peripheral blood: correlation of IgE+ plasma cell frequency with IgE serum titre. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 130:370-8. [PMID: 12452825 PMCID: PMC1906552 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In atopic patients and patients with hyper-IgE syndrome (HIE) highly elevated IgE serum levels can be detected. Due to their very low frequency little is known about IgE-producing plasma cells (PC) in peripheral blood. We used CD138 MACS microbeads to enrich plasma cells from peripheral blood of normal donors, atopic patients and one HIE patient. CD138+ cells were mainly CD45+, CD44++, CD19dim, CD38++, CD27++, CD86+, HLA-DR+/++, CD71dim, VLA-4+, VLA-5-, CD28-, CD25-, CD69-, CLA-, CD20-, CD21- and CD22-. They show weak expression of surface Ig but high levels of intracellular Ig and they secrete Ig in culture. Thus CD138+ cells from peripheral blood show characteristics of early plasma cells. IgE+ CD138+ plasma cells could be detected in 19 of 24 normal donors with an average frequency of 0.06% IgE+ cells among CD138+ cells. Higher frequencies were detected in atopic patients, atopic patients with markedly elevated serum IgE levels and the hyper-IgE patient with an average of 0.32%, 7.21% and 6.54%, respectively. Additionally, using the recently developed cellular affinity matrix technology, we were able to detect IgE secreting plasma cells and thereby could demonstrate that most of the IgE secreting cells express CD138. The frequency of IgE+ CD138+ cells among PBMC correlated highly significantly with serum IgE titres (r = 0.8532***), indicating that IgE secreting CD138+ cells in peripheral blood are directly related to the plasma cell pool contributing to the IgE titre.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Horst
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
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47
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Wilcox-Adelman SA, Denhez F, Goetinck PF. Syndecan-4 modulates focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:32970-7. [PMID: 12087088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201283200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-4 acts in conjunction with the alpha(5)beta(1) integrin to promote the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions in fibronectin (FN)-adherent cells. Fibroblasts seeded onto the cell-binding domain (CBD) fragment of FN attach but do not fully spread or form focal adhesions. Activation of Rho, with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), or protein kinase C, using the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, or clustering of syndecan-4 with antibodies directed against its extracellular domain will stimulate formation of focal adhesions and stress fibers in CBD-adherent fibroblasts. The distinct morphological differences between the cells adherent to the CBD and to full-length FN suggest that syndecan-4 may influence the organization of the focal adhesion or the activation state of the proteins that comprise it. FN-null fibroblasts (which express syndecan-4) exhibit reduced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) tyrosine 397 (Tyr(397)) when adherent to CBD compared with FN-adherent cells. Treating the CBD-adherent fibroblasts with LPA, to activate Rho, or the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium vanadate increased the level of phosphorylation of Tyr(397) to match that of cells plated on FN. Treatment of the fibroblasts with PMA did not elicit such an effect. To confirm that this regulatory pathway includes syndecan-4 specifically, we examined fibroblasts derived from syndecan-4-null mice. The phosphorylation levels of FAK Tyr(397) were lower in FN-adherent syndecan-4-null fibroblasts compared with syndecan-4-wild type and these levels were rescued by the addition of LPA or re-expression of syndecan-4. These data indicate that syndecan-4 ligation regulates the phosphorylation of FAK Tyr(397) and that this mechanism is dependent on Rho but not protein kinase C activation. In addition, the data suggest that this pathway includes the negative regulation of a protein-tyrosine phosphatase. Our results implicate syndecan-4 activation in a direct role in focal adhesion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Wilcox-Adelman
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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48
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Moon LDF, Asher RA, Rhodes KE, Fawcett JW. Relationship between sprouting axons, proteoglycans and glial cells following unilateral nigrostriatal axotomy in the adult rat. Neuroscience 2002; 109:101-17. [PMID: 11784703 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans may modulate axon growth in the intact and injured adult mammalian CNS. Here we investigate the distribution and time course of deposition of a range of proteoglycans between 4 and 14 days following unilateral axotomy of the nigrostriatal tract in anaesthetised adult rats. Immunolabelling using a variety of antibodies was used to examine the response of heparan sulphate proteoglycans, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans and keratan sulphate proteoglycans. We observed that many proteoglycans became abundant between 1 and 2 weeks post-axotomy. Heparan sulphate proteoglycans were predominantly found within the lesion core (populated by blood vessels, amoeboid macrophages and meningeal fibroblasts) whereas chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans and keratan sulphate proteoglycans were predominantly found in the lesion surround (populated by reactive astrocytes, activated microglia and adult precursor cells). Immunolabelling indicated that cut dopaminergic nigral axons sprouted prolifically within the lesion core but rarely grew into the lesion surround. We conclude that sprouting of cut dopaminergic nigral axons may be supported by heparan sulphate proteoglycans but restricted by chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans and keratan sulphate proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D F Moon
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
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Viklund L, Loo BM, Hermonen J, El-Darwish K, Jalkanen M, Salmivirta M. Expression and characterization of minican, a recombinant syndecan-1 with extensively truncated core protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:146-52. [PMID: 11779146 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is an integral membrane heparan sulfate/chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation. The biological activities of syndecan-1 involve interactions with a variety of extracellular ligands, such as growth factors and matrix components, that are mainly mediated by the heparan sulfate moieties. The expression of syndecan-1 is downregulated in various malignant tumors, and low levels of expression appear to correlate with poor prognosis of some cancer types. On the other hand, the extracellular portion of syndecan-1 (ectodomain) has been demonstrated to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells in culture, suggesting that proteoglycan-like molecules should be studied further with regard to their antitumor activities. We have expressed, in CHO cells, a truncated syndecan-1 ectodomain ("minican") harboring domains for glycosaminoglycan attachment and antibody recognition. Analysis of recombinant minican indicates that it shares some of the biochemical and biological characteristics attributed to syndecan-1 ectodomain. Minican was thus substituted with heparan sulfate chains and bound to extracellular matrix proteins as well as fibroblast growth factors. Notably, minican inhibited the proliferation of S115 mouse mammary carcinoma cells and the effect seemed to involve inhibition of the Ras/Erk signaling pathway. Our data suggest that recombinant syndecan-1 with a minimal protein component is biologically active. This information may provide useful in further design of proteoglycan-like antitumor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Viklund
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, BioCity, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland
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Contreras HR, Fabre M, Granés F, Casaroli-Marano R, Rocamora N, Herreros AG, Reina M, Vilaró S. Syndecan-2 expression in colorectal cancer-derived HT-29 M6 epithelial cells induces a migratory phenotype. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 286:742-51. [PMID: 11520060 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan family, the syndecans have emerged as integrators of extracellular signals, such as ECM components or growth factors, that activate cytoplasmic signaling cascades and regulate cytoskeletal functions. Specifically, syndecan-2 has been implicated in various cellular processes, from differentiation to migration, including its participation in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. Here, we focused on the involvement of syndecan-2 in epithelial versus mesenchymal differentiation. Colorectal cancer-derived HT-29 M6 epithelial cells were stably transfected with full-length syndecan-2 cDNA, and the effect on cell morphology, adhesion, and mobility was evaluated. Characteristic features of migratory cells such as loss of intercellular contacts, flatter shape and multiple membrane projections were observed in syndecan-2 transfectants. Western blot analysis of the major component of epithelial adherens junctions, E-cadherin, revealed decreased expression levels. Furthermore, syndecan-2 induced stronger adhesion to collagen type I, specifically inhibited by heparin. This was correlated with an increased ability for migration, as demonstrated by wound healing experiments and transwell assays, without affecting their growth rate. These results indicate that syndecan-2 expression in mucus-secreting HT-29 M6 cells induces differentiation toward a migratory mesenchymal-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Contreras
- Physiology and Biophysical Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
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